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on Innovation |
| By: | Gautier Duflos (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - [CNRS : UMR8174] - [Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I], CREST-LEI - [Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées]) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes American pharmaceutical firms' persistence in innovating prior to the wave of mergers and acquisitions that accompanied the "Biotech revolution". We evaluate the impact of past innovative activity on firms' innovation propensities using a non-linear GMM estimator for exponential models that allows for predetermined regressors and linear feedback. We find that innovative activity at the firm level depends strongly on the technological importance of past innovations. In particular, breakthroughs depend largely on past innovations' scope, and this effect is likely to deter further pioneering behaviors rather than strengthen incentives to invest on non cumulative R&D. The results also shed light on the importance of small firms for the technological change in pharmaceuticals, and suggest that large firms may persist in using patents strategically to retain sales. |
| Keywords: | Patent citations, pharmaceutical industry, persistence in innovation. |
| Date: | 2007–01–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:papers:halshs-00113499_v2&r=ino |
| By: | Goedhuys, Micheline (UNU-MERIT and University of Antwerpen) |
| Abstract: | Using micro data from Brazilian manufacturing firms, this paper investigates the impact of a wide set of innovation activities on firms' total factor productivity (TFP) and its subsequent effect on firm growth, measured by sales. Controlling for size and age of the firms, productivity levels and productivity growth of firms over time are found to be key drivers of firm size adjustments. The activities leading to higher productivity levels are organizational change, cooperation with clients, human capital development, ICT usage, product innovation and learning by exporting, with an R&D effect only in the long run. Though the intensity with which firms engage in these innovation activities is sector dependent, innovation activities are in all sectors important for explaining sales growth differences, also in the more traditional sectors in which Brazilian firms have a competitive advantage. |
| Keywords: | Technological Change, Research and Development, Innovation, Productivity, Manufacturing Industry, Total Factor Productivity, Brazil |
| JEL: | O12 D24 |
| Date: | 2007 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:unumer:2007002&r=ino |
| By: | Anne Branciard (LEST - Laboratoire d'économie et de sociologie du travail - [CNRS : UMR6123] - [Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I][Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II]); Vincent Mangematin |
| Abstract: | European Biotechnology companies and public policy-makers face to a number of crucial problems related to the development of Biotechnology in Europe : European industrial competitiveness, the relative under-exploitation of the European science base in Biotechnology, poor technology transfer mechanisms and difficulties in starting 'spin-off' firms. <br />The aim of this paper on innovation in genomics and biomedical related biotechnologies is to study the relative impact of the different public policy in France compared to the action of the private non for profit sector. Public policies in favour of biotech have changed during the last ten years from a support of research in large firms to a support of SME's creation in biotech. At the same time, large non-for profit organisations such as CEPH (Human Polymorphism Research Center) and AFM (French Organisation Against Myopaty) create a new dynamic by initiating path breaking scientific and technical programmes. This new scientific space has been complementary to the public policy, but only to a certain extend. <br />By studying the co-ordination mechanisms between the different organisations (non for profit organisations, public authorities, public sector research, Biotech SMEs and large firms, especially in the biomedical sector), this paper shows that the existing contradiction between the different tools to encourage biotech economic development can explain the poor development of biotech sector in France in the last few years. It also shows that the situation is getting better the last two years, especially in terms of firms' creation. |
| Keywords: | Public Policy; Research Policy; Biotechnology; Innovation; R&D; SME |
| Date: | 2007–01–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:papers:halshs-00125414_v1&r=ino |
| By: | Hvide, Hans Krogh; Kristiansen, Eirik Gaard |
| Abstract: | We study how complementarities and intellectual property rights affect the management of knowledge workers. The main results relay when a firm will wish to sue workers that leave with innovative ideas, and the effects of complementary assets on wages and on worker initiative. We argue that firms strongly protected by property rights may not sue leaving workers in order to motivate effort, while firms weakly protected by complementary assets must sue in order to obtain positive profits. Firms with more complementary assets pay higher wages (and have lower turnover), but such higher pay has a detrimental effect on worker initiative. Our analysis suggests that strengthened property rights protection reduces turnover costs but weakens worker initiative. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurship; Innovation; IPR; Litigation; Personnel economics; R&D; Start-ups |
| JEL: | E00 |
| Date: | 2007–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:6039&r=ino |
| By: | Anne Branciard (LEST - Laboratoire d'économie et de sociologie du travail - [CNRS : UMR6123] - [Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I][Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II]) |
| Abstract: | Cette recherche fait suite à une recherche sur Genopole Evry, biopole de niveau international articulant science et industrie, dédié à la recherche en génomique et à la création et au développement d'entreprises de biotechnologies. Elle s'inscrit dans une démarche d'économie politique et dans une approche institutionnaliste des sciences et de l'innovation. Elle porte sur l'implantation en régions, dans le cadre d'un dispositif d'action publique (Programme Génopoles, 1999), de « génopoles » labellisées promouvant une nouvelle forme organisationnelle de production de connaissances en phase avec l'évolution des sciences du vivant. L'analyse de ces “institutions intermédiaires” constitue en effet un point focal, en ce qu'elles répondent à des critères à la fois scientifiques et économiques, de structuration d'un domaine scientifique nouveau autour de l'implémentation de plateformes biotechnologiques (instrumentation à grande échelle liée à des compétences scientifiques et technologiques spécifiques); et de création de start-ups de biotechnologies, s'appuyant sur des dispositifs publics d'aide à l'innovation (loi de 1999, incubateurs, structures d'accompagnement et de financement) soutenus par les collectivités territoriales dans une perspective de développement socioéconomique. <br />Dans sa dimension empirique, l'analyse porte sur la création, historiquement située, puis sur la trajectoire de Marseille Nice Génopole Cette trajectoire est articulée avec l'action du Réseau National des Génopoles, incitée sous l'égide du Ministère de la Recherche, et avec l'action régionale en faveur de la recherche et de l'innovation. <br />L'étude de la trajectoire de Marseille Nice Génopole (comparaison inter-régionale avec Rhône-Alpes et Languedoc-Roussillon du point de vue de l'efficacité de la configuration spécifique historiquement située des acteurs, et de la variété des réseaux supportant le couplage recherche/innovation et les relations public/privé) montre la diversité des formes d'hybridation entre science et monde socioéconomique à partir d'un même dispositif de politique publique de RDI. <br />En interne, les mutations fortes impulsées par les coordinations autour de l'instrumentation, les repositionnements des disciplines, les relations avec le secteur privé, produisent un apprentissage organisationnel des biologistes et des biomédicaux. En externe, la dynamique scientifique et économique de la génopole est analysée, dans le cadre des fluctuations de la politique nationale S§T pour les biotechnologies, et de la mobilisation territoriale pour un développement des biotechnologies, comme une ressource spécifique dans un projet de biocluster, puis de pôle de compétitivité en biotechnologies diagnostiques et thérapeutiques. |
| Keywords: | Politique S§T; Politique d'innovation; Génomique; Biotechnologies; Génopole; Relations science/industrie; Réseau; Start up; Création d'entreprise; Plateforme technologique; Compétitivité; Territoires; France; Europe |
| Date: | 2007–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:papers:halshs-00078144_v2&r=ino |
| By: | Constantine Manasakis (Department of Economics, University of Crete, Greece); Emmanuel Petrakis (Department of Economics, University of Crete, Greece) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of alternative unionization structures on firms' incentives to spend on cost-reducing R&D activities as well as to form a Research Joint Venture, in the presence of R&D spillovers. We show that, in contrast to the "hold up" argument, if firms invest non-cooperatively and spillovers are low, R&D investments are higher when an industry-wide union sets a uniform wage rate than under firm-level unions. In contrast, investments are always higher under firm-level unions in the case of RJVs. Firms' incentives to form an RJV are non-monotonic in the degree of centralization of the wage-setting, with the incentives being stronger under an industry-wide union if and only if spillovers are low enough. Finally, centralized wage-setting as well as high unemployment benefits may hinder the formation of costly RJVs and their potential welfare benefits. |
| Keywords: | Unions, Oligopoly, Cost-reducing Innovations, Research Joint Ventures, Spillovers |
| JEL: | J51 L13 O31 |
| Date: | 2007–01–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crt:wpaper:0705&r=ino |
| By: | Layne-Farrar, Anna; Padilla, Atilano Jorge; Schmalensee, Richard |
| Abstract: | We explore potential methods for assessing whether licensing terms for intellectual property declared essential within a standard setting organization can be considered fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND). We first consider extending Georgia-Pacific to a standard setting context. We then evaluate numeric proportionality, which is modelled after certain patent pool arrangements and which has been proposed in a pending FRAND antitrust suit. We then turn to two economic models with potential. The first—the efficient component-pricing rule (ECPR)—is based on the economic concept of market competition. The second—the Shapley value method—is based on cooperative game theory models and social concepts for a fair division of rents. Interestingly, these two distinct methods suggest a similar benchmark for evaluating FRAND licenses, but ones which might appeal differently to the courts and competition authorities in the US as compared to Europe. We find that under any approach, patents covering “essential” technologies with a greater contribution to the value of the standard and without close substitutes before the standard gets adopted should receive higher royalty payments after the adoption of the standard. |
| Keywords: | Efficiency; Fairness; Licensing; Patents; Standard Setting Organizations |
| JEL: | L24 L40 |
| Date: | 2007–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:6025&r=ino |
| By: | Nick Bloom |
| Abstract: | Uncertainty varies strongly over time, rising by 50% to 100% in recessions and by up to 200% after major economic and political shocks. This paper shows that higher uncertainty reduces the responsiveness of R&D to changes in business conditions - a "caution-effect" - making it more persistent over time. Thus, uncertainty will play a critical role in shaping the dynamics of R&D through the business cycle, and its response to technology policy. I also show that if firms are increasing their level of R&D then the effect of uncertainty will be negative, while if firms are reducing R&D then the effect of uncertainty will be positive. |
| JEL: | D8 D92 E32 O3 |
| Date: | 2007–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:12841&r=ino |
| By: | Jesús Rodríguez López (Department of Economics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide); Diego Martínez López (Centro de Estudios Andaluces y Department of Economics, Universidad Pablo de Olavide); José Luis Torres Chacón (Departamento de Teoría e Historia Económica, Universidad de Málaga) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of the information and communication technologies (ICT) on economic growth in Spain using a dynamic general equilibrium approach. Contrary to previous works, we use a production function with six different capital inputs, three of them corresponding to ICT assets. Calibration of the model suggests that the contribution of ICT to Spanish productivity growth is very relevant, whereas the contribution of non-ICT capital has been even negative. Additionally, over the sample period 1995-2002, we find a negative TFP and productivity growth. These results together aim at the hypothesis that the Spanish economy could be placed within the productivity paradox. |
| Keywords: | New economy, information and communication technologies, technological change, productivity paradox. |
| JEL: | E22 O30 O40 |
| Date: | 2007–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pab:wpaper:07.01&r=ino |
| By: | Raul Ramos (Faculty of Economics, University of Barcelona.); Vicente Royuela (Faculty of Economics, University of Barcelona.); Juan Carlos Duque (Regional Analysis Laboratory (REGAL). San Diego State University.) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies Spanish scientific production in Economics from 1994 to 2004. It focuses on aspects that have received little attention in other bibliometric studies, such as the impact of research and the role of scientific collaborations in the publications produced by Spanish universities. Our results show that national research networks have played a fundamental role in the increase in Spanish scientific production in this discipline. |
| Keywords: | Bibliometric techniques, scientific production in Economics, research networks. |
| Date: | 2007–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ira:wpaper:200701&r=ino |
| By: | María García-Alonso; Begoña Garcia-Mariñoso (Department of Economics, City University, London) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the strategic interaction between pharmaceutical firms’ pricing decisions and government agencies´ reimbursement decisions which discriminate between patients by giving reimbursement rights to patients for whom the drug is most effective. We show that if the reimbursement decision precedes the pricing decision, the agency only reimburses some patients if the private and public health benefits from the new drug diverge. That is, when (i) there are large externalities of consuming the drug and (ii) the difference in costs between the new drug and the alternative treatment is large. Alternatively, if the firm can commit to a price in advance of the reimbursement decision, we identify a strategic effect which implies that by committing to a high price ex ante, the firm can force a listing outcome and make the agency more willing to reimburse than in the absence of commitment. |
| Keywords: | Pharmaceutical industry, innovation, health policy |
| JEL: | I10 I18 L65 |
| Date: | 2005–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cty:dpaper:0502&r=ino |
| By: | Mellander, Charlotta (Jönköping International Business School and CESIS); Florida, Richard (School of Public Policy, George Mason University) |
| Abstract: | Human capital is observed to be an important contributor to growth but unevenly distributed geographically. While there is consensus on the importance of human capital to economic development, debate takes shape around two central issues. First, there is the question of how best to measure human capital. Second, there is debate over the factors that yield the geographic distribution of human capital in the first place. We find that occupational or “creative class” measures tend to outperform educational measures in accounting for regional development across our sample of Swedish regions. We also find that universities, amenities or service diversity and openness and tolerance affect the distribution of human capital. A key finding is also that each of these factors is associated with a different type of human capital and thus they play complimentary roles in the geographic distribution of talent. |
| Keywords: | Creative occupations; Human Capital; Technology; Economic Development |
| JEL: | J24 O30 R11 R12 R20 |
| Date: | 2007–01–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:cesisp:0079&r=ino |