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on Innovation |
| By: | Angelo Bonomi (CNR-IRCRES, National Research Council, Research Institute on Sustainable Economic Growth, Moncalieri, Italy) |
| Abstract: | This work describes a model of the R&D process derived by technology management and experience in carrying out this type of activity. The model gives a comprehensive description of the numerous processes of technological nature involving innovations from science to business. The model sees R&D as an organizing activity of fluxes of knowledge and capitals with a dynamics that is determined by R&D projects and their implementing rather than by R&D investments. The model recognizes the existence of a general knowledge generated by R&D activities, formed either by successful or abandoned projects, not necessarily linked to the objectives of the projects, and diffusing among the various actors making R&D in the distributed innovation system existing in conditions of open innovation. Such general knowledge has a role of driving force in developing innovative ideas and saving R&D costs. The model separates neatly the R&D process from scientific research considering existence of an intertwining process between research and R&D. About relation with socio-economic factors determining the effects of new technologies, the model presents different views about relation of R&D investments and economic growth. In fact it considers the inexistence of limits to generation of new technologies, when unlimited financing of R&D is available, and highlights the importance of the specific innovative system of a country in determining the contribution of R&D investments to its economic growth. Concluding the model considers that economic growth does not depend actually on R&D investments, that should be considered rather a means, but on the intensity of generation of innovative ideas, that depends on the efficiency of the territorial innovative system, and on adopted strategies and availability of capitals financing their development joined with an effective industrial organization. |
| Keywords: | research & development, R&D model, R&D management, technology innovation, knowledge spillover, socio-economic growth |
| JEL: | O30 O31 O47 |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csc:ircrwp:201702&r=ino |
| By: | Mario Coccia (CNR-IRCRES, National Research Council, Research Institute on Sustainable Economic Growth, Turin, Italy ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, Center for Social Dynamics & Complexity, Arizona) |
| Abstract: | A fundamental problem in the field of management of technology is how firms develop and sustain disruptive technologies for competitive advantage in markets. The vast literature has analyzed several characteristics of disruptive innovations. However, the determinants are hardly known. The study here seems to show, in a market with high intensity of R&D investments (anticancer drugs), that the emergence of disruptive technologies can be driven by the coevolution of consequential problems and their solution in R&D labs of firms. In general, incumbent and entrant firms have a strong incentive to find innovative solutions to unsolved, consequential and new problems in order to achieve and sustain the prospect of a (temporary) profit monopoly and competitive advantage in markets with technological dynamisms. Overall, then this study shows one of the general sources of disruptive technologies that seems to support industrial and corporate change in a Schumpeterian world of innovation-based competition. |
| Keywords: | Disruptive Technologies; Problem Solving; R&D Management, Industrial Change, Target Therapy, Anticancer Drugs. |
| JEL: | O11 P16 P51 |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csc:ircrwp:201704&r=ino |
| By: | Leonardo Costa Ribeiro (Inmetro-RJ); Márcia Siqueira Rapini (Cedeplar-UFMG); Leandro Alves Silva (Cedeplar-UFMG); Eduardo da Motta e Albuquerque (Cedeplar-UFMG) |
| Abstract: | Size matters: the total of internationally co-authored scientific articles in 2015 corresponds to the global scientific production in 1993. The steady and systematic growth in international collaboration in science provides a strong basis for an emerging GIS. Therefore, it is important to map international flows that connect different national systems of innovation. This paper tracks knowledge flows through cross-border co-authorships in scientific publications, through a database with 10 million papers published in 2000, 2003, 2006 2009, 2012 and 2015. The data show an increase in international co-authorships from 10.7% in 2000 to 21.3% in 2015. However, this growth has network properties, since the number of international flows has grown from 545,372 in 2000 to 7,083,075 in 2015. Those international co-authorships signal networks of universities and research institutes, providing international connections to firms that eventually interact only locally with those universities and research institutes. The growth in the size, dimension and quality of those scientific flows strengthens a broad and variegated mosaic of interconnections can be grasped by the size of the network of cross-border co-authorships, a network that might be supporting an emerging and rudimentary global system of innovation. |
| Keywords: | Knowledge flows, International co-authorships, Science, Innovation systems |
| JEL: | O30 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdp:texdis:td553&r=ino |
| By: | Jacob Greenspon & Erika Rodigues |
| Abstract: | This report sheds light on trends in Canadian innovation as indicated through patenting. Central to these recent trends is an apparent paradox: the number of patents granted to Canadians, an output indicator of innovative activity, has increased substantially between 2000 and 2014 despite decreased business sector expenditures on research and development, a crucial input to innovation, in the same period. This report examines this issue an provides several potential explanations as to why this is the case, the strongest being that the divergence between trends in patenting and R&D expenditures is caused by greater efficiency of research processes and an increase in strategic filings of patents. Furthermore, this report documents recent trends in patenting activity in Canada from several sources and compares trends across different technologies. Patenting trends are also used to give a regional perspective on innovation by tracking the level of innovative activity occurring in provinces and census metropolitan areas. |
| Keywords: | Productivity, Patenting, Research and Development, Innovation, Trends, Technology, Measurement, Canada, |
| JEL: | O31 O32 Q55 D70 |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sls:resrep:1702&r=ino |
| By: | Preeya Mohan; Eric Strobl; Patrick Watson |
| Abstract: | In-firm training is a crucial innovative activity in modern knowledge-based economies which face increasing global competition and rapidly changing technology. Nevertheless, there are few studies which look at in-firm training in the Caribbean. This study uses the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) 2010 and Compete Caribbean's Productivity Technology Innovation Survey (PROTEqIN) 2014 to provide empirical evidence on in-firm training in the region. The results suggest that there is a relatively low incidence of training in the region, although there are significant differences across countries and this may be because of heterogeneities in public support and barriers to in-firm training. Also, various firm characteristics affect in-firm training, including size, ownership, whether the firm exports, whether the firm is part of a larger organization, innovative activity and workforce structure and educational level. Lastly, the findings suggest that in-firm training in the region may play a relatively small role and may not even matter for innovation and productivity. |
| Keywords: | Job Training Programs, Productivity Growth, Wage Growth, Exporting Firm, Labor Force, Firm innovation, Labor markets, Educational Level, New Technologies, Firm performance, Determinants of Innovation, Knowledge creation, on-the-job training, workforce, wages |
| JEL: | M53 J24 D22 |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:98136&r=ino |
| By: | Mario Coccia (CNR-IRCRES, National Research Council, Research Institute on Sustainable Economic Growth, Turin, Italy ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY, Center for Social Dynamics & Complexity, Arizona) |
| Abstract: | The main aim of this study is to provide a new graphical representation of the potential root causes of General Purpose Technologies (GPTs) for the analysis and foresight of these path-breaking innovations that support the technological and economic change over the long run. Firstly, the study here shows that basic driving forces set the stage for the source of GPTs, such as higher democratization, high population and continuous demographic change, high investment in R&D, the purpose of global leadership between great powers, contestable socioeconomic environments with effective/potential threats of belligerent subjects, etc. Secondly, an appropriate graphical representation of these drivers of GPTs is given by a fishbone diagram, which is a visualization technique for a comprehensive theoretical framework to represent, systematize and analyse the source of GPTs. This technique of the fishbone diagram can provide fruitful information for the foresight of GPTs that support the economic change over time. Some examples are given by applying the Fishbone diagram to describe the determinants of specific GPTs over time: steam engine and ICTs. Overall, then, fishbone diagram seems to be an appropriate and general technique of graphical representation to systematize and analyse whenever possible, the complex root causes of GPTs for the foresight of these path-breaking innovation in society. |
| Keywords: | General Purpose Technology; Technological Foresight; Source of technical change; Technological Evolution; Evolution of Technology; Fishbone Diagram. |
| JEL: | O31 O33 |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csc:ircrwp:201705&r=ino |
| By: | Antonelli, Cristiano (University of Turin) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the full range of effects of knowledge properties and explains how knowledge properties such as transient appropriability, nonexhaustibility and indivisibility do not only have negative effects, but also positive ones. Knowledge externalities help reduce the cost of knowledge and imitation externalities reduce the revenue and profitability of innovations. Their effects need to be considered jointly in a single analytical framework. An analysis of their combined effects questions the scope of application of the “Arrovian postulate” according to which the limited appropriability of knowledge due to its uncontrolled dissemination reduces invention. This ignores spillovers of outside knowledge, which increase invention. These are the two opposing faces of the limited appropriability of knowledge. Policy implications suggest that along with public interventions designed to support the supply of knowledge and to compensate for missing incentives, much attention should be paid to all interventions that favour the dissemination of knowledge and the knowledge connectivity of the system. |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:labeco:201707&r=ino |
| By: | Daniele Archibugi; Andrea Filippetti |
| Abstract: | (English) Does it matter whether research is conducted by the private business rather than in universities or government research centres? While most of the attention of science and innovation policy in the last decades has explored the relevance of the interconnections between public and business players in enhancing knowledge-based societies, a major trend has been ignored: both the quota of public R&D and its share over the total R&D investment has shrunk in most OECD countries. As a result, a larger fraction of knowledge is today generated in the private sector. We argue that this is a major problem since public research and private research differ along a number of characteristics, e.g. public access, potential for future technological innovations, criteria of resource allocation. This trend can have adverse implications for long-term innovation and economic welfare in our societies. Through the lens of the public goods theory and of the sector of funding and execution of R&D for the period 1981-2012 we try to explain why. (Italiano) E' un problema se l'attività di ricerca è condotta nelle imprese private piuttosto che nelle università e nei centri di ricerca pubblici? Mentre numerosi studi di politica della scienza e dell'innovazione degli ultimi decenni hanno esplorato la rilevanza delle interconnessioni tra soggetti pubblici e privati nel promuovere le società basate sulla conoscenza, una tendenza fondamentale è stata ignorata: sia la quota di R&S pubblica che la sua quota sul totale dell'investimento in R&S sono diminuite nella maggior parte dei paesi OCSE. Di conseguenza una frazione maggiore di conoscenza è oggi generata nell'industria. Viene qui sostenuto che si tratta di un fondamentale problema perché le attività di ricerca pubblica e quella privata hanno sostanziali differenze e specificità, tra le quali: le condizioni di accesso, il potenziale di ulteriori innovazioni tecnologiche, i criteri per l'allocazione delle risorse. Queste tendenze hanno conseguenze nocive per il benessere e l'innovazione nelle nostre società. Tentiamo di spiegare perché attraverso la prospettiva della teoria dei beni pubblici e dei settori di finanziamento e di esecuzione della R&S per il periodo 1981-2012. |
| Keywords: | (English) R&D; Knowledge economy; Public sector; Public goods; Intellectual property; Technology transfer (Italiano) Economia della conoscenza; Settore pubblico; Beni pubblici; Proprietà intellettuale; Trasferimento tecnologico |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cnz:wpaper:94:2016&r=ino |
| By: | Antonelli, Cristiano; Ferraris, Gianluigi (University of Turin) |
| Abstract: | The paper elaborates an agent based simulation model (ABM) to explore the endogenous long-term dynamics of knowledge externalities. ABMs, as a form of artificial cliometrics, allow the analysis of the effects of the reactivity of firms caught in out-of-equilibrium conditions conditional on the levels of endogenous knowledge externalities stemming from the levels of knowledge connectivity of the system. The simulation results confirm the powerful effects of endogenous knowledge externalities. At the micro-level, the reactions of firms caught in out-ofequilibrium conditions yield successful effects in the form of productivity enhancing innovations, only in the presence of high levels of knowledge connectivity and strong pecuniary knowledge externalities. At the meso-level, the introduction of innovations changes the structural characteristics of the system in terms of knowledge connectivity that affect the availability of knowledge externalities. Endogenous centrifugal and centripetal forces continually reshape the structure of the system and its knowledge connectivity. At the macro system level, an out-of-equilibrium process leads to a step-wise increase in productivity combined with non-linear patterns of output growth characterized by significant oscillations typical of the long waves in Schumpeterian business cycles. |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:dipeco:201717&r=ino |
| By: | Hattori, Masahiko; Tanaka, Yasuhito |
| Abstract: | When an outside innovating firm has a cost-reducing technology, it can sell licenses of its technology to incumbent firms, or enter the market and at the same time sell licenses, or enter the market without license. We examine the definitions of license fees in such situations under oligopoly with three firms, one outside innovating firm and two incumbent firms, considering threat by entry of the innovating firm using a two-step auction. Also we suppose that the innovating firm sells its licenses using a combination of royalty per output and a fixed license fee. |
| Keywords: | license; entry; oligopoly; innovating firm; two-step auction |
| JEL: | D43 L13 |
| Date: | 2017–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:78858&r=ino |
| By: | Óscar Afonso (Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Economia, OBEGEF, and CEFAGE-UBI.); Tiago Sequeira (Universidade da Beira Interior, Departamento de Gestão e Economia and CEFAGE-UBI) |
| Abstract: | We wish to reconcile the major trends in wages and the terms of trade using a directed technical change approach in which: (i) tradable and nontradable goods can be substitutes or complements; and (ii) scale eects can be present or can be partially or totally removed. With a lower skilled labor ratio and a higher relative wage in the tradable sector, the price (real exchange rate or terms of trade) mechanism is crucial in determining sectoral productivity dierences and thus wage inequality. Along the balanced growth path (BGP), the real exchange rate can be negatively related with the relative advantage to entry through horizontal innovation and with the relative labor level, depending on scale eects. The wage premium increases due to an increase in the relative labor level in the nontradable sector under substitutability with scale eects or under complementarity without scale eects. A calibrated version of the model indicates that the model replicates closely the data on wages for Germany. Moreover, as substitutability increases, the nontradable technological-knowledge bias, which drives wages, rises, while the nontradable relative price and nontradable value of knowledge decrease. |
| Keywords: | Directed technological change; substitutability; scale effects; relative prices; wage premium; economic growth. |
| JEL: | O30 O41 J31 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cfe:wpcefa:2017_02&r=ino |
| By: | Hattori, Masahiko; Tanaka, Yasuhito |
| Abstract: | When an outside innovating firm has a technology to produce a higher quality good than the good produced at present, it can sell licenses of its technology to incumbent firms, or enter the market and at the same time sell licenses, or enter the market without license. We examine the definitions of license fee in such a situation in an oligopoly with three firms under vertical product differentiation, one outside innovating firm and two incumbent firms, considering threat by entry of the innovating firm using a two-step auction. We also present an example of the optimal strategy for the innovating firm under the assumption of uniform distribution of consumers' taste parameter and zero cost. Also we suppose that the innovating firm sells its licenses using a combination of royalty per output and a fixed license fee. |
| Keywords: | royalty, license fee; entry; oligopoly; vertical differentiation; two-step auction |
| JEL: | D43 L13 |
| Date: | 2017–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:78859&r=ino |
| By: | Rao, Narendar V.; Reddy, K.S.; Arrawatia, Rakesh |
| Abstract: | A number of literature reviews on business models and innovation have suggested that business models are mainly rooted in resource-based view (RBV) and transaction cost economics (TCE) theories. Since business models is a burgeoning research field in strategic management, scholars have paid a great attention toward conceptualizing what business models are, how business models are evolved, and what theories explain business models. The special issue welcomed scholars to submit their academic research on various themes in business models, including innovative ideas to architecture ideal business models, motives of innovation in business models, financing business enterprises, venture capitalists role in business projects, bank financing, leasing and contracting in new business projects, inventory and supply chain issues in projects, barriers to success in new business models, evaluating project performance, cost estimation and control in project management, and socially-driven vs. value-driven projects, among others. The special issue call for papers has received a good response from strategy and finance researchers globally. Following double blind review system, we have accepted six articles for the Issue in 2017. |
| Keywords: | Business Models, Business innovation, Emerging economies, Economic Development, Crowdfunding Investment |
| JEL: | M1 M2 O1 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:79032&r=ino |
| By: | João Romão (University of Algarve and CEFAGE, Portugal); Peter Nijkamp (Tinbergen Institute, the Netherlands) |
| Abstract: | Despite the increasing socio-economic importance of tourism, in particular in the European context, a set of recent studies involving a large number of European regions has led to the identification of important problems related to the sustainable use of natural resources, innovation dynamics and specialization patterns, impacts of tourism on regional economic growth, and the relations between tourism performance and regional sustainable development in Europe. Taking these questions as a starting point, the purpose of this review article is to propose a conceptual framework for their analysis, including concepts like authenticity, place, smart tourism, co-creation of destinations and experiences, information segmentation, differentiation of supply, life cycle of tourism destinations, path dependence, customer variety, specialization or integrative diversification of tourism products. Finally, this analytical framework is used in order to identify and discuss a set of challenges for the future of tourism in European regions, with a view to policy and managerial implications, oriented to the integration of tourism policies within a broader context of socio-economic development, with implications on the definition and implementation of innovation and regional development policies, including smart specialization strategies. These challenges relate to the touristic experience (memorable, personalized and authentic), innovation (in the context of a diverse economy) and participatory governance (communities sharing spaces and places). |
| Keywords: | Territorial capital; Innovation; Related variety; Sustainability; Regional development. |
| JEL: | Q56 R11 Z32 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cfe:wpcefa:2017_01&r=ino |
| By: | Edward Lorenz (Université Côte d'Azur, France; GREDEG CNRS); Sophie Pommet (Université Côte d'Azur, France; GREDEG CNRS) |
| Abstract: | In that paper, we seek to extend exiting micro-level studies on the financing decisions of enterprises in developing countries by explicitly connecting these decisions to firms’ innovation outcomes and to the wider institutional framework formed by the national banking system. Indeed, the national banking system is recognized as being central to the ability of developing-country firms to acquire the resources and develop the capabilities needed for innovation. We investigate the links between innovation and financial system characteristics for a sample of 36 developing nations spread across 5 regions of the world: Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, East Asia and Pacific, South Asia and Central Asia. Our results show that credit constraints have a significant negative impact on innovation and that the characteristics of the national banking system indirectly affect innovation through their impact on the likelihood that firms face these financing constraints. |
| Keywords: | Financing Constraints, Innovation, Banking System, Developing Nations |
| JEL: | O3 O16 G2 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2017-16&r=ino |
| By: | Ignas Mikalauskas (Vilnius University) |
| Abstract: | The importance of technological advances reaches each and every one. New innovations drive the world we live in, form societies and economies around us. One of the main and primitive questions to every day human is whether or not he can afford a new technology, for a manufacturer ? can he make a profit of selling it, for an environmentalist ? how will it impact the future? One thing is certain ? none of that can be answered if it?s unknown whether the technology is reachable to every day user, starting from the price of the technology itself, including different levels of investments, ending with the costs of actually installing the technologies to common households worldwide, for green, economically growing and sustainable future. |
| Keywords: | renewable energy, innovative renewable energy sources, cost of energy |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:4507196&r=ino |
| By: | Hattori, Masahiko; Tanaka, Yasuhito |
| Abstract: | We consider a choice of options for an innovating firm to enter the market with or without licensing its new cost-reducing technology to the incumbent firm using a combination of a royalty per output and a fixed license fee, or to license its technology without entry. With general demand and cost functions we show the following results. When the innovating firm licenses its technology to the incumbent firm without entry, the optimal royalty rate per output for the innovating firm is zero with negative fixed fee, and when the innovating firm enters the market and at the same time licenses its technology to the incumbent firm, the optimal royalty rate is positive with positive or negative fixed fee. Also we show that when cost functions are concave, the optimal royalty rate is one such that the incumbent firm drops out of the market and license without entry strategy and entry with license strategy are optimal for the innovator; and when cost functions are strictly convex, there is an internal solution of the optimal royalty rate under duopoly and entry with license strategy is optimal for the innovator. |
| Keywords: | duopoly, royalty, fixed license fee |
| JEL: | D43 L13 |
| Date: | 2017–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:78854&r=ino |
| By: | Hattori, Masahiko; Tanaka, Yasuhito |
| Abstract: | We consider a choice of options for an innovating firm in duopoly under vertical differentiation to enter the market with or without licensing its technology for producing a higher quality good to the incumbent firm using a combination of a royalty per output and a fixed license fee, or to license its technology without entry. With general distribution function of consumers' taste parameter and cost function we will show that when the innovating firm licenses its technology to the incumbent firm without entry, the optimal royalty rate per output is zero with negative fixed fee, and when the innovating firm enters the market with a license to the incumbent firm, its optimal royalty rate is positive with positive or negative fixed fee. Also we show that when cost function is concave, the optimal royalty rate is one such that the incumbent firm drops out of the market; and when cost function is strictly convex, there is an internal solution of the optimal royalty rate under duopoly. |
| Keywords: | duopoly, royalty, fixed license fee, vertical differentiation |
| JEL: | D43 L13 |
| Date: | 2017–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:78856&r=ino |
| By: | Tomoatsu Shibata; Mitsuru Kodama; Jun Suzuki |
| Abstract: | Within previous research on innovation management, the concept of ambidextrous organizations that allow the two different activities of exploration and exploitation with their different objectives and characteristics to coexist within an organization while being separated has been presented. Regardless of the fact that the relationship between exploration and exploitation differs depending on situations, existing literature does not consider these differences and therefore has only limited relevance and effectiveness. This paper focuses on the product substitutability of exploratory product and existing core products, proposes the cannibalistic and complementary types of ambidextrous organizations, and discusses effective management respectively. Then, through in-depth case study of Fujifilm, the paper illustrates how contingency framework of an ambidextrous organization will be effective for explaining the survival of Fujifilm in the emergence of digitalization. Thus, this paper aims to refine and enhance the concept of ambidextrous organization. |
| Date: | 2017–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:dssraa:65&r=ino |
| By: | Peter K. Kruse-Andersen (Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | R&D-based growth models are tested using US data for the period 1953-2014. A general growth model is developed which nests the model varieties of interest. The model implies a cointegrating relationship between multifactor productivity, research intensity, and employment. This relationship is estimated using cointegrated VAR models. The results provide evidence against the widely used fully endogenous variety and in favor of the semi-endogenous variety. Forecasts based on the empirical estimates suggest that the slowdown in US productivity growth will continue. Particularly, the annual long-run growth rate of GDP per worker converges to between zero and 1.1 pct. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous growth, semi-endogenous growth, total factor productivity (TFP), research and development (R&D), time series econometrics, cointegration |
| JEL: | C32 E24 O31 O41 O47 O51 |
| Date: | 2017–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kud:kuiedp:1705&r=ino |
| By: | Marc Baudry; Clément Bonnet |
| Abstract: | Renewable energy technologies are called to play a crucial role in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Since most of these technologies did not yet reach grid parity, public policies can rely on two types of approach: supply push and demand pull. The latter aims at creating demand for new technologies and at stimulating their diffusion. Nevertheless, due to the complex self-sustained dynamics of diffusion and to spillovers between the countries it is hard to determine whether newly installed capacities are imputable to national support policies and/or to policies implemented by neighbor countries. The paper addresses this problem. A micro-founded model of technology diffusion is developed and calibrated. It captures the influence of demand pull policies on installed capacities for six European countries over the last decade. A counter-factual analysis is carried out to assess the impact of demand pull policies on wind power development by taking into account the interplay between national policies via spillovers. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy, Technology diffusion, Demand pull instruments. |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cec:wpaper:1607&r=ino |
| By: | Daniele Archibugi; Bengt-Åke Lundvall; Edward Steinmueller |
| Abstract: | (English) Was the 2007-8 financial and economic crisis brought about by the exhaustion of the current techno-economic paradigm, and will a new paradigm will lead to eventual recovery? Lundvall and Steinmueller respond to Archibugi’s Blade Runner economics. Lundvall argues that whilst it is useful to think in terms of techno-economic paradigms to understand the uneven process of technological and social advancement, the main reason for the crisis and the main requirement for a new upswing are both socio-political rather than technological in nature. There is a link between the neoliberal deregulation regime that led to the crisis and ICTs. This regime might actually slow down the formation of a new techno-economic paradigm based around genetic engineering, artificial intelligence and nanotechnology. Steinmueller discusses what role science fiction might play in developing insights about possible futures. Might the present day equivalent for techno-economic paradigm change be more about the innovations necessary to rebuild or retrofit our existing technologies than about producing new growth sectors? Taking on board these insights, Archibugi contends that we need to understand why the economic crisis has been so long, so deep and so wide. An innovation-based recovery will need to take advantage of technological opportunities. Pro-active public intervention in science and technology will additionally be required, combined with new social imagination. (Italiano) La crisi economica e finanziaria del 2007-8 è stata determinata da un esaurimento dell’attuale paradigma tecno-economico? E un nuovo paradigma sarebbe in grado di guidare una decisiva ripresa? Lundvall e Steinmueller rispondono al saggio L’economia di Blade Runner di Archibugi. Lundvall sostiene che, per quanto sia utile pensare in termini di paradigma tecno-economici per comprendere il processo diseguale di avanzamento tecnologico e sociale, sia la principale causa della crisi, sia il requisito fondamentale per una nuova ripresa vanno ricercati nella sfera socio-politica piuttosto che in quella tecnologica. C’è una connessione tra il regime de-regolatorio che ha condotto alla crisi e all’avvento delle tecnologie dell’informazione e della comunicazione. Questo regime potrebbe rallentare la formazione di un nuovo paradigma tecno-economico fondato sull’ingegneria genetica, l’intelligenza artificiale e le nano-tecnologie. Steinmueller discute che ruolo può svolgere la fantascienza nel generare intuizioni sui futuri possibili. In che misura il contemporaneo cambiamento di paradigma tecno-economico riguarda la ricostruzione o l’adeguamento delle esistenti tecnologie, piuttosto che la produzione di nuovi settori di crescita? Rispondendo a questi suggerimenti, Archibugi obietta che dobbiamo ancora comprendere perché la crisi economica è stata così lunga, profonda ed estesa. Una ripresa fondata sull’innovazione si deve avvantaggiare di nuove opportunità tecnologiche. Interventi pro-attivi nella scienza e nella tecnologia saranno necessari, combinati con nuova immaginazione sociale. |
| Keywords: | (English) Technological opportunities; Techno- (Italiano) Opportunità tecnologiche; Paradigmi tecno- |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cnz:wpaper:90:2016&r=ino |