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on Innovation |
| By: | Francesco Bogliacino |
| Abstract: | The “virtuous circle” between innovative inputs, outputs and economic performance is investigated in this article with a three equation model highlighting feedback loops and simultaneous relations. An empirical test is carried out considering innovative expenditure, innovative turnover and economic results in a sample of Italian manufacturing firms which are ‘serial innovators’. We use data for the period 2000-2008 from a rich panel of Italian firms over 50 employees drawn from ISTAT, the National Institute of Statistics, including data from three waves of Community Innovation Surveys. The model we use extends the one developed at the industry level by Bogliacino and Pianta (2013a, 2013b), confirming previous findings. For the – rather limited – core of Italian persistent innovators, results show the complex links at play, the lags in the effects of innovative efforts, and the feedbacks between economic success and the ability to sustain innovation expenditure. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, economic performance, three equation model, Italian firms |
| JEL: | L6 L8 O31 O33 O52 |
| Date: | 2015–03–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000178:012630&r=ino |
| By: | Jens Sörvik (European Commission – JRC - IPTS); Alexander Kleibrink (European Commission – JRC - IPTS) |
| Abstract: | Mapping public innovation priorities is important for policy makers and stakeholders, allowing them to explore the potential for collaboration and to better understand innovation dynamics. This working paper presents original data on innovation strategies for smart specialisation (RIS3) in European Union (EU) regions and Member States, obtained from the Eye@RIS3 open data tool for sharing information on the areas identified as priority areas by 198 innovation strategies. It also contextualises these priorities and specialisation patterns with regard to the concept of ‘smart specialisation’. The most common RIS3 priority areas in the EU are energy, health, information and communication technologies, food, advanced materials, services, tourism, sustainable innovation, advanced manufacturing systems, and the cultural and creative industries. The paper also explores the degree to which policy makers are creating unique portfolios of priorities or, in contrast, are imitating one another. We find that few regions have developed similar combinations of priorities. However, there are groupings around a number of popular categories and connected to prioritised EU objectives. Finally, we compare the main areas of planned investment with sectoral data on firms, employment and patents, with the conclusion that the connection between priorities and the economic and innovation structures is weak. |
| Keywords: | smart specialisation, prioritisation, innovation policy, open data, structural funds |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc95227&r=ino |
| By: | Yoshiyuki Nakura (Chuo university) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is time perspective for assembly type manufacturing industry to affect the competitive conditions, which are the constraints of time and a distributed work activity, for every business involved in the value chain. The Internet as a communication media became the industrial infrastructure that supports business activities. Business environment for enterprise activity varies substantially in a short time, became diverse business operation and unique management strategy would be feasible. It has become a difficult to adapt to the changing competitive environment. As a result, between organizations require a positive attitude for communication. A innovation is the way to solve problems. However the goal of innovation is not only to develop new products but also to create various intangible management resources, which are knowledge of the market, and technical know how. Stimulation of this innovation is induced by feedback of information. That is, companies located downstream of manufacturing process as a user, have a knowledge of problem solving, it is likely contributes to stimulate innovation. Information sensitivity for innovation, that is the speed of information processing efficiency and selection of information are the organizational capability. |
| Keywords: | Time perspective, competitive environment, innovation, information sensitivity |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0201590&r=ino |
| By: | Joseph Kang (Korea Institute of Science and Technology Evaluation and Planning) |
| Abstract: | The importance of innovation has been highlighted for the past decades. A number of studies regarding economic growth and innovation have emphasized R&D activities and innovation capacity for one nation’s economic growth. Accordingly, major advanced countries established policies by conducting a comprehensive evaluation on the quantitative and qualitative capacity of their S&T innovation. Various approaches and index systems, such as OECD Science, Technology and Industry (STI) Scoreboard for OECD countries, Nordic Innovation Monitor (NIM) for Northern European countries, Composite S&T Innovation Index (COSTII) for South Korea, among others, are used to evaluate the innovation capacity of a country or a region. Despite the Asian region has many issues to address in order to achieve sustained economic growth, enhanced S&T competitiveness, and improved technological innovation, there has not been a good regional-level evaluation for Asia. Because major international innovation evaluation frameworks are centered on the advanced countries in Europe and North America, they cannot accurately reflect the characteristics of Asian countries (of course, underdeveloped countries), which are on the different economic development stage and have different innovation capacity. The research is to develop an indicator system that reflects the characteristics of Asia, which is named Asian Innovation Scoreboard (AIS). Generally, most of Asian countries are underdeveloped. Therefore, its application could be applied to developing indicator systems that measure innovation capacity of underdeveloped countries. We defined the concept of an innovation scoreboard in consideration of Asian characteristics, developed a preliminary innovation indicator system. And then, we applied the Analytic Network Process (ANP) methodology to examine factors related to the model and indicator system. Finally, we evaluated our indicator system by applying a framework that is developed to evaluate an indicator system by Jung (2013). AIS consist of 43 indicators that represent overall area of innovation capacity. |
| Keywords: | Asian Innovation Scoreboard, Innovation Capacity, Innovation Indicator, Evaluation, Innovation Policy |
| JEL: | O32 O38 O00 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0702448&r=ino |
| By: | Zuzanna Ostraszewska (Czestochowa University of Technology); Agnieszka Tylec (Czestochowa University of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Innovation is nowadays one of the most important factors of modernity and competitive position of business units and the entire economy. To continue developing and maintaining an advantage in the market enterprises will increasingly need to focus on radical innovation. This undoubtedly is reversed innovation. The concept of reverse innovation bases on research on innovation implemented in poor, developing countries, what generates incomparably lower costs than in the case of laboratories held in developed countries. The main idea of the concept is final transfer of the product and its adaptation, then its use and distribution on highly developed markets. This is the opposite of the traditional approach to innovation, which is used in knowledge-based economies in the developed world. It is expected that emerging markets will be in greater extent used as a cheap production resources on a larger scale than at present – both for research and development. The concept of reverse innovation, that is the production of ideas on emerging market and then their “upstreaming†to Western markets, is however a big challenge for the organization. It involves elimination of existing organizational structures and creation of new ones, modernization of research, development and production methods, as well as reorientation of awareness of employees and executives. The paper presents the theoretical aspects of reverse innovation, its role in building the company’s strategy and the impact on the development of emerging economies. |
| Keywords: | Frugal Innovation, Reverse Innovation, Good-enough Innovation, Gandhian Innovation, Jugaad Innovation, BOP Market, Emerging Markets |
| JEL: | M21 O00 O31 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0702350&r=ino |
| By: | István Kovács (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Management and Corporate Economics) |
| Abstract: | In the last decade, a new phenomena has appeared in the scope of innovation, deriving from the exaggerated perception of the forming and optimizing effects of the community groups coming exist outside of the company which have an essential role to boost up its competitiveness in the future. Thus many companies have realized that sharing their innovations infers better position in the market.It indeed contributed to the widespread of this concept. Nonetheless this phenomena – non episodically – brings additional advantages for the company, such as exploitation of the own market with enhanced research capacity or building in originally not existed ideas to the current capital (Chesbrough, 2003).On the other hand, open innovation can be described as the flow of direct exploitation of knowledge for the sake of accelerating internal innovation along with expanding markets to its external applicability. On the market this philosophy appeared firstly with the open source software’s (West and Gallagher, 2004).In this manner, open innovation is a paradigm that assumes internal and external ideas are inseparably applied together when a company tends to develop technology, toolkit and communication. This business model is about to utilize even internally and externally created ideas to create values, simultaneously indicates internal movements to exploit a certain (created) value. As a result, open innovation brings significant advantages to the companies which become capable to obtain intellectual power from outside their boundaries (Gassmann, Enkel and Chesbrough, 2010).In Hungary, the idea of open innovation is widely supported by the innovation clusters (currently 23 are operating in Hungary). The target population of my research was made up of the accredited innovation clusters. The duration of data registration took place between July 2011 and May 2013, during which period a total of 21 innovation clusters earned the title accredited cluster. In my assessment I managed to contact 18 accredited innovation clusters, which is 85.71% of the entire target population (access rate). The result and practical significance of my study shows that innovation clusters are relevant organisational forms during the examination of open innovation. Because from networks they secure wider platform for cooperation; help the integrity of knowledge through collective projects and create trustful atmoshpere between the members using different communication technologies and practices. |
| Keywords: | innovation, open innovation, communication, clusters |
| JEL: | O32 M31 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0802558&r=ino |
| By: | Francesco Bogliacino |
| Abstract: | In this article we discuss how to summarize the persistent and large heterogeneity in innovative behaviour and economic performance. A Revision of the Pavitt (1984) taxonomy - covering manufacturing and services, as well as ICT activities – is proposed as a key tool for identifying common characteristics and diversities in patterns. An extensive analysis of Innovation Survey data, on sources, objectives, inputs and outcomes of innovation, allows us to test alternative industry groupings, leading to an extensive assessment of a Revised Pavitt Taxonomy that is able to capture major structural differences in the relationship between innovation and performance. As industries' classifications has changed from NACE Rev.1 to NACE Rev.2 in 2008, a Revised Pavitt taxonomy is also provided for the new industries. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, Innovation Surveys, Pavitt Taxonomy. |
| JEL: | O30 O33 |
| Date: | 2015–03–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000178:012631&r=ino |
| By: | Jan Fagerberg (Aalborg University, University of Oslo and University of Lund) |
| Abstract: | The term Òinnovation policyÓ started to penetrate the policy discourse a few decades ago and it may be time to take stock of what is learnt and consider what the challenges for the theory and practice in this area are. This paper contributes to this process by focusing on the extent to which we have a theoretical framework that is sufficiently helpful. The first section introduces the issue. Section 2 discusses theoretical frameworks of relevance for innovation policies and considers the relationship between their underlying assumptions and available evidence from innovation-surveys. Based on recent advances in innovation-systems theory, section 4 presents a synthetic framework for the analysis of innovation policy. Finally, lessons and challenges for future work in this area are considered. Empirical evidence from the Nordic area is introduced at various points to illustrate the relevance of the arguments brought up during the discussion. |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tik:inowpp:20150321&r=ino |
| By: | Samah SOULEH (University of Biskra -Algeria) |
| Abstract: | Nowadays, we are moving towards a knowledge economy where the competitiveness of firms is mainly based on their capacity of innovation, and on the management of their intellectual capital. Moreover, it is widely accepted that firm’s innovation capabilities are more closely linked to their intellectual capital than to their fixed assets. The importance of intellectual capital for innovation has attracted researchers interested in determining its elements and the process by which enhances the innovative capabilities and performance of firms (Carmen Cabello-Medina et al, 2011).There is a multi-faceted description of intellectual capital as proposed by intellectual capital theorists. A study by Sveiby (1987), for example, proposed that knowledge-based assets could be found in three places: the competencies of organization members, its internal structure; such as: patents, models, computer and administrative assets, and external structure such as brands, reputation and relationships with customers (Rosmah et al, 2008). As a general perception, intellectual capital has three components: human capital, structural capital and relational capital (Suciu, 2000).The human capital has been emphasized as one of the key success factors of a company. It can be assumed that most successful companies have organized or at least they should have organized their management of the human capital systematically. The management of human capital can be put into practice by applying competence management and knowledge management practices. Numerous studies of competence and knowledge management have been carried out but the practices of this area are still not very well known (Hannula et al, 2003). Moreover, Subramaniam and Youndt (2005) found that the combination of human and social capital positively affected firms’ innovative capabilities (T.T. Selvarajan et al, 2007). This research aims at examining the impact of human capital management on the innovativeness of Scientific Research Centers through competencies and knowledge management approach. The study was applied to the case of Scientific Research Centers in Algeria; such as: (CREAD, CRSTRA, CDTA, CDER, CERIST, CRBt, CRAPC, CSC, CRSTDLA, and CRASC). The data of the study was collected through interviews and a questionnaire during 2011-2013, and it was analyzed using SPSS 18.0 to determine the interaction between the various factors. The findings broadly support the hypothesis and suggest a number of insights about future studies. |
| Keywords: | Human Capital Management, Knowledge Management , Competencies Management , innovativeness, Scientific Research Centers in Algeria. |
| JEL: | O15 M10 O15 |
| Date: | 2014–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0101019&r=ino |
| By: | Behrooz Noori (Department of Industrial Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran) |
| Abstract: | Large corporations may be composed of multiple strategic business units (SBUs), each of which is responsible for its own profitability. Innovation performance management of SBUs boosts corporation business results. In the present work, SBU ranking based on innovation performance was addressed. The contribution of the proposed model was threefold: (1) it proposed a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for SBU ranking with triangular fuzzy numbers; (2) it provided a comprehensive and systematic framework that combined balanced scorecard (BSC) and fuzzy AHP; and (3) it explored practical application and illustrated the efficacy of the procedures and algorithms. It used a real-world case study in a large steel manufacturing company to present the applicability of the system. Finding SBU priorities would help the corporations to develop strategies and policies to manage and improve SBU performance. |
| Keywords: | strategic business unit, innovation performance, SBU performance, balanced scorecard, fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, steel sector |
| JEL: | C44 L25 L21 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:0802059&r=ino |
| By: | Marek Vokoun (University of Economics, Prague) |
| Abstract: | The paper examines the challenges social scientists face when analysing innovation, especially R&D and innovation activities of firms, i.e. their strategies in typical stages of an innovation process in a defined economy. The motivation behind is to describe properly the innovation activities of firms in the proper economic-historical context. There are many ways innovation can be understood (inter-culturally/inter-nationally) and different ways in which firms, institutions, and governments organize and undertake innovation activities. Entrepreneurs and multinationals are an essential part of market mechanism and innovation is, ex ante, beneficial for them. There are many theories and the current ones demand interdisciplinary approach. It is due to the dynamic nature of innovation and the global context – economic crises, the Internet. At the end of the paper current definition misunderstanding in social sciences is discussed and a better understanding is introduced, which builds upon the simultaneous nature and almost interchangeable relationship between innovation, imitation and invention. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, imitation, invention, firm’s strategies, market conditions, institutions, productivity, cliometrics, developing country, endogenous growth, technological change. |
| JEL: | L60 O38 D24 |
| Date: | 2014–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:0402131&r=ino |