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on Innovation |
| By: | Wladimir Raymond; Pierre Mohnen; Franz Palm; Sybrand Schim van der Loeff |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the persistence of innovation and the dynamics of innovation output in Dutch manufacturing using firm data from three waves of the Community Innovation Surveys (CIS), pertaining to the periods 1994-1996, 1996-1998, and 1998-2000. We estimate by maximum likelihood a dynamic panel data type 2 tobit model accounting for individual effects and handling the initial conditions problem. We find that there is no evidence of true persistence in achieving technological product or process innovations, while past shares of innovative sales condition, albeit to a small extent, current shares of innovative sales. <P>Cette étude analyse la persistance et la dynamique de l’innovation dans les entreprises manufacturières néerlandaises à partir des données de trois vagues d’enquêtes communautaires sur l’innovation (ECI), portant sur les périodes 1994-1996, 1996-1998 et 1998-2000. Nous estimons par la méthode du maximum de vraisemblance un modèle tobit de type II dynamique sur données de panel avec effets individuels et traitement explicite des conditions initiales. Nous concluons qu’il n’y a pas de véritable persistance dans le fait d’innover en produits ou en procédés, mais que les observations passées des parts du chiffre d’affaires en produits innovants influencent, quoique faiblement, les données contemporaines de ces parts. |
| Keywords: | dynamic panel data type 2 tobit, innovation, spurious persistence, modèle tobit de type II dynamique, données de panel, persistence, innovation |
| JEL: | C33 C34 O31 |
| Date: | 2006–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2006s-04&r=ino |
| By: | Myriam Mariani; Marzia Romanelli |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the determinants of the quantity and quality of inventors’ patents. It uses a sample of 793 inventors drawn from the PatVal-EU dataset and the information on EPO patents that they contributed to inventing during the period 1988-1998. It explores three aspects of the inventors’ productivity: 1) the number of EPO patents that they produce; 2) their average quality; 3) the quality of the most valuable patents. By jointly estimating the three equations we find that the inventors’ level of education, employment in a large firm and involvement in large-scale research projects positively affect quantity. Yet, apart from the size of the research project, none of these factors directly influences the expected quality of the innovations. They do, however, indirectly, as we find that the number of innovations explains the probability of producing a technological hit (the maximum value). Also, there are no decreasing returns in the innovation process at an individual level, as the number of innovations that an inventor produces is not correlated with their average quality. |
| Keywords: | Productivity, Industrial inventors, Patent quality |
| Date: | 2006–02–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2006/06&r=ino |
| By: | Franco Malerba (CESPRI, Università Bocconi, Milano, Italy) |
| Abstract: | The analysis of innovation and the evolution of industries evolution has witnessed major progress in several areas. Contributions at the empirical, appreciative, econometric and modelling levels have greater advanced our understanding of innovation, industrial dynamics and the different evolution of industries. The main part of the paper is centred around four challenges that are required for a better understanding of the relationship between innovation and the evolution of industries: the analysis of demand, knowledge, networks and coevolution. |
| Keywords: | Innovation; Industrial Dynamics; Demand; Networks; Knowledge |
| JEL: | L1 L6 O32 |
| Date: | 2005–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cri:cespri:wp172&r=ino |
| By: | Tomas J. Philipson; Anupam B. Jena |
| Abstract: | Given the rapid growth in health care spending that is often attributed to technological change, many private and public institutions are grappling with how to best assess and adopt new health care technologies. The leading technology adoption criteria proposed in theory and used in practice involve so called "cost-effectiveness" measures. However, little is known about the dynamic efficiency implications of such criteria, in particular how they influence the R&D investments that make technologies available in the first place. We argue that such criteria implicitly concern maximizing consumer surplus, which many times is consistent with maximizing static efficiency after an innovation has been developed. Dynamic efficiency, however, concerns aligning the social costs and benefits of R&D and is therefore determined by how much of the social surplus from the new technology is appropriated as producer surplus. We analyze the relationship between cost-effectiveness measures and the degree of surplus appropriation by innovators driving dynamic efficiency. We illustrate how to estimate the two for the new HIV/AIDS therapies that entered the market after the late 1980's and find that only 5% of the social surplus is appropriated by innovators. We show how this finding can be generalized to other existing cost-effectiveness estimates by deriving how those estimates identify innovator appropriation for a set of studies of over 200 drugs. We find that these studies implicitly support a low degree of appropriation as well. Despite the high annual cost of drugs to patients, very low shares of social surplus may go to innovators, which may imply that cost-effectiveness is too high in a dynamic efficiency sense. |
| JEL: | I1 |
| Date: | 2006–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:12016&r=ino |
| By: | David Carey; Ekkehard Ernst; Rebecca Oyomopito; Jelte Theisens |
| Abstract: | Strengthening the innovation system in the Netherlands is a priority for raising productivity growth, which has been relatively weak in recent years. Knowledge creation in the Netherlands is strong -- scientific publications per capita are the sixth highest in the OECD -- but innovation activity is only around the average for OECD countries according to the EIS Summary Innovation Index. The main weaknesses are in business R&D intensity, the share of the population with tertiary education, and in commercially applying new knowledge. This paper discusses reforms being implemented to overcome these weaknesses and suggests directions for building on such reforms. Co-operation between public research organisations and innovating firms is being strengthened, support for innovation is being rationalised and measures are being taken to increase both the current and prospective supply of scientists and engineers with a view to making the Netherlands a more attractive location for R&D investments. To increase the tertiary attainment rate, the authorities are considering introducing shorter tertiary courses and are experimenting with greater competition among tertiary education suppliers for public funds. To strengthen performance in commercial application of new knowledge, barriers to entrepreneurship are being reduced but more should be done to strengthen incentives for entrepreneurship. This Working Paper relates to the 2005 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/netherlands). <P>Renforcer l’innovation aux Pays-Bas Il est essentiel de renforcer le système d’innovation aux Pays-Bas pour y relancer la croissance de la productivité, qui est relativement faible depuis quelques années. La création de connaissances est dynamique aux Pays-Bas -- qui se classe au sixième rang des pays de l’OCDE en termes de publications scientifiques par habitant -- mais les activités d’innovation se situent simplement aux alentours de la moyenne de la zone OCDE, d’après l’indice de synthèse de l’innovation (ISI) du tableau de bord européen de l’innovation (TBEI). Les principaux points faibles résident dans l’intensité de recherche-développement (R-D) des entreprises, la proportion de la population diplômée de l’enseignement supérieur, et l’exploitation commerciale des nouvelles connaissances. Ce document examine les réformes mises en ?uvre actuellement dans le but de remédier à ces faiblesses, et propose des orientations en vue d’aller plus loin. Pour l’heure, la coopération entre les organismes de recherche publics et les entreprises innovantes est renforcée, le système de soutien à l’innovation est rationalisé, et des mesures sont prises pour accroître l’offre, tant actuelle que future, de scientifiques et d’ingénieurs en vue de faire des Pays-Bas un site plus attractif pour les investissements de R-D. Afin de relever le taux de diplômés de l’enseignement supérieur, les autorités envisagent de mettre en place des formations supérieures plus courtes et ont décidé, à titre expérimental, de faire davantage jouer la concurrence entre les fournisseurs de services d’enseignement supérieur pour l’attribution des fonds publics. Afin d’améliorer les résultats obtenus en matière d’exploitation commerciale des nouvelles connaissances, les pouvoirs publics s’emploient à réduire les obstacles à l’entrepreneuriat, mais il faudrait aller plus loin pour stimuler l’esprit d’entreprise. Ce document de travail complète l’Étude économique consacrée aux Pays-Bas par l’OCDE en 2005 (www.oecd.org/eco/etudes/paysbas). |
| Keywords: | réforme de la réglementation, regulatory reforms, innovation, innovation, Netherlands, Pays-Bas, product market competition, concurrence sur les marchés de produits, factor analysis, analyse factorielle, tertiary education, intellectual property rights, droit de propriété intellectuelle, patents, scientists and engineers, public research organisations, brevets, scientifiques et ingénieurs, entry barriers, enseignement supérieur, migration de travailleurs qualifiés, EIS, TBEI, R-D, R-D, skilled migration, tertiary attainment, taux de diplômés de l'enseignement supérieur, organisme de recherche public, barrières à l'entrée |
| JEL: | I2 O31 O33 O34 O38 O39 O52 |
| Date: | 2006–02–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:479-en&r=ino |
| By: | Philippe Aghion; Richard Blundell; Rachel Griffith; Peter Howitt; Susanne Prantl |
| Abstract: | How does firm entry affect innovation incentives and productivity growth in incumbent firms? Micro-data suggests that there is heterogeneity across industries--incumbents in technologically advanced industries react positively to foreign firm entry, but not in laggard industries. To explain this pattern, we introduce entry into a Schumpeterian growth model with multiple sectors which differ by their distance to the technological frontier. We show that technologically advanced entry threat spurs innovation incentives in sectors close to the technological frontier--successful innovation allows incumbents to prevent entry. In laggard sectors it discourages innovation--increased entry threat reduces incumbents' expected rents from innovating. We find that the empirical patterns hold using rich micro-level productivity growth and patent panel data for the UK, and controlling for the endogeneity of entry by exploiting the large number of policy reforms undertaken during the Thatcher era. |
| JEL: | E2 |
| Date: | 2006–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:12027&r=ino |
| By: | Marcel Boyer; Jacques Robert |
| Abstract: | This document seeks to lay the groundwork for a government policy on free and open source software. We briefly characterize the extent of the open source software phenomenon. We analyse its pros and cons for the government, in its role as both an engine of economic development and a large user of information and communications technologies. We conclude with a series of recommendations for the government, as both “economic and industrial policy maker” and “large user.” <P> |
| Keywords: | free software, intellectual property rights, free source code, open source code, free operating system, GPL licence, BSD licence, innovation, forking, |
| Date: | 2006–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirpro:2006rp-03&r=ino |
| By: | Nick Bloom; Mark Schankerman; John Van Reenen |
| Abstract: | Support for many R&D and technology policies relies on empirical evidence that R&D "spills over" between firms. But there are two countervailing R&D spillovers: positive effects from technology spillovers and negative effects from business stealing by product market rivals. We develop a general framework showing that technology and product market spillovers have testable implications for a range of performance indicators, and exploits these using distinct measures of a firm's position in technology space and product market space. We show using panel data on U.S. firms between 1981 and 2001 that both technology and product market spillovers operate, but that net social returns are several times larger than private returns. The spillover effects are also revealed when we analyze three hightech sectors in detail - pharmaceuticals, computer hardware andtelecommunication equipment. Using the model we evaluate three R&Dsubsidy policies and show that the typical focus of support for small and medium firms may be misplaced. |
| Keywords: | Spillovers, R&D, market value, patents. |
| JEL: | F23 |
| Date: | 2005–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:stieip:40&r=ino |
| By: | Thomas Giebe (Institute of Economic Theory I, Humboldt University at Berlin, Spandauer Str. 1, 10099 Berlin, Germany. thomas.giebe@wiwi.hu-berlin.de); Elmar Wolfstetter (Institute of Economic Theory I, Humboldt University at Berlin, Spandauer Str. 1, 10099 Berlin, Germany. elmar.wolfstetter@rz.hu–berlin.de) |
| Abstract: | This paper revisits the standard analysis of licensing a cost reducing innovation by an outside innovator to a Cournot oligopoly. We propose a new mechanism that combines elements of a license auction with royalty licensing by granting the losers of the auction the option to sign a royalty contract. The optimal new mechanism eliminates the losses from exclusionary licensing without reducing bidders’ surplus; therefore, it is more profitable than both standard license auctions and pure royalty licensing. We also take into account that the number of licenses must be an integer, which is typically ignored in the literature. |
| Keywords: | Patents, Licensing, Auctions, Royalty, Innovation, R&D, Mechanism Design |
| JEL: | D21 D43 D44 D45 |
| Date: | 2006–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:trf:wpaper:96&r=ino |
| By: | Rosina Moreno; Raffaele Paci; Stefano Usai |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates on the presence of innovation clusters in the European regions. The analysis is based on a databank set up by CRENoS on regional patenting at the European Patent Office classified by ISIC sectors (2 digit), which considers 175 regions of 17 countries in Europe. Firstly, an analysis of the spatial distribution of innovation activities in Europe is performed. Some global and local indicators for spatial association are presented, indicating the presence of a general dependence process in the distribution of the phenomena under examination. The analysis is implemented for 23 manufacturing sectors to assess for the presence of significant differences in their spatial features. Moreover, the extent and strength of spatial externalities are evaluated for two periods: 1994-96 and 1999-01. Secondly, this paper contributes to the analysis of the process of spatial agglomeration of innovative activities by investigating directly its determinants. Our main purpose is to identify the extent to which the degree of specialisation or diversity in a region may affect the innovative activities in a particular local industry. Other local factors are also tested such as home market effect and other agglomeration phenomena. Moreover the geographical extent of such effects is measured by means of the usual tests of spatial econometrics. |
| Keywords: | Innovative activity, Spatial analysis, European regions, Knowledge production function |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cns:cnscwp:200512&r=ino |
| By: | Stéphane Lhuillery (Chaire en Economie et Management de l'Innovation, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne); Fabrice Galia (ERMES – FRE 2887 – CNRS, Université Panthéon-Assas Paris II) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies failure to R&D cooperation embracing all research ties, those carried out with research organizations (universities, laboratories and research centers) and/or industrial partners, controlling for firms’ characteristics and sample selection thanks to the French Community Innovation Survey. Using a cross-section model on 2375 innovating firms, we address two questions that are still of interest thanks to the scarcity of empirical evidences: the first one is with whom an R&D cooperation failure is more likely to occur. Secondly, is there any learning effect emerging from previous collaboration? Findings show that failures are more likely to occur when partners are customers, public research organizations or competitors. The likelihood to fail is high and similar for R&D partnerships with competitors or PROs. Further investigation suggests that foreign partners are harder to deals with than national ones and those difficulties are centered on R&D cooperation with foreign universities. Regarding learning to cooperate, our results suggest that former R&D links do not lower the probability to fail with a category of partner even if it boosts the likelihood to cooperate. A stronger appropriation regime influences the likelihood to R&D cooperate but also the probability not to fail. We also provide evidences that large firms, especially belonging to groups, and R&D intensive firms are more likely not to encounter a failure in their R&D alliances. Government support is also found negatively correlated with failure likelihood. Finally, we show that cooperation failures cannot be considered independent from the decision to collaborate in R&D. |
| Keywords: | R&D cooperation, Strategic alliances, Failure, success, universities, CIS |
| JEL: | O32 L21 C35 |
| Date: | 2006–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cmi:wpaper:cemi-report-2006-005&r=ino |
| By: | Maarten Cornet; Björn Vroomen; Marc van der Steeg |
| Abstract: | The Dutch innovation voucher aims to stimulate the interaction between small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and public research institutes. This document provides an estimate of the effectiveness of the innovation voucher instrument, employing the fact that the vouchers were assigned randomly by means of a lottery. The main conclusion is that the innovation voucher instrument does stimulate SMEs to engage in many new assignments with public research institutes. Out of every ten vouchers, eight are used for a project that would not have been assigned without such a voucher, one is used for a project that would have been assigned anyhow, and one voucher is not used. An overall assessment of the innovation voucher also needs to take into account the value added of the additional assignments, however. No insights have yet been obtained here. |
| Keywords: | policy evaluation; innovation; social exper |
| JEL: | O38 C93 |
| Date: | 2006–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpb:discus:58&r=ino |
| By: | Rene Belderbos; Kyoji Fukao; Tomoko Iwasa |
| Abstract: | A considerable share of R&D investment is due to multinational firms that simultaneously operate R&D bases at home and abroad. The existing empirical literature on R&D investment has however ignored the possibility that domestic and foreign R&D investments are simultaneously decided. In this paper, we draw on the technological opportunity, appropriability, and demand framework suggested by Cohen and Klepper (1996) to develop a simple model of foreign and domestic R&D investment. We test the model's predictions concerning the ratio of foreign to domestic R&D investment on a sample of 146 Japanese multinational firms' R&D investments in Japan and the United States in 1996. The empirical results confirm that the foreign R&D ratio depends on relative technological opportunities, relative demand conditions, and a proxy for firm-level R&D productivity. When differentiating between research and development activities, foreign research is driven by technological opportunity and foreign development by the demand factor, as expected. |
| Keywords: | R&D, multinational firms, Foreign Direct Investment |
| JEL: | F23 O32 |
| Date: | 2006–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hst:hstdps:d05-140&r=ino |
| By: | Barbara Dettori; Raffaele Paci; Stefano Usai |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates technological activity in the European regions. The analysis is based on a statistical databank set up by CRENoS on regional patenting at the European Patent Office spanning from 1978 to 2001 and classified by ISIC sectors at the 2 digit level. We consider 175 regions of 17 countries in Europe, the 15 members of the European Union plus Switzerland and Norway. An analysis of the spatial distribution of innovation activities in Europe is performed. Some global and local indicators for spatial association are presented, signaling the presence of a general dependence process in the distribution of the phenomena under examination. The analysis is implemented for different manufacturing sectors to assess for the presence of significant differences in the their spatial features. Moreover, the extent and strength of spatial externalities are evaluated for some subperiods spanning from the early eighties to the late nineties. |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cns:cnscwp:200513&r=ino |
| By: | Ekaterina Goldfayn |
| Abstract: | In order to deliver an innovation principals employ competing agents in some circumstances, while employing research team in other circumstances. This paper compares various structures of R&D to provide a rational behind this observation. It is assumed, that the principal can employ either one agent, two competing agents or two agents, cooperating in a team. Which of the available structures will be chosen by principal, depends on value of prize in stake, technological benefits of team production and team structure. Due to the positive effect on incentives, competing agents always generate larger profit to the principal, than a single agent. Further, they often perform better than the team, even when the latter has significant technological benefits. However, the performance of the team may be improved, if it is organized as a hierarchy with the team leader (who is responsible for allocation of resources) and his subordinate. The paper provides conditions on parameters, which determine whether the principal should employ a team or competing agents for performing R&D. |
| Keywords: | moral hazard, hierarchy, team production, competition, organization of R&D |
| JEL: | O31 L23 C72 |
| Date: | 2006–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:bonedp:bgse3_2006&r=ino |
| By: | Beatriz Domínguez; Juan José Ganuza; Gerard Llobet |
| Abstract: | It is commonly argued that in recent years pharmaceutical companies have directed their R&D towards small improvements of existing compounds instead of more risky drastic innovations. In this paper we show that the proliferation of these small innovations is likely to be linked to the lack of market sensitivity of a part of the demand to changes in prices. Compared to their social contribution, small innovations are relatively more profitable than large ones because they are targeted to the smaller but more inelastic part of the demand. We also study the effect of regulatory instruments such as price ceilings, copayments and reference prices and extend the analysis to competition in research. |
| Keywords: | Health-care, pharmaceuticals, innovation |
| JEL: | I11 I18 L51 O31 |
| Date: | 2005–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upf:upfgen:936&r=ino |
| By: | Golombek, Rolf (The Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research); Hoel, Michael (Dept. of Economics, University of Oslo) |
| Abstract: | We study an international climate agreement that assigns emission quotas to each participating country. Unlike the simplest models in the literature, we assume that abatement costs are affected by R&D activities undertaken in all firms in all countries, i.e. abatement technologies are endogenous. In line with the Kyoto agreement we assume that the international climate agreement does not include R&D policies. We show that for a secondbest agreement, marginal costs of abatement should exceed the Pigovian level. Moreover, marginal costs of abatement differ across countries in the second-best quota agreement with heterogeneous countries. In other words, the second-best outcome cannot be achieved if emission quotas are tradable. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy; international climate agreements; emission quotas; technology spillovers |
| JEL: | H23 O30 Q20 Q25 Q28 |
| Date: | 2006–02–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:osloec:2006_003&r=ino |
| By: | Pierre Azoulay; Andrew Stellman; Joshua Graff Zivin |
| Abstract: | We present PublicationHarvester, an open-source software tool for gathering publication information on individual life scientists. The software interfaces with MEDLINE, and allows the end-user to specify up to four MEDLINE-formatted names for each researcher. Using these names along with a user-specified search query, PublicationHarvester generates yearly publication counts, optionally weighted by Journal Impact Factors. These counts are further broken-down by order on the authorship list (first, last, second, next-to-last, middle) and by publication type (clinical trials, regular journal articles, reviews, letters/editorials, etc.) The software also generates a keywords report at the scientist-year level, using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) assigned by the National Library of Medicine to each publication indexed by Medline. The software, source code, and user manual can be downloaded at http://www.stellman-greene.com/Publicati onHarvester/ |
| JEL: | O32 |
| Date: | 2006–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:12039&r=ino |
| By: | G. Buenstorf |
| Abstract: | Considerable debate surrounds the concept of entrepreneurial opportunities. This paper contributes to the discussion by bringing in concepts and findings from evolutionary economics. It makes three points. First, adopting an evolutionary market process perspective sheds new light on the nature of opportunities. Second, not only the pursuit of entrepreneurial opportunities, but also the further development of the entrepreneurial venture is dependent on subjective opportunity perception and interpretation. Third, findings on industry evolution help understand how opportunities, as well as agents’ ability and willingness to pursue them, change over time. Effects of pre-entry experience on opportunity recognition and firm performance are also discussed. |
| Keywords: | opportunities, market process, business conceptions, industry evolution, spin-offs |
| JEL: | B25 D21 M13 L10 |
| Date: | 2006–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esi:evopap:2006-01&r=ino |