|
on Innovation |
| By: | Abraham Garcia (JRC-IPTS); Dominique Foray (EPFL / CDM-MTEI-CEMI) |
| Abstract: | The effect of a firm's size is analysed in relation with the probability of applying for a patent. We worked on the identification of a firm's minimum size, a threshold needed to formally protect an innovation by legal means. Below this minimum size the costs associated with protection are so high that firms prefer informal protection of their innovations. The literature concludes that as size increases so does the propensity to patent. This research finds similar results for pool regressions. In an attempt to understand the relationship between size and patent activity better, the population of firms is divided into two groups. On a first stage a firm was considered small if it had below 250 employees and large if it had more; a moving threshold was applied on a second stage. The results show that for some economies the minimum threshold needed for filing a patent is well below 250 employees. |
| Keywords: | SME, patents, IPRs |
| JEL: | C01 |
| Date: | 2010–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:wpaper:201009&r=ino |
| By: | Gilliane LEFEBVRE (Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense); Blandine LAPERCHE (labrii, ULCO) |
| Abstract: | Quelle est la place et le rôle joué par les petites entreprises dans la constitution du capital-savoir des groupes, c'est-à-dire l’ensemble des informations et connaissances qu’ils mobilisent pour innover ? Quelles formes prend la collaboration entre groupes industriels et petites entreprises innovantes ? Dans cet article, les auteures étudient ces questions sur la base d’une revue de la littérature et des résultats d’une enquête menée au cours de l’année 2009 et 2010 sur le capital-savoir des groupes industriels (Langlet et al., 2010). Elles étudient la constitution collaborative du capital-savoir ainsi que les formes et objectifs de la collaboration selon le type de partenaire associé au groupe industriel (recherche académique, clients et fournisseurs, concurrents et petites entreprises). Elles mettent l’accent sur les formes de collaborations actuelles entre petites entreprises innovantes et groupes industriels et montrent que cette coopération prend largement appui en France sur les dispositifs publics d’incitation à la création de réseaux d’innovation. What is the place and the role played by small businesses in the constitution of the knowledge capital of industrial groups, that is to say the set of information and knowledge that they gather to innovate? What form does the cooperation between industrial groups and small innovative companies take? In this article, the authors study these issues on the basis of review of literature and on the results of a survey conducted during 2009 and 2010 on the knowledge-capital of industrial groups (Langlet et al., 2010). They study the open strategy developed by industrial groups to develop their knowledge-capital and the forms and objectives of the collaboration according to the partner associated to the industrial group (academic research, customers and suppliers, competitors and small businesses). They focus on current forms of collaboration between small innovative companies and industrial groups and show that such cooperation is widely supported in France on the public provision of incentives for the creation of innovation networks. |
| Keywords: | small businesses - industrial groups - innovation - groupes industriels - petites entreprises |
| JEL: | M21 M51 |
| Date: | 2010–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rii:riidoc:232&r=ino |
| By: | Francesco Bogliacino (JRC-IPTS); Sebastian Gómez Cardona (Departamento de Economía, Universidad EAFIT) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we have estimated a behavioural equation for R&D investment. We assess the impact of liquidity constraints and capabilities, measured respectively as internal cash flow and distance from the technological frontier. Our estimation is performed on an industry level panel covering fifteen European countries from 1996 to 2005 and on a sample of European R&D performers extracted from COMPUSTAT covering 2000-2008. Both at industry level and firm level we found that financing constraints exist and that the distance from the frontier negatively affects the decision to engage in R&D. We claim that the implied divergence pattern opens a gap for policy intervention, but that these policies should be correctly tailored and should also promote enablers of technological change. |
| Keywords: | R&D, liquidity constraints, technological frontier, panel data |
| JEL: | D24 L50 O33 |
| Date: | 2010–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:wpaper:201010&r=ino |
| By: | Chaminade, Cristina (CIRCLE, Lund University); Zabala, Jon Mikel (CIRCLE, Lund University); Treccani, Adele (CIRCLE, Lund University) |
| Abstract: | Sweden is considered to be one of the most advanced countries in terms of innovation worldwide. Sweden always ranks high in all international reports on Science and Technology indicators such as the ones regularly published by the OECD or Eurostat. As many small countries, the Sweden economy has a strong international orientation and this is also reflected in the national innovation system. The NIS is dominated by internationally oriented industrial firms and universities. Furthermore, since 1988, the country has experienced a growing trend of mergers and acquisitions of technology intensive firms by foreign companies (Vinnova, 2006) whose presence, particularly in certain industries, is very noticeable. The aim of this paper is to explore the links between the NIS in Sweden and the participation of Swedish firms and Swedish universities in Global Innovation Networks. More specifically, it attempts to answer the following questions: a) To what extent are Swedish actors participating in GINs? b) To what extent is the Swedish NIS attracting GINs? c) What is the role of the Swedish NIS in supporting the participation of Swedish Universities and Swedish firms in GINs? d) What is the role of the Swedish NIS in attracting actors in GINs into Sweden?. The paper is based on secondary sources and has a rather descriptive nature. In its current form (June 2010) is a report submitted to the EU Commission as part of the deliverables of the INGINEUS project |
| Keywords: | globalization; innovations systems; Sweden |
| JEL: | O30 |
| Date: | 2010–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2010_009&r=ino |
| By: | Ale Ebrahim, Nader; Ahmed, Shamsuddin; Abdul Rashid, Salwa Hanim; Taha, Zahari |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we present our more than two years research experiences on virtual R&D teams in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and draws conclusions, giving special attention to the structure of virtual teams required to support education-industry collaboration. We report the relevant results of an online survey study. The online questionnaire was emailed by using a simple random sampling method to 947 manufacturing SMEs. The findings of this study show that SMEs in Malaysia and Iran are willing to use virtual teams for collaboration and the platform for industry-education collaboration is ready and distance between team members or differences in time zones, are not barriers to industry-education collaborations. |
| Keywords: | Collaboration; virtual teams; SMEs; Education |
| JEL: | M12 O32 A2 L17 L1 O1 M11 M1 L15 O3 |
| Date: | 2010–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:27414&r=ino |
| By: | Verónica Mies |
| Abstract: | When targeting frontier technologies, less developed economies usually face obstacles to achieve high growth in the long run, because of their low level of knowledge relative to the adoption technology target. If the intensity in which the adoption activity uses knowledge is high, then the less developed economy may end up trapped in a low growth equilibrium. We show that in this case it is beneficial to target less advanced technologies, which helps to compensate the scarcity of knowledge during the transition. Nevertheless, polarization is possible. If knowledge intensity in the adoption activity is low, then possessing a low stock of knowledge allows targeting the technology frontier even in a poor R&D environment. In this case, all economies achieve a high growth equilibrium in which only income level differences persist in the long run. |
| Keywords: | R&D, adoption, innovation, growth, development, transitional dynamics. |
| JEL: | O30 O33 O40 |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ioe:doctra:385&r=ino |
| By: | Tracy Yang; Jamus Jerome Lim; Toshiki Kanamori |
| Abstract: | With deregulation and globalization, and the impact of these developments on economies worldwide, it has become necessary for the PRC authorities to consider an approach that would further attune its economic engine toward sustained growth. This paper argues that certain sectors of the economy [in particular, the small and medium enterprise (SME) sector] may play a signicant role in terms of any further reforms of the PRC's national innovation system, which in turn could spur continued growth. It highlights how issues such as innovation, research and development, and strategic clustering in influence the SME sector, and outlines internal and external conditions that may impact the further development of this sector. [ADB Institute Research Paper Series No. 73] |
| Keywords: | globalization, small and medium enterprise (SME), economic engine, sustained growth, innovation |
| Date: | 2010 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ess:wpaper:id:3311&r=ino |
| By: | Aalbers, Rick (Atos Consulting); Koppius, Otto (RSM/Erasmus University); Dolfsma, Wilfred (RSM/Erasmus University) |
| Abstract: | Informal networks are often emphasized as facilitating knowledge transfer. However, we find that formal networks also contribute significantly to knowledge transfer, and in fact contribute more than informal networks. This is particularly the case when knowledge is transferred between units. Additional analysis shows a synergetic effect between formal and informal ties, which suggests that knowledge transfer effects that in previous studies were attributed to informal networks only, may in fact be caused by the combination of both formal and informal networks. We conclude that there is more than one path to transfer knowledge effectively. |
| Keywords: | Knowledge transfer; Formal networks; informal networks; multi-unit organizations. |
| JEL: | O30 |
| Date: | 2010–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2006_008&r=ino |
| By: | Wennberg, Karl (The Ratio Institute and Stockholm School of Economics); Wiklund, Johan (Whitman School of Management and Jönköping International Business School, Sweden); Wright, Mike (Centre for Management Buy-out Research, Nottingham University Business School and University of Ghent) |
| Abstract: | While much prior research has focused upon how the Technology Transfer Offices and other contextual characteristics shape the level of university spin-offs (USO), there is little research on entrepreneurial potential among individual academics, and to the best of our knowledge, no comparative studies with other types of spin-offs exist to date. In this paper we suggest that knowledge transfer from academic research may flow indirectly to entrepreneurship by individuals with a university education background who become involved in new venture creation by means of corporate spin-offs (CSO) after gaining industrial experience, rather than leaving university employment to found a new venture as an academic spinoff. In fact, the commercial knowledge gained by industry experience is potentially more valuable for entrepreneurial performance compared to the academic knowledge gained by additional research experience at a university. This leads us to posit that not only will the average performance of CSOs be higher than comparable USOs, but the gains from founder’s prior experiences will also be higher among CSOs. We investigate these propositions in a comparative study tracking the complete population of USOs and CSOs among the Swedish knowledge-intensive sectors between 1994 and 2002. |
| Keywords: | Spill-Overs |
| JEL: | L53 M13 O32 O34 |
| Date: | 2010–12–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ratioi:0160&r=ino |