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on Innovation |
| By: | Cassiman, Bruno; Golovko, Elena |
| Abstract: | We explore the relationship between innovation activity, productivity, and exports using a panel of Spanish manufacturing firms for 1990-1998. Our results - based on non-parametric tests - suggest that firm innovation status is important in explaining the positive export-productivity association documented in prior research. For the sample of small innovating firms, we find no significant differences in productivity levels between exporters and non-exporters. Especially product innovation seems to explain the positive association between exports and productivity for this group of firms. For small non-innovating firms with low and medium productivity levels exporting firms continue to exhibit higher productivity than non-exporting firms. |
| Keywords: | exports; innovation; process innovation; product innovation; productivity |
| JEL: | D21 O31 O32 |
| Date: | 2007–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:6411&r=ino |
| By: | Schmiele, Anja; Sofka, Wolfgang |
| Abstract: | Competitors can be valuable sources and partners for innovation activities. Against the background of international expansion of firms and increased international competition, the R&D collaborations with international competitors (international co-opetition) is becoming an increasingly interesting way to gain access to well guarded knowledge from abroad. However, to be able to benefit from these paradox alliances, a certain level of international co-opetition readiness is required. On the one hand, this readiness is important to protect the companies’ intellectual property that should not be leaked to competitors. On the other hand, the firm has to be able to absorb and utilize the knowledge and capabilities of the collaborating competitor. Hence, we envision co-opetition as a balancing act between appropriability practices and absorptive capacities in a cross-border context. We test these dual hypotheses for a broad sample of roughly 1,000 innovative firms in the German manufacturing sector. We find that co-opetition with international competitors requires a shift in appropriability practices from informal methods (secrecy, lead time) towards formal ones (like patents and copyrights). Besides, we discover that the readiness for international co-opetition can be achieved by developing international collaboration experience through collaborations with international customers or suppliers. |
| Keywords: | Co-opetition, R&D collaboration, internationalization, innovation management |
| JEL: | D83 F23 O31 O32 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:5871&r=ino |
| By: | Bosetti, Valentina; Carraro, Carlo; Massetti, Emanuele; Tavoni, Massimo |
| Abstract: | It is widely recognized that technological change has the potential to reduce GHG emissions without compromising economic growth; hence, any better understanding of the process of technological innovation is likely to increase our knowledge of mitigation possibilities and costs. This paper explores how international knowledge flows affect the dynamics of the domestic R&D sector and the main economic and environmental variables. The analysis is performed using WITCH, a dynamic regional model of the world economy, in which energy technical change is endogenous. The focus is on disembodied energy R&D international spillovers. The knowledge pool from which regions draw foreign ideas differs between High Income and Low Income countries. Absorption capacity is also endogenous in the model. The basic questions are as follows. Do knowledge spillovers enhance energy technological innovation in different regions of the world? Does the speed of innovation increase? Or do free-riding incentives prevail and international spillovers crowd out domestic R&D efforts? What is the role of domestic absorption capacity and of policies designed to enhance it? Do greenhouse gas stabilization costs drop in the presence of international technological spillovers? The new specification of the WITCH model presented in this paper enables us to answer these questions. Our analysis shows that international knowledge spillovers tend to increase free-riding incentives and decrease the investments in energy R&D. The strongest cuts in energy R&D investments are recorded among High Income countries, where international knowledge flows crowd out domestic R&D efforts. The overall domestic pool of knowledge, and thus total net GHG stabilization costs, remain largely unaffected. International spillovers, however, are also an important policy channel. We therefore analyze the implication of a policy mix in which climate policy is combined with a technology policy designed to enhance absorption capacity in developing countries. Significant positive impacts on the costs of stabilising GHG concentrations are singled out. Finally, a sensitivity analysis shows that High Income countries are more responsive than Low Income countries to changes in the parameters and thus suggests to focus additional empirical research efforts on the former. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy; Energy R&D; GHG stabilisation; International R&D Spillovers |
| JEL: | H0 H1 H2 |
| Date: | 2007–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:6426&r=ino |
| By: | Toro González, Daniel |
| Abstract: | Limited information of the Research and Development (R&D) investment at firm level generates difficulties to measure the impact of this kind of investment in other firms, called spillover effect. I develop a simple theoretical model oriented to capture the spillover effect and we show that when a firm increases the investment in R&D, the spillover effect is also increased. |
| Keywords: | Spillovers; research and developement; R&D; externalities |
| JEL: | D62 O32 |
| Date: | 2007–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:4682&r=ino |
| By: | A. Coad; R. Rao |
| Abstract: | The issue of technological unemployment receives perennial popular attention. Although there are previous empirical investigations that have focused on the relationship between innovation and employment, the originality of our approach lies in our choice of method. We focus on four 2-digit manufacturing industries that are known for their high patenting activity. We then use Principal Components Analysis to generate a firm- and year-specific 'innovativeness' index by extracting the common variance in a firm’s patenting and R&D expenditure histories. To begin with, we explore the heterogeneity of firms by using semi-parametric quantile regression. Whilst some firms may reduce employment levels after innovating, others increase employment. We then move on to a weighted least squares (WLS) analysis, which explicitly takes into account the different job-creating potential of firms of different sizes. As a result, we focus on the effect of innovation on total number of jobs, whereas previous studies have focused on the effect of innovation on firm behavior. Indeed, previous studies have typically taken the firm as the unit of analysis, implicitly weighting each firm equally according to the principle of 'one firm equals one observation'. Our results suggest that firm-level innovative activity leads to employment creation that may have been underestimated in previous studies. |
| Keywords: | Length 29 pages |
| Date: | 2007–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esi:evopap:2007-05&r=ino |
| By: | Franck Paolucci (Observatoire Français des Conjonctures Économiques; Université de la Reunion CERESUR) |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fce:doctra:0716&r=ino |
| By: | Bettina Müller (Centre for European Economic Research) |
| Abstract: | Academic spin-offs are one way in which employability of university graduates is reflected. Using the ZEW spinoff-survey, this paper studies empirically the impact of human capital on the success of academic spin-offs founding in knowledge and technology intensive sectors. The focus is thereby on the composition of human capital which is described according to whether or not the founders have studied several subjects and whether or not they all come from the same research establishment. Additionally the impact of having founded as a team is analyzed. Success is measured by employment growth. The findings suggest that it is advantageous to found within a team, but that the human capital composition both for single entrepreneurs and team foundations is rather irrelevant. |
| Keywords: | Higher Education , Human Capital , Entrepreneurship , Spin-off |
| JEL: | C12 L25 M13 |
| Date: | 2006–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:knz:hetero:0614&r=ino |
| By: | Luciano Fratocchi (Department of Mechanical Thermal and Managerial Engineering - University of L’Aquila - Italy); Alberto Onetti (Department of Economics, University of Insubria, Italy); Alessia Pisoni (Department of Economics, University of Insubria, Italy); Marco Talaia (Department of Economics, University of Insubria, Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at analysing the main features of the activities carried out by the Italian biotech industry. This topic is so wide and various that particularly we decided to focus on the value added activities of the so-called “pharma-biotech”, i.e. pharmaceutical firms that have diversified in the biotech business or pharmaceutical spin-offs. First of all we try to identify the main activities carried out by the studied companies. Particularly, we focus on R&D carried out on biotech, trying to measure its extent both in terms of employees involved and of percentage of total investments. Moreover, we provide a picture of the range of R&D activities performed and the contribution arising from the cooperation with actors in and out of the industry. It is worth pointing out the exploratory scope of this paper that at the present is not yet able to provide through managerial guidelines for decision makers. With this respect, the sample is composed of companies operating in Italy in specific business within the biotech industry. More specifically, in order to reach earlier presented goals, attention was paid on the so called red biotech segment, that is biotech companies which develop drugs and diagnostics. This segment - which is predominant at worldwide level - was further divided accordingly to the adopted business model: born-biotech companies (more focused on R&D activities) and pharma-biotech companies (generally operating also manufacturing and sales activities). The research interest was finally focused on the latter segment, which was divided among pharma-oriented and biotech-oriented companies. The paper is structured in four main sections. In the first one, the most relevant features of biotech firms are discussed on the base of a literature review. In the second paragraph, adopted methodology is presented and sample main characteristics are discussed. In the third section, the main results regarding the localization of R&D activities study carried out on the biotech activities in Italy are presented. The conclusions complete the paper. |
| Keywords: | Biotech, Localization, R&D, MNCs, Value added activities |
| Date: | 2007–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ins:quaeco:qf0707&r=ino |