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on Innovation |
| By: | Antonelli, Cristiano; Crespi, Francesco; Mongeau, Christian; Scellato, Giuseppe (University of Turin) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the role of the composition of the regional stock of knowledge in explaining innovation performance. The paper provides three main contributions. First, it investigates the relevance of Jacobs knowledge externalities in characterizing the technological capabilities at the regional level. Second, it applies the Hidalgo-Hausmann (HH) methodology to analyze knowledge composition by looking at patent data of 214 regions, located in 27 state members of the European Union (EU) during the years 1994- 2008. Third, it econometrically assesses the role of knowledge base composition in a knowledge generation function. The results of the empirical analysis confirm that the characterization of regional knowledge base through the HH indicators provides interesting information to understanding its composition and to qualify it as a provider of the Jacobs knowledge externalities that account for the dynamics of regional innovative performance. |
| Date: | 2016–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:dipeco:201611&r=ino |
| By: | Dario Guarascio; Federico Tamagni |
| Abstract: | In this work we test if persistent innovators, defined according to different innovation activities (R&D, product and process innovation, patenting) grow more than other firms, and if innovation persistence can contribute to explain the so far little evidence in favor of persistence in growth itself. We exploit a somewhat uniquely long-in-time dataset tracing a representative sample of Spanish manufacturing firms over the period 1990-2012. This allows to overcome the difficulties in the definition of persistent innovators traditionally based on innovation surveys. Our findings, against the expectations, support that persistent innovators do not generally outperform the other firms. First, they do not grow more, and actually we find that, despite some variation across innovation persistence indicators, they even grow less than other firms in the top-quantiles of the growth rates distribution, that is among high-growth firms. Further, persistent innovators do not show higher growth persistence than other firms, in none of the quantiles of the growth rates distribution, independently from the innovation persistence indicator considered. |
| Keywords: | firm growth, innovation persistence, product and process innovation, R\&D, patents, quantile regressions |
| Date: | 2016–02–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2016/31&r=ino |
| By: | Roberto Álvarez |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) and research and development (R&D) investment on innovation and productivity in Chilean firms, in particular those in the services industry. It provides new evidence on this topic for a developing country and also for firms in the services sector, areas in which existing evidence is limited. The findings for services industries are relevant because this sector in Latin America has a large productivity gap when compared to the sector in developed countries. The results show that ICT contributes positively to innovation and productivity in both the total sample and the services industry. They also confirm that ICT investment increases productivity directly and not only through innovation, suggesting that this investment would have additional effects on productivity. |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udc:wpaper:wp428&r=ino |
| By: | Ugur, Mehmet; Awaworyi, Sefa; Solomon, Edna |
| Abstract: | The effect of technological innovation on employment is of major concern for workers and their unions, policy-makers and academic researchers. We aim to provide a quantitative synthesis of the evidence base and the extent of heterogeneity therein. Analysing 567 estimates from 35 primary studies that estimate a derived labour demand model we report the following findings: (i) the effect on employment is positive but small and highly heterogeneous; (ii) publication selection bias reflects a tendency to support the twin hypotheses that process innovation is associated with job destruction whereas product innovation is associated with job creation; (iii) the effects of process and product innovations do not conform to theoretical predictions or narrative review findings after selection bias is controlled for; (iv) only a small part of the residual heterogeneity is explained by moderating factors; (v) country-specific effect-size estimates are related to labour-market and product-market regulation in six OECD countries in a U-shaped fashion; and (vi) OLS estimates reflect upward bias whereas those based on time-differenced or within estimators reflect a downward bias. Our findings bridge the evidence gap in the research field and point out to data quality and modeling issues that should be considered in future research. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, employment, technological change, labour demand, meta-analysis |
| JEL: | C49 C80 J23 O30 O33 |
| Date: | 2016–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:73557&r=ino |
| By: | Chu, Angus C.; Cozzi, Guido |
| Abstract: | This study explores the effects of patent protection and R&D subsidies on economic growth and income inequality using a Schumpeterian growth model with heterogeneity in household asset holdings. We find that although strengthening patent protection and raising R&D subsidies have the same macroeconomic effect of stimulating economic growth, they have drastically different microeconomic implications on income inequality. Specifically, strengthening patent protection increases income inequality whereas raising R&D subsidies decreases (increases) it if the quality step size is sufficiently small (large). An empirically realistic quality step size is smaller than the threshold implying a negative effect of R&D subsidies on income inequality. We also calibrate the model to provide a quantitative analysis and find that strengthening patent protection causes a moderate increase in income inequality and a negligible increase in consumption inequality whereas raising R&D subsidies causes a significant decrease in both income inequality and consumption inequality. |
| Keywords: | R&D subsidies, patents, income inequality, economic growth |
| JEL: | D3 O3 O4 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:73482&r=ino |
| By: | Koen Frenken |
| Abstract: | It is argued that innovation policy based on notions of market failure or system failure is too limited in the context of current societal challenges. I propose a third, complexity-theoretic approach. This approach starts from the observation that most innovations are related to existing activities, and that policy’s additionality is highest for unrelated diversification. To trigger unrelated diversification into activities that contribute to solving societal challenges, government’s main task is to organize the process of demand articulation. This process leads to clear and manageable societal objectives that effectively guide a temporary collation of actors to develop solutions bottom-up. The combination of a broad coalition, a clear objective and tentative governance are the means to cope with the inherent complexity of modern-day innovation. |
| Date: | 2016–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:1619&r=ino |
| By: | Silvia Rita Sedita; Ivan De Noni; Roberta Apa; Luigi Orsi |
| Abstract: | This work aims to investigate the features of the regional knowledge space that are more likely to be conducive to technological progress (TP), either in terms of dimension and relevance. We acknowledge the importance of knowledge assets for new knowledge production and we identify more or less path dependent processes that allow a region to be more competitive in terms of innovation potential. In particular, adopting an evolutionary view of regional development, we consider a regional knowledge space as composed of a knowledge base (KB) and a selection environment (SE), which differently affect the technological progress of the region. Empirical evidence come from a quantitative analysis of 269 European regions, whose data are included in the RegPat database. Results show that the variety of KB impacts positively on the technological progress at large. The variety of SE impacts positively only on the technological progress in terms of relevance, while the size of the SE impacts positively only on the quantitative side of the technological progress. Unrelated variety of KB and SE affects technological progress more widely than their correspondent related variety indicators. |
| Date: | 2016–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:1624&r=ino |
| By: | Racic Domagoj (Mreza Znanja d.o.o); Jadranka Svarc (Ivo Pilar Institute of Social Sciences); Hristo Hristov (European Commission/DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2015 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Croatia |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc101193&r=ino |
| By: | Ludovic Dibiaggio (Histoire et Critique des Arts - Centre d'étude et de recherche d'archéologie méditerranéenne et atlantique. UHB); Maryam Nasyar; Lionel Nesta (Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses whether complementarity and substitutability of knowledge elements are key determinants of the firm's inventive performance, in addition to the more conventional measures of knowledge stock and diversity. Using patent data from 1968 to 2002 in the semiconductor industry, we find that the overall level of complementarity between knowledge components positively contributes to firms’ inventive capability, whereas the overall level of substitutability between knowledge components generally has the opposite effect. Yet a relatively high level of substitutability is found to be beneficial for explorative inventions. These results suggest that a firm's inventive capacity significantly depends on its ability to align its inventive strategies and knowledge base structure. |
| Keywords: | Knowledge base; Complementarity; Substitutability; Invention |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/43aq8ffdqb82sbffkv69bt1eaa&r=ino |
| By: | Raphaël Suire |
| Abstract: | FabLabs (fabrication laboratories) have become popular but the academic literature on this entrepreneurial phenomenon is scant. This paper provides some insight into the sources of Fablab performance based on original data on the characteristics and interactions between (n = 48) FabLabs and their ecosystem. A FabLab is a geographically located, intermediary platform which reduces the matching and searching costs to stakeholders involved in an entrepreneurial endeavor. We find that a FabLab is less productive if disconnected from its ecosystem. Innovation production is highest when the FabLab acts as a platform allowing interactions between small explorative firms, and large exploitative firms. Its innovation remains explorative if the interaction involves only small explorative firms. Our study has some implications for the management of FabLabs and their ambiguous impact on the overall innovation ecosystem in relation to resilience, smart specialization and diversification. |
| Date: | 2016–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:1623&r=ino |
| By: | Tom Schmitz (Università Bocconi) |
| Abstract: | I propose a new endogenous growth model with heterogeneous firms and aggregate shocks. The model shows that firm heterogeneity generates several new amplification and persistence mechanisms for a transitory shock to financing conditions. This shock imposes financing constraints, which force small and young innovating firms (with low retained earnings) to reduce their R&D, and therefore leads to R&D misallocation. Furthermore, it lowers entry and persistently reduces the mass of innovating firms. Thus, even as financing constraints disappear, aggregate R&D and innovation remain persistently depressed, as the remaining large firms can only imperfectly substitute for the R&D of the missing generation of young and small ones. Finally, lower R&D during and after the shock also limits the scope for incremental follow-up innovations. My model's main features are in line with developments in the Spanish manufacturing sector during the 2008-2013 economic and financial crisis. |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed016:609&r=ino |
| By: | Espen Solberg (Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education) |
| Abstract: | The 2015 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, Innovation Union, Semester Analysis, Norway |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc101206&r=ino |
| By: | Matthijs Janssen (Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University); Bram Erven (Dialogic); Pim Den Hertog (Dialogic); Koen Jonkers (European Commission/DG JRC) |
| Abstract: | The 2015 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, The Netherlands |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc101205&r=ino |
| By: | Daniela Garbin Praničević (Faculty of Economics, Department of Business Informatics, Split, University of Split, Croatia); Ana Zovko (Adriatic Sailing Ltd, Zagreb, Croatia) |
| Abstract: | Purpose – Despite the fact that information and communication technology (ICT) provide innovative and advanced potential to significantly increase the competitiveness of tourism goods and services it is still insufficiently recognized and accordingly not enough used. On the other side, the ICT potential, if ignored, may results with serious consequences for the quality of tourism processes on supply side and demand side as well. The main aim of the paper is, therefore, to explore ICT potential in wider context and propose modalities how to apply it better and more professional locally, namely in Croatian tourism sector. Methodology – Qualitative methods of analyses and desktop research were used in the study. Findings – The authors outlined state of art trends in tourism induced by ICT and enclose example and case studies of some customized ICT solutions to tourism needs. Those results strongly emphasize the necessity of constantly following mentioned trends in tourism practice. Contribution – Contributions are considered from three standpoints: firstly from the theoretical view the contribution is related on justification of ICT as main driver of innovation in tourism. Secondly, developing the framework appropriate for investigating the ICT potential requisite to increase competitiveness contribute within research part. Finally, proposing the basic guidelines to tourism management for improving the use if ICT potential present a practical implication of this qualitative review. |
| Keywords: | ICT innovative potential, ICT trends, ICT implementation, Croatia |
| JEL: | L83 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tho:iscthi:04&r=ino |
| By: | Joern H. Block (Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands); Christian O. Fisch (Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands); Mirjam van Praag (Copenhagen Business School, Denmark) |
| Abstract: | Innovative entrepreneurship is considered an important pillar for economic development and has sparked a lively discussion in academia and practice alike. Oftentimes, however, the debate is not sufficiently grounded on solid empirical evidence. The academic literature is growing but very scattered and is separated into several disciplines. We provide a summary that takes stock of the academic knowledge about innovative entrepreneurship and summarizes the evidence from 102 empirical studies published in the primary economics and management journals on the antecedents, behavior, and consequences of innovative entrepreneurship. Based on this state-of-the-art literature review, directions for future research are discussed. |
| Keywords: | innovative entrepreneurship; Schumpeter; literature review; economic development |
| JEL: | L26 L53 M13 O31 O33 |
| Date: | 2016–09–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20160072&r=ino |
| By: | Andrea Filippetti; Frederick Guy |
| Abstract: | We argue that human capital does a better job of fostering innovation when an economy has a diverse portfolio of specialist skills to draw on. While such a diverse portfolio is beneficial for a country, it includes many individual skill packages that are subject to considerable labour market risk. In the absence of strong income insurance (job security or unemployment insurance), the flight to safety in human capital investments will produce a national skill portfolio which is poorly diversified and less conducive to innovation. Using country-level data for 25 OECD countries from 1985 to 2009, we find evidence that income insurance raises the marginal effect of human capital on innovation, with the latter measured by patenting. At the same time, we find a direct negative effect of insurance on patenting; at low-medium levels of human capital, the direct negative effect more than offsets the positive indirect effect, while at high levels of human capital the indirect positive effect dominates. We draw implications for income insurance and education policy. |
| Date: | 2016–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:1625&r=ino |
| By: | Jochen Manegold (Paderborn University) |
| Abstract: | On an intermediate goods market we consider vertical and horizontal product differentiation and analyze the impact of simultaneous competition for resources and the demand of customers on the market outcome. Asymmetries between intermediaries may arise due to distinct product qualities as well as by reasons of different production technologies. The intermediaries compete on the output market by choosing production quantities sequentially and for the supplies of a monopolistic input supplier on the input market. It turns out that there exist differences in product quality and productivities such that an intermediary being the Stackelberg leader has no incentive to procure inputs, whereas in the role of the Stackelberg follower will participate in the market. Moreover, we find that given an intermediary is more competitive, his equilibrium output quantity is higher when being the leader than when being the follower. Interestingly, if the intermediary is less competitive and goods are complements, there may exist asymmetries such that an intermediary being in the position of the Stackelberg follower offers higher output quantities in equilibrium than when being in the position of the Stackelberg leader. |
| Keywords: | Input Market, Product Quality, Quantity Competition, Stackelberg Competition, Product Innovation |
| JEL: | L13 D43 C72 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pdn:ciepap:98&r=ino |
| By: | Slobodan Ivanović (Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Opatija, University of Rijeka, Croatia); Luka Perman (Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Opatija, University of Rijeka, Croatia); Jelena Komšić (Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Opatija, University of Rijeka, Croatia) |
| Abstract: | Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine manager attitudes about innovative processes in Croatian hospitality and to compare the research results with previous research. Customers in hospitality – guests, have low levels of brand loyalty, they are always looking for the best value, and service innovations can make benefits for hospitality firms. Methodology – The objective of this research was to discover what factors impact the performance of innovation processes. The study took place in Croatian regions Istria and Kvarner which represent a benchmark of Croatian tourism. A survey was performed to examine manager attitudes of hotel innovation, and it used a five-point Likert-type scale measuring levels of agreement with the given statements. Findings – The research results reveal that new service development success for innovative new services depends on four key factors (Service product, Market, Process and Organizational), which are the focus of this research. The study results are limited with regard to generalizability since the study was conducted only in four and five-star hotels in the regions Istria and Kvarner resulting in a small sample size and a weak statistical analysis. Contribution – Managers involved in processes of new service development are tied to the key success features and innovative or new service development (NSD) increases the likelihood of success. The findings present the foundation for future scientific research. The analysis provided guidance for organizational leaders in designing the process to address critical paths or control points to increase the likelihood of successful implementation. |
| Keywords: | innovation, new services, success, hospitality, statistical analysis, Croatia |
| JEL: | L83 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tho:iscthi:09&r=ino |
| By: | Thomas J. Hannigan (Strategic Management Department, Fox School of Business, Temple University); Alessandra Perri (Dept. of Management, Università Ca' Foscari Venice); Vittoria Giada Scalera (Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | The multinational enterprise (MNE) is the superior form of organization to play arbitrageur of country differences, particularly with respect to high knowledge activities. To this end, extant IB literature has devoted significant efforts to the transfer of knowledge across countries via local embeddedness. However, in a modern business environment characterized by dispersed value chain activities and falling spatial transaction costs, collaborative innovation relationships may be far more complex. In this paper, we argue that the connectedness of inventor networks Ð rather than knowledge spillovers - may transcend requirements of local embeddedness and serve as a crucial source of new ideas and exploration into new technologies. Further, we posit that these collaborations stem out of locations at the subnational level, such as cities, and fall along the somewhat orthogonal dimensions of foreign and domestic connections. Finally, we argue that the operational footprint of the firm serves as a positive moderator on the impact of connectedness on technological exploration. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, Economic Geography, Regional Innovation, Connectedness, Clusters, Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) |
| JEL: | M16 O32 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vnm:wpdman:122&r=ino |
| By: | Christian Haddad; Lars Hornuf |
| Abstract: | We investigate the economic and technological determinants inducing entrepreneurs to establish ventures with the purpose of reinventing financial technology (fintech). We find that countries witness more fintech startup formations when the latest technology is readily available, capital markets are well-developed, and people have more mobile telephone subscriptions. Furthermore, the available labor force has a positive impact on the development of this new market segment. Finally, the more sound the financial system, the lower the number of fintech startups in a country. Overall, the evidence suggests that fintech startup formation need not be left to chance, but active policies can influence the emergence of this new sector. |
| Keywords: | Fintech, Entrepreneurship, Startups, Financial institutions |
| JEL: | L26 K2 O3 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:trr:wpaper:201610&r=ino |
| By: | Silvia Appelt; Chiara Criscuolo; Fernando Galindo-Rueda; Matej Bajgar |
| Abstract: | This policy paper provides an overview of OECD work on measuring the extent and impact of public support for R&D through tax incentives. It discusses the policy rationale for tax incentives in the broader context of public support for business R&D, describing the main features of different modes of expenditure-based tax relief for R&D. It presents evidence on how much financial support is provided through tax incentives, how this has evolved in recent years and the variation in implied R&D tax subsidy rates across OECD countries and partner economies. The document also reviews empirical evidence on the impact of tax incentives, covering in detail different categories of impacts including potentially unintended effects. It further includes evidence on the use and impacts of income-based R&D tax incentives. The paper concludes with a synthesis of the main policy recommendations contained in key OECD policy documents and highlights future measurement and analytical work planned in this area. |
| Date: | 2016–09–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaac:32-en&r=ino |
| By: | Jeroen Content; Koen Frenken |
| Abstract: | Since the introduction of the related variety in 2007, a number of studies have been undertaken to analyze the effect of related variety on economic development. Our review of 21 studies makes clear that most studies find support for the initial hypothesis that related variety supports employment growth, though some studies suggest that the growth effects of related variety may be specific to knowledge-intensive sectors only. From the review, we list a number of further research questions regarding: methodology, the role of unrelated variety, different forms of relatedness, and the effect of related variety on knowledge production and entrepreneurship. |
| Date: | 2016–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:1621&r=ino |
| By: | Driouchi, Ahmed; Harkat, Tahar |
| Abstract: | This paper sheds light on the relationship between knowledge, innovation, rents from natural resources and governance in world economies with focus on Arab countries. Two major analytical frameworks are used with the first based on the use of knowledge indicators while the second is on the Global Innovation index (2010-2016). Both models confirm the negative effects of rents and the positive roles of good governance, on knowledge and innovation. Arab countries appear to exhibit clearly these effects with higher emphasis on governance indicators. Also, Arab countries appear to exhibit a model that is statistically different from the one of all countries. This work complements that of Driouchi (2014a and 2014b) with the inclusion of the Global Innovation Index data 2010-2016. |
| Keywords: | Keywords: Rents, natural resources, governance, knowledge economy, global innovation |
| JEL: | O1 O13 O32 Q2 Q28 |
| Date: | 2016–09–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:73507&r=ino |
| By: | Demir, Robert (The Ratio Institute and Lancaster University Management School); Wennberg, Karl (The Ratio Institute and Linköping University); McKelvie, Alexander (Syracuse university) |
| Abstract: | Scholars’ knowledge of the factors behind high-growth firms remains fragmented. This paper provides a systematic review of the empirical literature concerning high-growth firms with a focus on the strategic aspects contributing to growth. Based on our review of 39 articles, we identify five drivers of high growth: human capital, strategy, human resource management, innovation, and capabilities. These drivers are combined to develop a conceptual model of high-growth firms that includes potential contingency factors among the five drivers. We also propose a research agenda to deepen the study of high-growth firms in strategic management. |
| Keywords: | High-Growth Firms; Strategy; Innovation; Human Capital; HRM; Capabilities; Literature Review |
| JEL: | L25 L26 M13 |
| Date: | 2016–09–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ratioi:0273&r=ino |
| By: | Negriu, A. (University of Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | Singh and Vives (1984) consider a game where duopolists first commit to a strategic variable, quantity or price, and then compete in selling horizontally differentiated products. Here product substitutability is endogenized by allowing firms to undertake R&D investments to increase differentiation. This has important consequences for the determination of the equilibrium type of competition. Whereas in the original model Cournot competition always ensued in equilibrium, horizontal product innovation allows all types of market competition to be an equilibrium, depending on model parameters. As market size increases, the game of choosing the strategic variable changes structure. For small market size it is a dominance solvable game with Cournot competition as unique outcome. For higher market size, the firms face a Prisoner's Dilemma where Bertrand competition would be Pareto optimal, but Cournot competition is the non-cooperative Nash Equilibrium. As market size further increases, the game of choosing market variables becomes a Hawk-Dove game where, in pure strategy equilibrium, one firm sets quantity and the other sets price. When market size increases even further, setting prices will be the strictly dominant strategy and Bertrand competition is the unique equilibrium outcome for a relatively small parameter-range. Finally, for suffciently high market size all equilibria corresponding to differentiated duopoly abruptly dissappear and the market separates into two monopolies. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ams:ndfwpp:15-06&r=ino |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Policymakers and the research community have an integral leadership role to foster collaborative efforts to deliver the best available science for evidence based policies and approval processes. The second Lausanne Workshop of December 2015 reviewed the policy and stakeholder actions needed to accelerate biomedical research and health innovation for Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. The agenda featured developments in regulatory and access pathways for potential innovations in dementia. Participants discussed the perspectives of regulators and payers, specifically the evidence and tools needed to support regulatory and payer evaluation of innovations. A particular focus was placed on the large and growing societal implications of Alzheimer’s disease and the heightened urgency to define sustainable access strategies for future diagnostics and therapies. There is consensus across all stakeholders to move from global agenda setting in Alzheimer’s disease to action oriented programmes and implementation. |
| Date: | 2016–09–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaac:31-en&r=ino |
| By: | Adam P. Balcerzak (Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland) |
| Abstract: | The subject of the research is a technological potential of European Economies at macroeconomic level. The main aim of the article is to assess relative position and eventual progress in that sphere obtained by Central European economies that joined the European Union after the year 2004. Additional goal of the research is to verify usefulness of variables that can be used in measurement of technological potential at macroeconomic level in European economies with application of multiple criteria decision analysis methodology. In the research the phenomenon of technological potential was treated as a multivariate problem. Thus, in order to measure it the multiple criteria decision analysis approach based on the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was applied. The research was conducted with application of Eurostat Data and diagnostic variables proposed for measurement of technological potential at macro level in European members states. It was done for the years 2008-2012. The applied procedure of verification of information value of potential diagnostic variables enabled to select six final diagnostic variables. The conducted research enabled to point the European leaders, which can be treated as benchmark countries and the source of good practices in the process of forming policy guidelines aiming at supporting technological development. The research showed significant progress obtained by some new European Union members states, which confirms modernization process of Central European economics. |
| Keywords: | technological potential, multiple criteria decision analysis, TOPSIS, European Union |
| JEL: | C30 C38 O14 |
| Date: | 2016–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pes:wpaper:2016:no33&r=ino |