|
on Innovation |
| By: | Joan Farre-Mensa; Deepak Hegde; Alexander Ljungqvist |
| Abstract: | We provide evidence on the value of patents to startups by leveraging the random assignment of applications to examiners with different propensities to grant patents. Using unique data on all first-time applications filed at the U.S. Patent Office since 2001, we find that startups that win the patent “lottery” by drawing lenient examiners have, on average, 55% higher employment growth and 80% higher sales growth five years later. Patent winners also pursue more, and higher quality, follow-on innovation. Winning a first patent boosts a startup’s subsequent growth and innovation by facilitating access to funding from VCs, banks, and public investors. |
| JEL: | D23 G24 L26 O34 |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23268&r=ino |
| By: | Gianluca Misuraca (European Commission – JRC); Giulio Pasi (European Commission – JRC); Fabienne Abadie (European Commission – JRC) |
| Abstract: | This issue presents results from the analysis of selected case studies on how ICT-enabled social innovations promoting social investment can contribute to the modernisation of social protection systems in the EU. The selected case studies are drawn from fourteen Member States and address diverse social services and policy domains. Findings from the research show that they have made a positive contribution to transforming existing social services models, with ICT-enabled social innovation playing a crucial role, either as an enabler or game changer. The analysis illustrates examples of how ICTs can provide solutions to those global societal challenges that are adding new complexities to the delivery of social services; in particular, ICTs can help building a ‘client pathway’ approach, with services centred on the needs of the beneficiaries. At a more operational level, the simplification and automation of procedures increases access to services and fosters a direct relationship between service providers and users. Innovative policies encouraging the development of ICT solutions for the management of social protection systems and the delivery of social services should thus be promoted; to this end, specific incentive schemes to guarantee development, sustainability and transferability of those initiatives that generate social value by leveraging on ICTs shall be identified and fostered across the EU. At the same time, high levels of digitalization in the services delivery system must be balanced with alternative channels, to ensure that the less technologically savvy are not excluded. For this purpose, it is crucial to involve citizens and relevant stakeholders right from the early stages of social policy programming, and the creation of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) and partnerships with third sector organisations should be encouraged. |
| Keywords: | Social investment, social policy innovation, SIP, Social Investment Package, social economy, social enterprise, ICT enabled social innovation, ICT, services, social protection, social welfare |
| JEL: | O33 O35 O38 H55 H75 H83 I31 I38 |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc106581&r=ino |
| By: | Gianluca Misuraca (European Commission – JRC); Giulio Pasi (European Commission – JRC); Fabienne Abadie (European Commission – JRC); Csaba Kucsera (Independent Researcher, Budapest, Hungary); Marco Virginillo (KPMG Advisory Spa, Rome, Italy) |
| Abstract: | This report presents the results of the analysis of selected case studies on how ICT-enabled social innovations promoting social investment can contribute to the modernisation of social protection systems in the EU. The case studies are drawn from 14 different Member States and address diverse social services and policy domains. Evidence from the analysis points to the strong potential of using new approaches based on ICT-enabled social innovation to support public authorities, at various governance levels, in their efforts to improve the effectiveness and impact of social services delivery mechanisms and outreach. The analysis makes a first attempt to assess the relationship between different typologies of ICT-enabled social innovation and the broader social protection system in which they are embedded. However, more research is needed to better understand the potential impact these initiatives could have on enhancing the adequacy and sustainability of welfare systems in the EU. |
| Keywords: | Social investment, social policy innovation, SIP, Social Investment Package, social economy, social enterprise, ICT enabled social innovation, ICT, services, social protection, social welfare |
| JEL: | O33 O35 O38 H55 H75 H83 I31 I38 |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc106484&r=ino |
| By: | Martin, Roman (University of Gothenburg); Wiig Aslesen, Heidi (BI Norwegian Business School); Grillitsch, Markus (CIRCLE, Lund University); Herstad, Sverre (Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences) |
| Abstract: | The literature on regional innovation systems emphasizes the role of the region as locus for interactive learning and knowledge exchange, stressing the importance of (geographical) proximity for innovation (Asheim and Gertler 2005). Even though the importance of extra-regional knowledge is widely acknowledged (Trippl et al. 2015), there has been only little emphasis on the particular role and the nature of global knowledge flows. The aim of this chapter is to explore the differentiated nature of global knowledge flows in regional innovation systems. We provide an overview of the different ways firms can gain access to global knowledge sources. Identified knowledge sourcing channels include international R&D collaborations, foreign direct investments, personally embedded relationships, international mobility of skilled labour, virtual communities and online platforms, and the participation in temporary clusters such as fairs, exhibitions, and conferences (Maskell et al. 2006, Aslesen and Sardo 2016). Depending on regional innovation system preconditions, firms use and combine different knowledge sourcing channels to access global knowledge. Firms in organisationally thick and diversified regional innovation systems have a geographical advantage in accessing knowledge globally, but even firms in peripheral areas can exchange knowledge worldwide, due to improved means of transport and communication at distance. Furthermore, not only multinational companies that are dominated by analytical or synthetic knowledge bases, but even small and medium sized enterprises in symbolic industries are often deeply involved in global knowledge sourcing activities. We illustrate our arguments with interview data collected among New Media firms in southern Sweden and in the Oslo Region in Norway. |
| Keywords: | regional innovation systems; globalisation of innovation; knowledge sourcing; new media |
| JEL: | L82 L86 O19 O33 |
| Date: | 2017–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2017_007&r=ino |
| By: | Coenen, Lars (CIRCLE, Lund University); Grillitsch, Markus (CIRCLE, Lund University); Hansen, Teis (CIRCLE, Lund University); Moodysson, Jerker (Jönköping Business School) |
| Abstract: | This orientation towards grand societal challenges can be seen as a new wave or paradigm for innovation policy. Such policy is geared to the achievement of systems wide transformations and often referred to as system innovation policy. Even if policies start to be aimed at system innovation, it is unclear how to implement such policies. While insights from transition studies have provided novel and useful rationales for system innovation policy, these studies provide less guidance as to which policy instruments are effective in addressing system innovation. To translate and concretize the challenges of system innovation towards scope for policy action, we relate these challenges to three generic dimensions of innovation systems, i.e. (1) interests and capabilities of actors, (2) networks and network dynamics and (3) institutions and institutional change. These dimensions will allow us to analyze whether and how innovation policy instruments can be used to foster and expedite system innovation. We illustrate its use to identify and assess system innovation policy in practice focusing on the Strategic Innovation Program, a recent policy initiative by Vinnova, Sweden’s Innovation Agency, targeting system innovation. |
| Keywords: | System innovation; transition theory; innovation systems; policy; strategic innovation porgrammes |
| JEL: | O30 O33 O38 |
| Date: | 2017–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2017_008&r=ino |
| By: | Tenryu, Yohei |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that, in a R&D-based growth model in which vertical and horizontal innovations occur simultaneously, increasing the capital income tax leads to faster growth. For this result to hold, the production function for both vertical and horizontal innovations must have constant returns to scale. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous growth, Capital income tax, Vertical innovation, Horizontal Innovation, Scale effect. |
| JEL: | H20 J22 O31 O40 |
| Date: | 2017–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:78706&r=ino |
| By: | Donadelli, Michael; Grüning, Patrick |
| Abstract: | We study the general equilibrium implications of different fiscal policies on macroeconomic quantities, asset prices, and welfare by utilizing two endogenous growth models. The expanding variety model features only homogeneous innovations by entrants. The Schumpeterian growth model features heterogeneous innovations: "incremental" innovations by incumbents and "radical" innovations by entrants. The government levies taxes on labor income and corporate profits and supplies subsidies to consumption, capital investment, and investments in research and development by entrants and, if applicable, incumbents. With these models at hand, we provide new insights on the interplay of innovation dynamics and fiscal policy. |
| Keywords: | endogenous growth,asset pricing,government,fiscal policy,heterogeneous innovation |
| JEL: | E22 G12 H20 I30 O30 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:171&r=ino |
| By: | Asheim, Bjørn (CIRCLE, Lund University); Moodysson, Jerker (Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping University) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an overview of the Swedish innovation system and the main strategies for Swedish innovation policy, with specific focus on VINNOVA’s place-based support to specialised areas integrating competences from different sectors in society. The overview reveals a recent shift from place-based specialisation to thematic areas underpinned by a societal challenge driven logic to policy intervention. The analysis indicates that a strong focus on R&D and science-driven innovation serves as a barrier for successful transition, and that the recent shift implies a greater need for policy coordination across different fields and scales. This makes agencies like VINNOVA less autonomous with regard to design as well as implementation of innovation policy and points to the need for reaching a balance between demand-oriented and supply-led strategies in which place-specific context matters and innovation policy must be attuned to and embedded in the particularities of the regional and national economies it aims to target. Linking smart specialisation strategies (S3), EU’s overall industrial and innovation policy for regional diversification and restructuring, with VINNOVAs new system innovation policy approach would be one way of doing this. |
| Keywords: | Innovation system; innovation policy; Sweden |
| JEL: | O25 O31 O52 |
| Date: | 2017–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2017_005&r=ino |
| By: | Gilad Sorek |
| Abstract: | I study the implications of innovators' market power to growth and welfare in a two-R&D-sector economy. In this framework either vertical or horizontal competition is binding in the price setting stage, depending on the model parameters and the implemented market-power policy. I consider two alternative policies that are commonly, yet separately, used in the literature to constraint innovators' market power: patent lagging-breadth protection and direct price controls. I show that (a) the alternative policies may have non-monotonic and contradicting effects on growth (b) unconstrained market power may yields either excessive or insufficient growth compared with social optimum and (c) the social optimum can be achieved by reducing innovators market power with the proper policy instrument, along with a corresponding flat rate R&D-subsidy. |
| Keywords: | Patent Breadth; Price control; Two-R&D-Sector; Growth |
| JEL: | O31 O40 |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abn:wpaper:auwp2017-01&r=ino |
| By: | Antonelli, Cristiano (University of Turin) |
| Abstract: | The introduction of information and communication technologies (ICT) has changed in depth the organization of the generation of knowledge reducing significantly knowledge absorption cost and improving knowledge interactions. The digital generation of knowledge relies on the systematic access and use of the stock of quasi-public knowledge. ICT enable to reconsider the knowledge appropriability trade-off as it helps to better appreciate the positive role of knowledge spillovers in the recombinant generation of new knowledge, next to the well-known negative effects of the limited appropriability of knowledge on revenues and hence incentives to innovate. This new analytical framework calls for an augmented role of telecommunications policy that should take into account the positive effects of knowledge connectivity on the generation of knowledge. |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:labeco:201705&r=ino |
| By: | Kuntner, Tobias; Teichert, Thorsten |
| Abstract: | Innovative new products and a strong brand are essential assets to sustain and expand a company’s competitive position in the marketplace. Separate research in the innovation and marketing field has found that marketing instruments, such as price promotions, can influence both new product diffusion and brand image. However, a holistic, brand-oriented investigation of marketing drivers’ effects on new product diffusion is missing. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the effect of price promotions on new product diffusion from a brand manager’s perspective. The analytic basis is a large-scale panel data set that covers four established fast-moving consumer goods categories and the innovation activities of 177 brands across four years. A double-hurdle model is applied to separately explore the effects of price promotions on consumers’ decisions to try and to repurchase (i.e., adopt) a new product. The results show that prices promotions’ impact depends on the stage of the diffusion process: while frequent price discounts foster new product trial, they hinder the persistent adoption of new product launches. In addition, the findings reveal that a strong brand name fulfills a supporting (risk-reducing) function at the trial stage but becomes less important for persistent adoption. This study contributes to extant literature by enhancing understanding of the linkages between innovation and brand management. Furthermore, it advances methodology by applying a double-hurdle model that accounts for the two-step process of consumers’ adoption decisions. Finally, it extends current knowledge on price promotion and innovation adoption by revealing opposite effects in the two innovation stages. The findings imply that managers need to handle price promotions carefully: although discounts encourage initial product trial, they should be used sparingly in later diffusion stages. |
| Keywords: | new product introduction,brand management,price promotion,double-hurdle model |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:157297&r=ino |
| By: | Antonelli, Cristiano; Ferraris, Gianluigi (University of Turin) |
| Abstract: | The paper elaborates an agent based simulation model (ABM) to explore the endogenous long-term dynamics of knowledge externalities. ABMs, as a form of artificial cliometrics, allow the analysis of the effects of the reactivity of firms caught in out-of-equilibrium conditions conditional on the levels of endogenous knowledge externalities stemming from the levels of knowledge connectivity of the system. The simulation results confirm the powerful effects of endogenous knowledge externalities. At the micro-level, the reactions of firms caught in out-ofequilibrium conditions yield successful effects in the form of productivity enhancing innovations, only in the presence of high levels of knowledge connectivity and strong pecuniary knowledge externalities. At the meso-level, the introduction of innovations changes the structural characteristics of the system in terms of knowledge connectivity that affect the availability of knowledge externalities. Endogenous centrifugal and centripetal forces continually reshape the structure of the system and its knowledge connectivity. At the macro system level, an out-of-equilibrium process leads to a step-wise increase in productivity combined with non-linear patterns of output growth characterized by significant oscillations typical of the long waves in Schumpeterian business cycles. |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:labeco:201708&r=ino |
| By: | Clarke, Ian; Klerkx, Laurens; Ramirez, Matias |
| Abstract: | In this paper we ask what role governance of intermediary organisations plays for enhancing the upgrading of producers in emerging agricultural clusters. This is an important question because the argument is increasingly made that broad multiparty governance can be effective at creating both vertical and horizontal ties and restructuring network relations. We argue that organisational governance matters, but that rather than just focusing on the agency of single organisations, intermediary activities will emerge from the interaction and negotiation between expectations of other actors, the degree of embeddedness of the intermediary in the cluster and the actions of other intermediaries undertaking overlapping roles. Two case studies of emerging clusters in developing country settings are discussed– the mango cluster in Piura, northern Peru and a cluster of palm oil producers in central Colombia, that include organisations with different governance structures. |
| Keywords: | Intermediary; Cluster; Development; Agriculture |
| Date: | 2016–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gpe:wpaper:16712&r=ino |
| By: | Antonelli, Cristiano (University of Turin) |
| Date: | 2017–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:dipeco:201714&r=ino |
| By: | von Bandemer, Stephan; Merkel, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | Medizintechnische Innovationen stehen in einem komplexen Spannungsfeld zwischen Machbarkeit, Sicherheit, Wirksamkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit. Dies verlangt nach geeigneten Steuerungsinstrumenten, die einerseits sicherstellen, dass die Patientensicherheit gewährleistet wird, gleichzeitig aber neue Verfahren und Produkte in den Markt überführen können. Mit neuen Zulassungsregelungen auf europäischer Ebene und neuen Erprobungsregelungen in Deutschland werden die Innovationsbedingungen derzeit deutlich verändert. Bei der TAVI handelt es sich um eine medizintechnische Innovation, die im internationalen Vergleich besonders in Deutschland eine sehr schnelle Verbreitung aufweist. Unter den neuen Bedingungen wäre dies wie auch bei vielen anderen Innovationen nicht mehr zu erwarten. |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iatfor:042017&r=ino |
| By: | Desmet, Klaus; Greif, Avner; Parente, Stephen L. |
| Abstract: | Why do some countries industrialize much earlier than others? One widely-accepted answer is that markets need to be large enough for producers to find it profitable to bear the fixed cost of introducing modern technologies. This insight, however, has limited explanatory power, as illustrated by England having industrialized nearly two centuries before China. This paper argues that a market-size-only theory is insufficient because it ignores that many of the modern technologies associated with the Industrial Revolution were fiercely resisted by skilled craftsmen who expected a reduction in earnings. Once we take into account the incentives to resist by factor suppliers' organizations such as craft guilds, we theoretically show that industrialization no longer depends on market size, but on the degree of spatial competition between the guilds' jurisdictions. We substantiate the relevance of our theory for the timing of industrialization in England and China (i) by providing historical and empirical evidence on the relation between spatial competition, craft guilds and innovation, and (ii) by showing that a model of our theory calibrated to historical data on spatial competition correctly predicts the timing of industrialization in both countries. The theory can therefore account for both the Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence. |
| Keywords: | adoption of technology; craft guilds; endogenous institutions; Great Divergence; industrial revolution; innovation; inter-city competition; market size; spatial competition |
| JEL: | N10 O11 O14 O31 O43 |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:11976&r=ino |
| By: | Tirziu, Andreea-Maria |
| Abstract: | In an era in which society is becoming more and more based on knowledge, and digital technologies have become indispensable for carrying out daily activities, social change becomes a problem whose solution cannot wait postponement. This paper intends to present a framework on the importance of developing social innovation labs as instruments for achieving social change, social innovation bringing countless benefits in the individuals’ life. The methodology used for conducting this research is bibliographical – therefore we chose to study the research of specialists in the field, both from Romania and abroad, and empirical – achieved by constructing a case study on best practices examples of these living labs. Through social innovation labs, individuals form connections with each other, they mobilize in order to achieve a common goal – to create a better future. Research shows that social innovation labs behave like normal labs, thus they invent and experiment on finding solutions for the challenges of today’s world. Often, they generate promising solutions. However, in order for those solutions to be successful, the fact that the human resource is the crucial element should not be forgotten. Hence, individuals’ ability and willingness to cooperate should be considered, not only by electronic means, but also through traditional methods of participation in the process of social change through innovation. |
| Keywords: | social innovation; social change; living labs |
| JEL: | I3 I30 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:77701&r=ino |
| By: | OKAMURO, Hiroyuki; IKEUCHI, Kenta; MATSUDA, Naoko; TSUCHIYA, Ryuichiro |
| Abstract: | Entrepreneurial process has been attracting much attention thus far, but no detailed empirical studies have been conducted on the determinants of the willingness to and the preparation for business start-up with a representative large sample. Especially in Japan, where start-up ratio and the number of people who wish to start their own business have decreased for decades, empirical analyses from a long term perspective are essential to consider why entrepreneurship in Japan experiences such a long-run downturn. However, previous empirical studies use one-shot dataset, and lack such a long term perspective. This paper aims to fill this gap using statistical micro data from the Employment Status Survey in Japan in seven survey cohorts for 30 years. We estimate what types of individuals wish to start up own business and prepare for that considering age, generation, gender, family status, education, income, occupation and employment types, firm size, job tenure, and industry. We find that the determinants of the willingness to and the preparation for business start-up are partially different and that household head dummy has positive, while female dummy, firm size and job tenure have negative effects on both willingness to and preparation for self-employment in all survey cohorts. We also find that the age effect on entrepreneurial process changes over time, with the peak of the willingness to start-up shifting towards older generation. |
| Keywords: | willingness, preparation, start-up, entrepreneurship, micro data, Japan |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:ccesdp:65&r=ino |
| By: | Junichi Yamasaki |
| Abstract: | Railroad access can accelerate the technological progress in the industrial sector and therefore induce structural change and urbanization, the two common features of modern economic growth. I examine this particular mechanism in the context of Japanese railroad network expansion and modern economic growth in the late 19th century and early 20th centuries. By digitizing a novel data set that measures the use of steam engines at the factory level, allowing me to directly observe the diffusion of steam power, I analyze the effect of railroad access on the adoption of steam power. To overcome the endogeneity prob- lem, I determine the cost-minimizing path between destinations, and use this to construct an instrument for railroad access. I find that railroad access led to an increased adoption of steam power by factories, which in turn reallocated labor from the agricultural to the industrial sector, thereby inducing structural change. Railroad network also broke mean reversion in population growth, eventually leading to urban- ization. My results support the view that railroad network construction was key to the modern economic growth in pre-First World War Japan. |
| Date: | 2017–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dpr:wpaper:1000&r=ino |
| By: | Tirziu, Andreea-Maria; Iordache, Luminita; Vrabie, Catalin |
| Abstract: | In recent decades, computers and the Internet have led to a new era – the digital one. Along with this period, a transition process has also occurred, therefore the industrial society of yesterday has become the information society of today. In this context, Romanian public authorities should be able to keep up with the rapid manner in which modern society develops itself and also to meet the challenges that it raises. The purpose of this article is to present the specific framework in which the relationship between the Romanian information society and the public sector’s authorities takes place, a relationship that surely leads to social innovation, beneficial for both citizens and the state as a whole. The methodology that we considered for achieving our goal is based both on a bibliographical research on the most representative scientific papers written on social innovation, and on an analysis at the level of all 320 Romanian city halls – analysis that targeted the measurement of the city halls’ interest in developing communication with citizens through specific tools of IT&C. In our article, social innovation in the public sector must be understood, on one hand, as an instrument that can be used by local communities in order for them to meet current measures of austerity and, on the other hand, on the long-term, as a tool necessary for a sustainable development, based on achieving the public administration’s general objective, which is to satisfy the citizens’ needs and requirements. |
| Keywords: | information society, public sector, social innovation, Romanian city halls, e-communication |
| JEL: | R0 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:77706&r=ino |
| By: | Pakrashi, Debayan (Asian Development Bank Institute); Frijters, Paul (Asian Development Bank Institute) |
| Abstract: | Economic growth in the East Asian economies was remarkable during the latter part of the 20th century, starting with Japan just after World War II, followed by the East Asian Tigers and “tiger cubs” and, most recently, the People’s Republic of China and India. The high, sustained economic growth of these economies during their boom period reduced the disparity between the West and these countries (in terms of standards of living). The source of such extraordinary growth has been a matter of great interest since then, but no attempt has been made so far to model the political economy of takeoffs and landings in the context of economic growth. We empirically define takeoffs and landings, and provide an overlapping generation model with technological change and skill formation to explain the relatively stable growth rates in the Asian economies for decades. The existence of a technology trap, meaning economies cannot afford available advanced technology, may explain why takeoffs are relatively rare, even when many underdeveloped economies are still waiting for their own growth miracle. |
| Keywords: | takeoff; landings; technology trap; economic growth; economic miracle; overlapping generation model; technological change; skill formation |
| JEL: | O31 O43 O57 |
| Date: | 2017–01–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbiwp:0641&r=ino |