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on Innovation |
| By: | Andrzej Kacprzyk (University of Lodz, Faculty of Economics and Sociology); Wirginia Doryn (University of Lodz, Faculty of Economics and Sociology); ; |
| Abstract: | There seems to be a growing consensus among economists and policy makers that investment in knowledge, which is at the center of the endogenous growth process, is a precondition for achieving permanently high economic growth. This paper examines relationship between economic growth and the various indicators of innovative activity that contribute to new knowledge creation. Our study differs from previous analyses, which mainly employed data from OECD countries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to test whether the impact of innovative activity on growth differs between old and new European Union member states. Based on the panel data regression model we examine the interaction between economic growth and innovation, the latter proxied by R&D expenditures and patent statistics. We distinguish between publicly and privately-funded R&D and try to answer the question whether private and public R&D investments differ in terms of fostering economic growth. The results are sensitive to the sample analyzed and indicate that the relationship between innovation efforts and growth is more complex and ambiguous than expected. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, innovation, R&D, patents, panel data |
| JEL: | O33 O30 O47 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ann:wpaper:3/2014&r=ino |
| By: | Viktor Slavtchev; S. Wiederhold |
| Abstract: | Governments purchase everything from airplanes to zucchini. This paper investigates the role of the technological content of government procurement in innovation. We theoretically show that a shift in the composition of public purchases toward high-tech products translates into higher economy-wide returns to innovation, leading to an increase in the aggregate level of private research and development (R&D). Collecting unique panel data on federal procurement in US states, we find that reshuffling procurement toward high-tech industries has an economically and statistically significant positive effect on private R&D, even after extensively controlling for other R&D determinants. Instrumental-variable estimations support a causal interpretation of our findings. |
| Keywords: | government demand, private R&D, endogenous growth, innovation policy |
| JEL: | E60 H57 O31 O33 O38 |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwh:dispap:10-14&r=ino |
| By: | Narula R.; Martinez-Noya A. (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | There has been a dramatic increase in all forms of international cooperation in science, technology and innovation over the last three decades. This chapter focuses on a specific subset of such cooperative agreements those that primarily but not exclusively involve firms that seek some commercial benefit from the outputs of inter-firm collaboration, known as strategic technology partnering STP. Special attention is given to clearly define the unique nature of these collaborative agreements, as well as the reasons and theories behind their growth. We focus on their international dimension, identifying international STP trends, and how the cross-border aspect of these alliances impinges on their formation and success. Finally, managerial challenges and policy implications related to STP are also discussed. |
| Keywords: | Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing; Management of Technological Innovation and R&D; |
| JEL: | O32 L24 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2014058&r=ino |
| By: | Bourna, Maria; Mitomo, Hitoshi |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how spectrum policy affects the diffusion of innovation in the telecommunications sector, and is part of a general discussion on expanding spectrum policy aims to address sector innovativeness. We argue that innovation can be analytically depicted not only as the appearance of new technology, but also as physical network expansion of said technology, and adoption by end users. This definition is used in contrast with previous work on spectrum policy and innovation, which tends to use R&D or infrastructure investment as proxies for innovation, resulting in a more limited understanding of the innovation process. The study surveys the telecommunications industry in Japan over a period of 13 years (2001-2013), and discusses the effect of spectrum allocations and other regulatory acts on the expansion of the 3G mobile network. We found that spectrum policies excluding allocations had a negative effect on the expansion of the physical network, while the growth of said network correlated strongly with 3G penetration. This may suggest that the effect that spectrum policy has on innovation is most likely mediated by the role of competition in the infrastructure layer and is more pronounced in the contraction stage of the innovation life cycle. These results provide a preliminary basis for gaining a better understanding of the ways in which the policy environment relates to the evolutionary processes behind innovation. |
| Keywords: | Radio spectrum,Innovation,Japan,Telecommunications |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse14:101410&r=ino |
| By: | Herstatt, Cornelius; Schweisfurth, Tim |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:tuhtim:87&r=ino |
| By: | Clancy, Matthew; Moschini, GianCarlo |
| Abstract: | One prominent feature of the US biofuels sector is its reliance on mandates to enforce use. The performance of this policy tool has been mixed, with corn-based ethanol production successfully meeting targets but cellulosic ethanol falling well short of them. A crucial difference in this setting is that corn-based ethanol relies on a mature technology whereas the prospect of meeting cellulosic ethanol mandates was always predicated on the development of new technologies. Is it reasonable to expect that mandates would work well as an incentive for innovation? To address this question, we develop a partial equilibrium model with endogenous innovation to examine the incentives for innovation in production under a mandate and compare this policy to two benchmark situations: laissez-faire and a carbon tax. We find that a mandate creates relatively strong incentives for investment in R&D in low-quality innovations, but relatively weak incentives to invest in high-quality innovations. Moreover, mandates are likely to underperform carbon taxes in welfare terms. |
| Keywords: | biofuels, innovation, mandates, carbon tax, technology policy, Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty, |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea14:170182&r=ino |
| By: | Gault F. (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the current state of indicators of the activity of innovation and how they are presented for use in the policy process leading to a discussion of the development of new indicators, some outside of the business sector, which raises questions about the definition of innovation. This is followed by a review of plans for the evolution of innovation indicators and their use over the next few years. These plans, national and international, are diverse and this leads to a discussion of international organizations and forums which could facilitate progress towards new indicators and a better understanding of innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | Technological Change; Research and Development; Intellectual Property Rights: General; Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives; Technological Change: Government Policy; Cultural Economics: Public Policy; |
| JEL: | O30 O31 O38 Z18 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2014055&r=ino |
| By: | Tsuyoshi Toshimitsu (School of Economics, Kwansei Gakuin University) |
| Abstract: | By focusing on the constructive and combative spillover effects of the firms’ investment in research and development (R&D), we develop a horizontally differentiated duopoly model in which R&D investment used to improve product quality influences consumer preferences and the choice of consumption goods. Applying the framework of endogenous timing decisions to the model, we examine the mutually beneficial timing of product R&D investment and demonstrate that, if there are asymmetric demand spillovers between the firms, a natural Stackelberg equilibrium persists in noncooperative product R&D investment competition in which the firm producing the product with weaker (stronger) demand spillovers moves first (second) to commit to the investment, regardless of the mode of competition. We consider the outcome of the endogenous timing decisions, based on the view of “endogenous sunk costs (i.e., The Sutton Approach)”. Furthermore, we address process R&D investment competition with technology spillovers under endogenous timing. |
| Keywords: | endogenous timing, natural Stackelberg equilibrium, product R&D investment, demand spillovers, horizontally differentiated Cournot duopoly, endogenous sunk cost |
| JEL: | L13 L15 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kgu:wpaper:121&r=ino |
| By: | Joseph E. Stiglitz |
| Abstract: | This paper is an exercise in comparative institutional analysis, asking what kinds of arrangements most facilitate innovation. After identifying pervasive market failures in innovation, it explains why those associated with the Nordic model may be particularly conducive to innovation, and demonstrates that, in general, the optimal policies of the leader should differ from that of followers, but that both leaders and followers can benefit from active government policies (like industrial policies, public investments, and systems of social protection), not only leading to more innovation, but ensuring that more innovative activity is directed in ways that lead to the enhancement of living standards. It concludes by constructing a simple model in which knowledge flows slowly across national borders but moves easily within borders. We show there is a leadership-followership equilibrium, in which some countries are leaders, others are followers. Contrary to Solow's analysis, there need not be convergence. Focusing on technological progress that is a result of learning by doing, where learning occurs within the industrial sector but spills over to other sectors, we demonstrate the optimality of policies to expand the industrial sector beyond that which prevails in competitive equilibrium. |
| JEL: | E61 O3 O31 O32 O33 O34 O38 O51 O52 |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:20493&r=ino |
| By: | Collinson S.; Narula R. (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how multinational enterprises MNEs and local partners, including suppliers, customers and competitors in China, improve their innovation capabilities through collaboration. We analyse this collaboration as a three-way interaction between the ownership-specific O advantages or firm-specific assets FSAs of the MNE subsidiary, the FSAs of the local partner, and the location-specific assets of the host location. Our propositions are examined through a survey of 320 firms, supplemented with 30 in-depth case studies. We find that the recombination of asset-type Oa FSAs and transaction-type Ot FSAs from both partners leads to new innovation-related ownership advantages, or recombinant advantages. The study reveals important patterns of reciprocal transfer, sharing and integration for different asset categories tacit, codified and different forms of FSA and explicitly links these to different innovation performance outcomes. Ot FSAs, in the form of access to local suppliers, customers or government networks are particularly important for reducing the liability of foreignness for MNEs. |
| Keywords: | Multinational Firms; International Business; Globalization: Policy; Management of Technological Innovation and R&D; |
| JEL: | F23 O32 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2014061&r=ino |
| By: | Kühne, Bianka; Lefebvre, Virginie; Gellynck, Xavier |
| Abstract: | Knowledge exchange is a prerequisite for learning and consequently for innovation. Through open innovation, the innovating firms establish ties with other organizations, in order to innovate. At the baseline, open innovation is thus the exchange of knowledge through in- and out-flows of the knowledge at a company. Formal networks can provide access to other organizations and otherwise unavailable knowledge and resources and are seen as the locus of innovation. Four main categories of knowledge exchange can be distinguished: socialization, combination, articulation, and internalization. Within these categories, distinct but interdependent processes of knowledge exchange take place as described in the innovation production process (IPP) which consists of three main steps, knowledge accumulation, knowledge transformation, and knowledge exploitation (Roper et al., 2008). The objective of this paper is to explore how formal networks contribute to the categories of knowledge exchange and to each of the three steps of the IPP in order to conclude on how networks can facilitate open innovation among their members. Data are collected by means of three case-studies conducted in three Flemish formal networks which focus on enhancing the innovativeness and learning capabilities of micro, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Our findings confirm the importance of networks in the process of knowledge exchange and innovation for SMEs in the food sector. The most important role of the networks is to create the appropriate environment according to the type of knowledge and the step(s) in the innovation production process focused on. Furthermore, it appears to be a very important task of the network to stimulate actively knowledge transformation into innovation outputs such as new or improved technology or product prototypes. Thereby, not only short-term effects should be aimed at, but also long-term effects e.g. for organizational innovation, should be taken into account. In conclusion, all three networks follow very different approaches in order to facilitate, stimulate and support knowledge exchange and innovation among their members. Based on the results, managerial as well as policy implications are posed towards network members, i.e. the SMEs, network coordinators and researchers. |
| Keywords: | knowledge exchange, learning, triple helix networks, SMEs, food industry, Agribusiness, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, |
| Date: | 2013–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iefi13:164742&r=ino |
| By: | Joshua L. Rosenbloom; Donna K. Ginther; Ted Juhl; Joseph Heppert |
| Abstract: | This article examines the relationship between Research & Development (R&D) funding and the production of knowledge by academic chemists. Using articles published, either raw counts or adjusted for quality, we find a strong, positive causal effect of funding on knowledge production. This effect is similar across subsets of universities, suggesting a relatively efficient allocation of R&D funds. Finally, we document a rapid acceleration in the rate at which chemical knowledge was produced in the late 1990s and early 2000s relative to the financial and human resources devoted to its production. |
| JEL: | H50 I23 O31 O32 O38 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:20595&r=ino |
| By: | Carsten Helm; C. Schmidt (Humboldt University, Berlin) |
| Abstract: | A central question in climate policy is whether early investments in low-carbon technologies are a useful first step towards a more effective climate agreement in the future. We introduce a climate cooperation model with endogenous R&D investments where countries protect their international competitiveness via border<br>carbon adjustments (BCA). BCA raises the scope for cooperation and leads to a non-trivial relation between countries' prior R&D investments and participation in the coalition. We find that early investments in R&D render free-riding more attractive. Therefore, with delayed cooperation on emission abatement and ex-ante<br>R&D investments, the outcome is often characterized by high participation but inefficiently low technology investments and abatement. |
| Keywords: | climate treaty, border carbon adjustment, border tax adjustment, coalitions, R&D |
| JEL: | D62 F53 H23 Q55 |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:old:dpaper:371&r=ino |
| By: | Tambo, Justice A.; Wünscher, Tobias |
| Abstract: | With the rapidly changing economic environments and numerous challenges hindering smallholders’ adoption of externally developed technologies, it is often argued that farmers’ innovations may be essential in the livelihoods of rural farm households and need to be promoted. Yet a rigorous assessment of the impacts of farmer innovation is lacking. Consequently, we analyse the effect of farmer innovation on household welfare, measured by farm and household income, consumption expenditure and food security. Using data from a recent field survey of rural farm households in northern Ghana and endogenous switching regression which controls for non-random selection bias, we estimate the welfare gains for innovators from innovating, and non-innovators had they innovated. We find that farmer innovation significantly improves both household income and consumption expenditure for innovators. It also contributes significantly to the reduction of food insecurity among innovative households by increasing household food consumption expenditure, reducing the length of food shortages, and decreasing the severity of hunger. However, we find that the positive productivity and income effects of farmer innovation do not significantly translate into nutritious diet, measured by household dietary diversity. The results also indicate that farmer innovation would have heterogeneous welfare effects for non-innovators, had they decided to innovate. Overall, our results show positive and significant welfare effects of farmer innovation, hence, support increasing arguments on the need to promote farmer innovation as a complement to externally promoted technologies in food security and poverty reduction efforts. |
| Keywords: | Farmer innovation, Endogenous switching regression, Ghana, Household welfare, Impact assessment, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, International Development, Production Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea14:170087&r=ino |
| By: | Yael V. Hochberg; Carlos J. Serrano; Rosemarie H. Ziedonis |
| Abstract: | The use of debt to finance risky entrepreneurial-firm projects is rife with informational and contracting problems. Nonetheless, we document widespread lending to startups in three innovation-intensive sectors and in early stages of development. At odds with claims that the secondary patent market is too illiquid to shape debt financing, we find that intensified patent trading increases the annual rate of startup lending, particularly for startups with more redeployable (less firm-specific) patent assets. Exploiting differences in venture capital (VC) fundraising cycles and a negative capital-supply shock in early 2000, we also find that the credibility of VC commitments to refinance and grow fledgling companies is vital for such lending. Our study illuminates friction-reducing mechanisms in the market for venture lending, a surprisingly active but opaque arena for innovation financing, and tests central tenets of contract theory. |
| JEL: | G24 L14 L26 O16 O3 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:20587&r=ino |
| By: | O'Connor, Alan C. (RTI International); Link, Albert N. (University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Economics); Downs, Brandon M. (Canada Foundation for Innovation); Hillier, Laura M. (Canada Foundation for Innovation) |
| Abstract: | The Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) allied to analyze the impact of their investments in medical imaging research. The CFI funds capital and operating programs for research infrastructure, and CIHR’s mandate concentrates its funding on research activity. It happens that CIHR-funded research consumes CFI-funded infrastructure as an input in the innovation process. Apart from a few partnered programs, by design there is no coordination between CFI and CIHR funding decisions. Together, these agencies invested $916 million over a 14 year period. In this paper we evaluate the economic and health benefits from advancements in one funded area, namely computed tomography perfusion (CTP). CTP is an imaging technique that uses computed tomography to measure blood flow in organs and tissues. It is most used to assess acute ischemic stroke. The net social benefits attributable to these investments are substantially positive: the benefit-to-cost ratio is estimated to be between 6.66-to-1 and 9.99-to-1. We review how public investments from multiple funders comingle in the innovation process to deliver social value and improved health outcomes. |
| Keywords: | cost-benefit analysis; innovation; technology; medical imaging research; innovation; CT perfusion; stroke; Canada |
| JEL: | H43 O31 O33 |
| Date: | 2014–11–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:uncgec:2014_008&r=ino |
| By: | Yaping Shan (School of Economics, University of Adelaide) |
| Abstract: | We study the agency problem between a firm and its research employees. In a multi-agent contracting setting, we show explicitly the way in which the optimal incentive regime is a function of how agents' efforts interact with one another: relative-performance evaluation is used when their efforts are substitutes whereas joint-performance evaluation is used when their efforts are complements. We also provide an implementation of the optimal contract, in which a primary component of the agents' compensation is a risky security. This implementation gives a theoretical justification for the wide-spread use of stock-based compensation by firms that rely on R&D. |
| Keywords: | Dynamic Contract, Repeated Moral Hazard, Multi-agent Incentive, R&D, Em- ployee Compensation |
| JEL: | D23 D82 D86 J33 L22 O32 |
| Date: | 2013–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:adl:wpaper:2013-20&r=ino |
| By: | Fleisher, Belton; McGuire, William; Smith, Adam; Zhou, Mi |
| Abstract: | We study the relationship between industry-level investments in intangible capital (IC) and three key economic indicators in China. We find that investments in IC are productivity-enhancing among Chinese enterprises—more so in domestically owned than in foreign invested enterprises. Consistent with other research, we find that China’s IC generates new patents, but fewer than in major industrialized economies. Among domestically owned enterprises, we find that IC growth has been associated with increasing export-competitiveness, while among foreign invested enterprises, it has been oriented more toward improving domestic sales. |
| Keywords: | Intangible capital, technology, economic growth, intellectual property, Asia, China, International Development, International Relations/Trade, Production Economics, O31, O33, O34, O43, P33, |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea14:171957&r=ino |
| By: | Alessandra Colombelli (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - CNRS : UMR7321 - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS)); Jackie Krafft (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - CNRS : UMR7321 - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS)); Francesco Quatraro (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - CNRS : UMR7321 - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS)) |
| Abstract: | This article analyzes the contribution of high-growth firms (HGFs) to the process of knowledge creation. We articulate a demand-pull innovation framework in which knowledge creation is driven by sales growth, and knowledge stems from creative recombination. Building on the literature on HGFs and economic growth, we investigate whether "gazelles" follow patterns of knowledge creation dominated by exploration or exploitation strategies. We construct indicators for the structure of knowledge and identify firms' innovation strategies. The empirical results show that increasing growth rates are associated with exploration, supporting the idea that HGFs are key actors in the creation of new technological knowledge, and showing also that firms that achieve higher than average growth focus on exploration based on familiar technology. This suggests that exploration is less random than has been suggested. Our main result is that HGFs, especially gazelles, predominantly adopt exploration strategies that have the characteristics of organized search more often observed among firms following an exploitation strategy. |
| Date: | 2014–01–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01070569&r=ino |
| By: | Idota, Hiroki; Ueki, Yasushi; Bunno, Teruyuki; Shinohara, Sobee; Tsuji, Masatsugu |
| Abstract: | Although the East Asian economies have been developing in the 21th century, innovation is indispensable for their further economic development. In order to achieve successful innovation, firms have to elevate their capability including technology, human resources, business organization, ICT use and so on by collaborating with outside organizations such as MNCs (Multi-national companies), universities, public organizations. The outside organizations are termed as external linkages. Based on authors' survey data of four ASEAN economies such as Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand from 2012 to 2013, this paper examines how factors such as organizational learning, ICT use, and technology enhance product and process innovation. These factors are used as latent variables in analysis and consist of the following variables: (i) technology such as capital goods, (ii) organizational learning including QC, cross-functional teams, (iii) ICT use such as B2B, B2C, EDI, SCM, ERP, CAD/CAM, groupware, SNS etc., and (iv) external linkages, such as MNCs, local and public organizations, and universities. This study employs SEM (Structural equation modeling) in order to analyze the causal relationships not only among the above four latent variables but also between these and innovation. The six hypotheses were postulated as follows: H1. External linkages enhance organizational learning; H2. External linkages improve capital goods; H3. External linkage improves ICT use; H4. Organizational learning improves capital goods; H5. Organizational learning improves ICT use; and H6. Organizational learning, ICT use, and capital goods enhance innovation. Estimation results on product innovation demonstrate that organization learning, technology (capital goods), and ICT use enhance product innovation. On the other hand, organization learning promotes technology (capital goods) and ICT use, which promotes process innovation. Accordingly, this study clarifies that ICT use, technology and innovation capability enhance product and process innovation. |
| Keywords: | ICT use,innovation, internal capability,external linkages,SEM (Structural equation modeling) |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse14:101397&r=ino |
| By: | Narula R. (UNU-MERIT) |
| Abstract: | This paper considers the longer-term viability of the internationalization and success of Indian MNEs. We apply the dual economy concept Lewis 1954, to reconcile the contradictions of the typical emerging economy, where a modern knowledge-intensive economy exists alongside a traditional resource-intensive economy. Each type of economy generates firms with different types of ownership advantages, and hence different types of MNEs and internationalization patterns. We also highlight the vulnerabilities of a growth-by-acquisitions approach. The potential for Indian MNEs to grow requires an understanding of Indias dual economy and the constraints from the home countrys location advantages, particularly those in its knowledge infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | Multinational Firms; International Business; Globalization: Policy; Management of Technological Innovation and R&D; |
| JEL: | F23 O32 |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2014062&r=ino |
| By: | Alessandra Colombelli (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - CNRS : UMR7321 - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS)); Francesco Quatraro (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - CNRS : UMR7321 - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS)) |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the patterns of persistence of innovation and of the properties of firms' knowledge base (KB) across a sample of Italian firms in the period 1998-2006. The analysis draws upon a theoretical representation of knowledge as a collective good, stemming from the recombination of knowledge bits that are fragmented and dispersed across economic agents. On this basis, we derived properties of the KB like the coherence, the cognitive distance and the variety, and investigated their patterns of persistence over time. The empirical analysis is implemented by exploring the autocorrelation structure of such properties within a quantile regression framework. The results suggest that the properties of knowledge are featured by somewhat peculiar patterns as compared with knowledge stock, and that such evidence is also heterogeneous across firms in different quantiles. |
| Keywords: | persistence, innovation, knowledge coherence, variety, cognitive distance, quantile regression, autocorrelation |
| Date: | 2014–04–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01070566&r=ino |
| By: | Minarelli, Francesca; Raggi, Meri; Viaggi, Davide |
| Abstract: | The importance of networking as a way to enhance innovation has been pointed out in many scientific papers, in particular for SMEs. A great number of scientific studies clearly establish the significant role of SMEs in economic growth, promoting flexibility and innovation in an economy. The process of successfully engage in a network represents a key for enhancing competitiveness. In order to improve effectiveness of network is pivotal the achievement of a better understanding of SME behavior. The presented work aims to identify factors that characterize food SMEs entering in innovation networks by integrating findings from the literature review with a survey of food SMEs. |
| Keywords: | Network, food SMEs, innovation, Agribusiness, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, |
| Date: | 2013–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iefi13:164740&r=ino |
| By: | Tian, Lei; Wang, Zhongmin (Resources for the Future); J. Krupnick, Alan (Resources for the Future); Liu, Xiaoli |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we use the US shale gas experience to shed light on how China might overcome the innovation problem inherent in exploring and developing shale gas plays with complex geology. We separate shale gas development into two stages, an innovation stage and a scaling-up stage, with the first presenting a much bigger challenge than the latter. Our analysis suggests that China’s national oil companies offer the best hope for overcoming the innovation problem. China’s policy of opening shale gas development to new entrants is a market-oriented reform that can be justified on various grounds, but the new entrants will not play a major role in overcoming the innovation problem even though they may help scale up production later on. |
| Keywords: | shale gas, innovation, China |
| Date: | 2014–07–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-14-18&r=ino |
| By: | Shidong Wang; Cheng Wan |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an individual-based foundation for the logistic and Lotka-Volterra equations which describe the diffusion of an innovation or the competition between old and new alternatives, then presents two extensions of this basic model. First, it extends the short-term competition to a long-term process characterized by a sequence of innovations and substitutions. Next, by allowing the substitutions to be incomplete, it extends the unidimensional process to a tree-form multidimensional one featuring diversification throughout the long-term development. |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1411.2167&r=ino |
| By: | Sara Cruz (CEF.UP, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Porto); Aurora A.C. Teixeira (CEF.UP, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Porto; INESC TEC; OBEGEF) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the location determinants of the newly created firms in the creative sector within the framework of Discrete Choice Models. Estimations using a conditional logit model, which incorporate spatial effects of neighbouring regions in the location choices of firms, yield the following results: i) the concentration of creative and knowledge-based activities, due to agglomeration economies, play an important role in location decisions of new creative establishments; ii) in contrast, the concentration of service-business activities has a negative impact on location choices, which may be due to the fact that creative firms privilege interdependencies with other activity sectors, such as innovation/ knowledge-based activities; iii) creative firms tend to favour a diversified industrial tissue and related variety, in order to enjoy from inter-sectorial synergies; iv) higher education at a regional level has a highly significant, positive effect on location decisions, while lower educational levels of human capital negatively affect those decisions, explained by the specific requirements that creative firms usually have of a highly skilled labour force; v) tolerant/ open environments attract creative activities; vi) creative firms tend to favour municipalities where the stock of knowledge and conditions for innovative activity are higher. Location decisions of creative firms also vary according to the creative sector they belong to and to their own characteristics, firm’s educational level or technology-intensity. Finally, municipality attributes are more important in terms of firms’ location decisions than the characteristics of nearby regions. |
| Keywords: | Spatial economics; industrial location; econometric models; creative industries. |
| JEL: | C01 R12 R30 |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:por:fepwps:546&r=ino |
| By: | Motallebi, Marzieh; Hoag, Dana; O’Connell, Caela; Osmond, Deanna |
| Abstract: | In this paper, the amount of farmers’ trading cost in Jordan Lake will be estimated based on farmers’ willingness to accept (WTA) for participating in water quality trading (WQT) program and then the amount of innovative premium will be interpreted based on the trading cost. In order to achieve this goal, a survey was done by person in Jordan Lake watershed from 90 farmers. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea14:169064&r=ino |
| By: | Florian Szücs |
| Abstract: | Untersuchungen zu den Auswirkungen von Fusionen auf Firmen und Märkte stehen bereits seit langem im Brennpunkt wirtschaftspolitischen und akademischen Interesses. Aufgrund der engen Verknüpfung von Innovation, Wachstum und Konsumentenwohlfahrt ist für die Wettbewerbspolitik insbesondere die Frage nach dem Effekt auf das Innovationsverhalten der Firmen relevant. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwrup:13de&r=ino |
| By: | Kirk Doran; Alexander Gelber; Adam Isen |
| Abstract: | We study the effect of winning an additional H-1B visa on a firm's patenting and employment outcomes. We compare firms randomly allocated H-1Bs in the Fiscal Year 2006 and 2007 H-1B visa lotteries to other firms randomly not allocated H-1Bs in these lotteries. We use Department of Homeland Security administrative data on the winners and losers in these lotteries matched to administrative data on the universe of approved U.S. patents, and matched to IRS administrative data on the universe of U.S. employment. Winning an H-1B visa has an insignificant average effect on patenting, with confidence intervals that rule out moderate-sized effects and that are even more precise in many cases. Employment data generally show that on average H-1B workers at least partially replace other workers in the same firm, with estimates typically indicating substantial crowdout of other workers. |
| JEL: | J18 J21 J23 J24 J44 J48 J61 O3 O32 O34 O38 |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:20668&r=ino |