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on Innovation |
| By: | Marco Marinucci (Banca d'Italia) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an introduction to the economic analysis of R&D cooperation among firms. Basing on some stylized facts, we survey the relevant theoretical literature in order to discuss the benefits and the costs that firms face when they cooperate in R&D. We then analyze the pros and the cons of R&D cooperation from a policy-making perspective. We find that R&D cooperation is usually considered welfare improving and can be promoted by several policies. Finally, we discuss paths of research not yet taken in the theoretical literature. |
| Keywords: | R&D Cooperation, R&D spillovers, Welfare, Innovation |
| JEL: | O30 L40 L24 |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_130_12&r=ino |
| By: | William Latham (Department of Economics, University of Delaware - University of Delaware); Christian Le Bas (GATE Lyon Saint-Etienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - CNRS : UMR5824 - Université Lumière - Lyon II - École Normale Supérieure - Lyon); Dmitry Volodin (Department of Economics, University of Delaware - University of Delaware) |
| Abstract: | We provide new insights into the role of individual inventors in innovation. We focus our analysis on prolific inventors in China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. We analyse patents issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to thousands of inventors from those countries between 1975 and 2010 to investigate the role that mobility plays in the behaviour of prolific inventors. We hypothesize that mobility affects : (1) the productivity of prolific inventors and, (2) the value of their inventions. We compare findings for each of the countries with those for inventors in North America, Western Europe and Australia & New Zealand. |
| Keywords: | Innovation; prolific inventor; inventor productivity and mobility; patent |
| Date: | 2012–09–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-00734980&r=ino |
| By: | William Latham (Department of Economics, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA); Christian Le Bas (Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69007, France ; CNRS, GATE Lyon St Etienne,F-69130 Ecully, France); Dmitry Volodin (HDR Inc., Silver Spring, MD, USA) |
| Abstract: | We provide new insights into the role of individual inventors in innovation. We focus our analysis on prolific inventors in China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. We analyse patents issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to thousands of inventors from those countries between 1975 and 2010 to investigate the role that mobility plays in the behaviour of prolific inventors. We hypothesize that mobility affects: (1) the productivity of prolific inventors and, (2) the value of their inventions. We compare findings for each of the countries with those for inventors in North America, Western Europe and Australia & New Zealand. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, prolific inventor, inventor productivity and mobility, patent |
| JEL: | D22 J24 O15 O31 O32 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gat:wpaper:1227&r=ino |
| By: | Johansson , Börje (CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, Royal Institute of Technology); Lööf , Hans (CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, Royal Institute of Technology); Nabavi, Pardis (CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, Royal Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | This paper empirically examines how systematic differences in firm productivity can be explained by a firm’s cumulated internal knowledge and access to external knowledge in its environment. To capture this conjunction of internal and external knowledge we use information about 5,000 Swedish firms in 290 municipalities and 72 functional regions and we use detailed information about individual firms’ accessibility to knowledge-intensive producer services. In addition, we observe the long-run frequency of R&D and innovation engagement for all these firms through 74.000 patent applications and three Community Innovation Surveys. Our panel data estimates for the period 1997-2008, suggest that only firms which commit themselves to accumulation of internal knowledge benefit from being located in places with a large mass of external knowledge. We also find strong evidence that innovators are more productive than other firms across all locations. |
| Keywords: | Innovation; Spillovers; Accessibility; Productivity; Patent; Community Innovation Survey |
| JEL: | C23 O31 O32 |
| Date: | 2012–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cesisp:0283&r=ino |
| By: | Pardey, Philip G.; Alston, Julian M.; Chan-Kang, Connie |
| Abstract: | Recent trends in farm productivity and food prices raise concerns about whether the era of global agricultural abundance is over. Agricultural R&D is a crucial determinant of agricultural productivity and production, and therefore food prices and poverty. In this paper we review past and present agricultural production and productivity trends and present entirely new evidence on investments in public agricultural R&D worldwide as an indicator of the prospects for agricultural productivity growth over the coming decades. The agricultural R&D world is changing, and in ways that will definitely affect future global patterns of poverty, hunger and other outcomes. The global picture is mixed. In the world as a whole crop yield growth has slowed. In high-income countries productivity growth has slowed significantly, and real spending on agricultural R&D is being reduced. In China, and other middle-income countries, spending on agricultural R&D is being ramped up and productivity growth has not slowed. The overall picture is one in which the middle-income countries are growing in relative importance as producers of agricultural innovations through investments in R&D and have consequently better prospects as producers of agricultural products. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Production Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umaesp:133745&r=ino |
| By: | Gerald A. Carlino; Robert M. Hunt; Jake K. Carr; Tony E. Smith |
| Abstract: | We study the location of more than 1,000 research and development (R&D) labs located in the Northeast corridor of the U.S. Using a variety of spatial econometric techniques, we find that these labs are substantially more concentrated in space than the underlying distribution of manufacturing activity. Ripley’s K-function tests over a variety of spatial scales reveal that the strongest evidence of concentration occurs at two discrete distances: one at about one-quarter of a mile and another at about 40 miles. We also find that R&D labs in some industries (e.g., chemicals, including drugs) are substantially more spatially concentrated than are R&D labs as a whole. ; Tests using local K-functions reveal several concentrations of R&D labs that appear to represent research clusters. We verify this conjecture using significance maximizing techniques (e.g., SATSCAN) that also address econometric issues related to “multiple testing” and spatial autocorrelation. ; We develop a new procedure for identifying clusters – the multiscale core-cluster approach, to identify labs that appear to be clustered at a variety of spatial scales. Locations in these clusters are often related to basic infrastructure such as access to major roads. There is significant variation in the industrial composition of labs across these clusters. ; The clusters we identify appear related to knowledge spillovers: Citations to patents previously obtained by inventors residing in clustered areas are significantly more localized than one would predict from a (control) sample of otherwise similar patents. ; This paper supersedes Working Papers 10-33 and 11-42. |
| Keywords: | Research and development |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:12-22&r=ino |
| By: | Lee, Neil; Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés |
| Abstract: | Innovation is a crucial driver of urban and regional economic success. Innovative cities and regions tend to grow faster and have higher average wages. Little research, however, has considered the potential negative consequences: as a small body of innovators gain relative to others, innovation may lead to inequality. The evidence on this point is fragmented, based on cross-sectional evidence on skill premia rather than overall levels of inequality. This paper provides the first comparative evidence on the link between innovation and inequality in a continental perspective. Using micro data from population surveys for European regions and US Cities, the paper finds, after controlling for other potential factors, good evidence of a link between innovation and inequality in European regions, but only limited evidence of such a relationship in the United States. Less flexible labour markets and lower levels of migration seem to be at the root of the stronger association between innovation and income inequality in Europe than in the US. |
| Keywords: | Cities; European Union; Inequality; Innovation; Regions; United States |
| JEL: | D31 O31 R13 |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:9139&r=ino |
| By: | Iban Lizarralde (ESTIA Recherche - Ecole Supérieure des Technologies Industrielles Avancées (ESTIA)); Véronique Pilnière (ESTIA Recherche - Ecole Supérieure des Technologies Industrielles Avancées (ESTIA), CREG - Centre de recherche et d'études en gestion - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour) |
| Abstract: | Nous nous intéressons ici aux phases amont de la mise en place de projets complexes. Nous considérons comme " projets complexes ", des projets qui se proposent de spécifier, de mettre en œuvre et de pérenniser des changements organisationnels profonds dans les entreprises ou plus généralement, dans les activités sous contraintes économiques. Ces projets sont généralement liés à l'innovation sous ses diverses formes : innovation produit naturellement, mais aussi innovation process, innovation organisationnelle ou innovation sociale. Le manager ou le chef de projet en charge d'une telle transformation complexe va devoir réfléchir à la façon dont il va s'organiser, aux personnes concernées par le projet dont il prend la responsabilité. La question à laquelle nous allons nous intéresser dans cette contribution est la suivante : comment est-il possible de faire collaborer positivement des personnes et faire démarrer efficacement des projets communs dans la mesure où ces personnes défendent a priori des points de vue divergents sur la nature des problèmes posés, sur les solutions que l'on peut leur imaginer et sur des façons " réalistes " d'y parvenir. |
| Keywords: | complexité, changements organisationnels, innovation, socio-cognitique, projets |
| Date: | 2012–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-00735010&r=ino |
| By: | Verheul, I.; Block, J.H.; Burmeister-Lamp, K.; Thurik, A.R.; Tiemeier, H.; Turturea, R. |
| Abstract: | This study examines the relationship between AD/HD symptoms and entrepreneurship intentions in a sample of 13,121 students in higher education. We show that the degree to which students experience AD/HD symptoms increases the likelihood of intending to start up a business directly after completion of their studies. We also find evidence of partial mediation for two salient motives for entrepreneurship: students with AD/HD symptoms place a relatively high value on independence and innovation, partly explaining their preference for an entrepreneurial career. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurship;innovation;AD/HD;career intentions;independ |
| Date: | 2012–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:eureri:1765037266&r=ino |
| By: | Wan-Hsin Liu |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether proximity to universities matters for corporate patenting in Chinese provinces. The investigation is based on estimating regional knowledge production functions using a Chinese provincial dataset for the years from 2000 to 2008. Geographic proximity of companies to universities is taken as a key element to measure firms’ accessibility to university research. In addition, quality-adjusted accessibility measures are considered in extended models to take into account quality difference in university research. The results suggest the existence of spatial academic effects on corporate patenting activities in China as found in the previous literature for Western economies. In China, however, these effects are especially strong for realising technologically less demanding non-invention corporate patents than for invention corporate patents. Moreover, companies’ geographic proximity to universities dominates over university research quality difference for determining the relevance of universities as knowledge sources for companies. Extended models are estimated for robustness checks which ascertain the main results |
| Keywords: | spatial proximity, logsum accessibility, university, corporate patenting, China |
| JEL: | O31 O53 R11 |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kie:kieliw:1796&r=ino |
| By: | AOKI Reiko; ARAI Yasuhiro; TAMURA Suguru |
| Abstract: | Strategic technology standardization and management of related intellectual property have become a worldwide phenomenon. Japan is no exception as stressed in policy documents such as the "Industrial Structure Vision 2010" and the "Intellectual Property Promotion Plan 2011". In the first part of this paper, we construct a framework to analyze strategic standard and intellectual property management, focusing on network effects, switching costs and multi-tasking. We categorize several examples according to conditions such as the position in the vertical market structure (upstream, downstream) and the existence and ownership of complementary goods or technologies. Using the framework, we characterize the economic implications of strategic decisions such as open-closed and pricing. In the second half of the paper, we use a survey of standard and patent lengths to understand the relationship between the length of patent protection and standard longevity. While patent length is legally determined, the life of a standard is determined endogenously by firm strategy and industry interaction. We present a framework to measure the two on a common technology lifetime line and derive policy implications. |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rpdpjp:12017&r=ino |
| By: | Daria Ciriaci (JRC-IPTS); Daniela Palma (ENEA) |
| Abstract: | The rise of knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) may be considered as one of the decisive trends of economic evolution of industrialised countries in recent decades. This paper uses the concept of vertical integrated sectors and the subsystem approach to input-output matrix analysis to study the vertical integration of knowledge-based business services into manufacturing sectors. To date, companies increasingly rely on outside innovation for new products and processes and have become more active in licensing and selling results of their innovation to third parties. At the same time, they may rely on the marketing and financial consulting offered by third parties. As a consequence, considering manufacturing and KIBS as vertically inter-related sectors, the hypothesis of a virtuous circle can be expressed in the following way: the higher the degree of integration between KIBS and manufacturing sectors along what we could define as a ‘knowledge-based value chain’, the easier the knowledge diffusion and the competitiveness of the economic system as a whole. The study covers Germany, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom over the period 1995-2005. Results decisively support both the existence of structural differences among the countries considered, and a significant heterogeneity to the extent to which manufacturing outsources to knowledge-intensive business services. |
| Keywords: | Knowledge-intensive business services; subsystem approach; input-output analysis; knowledge diffusion |
| JEL: | L60 L84 O33 O32 P00 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:wpaper:201202&r=ino |
| By: | Daria Ciriaci (JRC-IPTS); Pietro Moncada-Paternò-Castello (JRC-IPTS); Peter Voigt (Institut d'Economia de Barcelona, IEB) |
| Abstract: | This study examines serial correlation in employment, sales and innovative sales growth rates in a balanced panel of 3,300 Spanish firms over the years 2002-2009, obtained by matching different waves of the Spanish Encuesta sobre Innovacion en las Empresas, the Spanish innovation survey conducted annually by the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE). The main objective is to verify whether the changes (increase/decrease) in these figures are persistent over time, whether such persistence (if any) differs between SMEs and larger firms, and if it is affected by a firm's age. To do so, we adopted a semi-parametric quantile regression approach. This methodology is well suited to cases where outliers (high-growth firms) are the subject of investigation and/or when they have to be assumed as being very heterogeneous. Empirical results indicate that among those innovative firms experiencing high employment growth, the smaller and younger grow faster than larger firms, but the jobs they create are not persistent over time. However, while being smaller and younger helps growing more in terms of employment and sales, it is not an advantage when innovative sales growth is considered: in this case larger firms experience faster growth. |
| Keywords: | Serial correlation; quantile regression model; Spanish firms; firm size, firm age; job creation; fast growing firms |
| JEL: | L11 L25 |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:wpaper:201203&r=ino |
| By: | Carlsson, Bo (Case Western Reserve University, Weatherhead School of Management, Department of Economics); Braunerhjelm, Pontus (CESIS - Centre of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, Royal Institute of Technology); McKelvey, Maureen (RIDE and Institute of Innovation and Entrepreneurship); Olofsson , Christer; Persson , Lars; Ylinenpää, Håkan |
| Abstract: | Research on entrepreneurship has flourished in recent years and is evolving rapidly. This paper explores the history of entrepreneurship research, how the research domain has evolved, and its current status as an academic field. The need to concretize these issues stems partly from a general interest to define the current research domain, partly from the more specific tasks confronting the prize committee of the Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research. Entrepreneurship has developed in many sub-fields within several disciplines - primarily economics, management/business administration, sociology, psychology, economic and cultural anthropology, business history, strategy, marketing, finance, and geography - representing a variety of research traditions, perspectives, and methods. We present an analytical framework that organizes our thinking about the domain of entrepreneurship research, by specifying elements, levels of analysis and the process/context. An overview is provided of where the field stands today and how it is positioned relative to the existing disciplines and new research fields upon which it draws. Areas needed for future progress are highlighted, particularly the need for a rigorous dynamic theory of entrepreneurship that relates entrepreneurial activity to economic growth and human welfare. Moreover, applied work based on more careful design as well as on theoretical models yielding more credible and robust estimates seems also highly warranted. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurship; innovation; evolution; inter-disciplinary |
| JEL: | B53 L10 L26 O30 |
| Date: | 2012–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cesisp:0284&r=ino |
| By: | TAKECHI Kazutaka |
| Abstract: | The negative effects of intellectual property protection (IPP) on trade volume were found in previous research findings in which market power effects dominate market expansion effects. Because both effects increase profits, IPP induces entry without ambiguity. However, using product-level entry data, negative effects on market supply are found after controlling for country-specific effects. An examination of entry mode choice (direct supply vs. licensing) reveals that while the direct supply mode is negatively related to IPP, licensing is not, implying that firms facing infringement risk or intense competition may avoid direct supply in IPP-stringent countries. |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:12057&r=ino |