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on Innovation |
| By: | LOPES BENTO Cindy; HOTTENROTT Hanna |
| Abstract: | Using count data models controlling for unobserved heterogeneity, this study shows for a large sample of R&D-active manufacturing firms in Flanders that collaborative R&D has a positive effect on firms? patenting in terms of both quantity and quality. However, when distinguishing between alliances that aim at joint creation of new knowledge and alliances that aim at the exchange of existing knowledge, the results suggest that the positive effect on patenting quantity is to a large extent driven by knowledge exchange alliances rather than joint R&D. Firms engaged in creation alliances, on the other hand, receive more forward citations per patent which indicates that joint R&D enhances patent quality. In the light of the literature on strategic patenting, our results may further suggest that creation alliances lead to patents that are filed to protect valuable intellectual property, while exchange alliances drive ?portfolio patenting? which has been shown to result in fewer citations for the individual patent. |
| Keywords: | R&D collaboration; Knowledge Exchange; Innovation; Patents; Count Data Models |
| JEL: | O31 O32 O33 O34 |
| Date: | 2012–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irs:cepswp:2012-29&r=ino |
| By: | MOTOHASHI Kazuyuki; UEDA Yoji; MINO Motoyasu |
| Abstract: | Japanese firms, having to face global innovation competition and business reorganization targeting emerging markets in the world, are actively engaged in open innovation. In this paper, an interview survey conducted on nine large Japanese manufacturers provides the new trends in open and global innovation. They include (1) establishment of a dedicated function of open innovation, (2) open approach for the whole process of new business development, (3) strategic alliance activities, (4) collaboration with players in different industries for social innovation and (5) globalization of research and development (R&D) in emerging economies. Some policy implications drawn from the survey are (1) strengthening of management of technology (MOT) education, (2) stronger intellectual property rights (IPR) system and activating of the technology market and (3) policy actions against international technology leakage. |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rpdpjp:12015&r=ino |
| By: | Hyunbae Chun (Department of Economics, Sogang University, Seoul); Sung-Bae Mun (Korea Information Society Development Institute, Kwachun, Kyunggi-do, 427-710 Korea) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the determinants of R&D cooperation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Using firm-level data from the 2002 Korean Innovation Survey and applying a probit model with sample selection, we find that incoming spillovers of knowledge have a significant and positive impact on SMEs¡¯ decisions to engage in R&D cooperation. In particular, the effect of knowledge spillovers on R&D cooperation is much larger for smaller firms. Despite the importance of external knowledge for SMEs, the estimation results suggest that SMEs may be at a disadvantage in establishing external R&D linkages because of their absolute size limitations. |
| Keywords: | R&D Cooperation, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Spillovers |
| JEL: | L20 O32 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sgo:wpaper:1204&r=ino |
| By: | D'Este,Pablo; Rentocchini,Francesco; Vega Jurado,Jaider M. |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the role of human capital in attenuating the barriers that block firms from engaging in innovation activities. The paper distinguishes between firms facing deterring barriers to innovation (firms deterred from engaging in innovation activities) and firms confronting revealed barriers (firms that experience barriers alongside their engagement in innovation activities). We investigate whether human capital has a particularly strong impact in lowering barriers among the former group of firms, since a strong skill base is likely to compensate for the lack of previous experience in innovation-related activities or the necessary complementary assets associated to innovation. We draw on four waves of the Spanish Innovation Survey and examine the impact of human capital on three types of obstacles to innovation: cost, knowledge and market obstacles. Results reveal that human capital has a significant impact in attenuating deterring barriers to innovation associated to knowledge shortages and market uncertainties. |
| Keywords: | Barriers to innovation, Innovative firms, Human Capital |
| JEL: | O31 O32 O33 |
| Date: | 2012–08–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ing:wpaper:201206&r=ino |
| By: | Ari KUNCORO (Ari KUNCORO University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we examine the impact of globalization on innovation in the Indonesian manufacturing sector. The lack of innovation data in the manufacturing survey has necessitated the use of R&D expenditure as an input in the innovation production function. Globalization is represented by being exporters, FDI and effective rate of protection (EPR). The model is set up such as within the concept of R&D as conditional input demand function, allowing labor productivity to have impact on R&D. In this case we find that less productive firms are less likely to venture into R&D activities. In terms of globalization variables we find that being exporters is important determinant of R&D. Meanwhile the impact of FDI firms on domestic R&D is only on the incidence not on the intensity of R&D. It will require a critical mass of firms within a location or an agglomeration to have a meaningful impact. Also lower ERP would induce firms to spend more on R&D. So lowering protection or trade barriers will have positive impact on R&D. |
| Date: | 2012–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2012-09&r=ino |
| By: | Chu, Angus C.; Furukawa, Yuichi |
| Abstract: | This letter explores the different implications of patent breadth and R&D subsidies on economic growth and endogenous market structure in a Schumpeterian model. We find that the two policy instruments have the same positive effect on economic growth when the model exhibits scale effects under a fixed number of firms. When the model becomes scale-invariant under an endogenous number of firms, patent breadth increases economic growth but decreases the number of firms, whereas R&D subsidies increase the number of firms but decrease economic growth. |
| Keywords: | economic growth; endogenous market structure; patents; R&D subsidies |
| JEL: | O30 O40 |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:40469&r=ino |
| By: | Cassey LEE (Cassey LEE School of Economics, University of Wollongong, Australia) |
| Abstract: | Technological upgrading of a countryfs manufacturing sector requires the enhancement of firm-level capabilities. Knowledge flows within firms and those between firms and other entities are important aspects of this process. The nature and significance of such knowledge flows for innovation-related activities (such as in-house R&D, acquisition of technology-embedded investments and training) are likely to differ for each type of activity. The links between innovation and knowledge flows are particularly important for innovation activities in the form of acquisition of machinery, equipment and software. There is also some weak evidence that globalization-related variables such as foreign direct investment and exporting can affect certain types of innovation activities such as training and acquisition of machinery, equipment and software. This study also finds that firm-level organizational dimensions and innovations are related to both internal and external knowledge flows. However, there is evidence that the links between innovative firms in Malaysia and other firms abroad in terms of co-operative activities are relatively weak. This raises the issue of whether such firms are able to tap the global technological-pool effectively. |
| Date: | 2012–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2012-11&r=ino |
| By: | Roberto Fontana,; Alessandro Nuvolari,; Hiroshi Shimitzu,; Andrea Vezzulli. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the relationship between Schumpeterian patterns of innovation and the generation of breakthrough inventions. Our data source for breakthrough inventions is the “R&D 100 awards” competition organized each year by the magazine Research & Development. Since 1963, this magazine has been awarding this prize to 100 most technologically significant new products available for sale or licensing in the year preceding the judgment. We use instead USPTO patent data to measure the relevant dimensions of the technological regimes prevailing in each sector and, on this basis of this information, we provide a characterization of each sector in terms of the Schumpeter Mark I/Schumpeter Mark II archetypes. Our main finding is that breakthrough inventions are more likely to emerge in “turbulent” Schumpeter Mark I type of contexts. |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ise:isegwp:wp242012&r=ino |
| By: | Ernest Miguele (Economics and Statistics Division, WIPO; AQR-IREA, University of Barcelona.); Rosina Moreno (AQR-IREA, University of Barcelona) |
| Abstract: | The goal of this paper is twofold: first, we aim to assess the role played by inventors’ cross-regional mobility and networks of collaboration in fostering knowledge diffusion across regions and subsequent innovation. Second, we intend to evaluate the feasibility of using mobility and networks information to build cross-regional interaction matrices to be used within the spatial econometrics toolbox. To do so, we depart from a knowledge production function where regional innovation intensity is a function not only of the own regional innovation inputs but also external accessible R&D gained through interregional interactions. Differently from much of the previous literature, cross-section gravity models of mobility and networks are estimated to use the fitted values to build our ‘spatial’ weights matrices, which characterize the intensity of knowledge interactions across a panel of 269 regions covering most European countries over 6 years. |
| Keywords: | inventors’ spatial mobility, co-patenting, gravity models, weights matrix, knowledge production function. |
| JEL: | C8 J61 O31 O33 R0 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:xrp:wpaper:xreap2012-14&r=ino |
| By: | Jacques MAIRESSE (Jacques MAIRESSE INSEE-CREST (France), UNU-MERIT (Netherlands), and NBER (USA)); Pierre MOHNEN (Pierre MOHNEN UNU-MERIT (Netherlands), and Maastricht University); Yanyun ZHAO (Yanyun ZHAO Renmin University of China); Feng ZHEN (Feng ZHEN Bank of China, and Chinese Academy of Social Science) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates relationships between innovation input, innovation output and labor productivity in China for four major manufacturing sectors; textiles, wearing apparel, transport equipment and electronic equipment. It uses a large sample of firm level micro data and a structural model in the estimation. The data from 2005 to 2006 is estimated, and results of all the sectors show positive effects from innovation input to output, and then to firm performance. Globalization has various impacts on innovation, through exports. It has a positive effect on both the decision to carry out R&D, and intensity of R&D input in sectors with competitive advantage, such as textiles and transport equipment, but not in sectors with high levels of overseas capital control, such as electronic equipment and wearing apparel. Ownership reveals the same story in different sectors, namely that foreign firms tend to do less in innovation input and output, but they do have higher level of productivity. Moreover, market share, subsidy, firm size and other characters of firms are involved in the estimation, which explains significant difference in engaging in innovation and production. Thus, in all the sectors, market share improves R&D input, continuous R&D input and exports improve new products output. Subsidy sustains R&D input, but not innovation output. |
| Date: | 2012–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2012-10&r=ino |
| By: | Ryan L. Lampe; Petra Moser |
| Abstract: | Patent pools, which allow competing firms to combine their patents, have emerged as a prominent mechanism to resolve litigation when multiple firms own patents for the same technology. This paper takes advantage of a window of regulatory tolerance under the New Deal to investigate the effects of pools on innovation within 20 industries. Difference-in-differences regressions imply a 16 percent decline in patenting in response to the creation of a pool. This decline is driven by technology fields in which a pool combined patents for substitute technologies by competing firms, suggesting that unregulated pools may discourage innovation by weakening competition to improve substitutes. |
| JEL: | K0 L4 N22 O3 |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:18316&r=ino |
| By: | Enrico Guzzini (Università degli Studi eCampus, Italy); Donato Iacobucci (Dept. of Information Engineering Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we analyse whether belonging to a business group enhances firms’ R&D propensity and intensity as a result of the greater opportunities to co-ordinate R&D strategies and internalize the positive spillovers. We analyse the organization of R&D management within a business group and how the positioning of firms within the group influences their propensity for and intensity of R&D. We find a strong association between the degree of diversification of business groups and the way in which R&D is organized. Monosector groups are more likely to centralize R&D while diversified groups tend to give more autonomy to affiliated firms. We find also that R&D autonomy is significantly associated with both a higher R&D propensity and intensity in controlled firms. For the firm heading the group, we find that R&D autonomy (centralization) is associated with reduced (increased) R&D intensity, but that this association is less significant for R&D propensity. |
| Keywords: | business groups; R&D investment; knowledge spillovers; diversification; R&D management |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cme:wpaper:1203&r=ino |
| By: | Daniele Archibugi (Department of Management, Birkbeck College University of London); Andrea Filippetti (Institute for the Study of Regionalism, Federalism and Self-Government); Marion Frenz (Department of Management, Birkbeck College University of London) |
| Abstract: | This paper, based on the latest three waves of the UK Community Innovation Survey, compares drivers of innovation investment before and during the crisis, and finds that the crisis led to a concentration of innovative activities among fast growing and already innovative firms. |
| Date: | 2012–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:img:wpaper:6&r=ino |
| By: | Junge, Martin; Severgnini, Battista (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School); Sørensen, Anders (Department of Economics, Copenhagen Business School) |
| Abstract: | The role of product and marketing innovation for productivity growth is addressed using survey and register data for the Danish economy. It is argued that marketing and product innovation are complementary inputs and that innovation activities are skill-intensive. It is found that product and marketing innovation in skill-intensive firms results in significantly faster productivity growth than in unskilled-intensive firms that introduce this combination of innovation activities. More precisely, an increase in the share of educated workers of one percentage point, increases productivity growth by around 0.1 percentage point in firms with product and marketing innovation. In addition, it is found that firms that engage in product innovation but not in marketing innovation or the other way around do not demonstrate a growth effect from their innovation activities. It is also found that product and marketing innovation has an independent role in productivity growth that cannot be attributed to organisational changes, even though the majority of innovative firms engage in this latter innovation type. JEL codes: J24, O31, M31 |
| Keywords: | Product innovation; marketing innovation; organizational innovation; productivity growth; educational composition |
| JEL: | J24 M31 O31 |
| Date: | 2012–07–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cbsnow:2012_001&r=ino |
| By: | Anna Lejpras |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the links between locational conditions, innovative capabilities and internationalization of manufacturing SMEs. Two modes of foreign market servicing are explored: exporting activity and relocating of selected business activities abroad. The empirical analysis employs two probit models based on survey of about 3,000 firms. The results reveal that the outputs of SMEs' innovative activities-i.e., product innovations and patent applications-enhance exporting propensity as expected. Nevertheless, the input-side indicator-R&D intensity-appears to exert no impact. Further, the locational factor proximity to research institutions promotes SMEs' engagement in exporting. Regarding the determinants of selective relocations abroad, the findings show that SMEs with a high degree of R&D are less likely to separate production from other operations and relocate it abroad. Moreover, manufacturing SMEs assessing the proximity to research facilities, as well as support from various regional authorities and other bodies as important and good-quality locational conditions, exhibit a significantly lower likelihood to relocate selected activities abroad. Indeed, emphasizing the role of institutional setting in firm activity, our findings coincide in this respect with the previous literature focused on innovative milieu, learning regions and regional innovation systems. |
| Keywords: | Export, innovation, location, manufacturing SMEs, selective relocation abroad |
| JEL: | R30 O30 M16 L25 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1229&r=ino |
| By: | HANED Naciba; LE BAS Christian; MOTHE Caroline; NGUYEN Thi Thuc Uyen |
| Abstract: | Organizational innovation favors technological innovation, but does it also influence technological innovation persistence? This article investigates empirically the pattern of technological innovation persistence and tests the potential impact of organizational innovation using firm-level data from three waves of the French Community Innovation Surveys. Evidence shows a positive effect of organizational innovation on technological innovation persistence, according to various measures of organizational innovation. Moreover, this impact is more significant for complex innovators (i.e., those who innovate in both products and processes). These results highlight the complexity of managing organizational practices with regard to the firm?s technological innovation. They also add to comprehension of the drivers of innovation persistence, through a focus on an often forgotten dimension of innovation in a broader sense. |
| Keywords: | organizational innovation; technological innovation; persistence |
| Date: | 2012–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irs:cepswp:2012-27&r=ino |
| By: | Marion Frenz (Department of Management, Birkbeck College University of London); Ray Lambert (Department of Management, Birkbeck College University of London) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a typology of mixed modes of innovation - bundles of activities done by firms jointly to bring about new developments – and examines the role of the innovation modes in performance through the empirical analysis of innovation survey data from 18 OECD countries. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:img:wpaper:1&r=ino |
| By: | Michael Roach; Wesley M. Cohen |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the validity and accuracy of firms’ backward patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows from public research by employing a newly constructed dataset that matches patents to survey data at the level of the R&D lab. Using survey-based measures of the dimensions of knowledge flows, we identify sources of systematic measurement error associated with backward citations to both patent and nonpatent references. We find that patent citations reflect the codified knowledge flows from public research, but they appear to miss knowledge flows that are more private and contract-based in nature, as well as those used in firm basic research. We also find that firms’ patenting and citing strategies affect patent citations, making citations less indicative of knowledge flows. In addition, an illustrative analysis examining the magnitude and direction of measurement error bias suggests that measuring knowledge flows with patent citations can lead to substantial underestimation of the effect of public research on firms’ innovative performance. Throughout our analyses we find that nonpatent references (e.g., journals, conferences, etc.), not the more commonly used patent references, are a better measure of knowledge originating from public research. |
| JEL: | C18 O3 O31 O34 O47 |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:18292&r=ino |
| By: | Ghafele, Roya; Gibert, Benjamin |
| Abstract: | As IP ownership grows, it is increasingly significant to identify the various mechanisms available to rights holders in developing countries to commercialize their intellectual property rights (IPRs). This study reviews several IP monetization strategies in order to emphasize the ways that IP can be used to generate domestic innovation and growth within developing nations. Essentially, we are asking: what methods enable developing country innovators to commercialize their technology within their own nation and abroad? In doing so, we outline the different commercial tools available to innovators in the developing world in order to monetize patents and foster the diffusion of technology, thus attracting opportunities for joint ventures and other forms of international technological collaboration. This method contrasts with more common approaches that investigate how developing countries can attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from Multinational Corporations (MNCs) through the enforcement mechanisms of a strong IP regime. |
| Keywords: | Intellectual Property Commercialization Divide; Global Licensing Revenues; Patent Securitization;Patent Exchanges; Technology Transfer; Patent Commercialization Ecosystems; Patent Litigation Support |
| JEL: | O34 O32 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:40438&r=ino |
| By: | Link, Albert N. (University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Economics); Ruhm, Christopher J. (University of Virginia); Siegel, Donald S. (University at Albany, SUNY) |
| Abstract: | There is great interest in evaluating the impact of private equity investments on innovation and economic growth. However, there is no direct empirical evidence on the effects of such transactions on the innovation strategies of entrepreneurial firms. We fill this gap by examining a rich project-level data set consisting of entrepreneurial firms receiving Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program research awards. We find that SBIR firms attracting private equity investments are significantly more likely to license and sell their technology rights and engage in collaborative research and development agreements. Our results suggest that private equity investments accelerate the development and commercialization of research-based technologies, thus contributing to economic growth. We conclude that both public investments and private investments are key to innovation performance. |
| Keywords: | Private equity; Innovation; Entrepreneurship; SBIR |
| JEL: | G24 G34 L26 O31 O33 O38 |
| Date: | 2012–08–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:uncgec:2012_009&r=ino |
| By: | Ganeshan Wignaraja (Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI)) |
| Abstract: | With international trade spluttering amidst the Great Recession, there is renewed interest in the factors driving firm-level export performance in Asia’s super exporter—The People’s Republic of China (PRC). While early studies suggested that innovation was important, there has been little research on opening up the black box of technology at firm-level in the PRC. This paper undertakes econometric analysis of innovation, learning, and exporting in automobiles and electronics firms in the PRC using a large-scale dataset to identify the most appropriate innovation proxy. Drawing on recent literature on innovation and learning in developing countries, it tests two alternative proxies : (i) a technology index (TI) to capture a variety of minor activities involved in using imported technologies efficiently; and (ii) the research and development (R&D)-to-sales ratio, which represents formal technological efforts to create new products and processes, often at world frontiers. A higher TI (representing minor technological activities) increases the probability of exporting in both industries, while the R&D-to-sales ratio was not significant. Foreign ownership, technical manpower, and the characteristics of the general manager/chief executive officer also matter. The findings suggest that the PRC’s remarkable success in the export of automobiles and electronics since initiating an open-door foreign direct investment (FDI) policy in 1978 is linked to technology transfer from multinationals; systematic investments in and upgrading of minor technological activities (like search, engineering, quality management, and design); and human capital. As the PRC’s per capita income rises over time, however, formal R&D activities are likely to become more important to sustain competitiveness and technological upgrading in automobiles and electronics. |
| Keywords: | Exporting firms, China, PRC, Export performance, innovation, technology index, R&D, technology transfer |
| JEL: | F23 O31 O32 L63 O57 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eab:tradew:23312&r=ino |
| By: | Ganeshan Wignaraja (Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI)) |
| Abstract: | With international trade spluttering amidst the Great Recession, there is renewed interest in the factors driving firm-level export performance in Asia’s super exporter—The People’s Republic of China (PRC). While early studies suggested that innovation was important, there has been little research on opening up the black box of technology at firm-level in the PRC. This paper undertakes econometric analysis of innovation, learning, and exporting in automobiles and electronics firms in the PRC using a large-scale dataset to identify the most appropriate innovation proxy. Drawing on recent literature on innovation and learning in developing countries, it tests two alternative proxies : (i) a technology index (TI) to capture a variety of minor activities involved in using imported technologies efficiently; and (ii) the research and development (R&D)-to-sales ratio, which represents formal technological efforts to create new products and processes, often at world frontiers. A higher TI (representing minor technological activities) increases the probability of exporting in both industries, while the R&D-to-sales ratio was not significant. Foreign ownership, technical manpower, and the characteristics of the general manager/chief executive officer also matter. The findings suggest that the PRC’s remarkable success in the export of automobiles and electronics since initiating an open-door foreign direct investment (FDI) policy in 1978 is linked to technology transfer from multinationals; systematic investments in and upgrading of minor technological activities (like search, engineering, quality management, and design); and human capital. As the PRC’s per capita income rises over time, however, formal R&D activities are likely to become more important to sustain competitiveness and technological upgrading in automobiles and electronics. |
| Keywords: | Exporting firms, China, PRC, Export performance, innovation, technology index, R&D, technology transfer |
| JEL: | F23 O31 O32 L63 O57 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eab:microe:23312&r=ino |
| By: | Ganeshan Wignaraja (Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI)) |
| Abstract: | With international trade spluttering amidst the Great Recession, there is renewed interest in the factors driving firm-level export performance in Asia’s super exporter—The People’s Republic of China (PRC). While early studies suggested that innovation was important, there has been little research on opening up the black box of technology at firm-level in the PRC. This paper undertakes econometric analysis of innovation, learning, and exporting in automobiles and electronics firms in the PRC using a large-scale dataset to identify the most appropriate innovation proxy. Drawing on recent literature on innovation and learning in developing countries, it tests two alternative proxies : (i) a technology index (TI) to capture a variety of minor activities involved in using imported technologies efficiently; and (ii) the research and development (R&D)-to-sales ratio, which represents formal technological efforts to create new products and processes, often at world frontiers. A higher TI (representing minor technological activities) increases the probability of exporting in both industries, while the R&D-to-sales ratio was not significant. Foreign ownership, technical manpower, and the characteristics of the general manager/chief executive officer also matter. The findings suggest that the PRC’s remarkable success in the export of automobiles and electronics since initiating an open-door foreign direct investment (FDI) policy in 1978 is linked to technology transfer from multinationals; systematic investments in and upgrading of minor technological activities (like search, engineering, quality management, and design); and human capital. As the PRC’s per capita income rises over time, however, formal R&D activities are likely to become more important to sustain competitiveness and technological upgrading in automobiles and electronics. |
| Keywords: | Exporting firms, China, PRC, Export performance, innovation, technology index, R&D, technology transfer |
| JEL: | F23 O31 O32 L63 O57 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eab:develo:23312&r=ino |
| By: | Anja Dettmann (Working Group on Economic Geography and Location Research, Philipps University Marburg); Sidonia von Proff (Working Group on Economic Geography and Location Research, Philipps University Marburg); Thomas Brenner (Working Group on Economic Geography and Location Research, Philipps University Marburg) |
| Abstract: | In the literature there is a controversy about the relevance of the spatial dimension in innovation collaboration. We examine the link between the spatial composition of group members and group characteristics which are important for performing innovation projects. To this end, we introduce a social-psychological approach to the field of economic geography. The empirical part is a longitudinal study of 49 inter-organisational innovation groups in Germany. We find that the share of regional partners is rather stable after a funded formation stage. Hence, policy measures aiming at inter-regional collaboration have to be employed at an early stage of group development. |
| Keywords: | innovation collaboration, collaboration over distance, network formation, Germany |
| JEL: | L14 R12 O38 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pum:wpaper:2012-03&r=ino |
| By: | Albert N. Link; Christopher J. Ruhm; Donald S. Siegel |
| Abstract: | There is great interest in evaluating the impact of private equity investments on innovation and economic growth. However, there is no direct empirical evidence on the effects of such transactions on the innovation strategies of entrepreneurial firms. We fill this gap by examining a rich project-level data set consisting of entrepreneurial firms receiving Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program research awards. We find that SBIR firms attracting private equity investments are significantly more likely to license and sell their technology rights and engage in collaborative research and development agreements. Our results suggest that private equity investments accelerate the development and commercialization of research-based technologies, thus contributing to economic growth. We conclude that both public investments and private investments are key to innovation performance. |
| JEL: | G24 G34 L26 O31 O33 O38 |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:18297&r=ino |
| By: | Mathias Erlei; Anne-Kathrin Dimmig (Abteilung für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Technische Universität Clausthal (Department of Economics, Technical University Clausthal)) |
| Abstract: | The objective of our paper is to study R&D investments and pricing behavior in an environment with fundamental uncertainty. We designed a multi-period experiment in which each period consisted of two stages, an R&D phase and a pricing stage. Participants in the experiment had almost no information about the underlying functions, parameters, and probabilities. Subjects’ behavior in the fundamentally uncertain environment of our experiment may best be characterized as some kind of procedural rationality which we call quasi-rationality. Pricing decisions are particularly close to equilibrium values. Although we do find some hints of the existence of behavioral effects in R&D decisions, only reinforcement effects are significant across both treatments and different model specifications. The introduction of patents has only a minor impact on R&D behavior. Overall, subjects learn to adapt remarkably well to a rather complex and fundamentally uncertain environment. |
| Keywords: | bounded rationality, duopoly, innovation, experiment, R&D competition |
| JEL: | C90 D81 L10 O31 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tuc:tucewp:0008&r=ino |
| By: | Alexander Vogel (Leuphana University Lueneburg, Germany); Joachim Wagner (Leuphana University Lueneburg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to the literature by providing the first evidence on the link between innovation activities (measured by the share of engineers and scientists in the workforce) and exports of German business services firms based on a large representative longitudinal sample of enterprises. The data combine for the first time information at the firm-level that is taken from data produced by the Statistical Offices and by the Federal Labour Agency. We document that R&D activities are positively linked with exports, and that this link is present when observed firm characteristics (including firm size, productivity, and human capital intensity) and unobserved time-invariant firm characteristics are controlled for. From an economical point of view the effect is, however, rather small. Furthermore, we find some evidence for self-selection of innovative services firms on export markets. We have to admit, however, that the panel is too short, and that the number of firms that start to export and start to perform R&D during the period under investigation is too small, for any convincing attempt to investigate the direction of the causal link between exports and innovation activities. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, export, business services, Germany |
| JEL: | F14 |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lue:wpaper:246&r=ino |
| By: | Gaétan de Rassenfosse; Hélène Dernis; Dominique Guellec; Picci Lucio; Bruno Van Pottelsberghe |
| Abstract: | This paper describes a new patent-based indicator of inventive activity. The indicator is based on counting all the priority patent applications filed by a country’s inventors, regardless of the patent office in which the application is filed, and can therefore be considered as a complete ‘matrix’ of all patent counts. The method has the advantage of covering more inventions than the selective Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) or triadic family counts, while at the same time limiting the home-country bias of single-country-based indicators (inventors from a particular country tend to file in their own country). The indicator is particularly useful to identify emerging technologies and to assess the innovation performance of developing economies. |
| Keywords: | patent count; patent indicator; patent statistics; Patstat; priority count; priority filing; worldwide count |
| JEL: | O30 O57 |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eca:wpaper:2013/123918&r=ino |
| By: | Daniele Archibugi (Department of Management, Birkbeck College University of London); Andrea Filippetti (Institute for the Study of Regionalism, Federalism and Self-Government); Marion Frenz (Department of Management, Birkbeck College University of London) |
| Abstract: | Building on the Schumpeterian hypotheses of creative destruction and technological accumulation, the paper compares drivers of innovation investment before, during and following on from the onset of the recent economic crisis through the analysis of a fresh survey of European firms. |
| Date: | 2012–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:img:wpaper:5&r=ino |
| By: | Idota, Hiroki; Bunno, Teruyuki; Tsuji, Masatsugu |
| Abstract: | -- |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse12:60369&r=ino |
| By: | Keiko ITO (Keiko ITO School of Economics, Senshu University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines whether first-time exporters achieve productivity improvements through learning-by-exporting effects. The results suggest that starting exporting to North America/Europe has a strong positive effect on sales and employment growth, R&D activity, and productivity growth. On the other hand, starting exporting to Asia does not have any strong productivity enhancing effects, although it does tend to raise the growth rates of sales and employment and be associated with an increase in R&D expenditure. However, even for these variables, the positive impact of starting exporting to North America/Europe is much larger. Further analysis shows that export starters to North America/Europe are larger, more productive, more R&D intensive, and more capital intensive than export starters to Asia even before they start exporting, suggesting that the former are potentially better performers than the latter. In other words, the former have greater absorptive capacity, and this absorptive capacity itself may be a source of the larger positive learning-by-exporting effects. Moreover, export starters to North America/Europe become more innovative than export starters to Asia after starting exporting. The results obtained imply that potentially innovative non-exporters should be supported through an export promotion policy. Firms that have the potential to be sufficiently innovative to export to developed regions are likely to benefit from doing so through the positive interaction between exporting and innovation. |
| Date: | 2012–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2012-06&r=ino |
| By: | Ajay Bhaskarabhatla (Erasmus University Rotterdam); Enrico Pennings (Erasmus University Rotterdam) |
| Abstract: | We formulate a simple model of optimal defensive disclosure by a monopolist facing uncertain antitrust enforcement and test its implications using unique data on defensive disclosures and patents by IBM during 1955-1989. Our results indicate that stronger antitrust enforcement leads to more defensive disclosure, that quality inventions are disclosed defensively, and that defensive disclosure served as an alternative but less successful mechanism to patenting at IBM in appropriating returns from R&D. |
| Keywords: | Antitrust; Defensive Disclosure; Patent; IBM |
| JEL: | K21 L40 M10 O32 O34 |
| Date: | 2012–02–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:uvatin:20120010&r=ino |
| By: | Nicola Dimitri (University of Siena, Research Associate Maastricht School of Management) |
| Abstract: | According to the Lisbon Strategy innovation is considered to be a fundamental element for socio-economic growth in the EU. In particular, since it is estimated to count for about 16-18% of the European GDP, public procurement can be a driving force for this. To support this role in 2007 the EC enacted a Communication to introduce a legal framework for Pre-Commercial Procurement of innovative solutions in the public sector. In the paper we discuss some main Law & Economics issues related to such proposal. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, Public Procurement, Pre-Commercial Solutions |
| JEL: | H57 K20 O3 |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:msm:wpaper:2012/10&r=ino |
| By: | Ghafele , Roya; D. O’Brien, Robert |
| Abstract: | Despite its rising popularity, open innovation has received relatively limited attention in the discussion of how to implement ‘green’ innovation, a fact which is of particular relevance within the context of the Rio+20 summit 2012. The GreenXchange (GX), which was launched in 2010 by Nike along with nine other organizations, is an important exception to this trend. The GX is a web-based marketplace for intellectual property (IP), which appears not to have lived up entirely to the original expectations set out at its creation. Other than Nike, only one other company – Best Buy – has agreed to place its IP assets on the GX and the vast majority of the posted IP cannot be used in the creation of commercial products. This paper explores in what ways the GX exemplifies both the usefulness and limitations of open innovation for sustainability and discusses the lessons that can be drawn from the GX experience in terms of the broader thinking on innovation, intellectual property and sustainability. It concludes by proposing ways that can help such initiatives be made to function better. |
| Keywords: | open innovation; sustainability; platform technologies; intellectual property commercialization; climate change mitigation |
| JEL: | O34 O32 |
| Date: | 2012–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:40440&r=ino |
| By: | Alfons PALANGKARAYA (Alfons PALANGKARAYA Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research and the Intellectual Property Research Institute of Melbourne) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the direction of causality between export market participation and innovation using firm level data from Australia. Using the propensity score matching approach, the paper asks whether: (i) exporting in the current period is positively correlated with the probability to innovate in the same or the next period, (ii) the relationship in (i) is true for firms who have no export market participation in the previous period, (iii) innovating in the current period leads to export market participation in the same or the next period, and (iv) the relationship in (iii) is true for firms who have no innovation in the previous period. The paper finds a statistically and economically significant positive correlation between export and innovation in the current period. Furthermore, with regards to the direction of causality, there is evidence that it runs both ways for process innovation particularly for the services sector. For product innovation, there is evidence that current product innovator may lead to a higher probability of becoming enewf exporter in the current period. |
| Date: | 2012–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2012-08&r=ino |
| By: | Chu, Angus C.; Ji, Lei |
| Abstract: | In this note, we develop a monetary Schumpeterian growth model to explore the effects of monetary policy on endogenous market structure, economic growth and social welfare. We find that an increase in the nominal interest rate reduces the equilibrium number of firms. Although long-run economic growth is independent of the nominal interest rate due to a scale-invariant property of the model, a higher nominal interest rate leads to lower growth rates of innovation, output and consumption during the transition path. Taking into account transition dynamics, we find that social welfare is decreasing in the nominal interest rate; therefore, Friedman rule is socially optimal in this economy. |
| Keywords: | monetary policy; economic growth; R&D; endogenous market structure |
| JEL: | O30 O40 E41 |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:40467&r=ino |
| By: | Hottenrott, Hanna; Rexhäuser, Sascha; Veugelers, Reinhilde |
| Abstract: | The literature on within-firm organizational change and productivity suggests that firms can make more efficient use of certain technologies if complementary forms of organization are adopted. This issue may be of even greater importance for the case of greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement technologies imposed by public authority as to reduce social costs of climate change while they are not necessarily expected to increase private returns. Previous research, however, has largely neglected this aspect. Using German firm-level data, we find that organizational change increases the returns to he use of CO2 reducing technologies and that joint adoption leads to higher productivity. Without having introduced complementary organizational innovations, the adoption of CO2 reducing technologies is associated with lower productivity. -- |
| Keywords: | firm behavior,technical change,innovation,environmental innovation,organizational change,productivity |
| JEL: | D23 O33 O32 Q55 L23 D24 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:12043&r=ino |
| By: | Bauer, Johannes M.; Shim, Woohyun |
| Abstract: | Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are an important determinant of productivity growth and innovation. This study examines the effects of sector regulation on innovation in telecommunications and related information industries. A typology of innovation processes in ICT industries is developed. The conditions conducive to innovation under varying economic conditions are explored theoretically. Conjectures derived from this conceptual analysis are tested using data for 32 countries for the years 1997-2010. Two ICT innovation indicators (number of secure servers and fixed broadband access lines) were utilized to test the effects of sectoral regulation. In line with other studies of the effects of regulation on innovation, the study finds that more stringent regulation had a statistically significant negative effect on the number of secure servers and the number of fixed broadband access lines. This result holds for a broad measure of regulatory density as well as for the stringency of market access regulation and price regulation. -- |
| JEL: | L51 L86 L96 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse12:60364&r=ino |
| By: | Wilson, Scott; Tanguturi, Praveen |
| Abstract: | -- |
| Keywords: | Platform Leadership,Open Innovation,Open Mobile,4G,Platform Ecosystem |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse12:60349&r=ino |
| By: | Michael Kuhn; Klaus Prettner |
| Abstract: | We consider an endogenous growth model with Blanchard-Yaari-type overlapping generations that is built around four sectors: final and intermediate goods production, an R&D sector and a health care sector. Health care serves to lower mortality and morbidity, the latter being related to participation/productivity in the labor market. We show that, regardless of its finance, the impact of health care on economic growth crucially depends on whether or not it increases employment in the R&D sector. Even if an increasing health care sector reduces the (effective) labor available for production and R&D, it may still fuel R&D employment and economic growth if the increase in aggregate wealth that comes with expanding longevity raises the capital intensity in the final goods sector to an extent that labor shifts to alternative employment in R&D. While numerical assessment indicates that the health sectors of the Euro area economies are too large from a growth perspective, we can establish mild conditions under which an expansion of health care beyond the growth-maximizing level constitutes a Pareto-improvement. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous growth, mortality, (Blanchard) overlapping generations, health care, research and development, sectoral composition |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vid:wpaper:1206&r=ino |
| By: | Rafaelita M. ALDABA (Rafaelita M. ALDABA Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Manila, the Philippines) |
| Abstract: | What is the impact on firmsf innovative activities of the removal of barriers to trade? Does the increase in competition arising from trade reforms lead to increases in innovation? This paper attempts to examine the link between trade liberalization and innovation, using firm panel data on the Philippine manufacturing industry. With the framework of Impulliti and Licandro (2009, 2010) as guide, a two-stage approach is tested, where trade and innovation are linked via competition. A reduction in tariffs leads to an increase in competition as price cost margins fall due to the increase in the number of players in the domestic market. With the reduction in price cost margins, profits fall and the productivity threshold above which firms can operate profitably increases. This forces inefficient firms out of the market and resources are reallocated from exiting firms to the higher productivity surviving firms, which innovate at a faster pace. The results show that trade liberalization, has significant positive impact, through competition, on innovation. Given the crucial role of competition in the relationship between trade liberalization and innovation, it is important for the government to maintain the contestability of markets. The presence of trade barriers or government regulations that limit market entry can create inefficiencies leading to reduced long-term growth. These weaken competition and prevent structural changes from taking place, resulting in resources being tied to low-productivity industries. Weak competition reduces the pressure on firms to adopt new technology or innovate, resulting in low growth of productivity and a loss of competitiveness. Despite two decades of implementing liberalization policy, competition and productivity growth remained weak in the Philippines, not only due to the presence of structural and behavioral barriers to entry, but also to the countryfs inadequate physical and institutional infrastructure. Due to the fundamental weakness of competition in many major economic sectors, the gains from liberalization remained limited, which slowed down the countryfs economic growth. |
| Date: | 2012–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2012-05&r=ino |
| By: | Michael Kuhn (Vienna Institute of Demography); Klaus Prettner (Georg-August-University Göttingen) |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of a labor-intensive health care sector within an R&D-driven growth model with overlapping generations. Health care increases longevity and labor participation/productivity. We examine under which conditions expanding health care enhances growth and welfare. Even if the provision of health care diverts labor from productive activities, it may still fuel R&D and economic growth if the additional wealth that comes with expanding longevity translates into a more capital/machine- intensive final goods production and, thereby, raises the return to developing new machines. We establish mild conditions under which an expansion of health care beyond the growth-maximizing level is Pareto-improving. |
| Keywords: | endogenous growth; mortality; (Blanchard) overlapping generations; health care; research and development; sectoral composition |
| JEL: | I15 I18 O11 O41 O43 |
| Date: | 2012–08–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:got:gotcrc:120&r=ino |
| By: | Cho, Ilgu |
| Abstract: | Science and technology have been the driving force of development for knowledge-based economies. In particular, as competition in mobile communications technology innovation among countries become more intense, there are growing needs for enhanced judgment, evaluation, and prediction of technological capabilities in order to improve a national competitiveness. Over the past decade, the mobile communications can be considered as the fastest growing industry. The worldwide mobile subscribers were 5.28 billion in 2010 and are expected to 7.3 billion in 2016. Until now, several models of a national technology level evaluation have been evaluated on only expert surveys or restricted patent and paper information respectively. However, the different methodologies are a result of a certain theoretical and empirical consensus and they generally lead to identify different results depending on the methodologies. In this paper, we evaluate the technological capabilities using patent synthetic indicators, paper synthetic indicators, and composite technology level evaluation of patent and paper synthetic indicators in mobile communications technology (3G, 3G transitional, and 4G) among countries (US, EU, Japan, China, and Korea). We also conduct an empirical study to validate the technology level evaluation measures. This research will offer more objective technology level evaluation than a subjective expert or peer surveys. -- |
| Keywords: | Patent,Paper,Technological competitiveness,Technology level evaluation,Mobile communications |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse12:60395&r=ino |
| By: | YAMAZAKI, Akira; MATSUSHIMA, Kazunari; MIZUNO, Ken-ichiro |
| Abstract: | There are various factors associated with success or failure of R&D projects, such as maturity of the technology, circumstances surrounding R&D systems within companies and environments for commercialization of R&D projects. For R&D projects supported by public funds in particular, it has been difficult to clarify what makes R&D projects successful, because such projects were caught in the idea that they must naturally succeed. What is really required in utilizing public funds for R&D projects, however, is ensuring the public funds should be used most effectively, by making R&D projects truly successful. To do so it is very useful to analyze past cases and identify success factors that can be easily followed. In this study, surveys and interviews were conducted for past publicly supported projects, and success factors were extracted based on the circumstances of the projects by using statistical methods. It was confirmed that the quantitative results were quite consistent with the qualitative anticipation. After streamlining the success factors, further examination of each success factor was carried out for realizing proper management of projects supported by public funds. Next, the guidelines for selection and process management for publicly supported projects while making the best use of these success factors were presented. That is, satisfying the success factors should be a requirement for public support from the start during the selection stage. However, in some cases it is desirable to adopt projects even though the success factors are not satisfied at the time of selection, when such projects are expected to provide extraordinary results in the future. In such cases, executing proper process management and leading projects in a manner that satisfies the success factors is indispensable. |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:iirwps:12-09&r=ino |
| By: | Chin Hee HAHN (Chin Hee HAHN Kyungwon University); Chang-Gyun PARK (Chang-Gyun PARK Chung-Ang University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines various possible bi-directional causal relationships among exporting, innovation, and productivity utilizing plant-level data on Korean manufacturing. Based on both propensity score matching technique and three-variable panel VAR estimation, we find a significantly positive effect of exporting on new product introduction. The effect for the other direction of causality is estimated to be positive but not significant. Panel VAR estimation results suggest that plant productivity has a significantly positive effect on both exporting and new product introduction. |
| Date: | 2012–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:era:wpaper:dp-2012-07&r=ino |
| By: | Sebastian Goncalves; M. F. Laguna; J. R. Iglesias |
| Abstract: | When the full stock of a new product is quickly sold in a few days or weeks, one has the impression that new technologies develop and conquer the market in a very easy way. This may be true for some new technologies, for example the cell phone, but not for others, like the blue-ray. Novelty, usefulness, advertising, price, and fashion are the driving forces behind the adoption of a new product. But, what are the key factors that lead to adopt a new technology? In this paper we propose and investigate a simple model for the adoption of an innovation which depends mainly on three elements: the appeal of the novelty, the inertia or resistance to adopt it, and the interaction with other agents. Social interactions are taken into account in two ways: by imitation and by differentiation, i.e., some agents will be inclined to adopt an innovation if many people do the same, but other will act in the opposite direction, trying to differentiate from the "herd". We determine the conditions for a successful implantation of the new technology, by considering the strength of advertising and the effect of social interactions. We find a balance between the advertising and the number of anti-herding agents that may block the adoption of a new product. We also compare the effect of social interactions, when agents take into account the behavior of the whole society or just a part of it. In a nutshell, the present model reproduces qualitatively the available data on adoption of innovation. |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1208.2589&r=ino |
| By: | Andrea Filippetti (Department of Geography, London School of Economics); Frederick Guy (Department of Management, Birkbeck College University of London) |
| Abstract: | We find that firms in countries which have both high earnings replacement rates and high participation in vocational education and training were less likely to reduce investments in innovation following the onset of the financial crisis; countries with only one of these features were more likely to see reduced investment in innovation; job security appears to have no effect. |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:img:wpaper:7&r=ino |
| By: | Muhamed Kudic; A. Pyka; Jutta Günther |
| Abstract: | We seek to understand the relationship between network change determinants, network change processes at the micro level and structural consequences at the overall network level. Our conceptual framework considers three groups of determinants – organizational, relational and contextual. Selected factors within these groups are assumed to cause network change processes at the micro level – tie formations and tie terminations – and to shape the structural network configuration at the overall network level. We apply a unique longitudinal event history dataset based on the full population of 233 German laser source manufacturers and 570 publicly-funded cooperation projects to answer the following research question: What kind of exogenous or endogenous determinants affect a firm’s propensity and timing to cooperate and enter the network? Estimation results from a non-parametric event history model indicate that young micro firms enter the network later than small-sized and large firms. An in-depth analysis of the size effects for medium-sized firms provides some unexpected yet quite interesting findings. The choice of cooperation type makes no significant difference for the firms’ timing to enter the network. Finally, the analysis of contextual determinants shows that cluster membership can, but do not necessarily, affect a firm’s timing to cooperate. |
| Keywords: | network evolution, timing of network entry, innovation networks, German laser industry |
| JEL: | B52 D85 O32 |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwh:dispap:7-12&r=ino |
| By: | Zenhaeuserna, Patrick; Schneiderb, Yves |
| Abstract: | In order to study the effect of sector-specific regulation on industry behavior and market outcome, regulatory density must be measured. The Polynomics Telecommunication Regulation Index 2012 aims to provide such a measure for telecommunications. It is based on coded answers to almost 30 questions regarding sector specific regulations. All questions were selected by the criterion that they potentially relate to investment and innovation activity by telecommunication companies. Each question either concerns fixed network, the mobile network and/or NGA networks or multiple networks. This procedure results in more than 40 regulatory indicators per country and year. The indicators are evaluated and gathered for 32 countries (EU-27, Australia, Japan, Switzerland, Singapore, USA) for a period of 14 years (1997 until 2010). Based on the regulatory indicators various sub-indices and indices can be constructed. The data set is available from Polynomics upon request. Visit http://www.polynomics.ch/rdi. -- |
| Keywords: | Empirical research,index,innovation,regulatory density,telecommunication sector |
| JEL: | C01 C80 G28 G38 L43 L5 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse12:60399&r=ino |
| By: | Zilberman, David; Kim, Eunice; Kirshner, Sam; Kaplan, Scott |
| Abstract: | New discoveries in the life sciences and the challenge of climate change are leading to the emergence of the bioeconomy where basic methods of advanced biology are applied to produce a wide array of products while also improving environmental quality. The emergence of the bioeconomy is a continuing evolutionary process of transition from systems of mining nonrenewable resource to farming renewable ones. This transition benefits from modern tools of molecular biology that have expanded human capacity to breed new organisms and utilize them in order to increase productivity in agricultural production and fisheries as well as produce a wide array of products that were extracted in the past. This transition is leading to the integration of the agricultural sector with the energy and mineral sectors. The introduction of biotechnology has already improved productivity of medicine, as well as agriculture but in the case of agriculture, has encountered resistance and regulatory constraints. The evolution of the bioeconomy requires continuous public investment in research and innovation, as well as the establishment of a regulatory framework and financial incentives and institutions that lead to continuous private sector investment in development and commercialization of new products. One of the big challenges is the development of a regulatory framework that will control possible human and environmental externalities from new biotechnology products, and at the same time not stifle innovation. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iaae12:128523&r=ino |
| By: | Soumodip Sarkar (CEFAGE-UE, Departamento de Gestão, Universidade de Évora, Portugal) |
| Abstract: | The simple cork provides a fascinating illustration of an industry that has survived and dominated for over five centuries as the only stopper of choice. This dominance is now however under serious threat from alterative stoppers namely synthetic and aluminium screw caps. This paper analyzes how the cork stopper industry is attempting to resolve the problems of technical efficiency arising from the contamination by TCA and other volatiles. We use the case of Amorim and Irmãos S.A., the single largest cork stopper manufacturer in the world with over one-fourth of the global market share, analyzing it’s process innovations in the battle against contamination. The success of these process innovations could well prove crucial for the entire cork industry not only to stem the rise of alternative stoppers but also in recapturing some of the lost market share. |
| Keywords: | process innovation, disruptive innovation, cork industry, stoppers. |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cfe:wpcefa:2012_12&r=ino |
| By: | Joaquín García-Cruz (Department of Business Organization and Marketing, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain); Juan Carlos Real (Department of Business Organization and Marketing, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at explaining the role performed by organizational commitment, trust and organizational learning capability (OLC) regarding product innovation and, more specifically, testing double mediation from a manager perspective. On the one hand, we test the mediator role performed by supervisors’ trust between the employees commitment perceived by managers and organizational learning capability. On the other, we test the mediator role performed by organizational learning capability between the trust provided by supervisors and product innovation. Our findings thus indicate that, although some commitment was perceived and both supervisors’ trust and OLC show significant relationships, trust does not mediate between these variables. Also, we conclude that trust is related to product innovation through organizational learning capability, which verifies its full mediator role. We conclude that, first, OLC is the mechanism by which the trust perceived by employees has an impact on innovation, and second, the manager decides to trust those employees that display commitment.. |
| Keywords: | North-South, growth model, innovation assimilation |
| Date: | 2012–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pab:wpboam:12.03&r=ino |
| By: | George, Donald A R |
| Abstract: | Technical progress lowers costs and prices but appears to have an ambiguous effect on product reliabilty. This paper presents a simple model which explains this observation. |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:edn:sirdps:344&r=ino |
| By: | Sophie Pommet (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - CNRS : UMR7321 - Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis (UNS)) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the impact of venture capital on firm performance ; more precisely, we investigate whether venture capital adds value to innovative French companies in terms of increasing their survival time. To this end, we use a hand-collected data set based on a sample of 139 French companies that went public at the "Nouveau Marché" between 1996 and 2002 to compare the survival rates of venture capital backed and non-venture capital backed companies. We develop two sets of econometric models to evaluate the factors that a ffect the fate of French initial public offerings. First, we estimate a discrete time duration model to explain the probability of exit. Second, we apply a competing risk model to account for heterogeneity in rm exit (liquidation versus merger/acquisition). Contrary to common wisdom, the estimates show that venture capital backed companies have a lower survival rate than non-venture capital backed companies and have a higher probability of being liquidated than other firms. Our results are comparable to those ob- tained in previous studies on Germany and Belgium which show that receiving venture capital does not improve firm survival. |
| Keywords: | venture capital, survival, innovation, France |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-00720927&r=ino |
| By: | Lima, Jinyang; Nama, Changi; Kimb, Seongcheol |
| Abstract: | While Chinese telecommunications industry has been continuously developing, the penetration rate of mobile telecommunications by province in China is distributed from less than 40% to larger than 100% in 2009. This regional disparity in terms of mobile telecommunications penetration rate is due to various socioeconomic factors such as income level, occupation structure, education level. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a new approach for regional classification based on the diffusion characteristics of each province for more effective and efficient mobile telecommunication's diffusion policy and strategy. First, this paper estimates diffusion parameters, including an innovation coefficient and imitation coefficient of 31 provinces using mobile subscription data, and then classifies the provinces into six groups using cluster analysis based on the estimated innovation coefficient and imitation coefficients. The clusters are also significantly different in terms of socioeconomic perspective such as income level. The results of cluster analysis imply that the traditional regional classifications are too simple and should be divided more in detail in terms of innovation and imitation coefficients in the case of developing mobile telecommunications strategies. This new regional classification (six clusters) can be used for not only 3G diffusion policy but also the future mobile telecommunications technology diffusion policy. In China, 3G service was started in January 2009 as Chinese government awarded 3G cellular licenses. Finally, the managerial and political implications are addressed based on the new regional classification. -- |
| Keywords: | Regional classification,Innovation coefficient,Imitation coefficient,Cluster analysis,Mobile telecommunications, China |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse12:60358&r=ino |
| By: | Noriaki Matsushima; Ren-Jye Liu |
| Abstract: | We investigate what kind of competitive pressure induces existing firms to engage in more intensive innovation activities. We examine two types of competitive pressure: a price decrease in competitive fringe firms and a quality improvement therein. We use an oligopoly model with vertical differentiation to investigate this question. We show that a decrease in the exogenous price of competitive firms induces the two existent leading firms (one high-quality firm and one mid-quality firm) to engage in quality investments more if the ex ante quality level of the high quality product is large enough; otherwise, only the mid-quality firm engages more in quality investment. We also show that an increase in the exogenous quality level of competitive firms diminishes the incentive of the mid-quality firm to engage in quality investments. |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dpr:wpaper:0854&r=ino |
| By: | Cecere, Grazia |
| Abstract: | Drawing on Schumpeterian concept of creative and adaptive responses literature the article analyses how different firms' behaviour can influence structural and knowledge change at both firm and industry levels. We use this theoretical framework to analyse a qualitative case study analysing the transformation occurred in the telecommunication industry on the bounce of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) in the consumer voice market segment. Both new entrants and incumbents have used and developed the technology but they have had different responses to the development of VoIP. The analysis of the case study shows that transformation in the industry structure takes place only once firms intentionally react creatively to change by exploiting all innovation features while adaptive responses reduce the pace of changes. -- |
| Keywords: | creative and adaptive responses,technological change,VoIP |
| JEL: | L26 O32 O33 |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse12:60396&r=ino |
| By: | Michele Boldrin; David K Levine |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cla:levarc:786969000000000465&r=ino |
| By: | Dornbusch, Friedrich; Schmoch, Ulrich; Schulze, Nicole; Bethke, Nadine |
| Abstract: | This paper described a method to consistently and automatically identify all university-based patents by matching the names of inventors on patent filings with authors of scientific publications. This methodological procedure can be adjusted for different pur-poses. Handling selection criteria rigorously allows us to generate a dataset of universi-ty-based patents with high precision. A less restrictive setting of selection criteria yields a higher coverage in terms of the overall picture and total numbers of academic pa-tents. Using the authors of scientific publications allows us to identify research-active staff at universities without having to continuously compile and update staff lists for comparison with inventor lists. In particular, the author lists also cover research-active staff without official teaching functions who are often not covered by the official staff lists. -- |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisidp:32&r=ino |