|
on Innovation |
| By: | Maietta, Ornella Wanda |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to examine R&D collaboration between firms, on the one hand, and universities or public research labs, on the other, with particular attention to the role such collaboration plays among the determinants of product and process innovation in the Italian food and drink industry. The firm data are sourced from four waves of the Capitalia survey. The approach is a multivariate probit analysis in which the dependent variables are intra muros R&D investment, R&D collaboration with universities, public labs and private firms, process and product innovation. The independent variables consist of firm, territory and university characteristics. The results of the analysis demonstrate that R&D university–firm collaboration determines process innovation and, to a lesser extent, product innovation. A firm’s product innovation is positively affected by its geographical proximity to a university but negatively affected by the amount of its codified knowledge production. |
| Keywords: | university–industry interaction, R&D collaborations, product and process innovation, academic research quality, geographical distance, university education, Agricultural and Food Policy, O3, D22, R1, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:225668&r=ino |
| By: | Rammer, Christian; Schubert, Torben |
| Abstract: | [Introduction] Innovation expenditures in Germany have increased at an impressive rate in the course of the last two decades. Between 1995 and 2013, businesses in Germany raised their spending for developing and introducing new products and new processes from €60.8bn to €144.6bn resulting in a compound annual growth rate of 4.9% (Rammer et al. 2015). While these numbers suggest that German firms have become ever more focused on innovation, they hide the fact that this rise has mainly been driven by large firms belonging to a few sectors. When we look at the above numbers by firm size we find that firms with fewer than 500 employees experienced only a very modest increase in their innovation expenditures (€25.7bn in 1995 vs. €34.5bn in 2013, i.e. 1.6% per year) whereas large firms with more than 500 employees increased their spending from €35.1bn in 1995 to €110.1bn in 2013 (6.6% per year). In line with these observations we also find a concentration of the activities on fewer firms. In particular, the share of innovators – firms that have introduced at least one product or process innovation during the preceding three years – has similarly declined since the late 1990s. Having reached a peak in 1999 at 55.5%, it dropped to 43.7% in 2007 and further declined to 37.1% in 2013. A look at the sector distribution conveys a similar concentration. In 1995, the R&D intensive manufacturing sectors (pharmaceuticals, chemicals, electronics, machinery & equipment, vehicles) spent €30.9bn on innovation and increased that figure to €92.6bn in 2013 (+6.3% per year). Low-tech manufacturing and service sectors expanded their innovation expenditure by an average annual rate of 3.1%. These developments would not be problematic if they were due to firms from high-tech sectors growing at an above-average rate. While some well-known examples of this phenomenon also exist in Germany, e.g. the software company SAP, the absolute numbers of such cases is very limited. Moreover, the share of value added of highly R&D-intensive sectors has remained fairly stable in Germany. This makes this explanation implausible. [...] |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisidp:54&r=ino |
| By: | Elias Einiö; Dechezleprêtre; - Martin Antoine; - Nguyen Ralf; - Van Reenen Kieu-Trang; John |
| Abstract: | We present the first evidence showing causal impact of research and development (R&D) tax incentives on innovation outcomes. We exploit a change in the asset-based size thresholds for eligibility for R&D tax subsidies and implement a Regression Discontinuity Design using administrative tax data on the population of UK firms. There are statistically and economically significant effects of the tax change on both R&D and patenting, with no evidence of a decline in the quality of innovation. R&D tax price elasticities are large at about 2.6, probably because the treated group is from a sub-population subject to financial constraints. There does not appear to be pre-policy manipulation of assets around the thresholds that could undermine our design, but firms do adjust assets to take advantage of the subsidy post-policy. We estimate that over 2006-11 business R&D would be around 10% lower in the absence of the tax relief scheme. |
| Keywords: | R&D, patents, tax, innovation, Regression Discontinuity design |
| JEL: | H32 O31 H23 O32 H25 |
| Date: | 2016–04–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fer:wpaper:73&r=ino |
| By: | Mekonnen, Daniel Ayalew; Gerber, Nicolas |
| Abstract: | This paper identifies the effect of aspirations on the adoption of agricultural innovations in the context of rural Ethiopia. While most studies on agricultural innovations have focused on identifying observable and resource-related deprivations or ‘external’ constraints, a related stream of literature suggests that ‘internal’ constraints, such as the lack of aspirations, could reinforce external constraints and lead to self-sustaining poverty traps. Since both aspirations and the adoption of innovations are forward-looking, they are likely to be intimately linked. Aspirations are motivators that can enhance innovations or their adoption not only in their own right but also through their determinants, including self-efficacy, locus of control and other internal traits that may be unobserved. This implies that aspirations may affect innovations through multiple channels and hence may be endogenous. On the other hand, aspirations are also affected by a person’s level of achievement, implying that aspirations and innovations are simultaneously determined. To identify the effect of aspirations on the adoption of agricultural innovations, we conducted both plot-level and household-level analysis using purposely collected data from households in rural Ethiopia. Using econometric strategies that account for the endogenous nature of aspirations, we found that a narrow or a very wide gap between aspirations and achievement in a farming household is strongly associated with low levels of innovativeness and low adoption rate of innovation products such as chemical fertilizers. |
| Keywords: | Aspirations, innovations, agriculture, Ethiopia, Agribusiness, Consumer/Household Economics, Farm Management, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, D1, O1, Q1, Q12, Q16, |
| Date: | 2016–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:235106&r=ino |
| By: | Srholec Martin (Centre of Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy (CIRCLE), Lund University); Szkuta Katarzyna (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | The 2015 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Czech Republic |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc101175&r=ino |
| By: | Benabdelkader, Mohamed |
| Abstract: | The determinants of total factor productivity (TFP) of the manufacturing industries, in particular innovation and industrial policy, constituted the seminal contribution of Crépon, Duguet and Mairesse in the late 1990. This study aims to explain the TFP of the 5 branches composing the manufacturing industries in Morocco on the 1985-2013 period through its panel regression on innovation, trade openness and industrial policy variables, as well as their interactions, while testing the model assumptions in the light of the Moroccan reality. This study will also provide conclusions related to the relevance of the original model as well as extensions and implications for further research. |
| Keywords: | Crepon-Duguet-Mairesse model; industrial policy; innovation; panel data; total factor productivity |
| JEL: | C33 C51 L52 L6 O32 O47 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:70950&r=ino |
| By: | Brian Warrington (Independent Expert); Hristo Hristov (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | The 2015 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Malta |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc101204&r=ino |
| By: | Grimpe Christoph (Copenhagen Business School); Jessica Mitchell (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | The 2015 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, innovation union, Semester analysis, Denmark |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc101183&r=ino |
| By: | Todorova Angelina (Aero-Space Technologies, Research and Applications (Castra)); Slavcheva Milena (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | The 2015 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, Innovation Union, Semester analysis, Bulgaria |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc101136&r=ino |
| By: | Sdiri, Hanen; Ayadi, Mohamed |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to analyze the extent to which Tunisian firms regard corruption as a major obstacle to their product and process innovation. Using firm-level data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey conducted in 2013, we empirically test how innovation accentuates or mitigates the corruption obstacle. We show that innovation has a negative and statistically significant effect on the corruption obstacle. Besides, we prove that competition and the obstacle to corruption are negatively related. This result teaches that the Tunisian firms face a rent-shifting corruption. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, Corruption obstacle, Rent-shifting. |
| JEL: | D73 L80 O31 O32 |
| Date: | 2016–05–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:71088&r=ino |
| By: | Bryan Leonard; Gary D. Libecap |
| Abstract: | We analyze the economic determinants and effects of prior appropriation water rights that were voluntarily implemented across a vast area of the US West, replacing common-law riparian water rights. We model potential benefits and test hypotheses regarding search, coordination, and investment. Our novel data set of 7,800 rights in Colorado, established between 1852 and 2013 includes location, date, size, infrastructure investment, irrigated acreage, crops, topography, stream flow, soil quality, and precipitation. Prior appropriation doubled infrastructure investment and raised the value of agricultural output beyond baseline riparian rights. The analysis reveals institutional innovation that informs contemporary water policy. |
| JEL: | K11 N51 N52 Q15 Q25 Q28 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22185&r=ino |
| By: | Schuch Klaus (Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI)); Gampfer Robert (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | The 2015 series of RIO Country Reports analyse and assess the policy and the national research and innovation system developments in relation to national policy priorities and the EU policy agenda with special focus on ERA and Innovation Union. The executive summaries of these reports put forward the main challenges of the research and innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | R&I system, R&I policy, ERA, Innovation Union, Semester analysis, Austria |
| JEL: | I20 O30 Z18 |
| Date: | 2016–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc101166&r=ino |
| By: | Goorha, Prateek |
| Abstract: | In this note the author proposes an approach to examine how innovations might arise from a knowledge commons with agents that interact on the basis of their subjective assessment of the relationships between ideas. Two types of knowledge commons emerge from this dynamic - a pure knowledge commons, with a pursuit of knowledge for its own sake and a satisficing knowledge commons, where members seek a predetermined value for their ideas. |
| Keywords: | idea maps,knowledge commons,innovation,subjectivity |
| JEL: | D85 O34 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwedp:201615&r=ino |
| By: | Link, Albert N.; Antonelli, Cristiano (University of Turin) |
| Date: | 2015–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uto:labeco:201511&r=ino |
| By: | Materia, Valentina; Pascucci, Stefano; Dries, Liesbeth |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the determinants of innovation strategies in the agri-food sector and the potential complementarity of these strategies. Innovation strategies are distinguished as in-house and outsourcing. The choice between strategies is motivated by transaction cost minimization, property rights appropriation and optimization of firms’ resources and competences. A bivariate probit model is implemented using cross-section data on 1,393 agri-food firms in seven EU countries. Results show that: decisions to innovate in-house or to outsource are not interlinked; high quality human resources and the use of ICT influence both the decision to innovate in-house and outsourcing, while organizational aspects, especially those related to decision-making within the firm, are relevant only for in-house innovation. Finally, we also find that large and internationalized firms are more likely to innovate in-house. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212449&r=ino |
| By: | Putthiwanit, Chutinon |
| Abstract: | This research studies a basic concept of Schumpeterian Theory by exploring the life of Joseph Schumpeter and the application for Estonia. The secondary data were taken from World Values Survey (WVS); a worldwide group of researchers observing global values and their effect on society as a whole with headquarters in Sweden. Author took the most recent data of WVS in wave six (year 2010-2014) with the total of 74,042 cases for analysis. An analysis was performed by multiple regressions and no multicollinearity problems were detected. The results show that the nature of tasks (both manual vs. intellectual and routine vs. creative) affects the importance of employees being creative. Further analysis was performed by an independent pair sample T-test and the result shows that there are differences in the nature of tasks (both manual vs. intellectual and routine vs. creative) of Estonian and global employees. Subsequently, the final analysis was performed to explore the difference in the nature of tasks in intellectual and creative Estonian and global employees. However, there is no difference in this aspect between them. |
| Keywords: | Innovation; Schumpeterian Theory; Secondary Data; Intellectual; Creative; Creativity; Workplace; Estonia |
| JEL: | L20 O30 O31 |
| Date: | 2016–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:71126&r=ino |
| By: | Maredia, Mywish; Reyes, Bryon |
| Abstract: | Identifying and measuring the area under improved varieties and assessing varietal turnover plays a central role in varietal adoption and impact assessments. These studies have mostly relied on farmers’ responses in household surveys to estimate these indicators. This method of ‘farmer elicitation’ to estimate varietal adoption can be fairly accurate when the varietal turnover is high and the seed system is well-functioning. However, when the formal seed system is non-existent or ineffective, and farmers mostly rely on harvested grain as the main source of planting material, the reliability of estimating varietal adoption using farmer or expert elicitation method can be challenging. This symposium brings together researchers who have used the DNA-fingerprinting method for varietal identification. It provides a forum for exchange of ideas and sharing new insights on the challenges and potential of using this innovative method for estimating varietal adoption and increasing the accuracy of results of impact assessments. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, C81, C83, O3, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212226&r=ino |
| By: | Rossi, Federica; Caloffi, Annalisa; Russo, Margherita |
| Abstract: | An important, but under-researched, question in relation to policies funding networks of innovators is: what kind of innovation networks should be supported, if the policy objective is not just to sponsor successful innovation projects, but also to encourage the participants to form networks with desirable characteristics? Focusing on a set of policy programmes implemented by the regional government of Tuscany, in Italy, between 2002 and 2008, aimed at funding networks of collaborating organisations, we investigate whether the imposition of requirements on the composition of the networks that would be eligible for funding – in particular, the demand that networks should comply with minimum size and heterogeneity thresholds – influenced the participants’ networking behaviour in the context of successive policy interventions. Our results show that these requirements immediately affected the size and composition of the project networks that applied for funding, although not always in the intended direction. However, these effects did not extend to the successive periods, when those requirements were no longer in force. This suggests that the imposition of policy requirements, per se, is unlikely to induce persistent changes in organizations’ networking behaviour. Other approaches such as implementing outreach actions in order to encourage new organisations to participate in existing innovation networks and to form new ones, and additional measures designed to foster learning opportunities for the participants, might be more effective tools to influence the networking behaviour of participating organisations. |
| Keywords: | Innovation networks, innovation policy, policy requirements, networking behaviour, behavioural effects of policy |
| JEL: | O31 R5 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:69327&r=ino |
| By: | Michal Wilinski (Nicolaus Copernicus University) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this article is to present a model of knowledge-based economy in relation to the OECD or Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The work will be explained the difference between economic growth and economic development. This article aims is to show how the use of factors of knowledge and innovation by the economy affect its faster development. Model presented work shows the extent to which a variable that is known to be action - lovers expressing or measuring knowledge and innovation impact on the economy and the extent to which contributed to its growth, which will be expressed by the Gross Domestic Product. |
| Keywords: | innovation; knowledge; economic development; OECD, KBE |
| JEL: | A11 D83 O43 |
| Date: | 2016–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pes:wpaper:2016:no16&r=ino |
| By: | Francesco LISSONI |
| Abstract: | In the new era of mass migration, with highly skilled individuals playing a key role, the role of migration in innovation diffusion is a topical issue. The paper organizes several strands of literature, from the history of religious minorities to the spatial analysis of knowledge flows. Three main themes emerge: the distinction between mobility and migration, the directions of flows, and their contents. Migration supports diffusion from origin to host countries, but also in the opposite direction, as well as within and across destinations. Distinguishing between information access and knowledge exchanges remain a major item of the research agenda. |
| Keywords: | migration ; innovation ; diffusion |
| JEL: | O33 F22 J61 |
| Date: | 2016 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:wpegrt:2016-11&r=ino |
| By: | Gaetan de Rassenfosse (Ecole polytechnique federale de Lausanne); Alfons Palangkaraya (Swinburne University of Technology); Elizabeth Webster (Swinburne University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Evidence suggests that patents facilitate technology transactions but the reasons for the effect are unclear. Patents may assist trade in technology by either: (i) protecting buyers against the expropriation of the idea (the 'appropriation effect'); or (ii) increasing information sharing during the negotiation phase through publication of technical details contained in the patent document (the 'disclosure effect'). We estimate the strength of both effects using exact matching analysis on a novel dataset of 860 technology transaction negotiations. We find evidence for the appropriation but not the disclosure effect. Technology transaction negotiations involving a granted patent instead of a pending patent (our test for the appropriation effect) are significantly more likely to be successfully completed. The appropriation effect is stronger in technology fields where patent protection is known to be more effective such as biotech, chemicals, drugs and medical. |
| Keywords: | appropriability, disclosure, licensing, market for technology, patent |
| JEL: | O34 O38 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iip:wpaper:2&r=ino |
| By: | Antonio Musolesi; Cem Ertur |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an econometric examination of technological knowledge spillovers among countries by focusing on the issue of error cross-sectional dependence, particularly on the dif- ferent ways – weak and strong – that this dependence may affect model specification and estimation. A preliminary analysis based on estimation of the exponent of cross-sectional de- pendence provides a clear result in favor of strong cross-sectional dependence. This result has relevant implications in terms of econometric modeling and suggests that a factor structure is preferable to a spatial error model. The common correlated effects approach is then used be- cause it remains valid in a variety of situations that are likely to occur, such as the presence of both forms of dependence or the existence of nonstationary factors. According to the estimation results, richer countries benefit more from domestic R&D and geographic spillovers than poorer countries, while smaller countries benefit more from spillovers originating from trade. The re- sults also suggest that when the problem of (possibly many) correlated unobserved factors is addressed, the quantity of education no longer has a significant effect. Finally, a comparison of the results with those obtained from a spatial model provides interesting insights into the bias that may arise when we allow only for weak dependence, despite the presence of strong dependence in the data. |
| Keywords: | cross-sectional dependence; large panels; factor models; spatial models; heterogeneous slopes; unit root; total factor productivity; research and development; human capital |
| JEL: | C23 C5 F0 O3 |
| Date: | 2016–05–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udf:wpaper:2016035&r=ino |
| By: | Aliu, Armando; Cilginoglu, Hakki; Özkan, Ömer; Aliu, Dorian |
| Abstract: | This study aims to analyze inter-stakeholders’ interactions, destination governance, reverse innovation and the tasks of central government within Turkish medical tourism market. The investigation’s objective is to shed lights on scientists and practitioners regarding to what extent medical tourism is affected by stakeholders. Likewise, the originality of this investigation is that this study is the first attempt that links up reverse innovation and stakeholder approach as a holistic strategy and competitive advantage tool in medical tourism. The statistical evidences of Turkey also support the fact that the incline of medical tourism incomes and benefits is tightly bound on key inter-stakeholders’ collaborations, marketing tools, specific strategies, effective governance mechanism and cooperation with civil society organizations. This study is a thematic case that comprises particular research fields and formulates advanced arguments that are embedded in enriched relevant literature review and the highlights of the 7th International Health Tourism Congress. |
| Abstract: | Bu calismanin amaci; Türk medikal turizm piyasasinda merkezi yönetimin görevleri, tersine inovasyon, destinasyon yönetisimi ve paydaslar arasi etkilesimleri analiz etmektir. Arastırmanin hedefi; bilim insanlarina ve sektördeki profesyonellere / uygulayicilara medikal turizmin paydaslar tarafindan ne dereceye kadar etkilendigi hakkinda isik tutmaktir. Ayrica, bu arastirmanin özgünlügü medikal turizmde rekabet avantaji araci ve bütünsel strateji olarak paydas yaklasimi ile tersine inovasyon arasinda baglanti kuran ilk girisim olmasidir. Türkiye’nin istatistiksel verileri de medikal turizmdeki yükselis trendinin ve faydalarinin sivil toplum kuruluslari ile isbirligi, efektif yönetisim mekanizmasi, spesifik stratejiler, pazarlama araclari ve kilit paydaslar arasi isbirliklerine sikica bagli oldugunu desteklemektedir. Bu calisma tematik bir örnek olay olup, 7. Uluslararasi Saglik Turizmi Kongresi’nde vurgulanan hususlar ile iliskilendirilmis literatür taramasina dayali olarak formüle edilmis gelismis argümanlar ve spesifik arastirma alanlarini icermektedir. |
| Keywords: | Medical Tourism,Reverse Innovation,Stakeholders,Collaboration,Destination Governance |
| JEL: | F63 H51 I11 I15 I18 M38 |
| Date: | 2016–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esconf:140617&r=ino |
| By: | Pambo, Kennedy |
| Abstract: | In Kenya agriculture contributes 24% to the GDP yet lending to the sector is only about 4%. A major constraint to increasing efficiency in smallholder enterprises in rural areas is therefore, limited access to financial services. Lack of working capital for traders in rural areas inhibits the purchase, trade and processing of agricultural produce. This limits the amount of produce a farmer can market and acts as a disincentive to reaching his/her productive potential. Furthermore, most Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) lack a value chain approach to financing and are unable to remove the financial constraints along a specific value chain. Appropriate financing services along the value chain can help to enhance the productivity and profitability of various small-scale rural stakeholders. Therefore, the study assessed the prospects for financial innovations and access in improving dairy farmers’ livelihoods through a case study approach. The findings provide a strong evidence that appropriate financial innovation is the missing link in agricultural productivity paradigm and the food security equation in African countries including Kenya. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, Financial access, Innovations, Farmers, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Farm Management, Q14, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212608&r=ino |
| By: | KIMURA Fukunari (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); CHEN Lurong (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); LLIUTEANU Maura Ada (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); YAMAMOTO Shimpei (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)); AMBASHI Masahito (Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)) |
| Abstract: | Protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) is essential to economic growth, innovation, and competitiveness. As the global economy is increasingly organised within global value chains, disciplining and enforcing IPR in a coherent international framework have become a critical issue in the trade system of the 21st century. The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) flags America's achievement in setting a new standard on international IPR enforcement under the mega free trade agreement framework that involves countries from Asia-Pacific; yet such standards run the risk of becoming the new norm at the international level. The establishment of TPP tends to accelerate the pace of emerging Asian economies in IPR enforcement. |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:pb-2016-02&r=ino |
| By: | Li, Zongzhang; Ma, Yanan |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impacts of rural education on agricultural productivity in China. The approach we take involves two-stage process. First, we use DEA_Malmquist method to measure total factor productivity change, technical change and efficiency change in China over the period 1985 to 2011. We find that China has experienced an increase in total factor productivity, and that productivity growth was mostly attributed to technical progress, rather than to improvement in efficiency. And then, with a panel dataset covering 30 provinces, we investigate the impact of rural education on productivity growth of China. The results indicated that the development of rural education plays positive role on China’s agricultural productivity growth. Moreover, empirical results of regression models show that rural education enhances agricultural total factor productivity through technological progress rather than by promoting technical efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession, |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae15:212048&r=ino |
| By: | Ani Harutyunyan (LICOS - Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance at KU Leuven); Ömer Özak (Southern Methodist University) |
| Abstract: | This research explores the effects of culture on technological diffusion and economic development. It shows that culture's direct effects on development and barrier effects to technological diffusion are, in general, observationally equivalent. In particular, using a large set of cultural measures, it establishes empirically that pairwise differences in contemporary development are associated with pairwise cultural differences relative to the technological frontier, only in cases where observational equivalence holds. Additionally, it establishes that differences in cultural traits that are correlated with genetic and linguistic distances are statistically and economically significantly correlated with differences in economic development. These results highlight the difficulty of disentangling the direct and barrier effects of culture, while lending credence to the idea that common ancestry generates persistence and plays a central role in economic development. |
| Keywords: | Comparative economic development, economic growth, culture, barriers to technological diffusion, genetic distances, linguistic distances |
| JEL: | O10 O11 O20 O33 O40 O47 O57 Z10 |
| Date: | 2016–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smu:ecowpa:1606&r=ino |
| By: | Ozkan Eren; Masayuki Onda; Bulent Unel |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on entrepreneurial activity at the individual-owner level in U.S. states over 1996- 2008. Our results indicate that FDI has no effect on entrepreneurial activity in Right-to-Work (RTW) states. In non-RTW states, however, we find that an increase in FDI decreases the average monthly rate of business creation and destruction. Specifically, a 10-percent increase in FDI decreases the average monthly rate of business creation and destruction by roughly 4 and 2.5 percent (relative to sample mean), respectively. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lsu:lsuwpp:2016-04&r=ino |
| By: | Michael Fritsch (School of Economics and Business Administration, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena); Alina Sorgner (School of Economics and Business Administration, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena); Michael Wyrwich (School of Economics and Business Administration, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena); Evguenii Zazdravnykh (National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Saint-Petersburg) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the persistence of entrepreneurship in the region of Kaliningrad between 1925 and 2010. During this time period the area experienced a number of extremely disruptive shocks including; devastation caused by World War II, a nearly complete replacement of the native German population by Soviets, and 45 years under an anti- entrepreneurial socialist economic regime followed by a shock-type transition to a market economy. Nevertheless, we find a surprisingly high level of persistence of industry-specific self-employment rates in the districts of the Kaliningrad region. Our analysis suggests that persistence of entrepreneurship is higher in regions with a history of successful entrepreneurship. That is, in regions where a specific industry was particularly efficient and entrepreneurial activity was especially pronounced. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurship, regional culture, persistence |
| JEL: | L26 N94 P25 P5 |
| Date: | 2016–04–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrp:jrpwrp:2016-007&r=ino |