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on Innovation |
| By: | Nola Hewitt-Dundas; Ciara Leonard |
| Abstract: | Conceptual perspectives on the innovation process have moved dramatically in the past decade from a linear model of the innovation process to one based on an evolutionary or systems perspective of innovation. This has also been referred to as moving from a closed to an open innovation paradigm. In this systems perspective, innovation networks are critical with innovation being driven by interaction and co-operation between firms and other organisations. Empirical research has supported this paradigmatic shift by providing evidence that firms engaged in innovation networks are more likely to undertake innovation, have higher sales from innovation and be growing faster. From a resource based view of the firm this might suggest that the competitive position of the firm is due to their internal resource base being enhanced through external innovation links. For small firms, innovation links may be particularly important in providing access to financial, technological and human resources and increasing the probability of innovation. Together, the conceptual and empirical literatures have encouraged changes in policy initiatives to promote innovation resulting in the formulation of regional and national innovation strategies. This paper draws on longitudinal plant-level survey data in Ireland from 1991 to 2002 (Irish Innovation Panel) to determine if evidence exists to support the conceptual perspective that innovation links have increased in recent years. The data analysis also examines if there have been changes in the intensity of innovation links, and if differences exist in innovation links by firm size, sector, ownership or location over the period. The paper also compares the use of horizontal and vertical links and examines if this has changed over the 1991 to 2002 period. This is significant given increased emphasis on technology transfer initiatives by the public sector in recent years. The paper also examines the extent to which the pattern of innovation links reflect the underlying innovation system and public policy initiatives to promote technology transfer and networking as implemented throughout Ireland from 1991 to 2002. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p608&r=ino |
| By: | Jaakko Simonen |
| Abstract: | Innovation is the driving force of the economy and it is the most important factor to the competitiveness of firms. Firms' capability to innovate, introduce new products to the market and develop new production methods has a significant effect on their success in the domestic and international markets. The role of innovativeness is emphasised particularly in the industries with a high growth rate and rapidly developing technology. This paper investigates the innovativeness of Finnish high technology firms, more precisely their local business units, between 1996 and 2002. Innovativeness of local business units is measured in terms of their ability to introduce both product and process innovations. The role of internal and external factors on the innovativeness of local units is analysed by the means of the probit analysis. An important and novel feature of my paper is that our data provides a unique chance to evaluate the role of two important channels of technological diffusion, R & D cooperation between the firms and institutions and the inter-firm mobility of labour for the innovativeness of high technology establishments. Econometric results reveal that internal factors of local units affect their ability to introduce product and process innovations differently. I find evidence that R & D cooperation, both between firms and between firms and research institutions, can act as a significant catalyst for innovation activity. Moreover, our empirical findings give some evidence that worker inflows, and thereby technology diffusion from other firms, has an effect on the innovativeness of the high technology establishments. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p462&r=ino |
| By: | Wilson Suzigan; Joao Furtado; Renato Garcia; Sergio Sampaio |
| Abstract: | This paper develops multiple indicators to map the geographical distribution of knowledge and scientific and technological capabilities as proxies of the geographical distribution of Science, Technology & Innovation activities, and applies such indicators to data and information from the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The overall view of the geographical distribution of S,T&I activities in the state is complemented by the analysis of the same activities in the perspective of a local production and innovation system: the case of information and communication technologies in the micro-region of Campinas. The results show a pattern for the regional distributions of S,T&I activities along the main highways of the state, around metropolitan areas such as São Paulo and Campinas, and in regions where educational, science and technology, and R&D institutions are strongly concentrated. Firms tend to agglomerate in these areas and regions, forming local production and innovation systems. The paper produces evidence on the adherence of the geographical distribution of those systems to the geographical distribution of S,T&I activities as shown by the indicators. This confirms the empirical findings of the literature about the relationship between geography and innovation. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p362&r=ino |
| By: | Baldwin, John R.; Gu, Wulong |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the determinants of innovation and the role of innovation in productivity growth, shifts in market share and survival in the Canadian manufacturing sector. It presents a model that examines the effect of innovation on plant performance and plant survival. |
| Keywords: | National accounts, Science and technology, Manufacturing, Productivity, Innovation, Manufacturing industries |
| Date: | 2004–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp5e:2004022e&r=ino |
| By: | Carine Peeters (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels); Bruno Van Pottelsberghe (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels) |
| Abstract: | This study relies on a Cobb-Douglas production function to assess the relationship between the development of innovation capabilities by firms and their labor productivity. Intra-organizational capabilities relate to firms’ corporate culture and work organization, generation of innovative ideas and selection of projects, and innovation funding sources. Inter-organizational capabilities relate to the use of external information from vertical partners, competitors, and consultants, and to R&D partnerships with scientific institutions. In addition to the traditional effect of a growth in the ratio of physical capital per employee, both types of innovation capabilities are found to significantly increase labor productivity. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, organizational capabilities, performance, labor productivity. |
| JEL: | O32 O33 L25 M21 |
| Date: | 2004–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:04-030&r=ino |
| By: | Michael Fritsch; Viktor Slavtchev |
| Abstract: | There is a broad consent that the extent, quality as well as the success of innovation activity is critically dependent on the generation and the application of knowledge. It is also widely recognized that innovation processes have a pronounced regional dimension and that the conditions for innovation activity may differ considerably between geographic areas. We investigate the contribution of different inputs, particularly different knowledge sources, on regional patenting output in the framework of a knowledge production function. Earlier work (Fritsch & Franke, 2004) suggests that there are considerable differences with regard to the role of different types of knowledge for innovation activity. These different types of knowledge have different degrees of localization. We expect that the impact of the knowledge sources differs by field of as well as according to the type of institution (university vs. non-university public research institution). .One may, therefore, expects that the technology opportunity differs across sectors and geographical areas. However, little is known about such differences. The innovation indicator used in our analysis is the number of patents. The knowledge sources included are: •R&D employment, •R&D employment in small firms and large firms respectively, •Qualification of the regional workforce, •Qualification of employees in small firms and large firms respectively, •Size (number of employees, budget) of public research institutions by field of research. •Amount of research funds from private firms by field of study. •Amount of external research funds from public departments by field of study. •Amount of external research funds from the German Science Foundation (DFG) by field of study. The contribution of these knowledge sources is tested systematically on the level of German districts (Kreise). Information on the different knowledge sources is available for each district on a yearly basis. We test the influence of the knowledge sources in different specifications by including the respective information for the particular region and for adjacent regions. This will reveal the role of local knowledge and of interregional knowledge spillovers for innovation behavior. We expect that technology performance of regions is a path dependent process. The analysis is performed for German regions in the 1990s. Information on the yearly number of patents relates to the years 1995-2000. regional employment is taken from the German Social Insurance Statistics. Information on universities and their funds are taken from the German Hochschulstatistik which has been especially prepared for this analysis. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p623&r=ino |
| By: | Aikaterini Kokkinou |
| Abstract: | There is a huge literature for the role and the implications of entrepreneurship on innovation activities and economic growth, through ‘regional systems of innovation’. This paper attempts to define the main determinant factors of entrepreneurial and innovation activities. In particular, the paper attempts to analyze, using an econometric approach, the effects of entrepreneurship on innovation activities and furthermore to clarify the implication on regional system of innovation, competitiveness, modernization process and regional growth. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p419&r=ino |
| By: | Carine Peeters (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels); Bruno Van Pottelsberghe (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels) |
| Abstract: | Specific innovation capabilities enable large firms to depart from constant returns to scale and benefit from significant economies of scale. These capabilities improve the quality of the labor force organization and therefore positively impact labor productivity. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, firm capabilities, labor productivity, returns to scale. |
| JEL: | O32 O33 L25 M21 |
| Date: | 2005–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:05-002&r=ino |
| By: | George Korres; Theodoros Iosifides; George Tsobanoglou |
| Abstract: | Technological change and innovation activities contribute essentially to the regional dimension and productivity growth. The technological infrastructure and innovation capabilities affect not only the regional growth, but also the whole periphery and economy as well. In the last decades, OECD /introduced some measures and indexes, concerning the Research and Development Expenditures, patents etc., that measuring the innovation activities. However, there are a lot of problems and questions regarding the measurement of innovation activities at a regional level. This paper attempts to analyze the whole framework of innovation and technological activities and in particular to examine the methodological approaches, the appropriate measurement and also the statistical indices for estimation of productivity growth. On this context, it’s also aiming to emphasize and to review the appropriate techniques, the most common methods and to analyze the particular methodological and statistical problems. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p10&r=ino |
| By: | Manfred M. Fischer; Thomas Scherngell; Eva Jansenberger |
| Abstract: | The focus in this paper is on knowledge spillovers between high-technology firms in Europe, as captured by patent citations. High-technology is defined to include the ISIC-sectors aerospace (ISIC 3845), electronics-telecommunication (ISIC 3832), computers and office equipment (ISIC 3825), and pharmaceuticals (ISIC 3522). The European coverage is given by patent applications at the European Patent Office that are assigned to high-technology firms located in the EU-25 member states, the two accession countries Bulgaria and Romania, and Norway and Switzerland. By following the paper trail left by citations between these high-technology patents we adopt a Poisson spatial interaction modelling perspective to identify and measure spatial separation effects to interregional knowledge spillovers. In doing so we control for technological proximity between the regions, as geographical distance could be just proxying for technological proximity. The study produces prima facie evidence that geography matters. First, geographical distance has a significant impact on knowledge spillovers, and this effect is substantial. Second, national border effects are important and dominate geographical distance effects. Knowledge flows within European countries more easily than across. Not only geography, but also technological proximity matters. Interregional knowledge flows are industry specific and occur most often between regions located close to each other in technological space. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p5&r=ino |
| By: | Tomi Tura; Vesa Harmaakorpi |
| Abstract: | Regional innovation environment has experienced remarkable changes in the recent decades. Innovativeness at regional level is seen as a consequence of networked co-operation in a regional innovation system, which sets demands for new kinds of regional innovation policy applications. The current article presents network-facilitating innovation policy (NFIP) as a policy tool for promoting regional innovative capability. The new policies are crying out for new means for evaluating changes in regional innovation systems. There have been some interesting efforts to develop adequate measures for regional innovativeness. However, there are several problems with the existing measures. There seems to be a lack of clear distinction between innovation performance and innovative capability, and a corresponding neglect of the latter. Moreover, it is argued that the existing measures undermine the processual nature of innovativeness as well as the importance of non-technological innovations. The present article tries to overcome some of these problems in the context of network-facilitating innovation policy. It outlines the framework of network-based innovative capability (NBIC) measure at a regional level. The article also presents the first experiences of applying NBIC measure in the Lahti region in Finland. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p680&r=ino |
| By: | Gu, Wulong; Gera, Surendra |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the issue of whether investment in information and communication technologies, combined with organizational changes and worker skills, contribute to better performance in Canadian firms. |
| Keywords: | Labour, Science and technology, Business enterprises, Employees, Innovation, Business conditions |
| Date: | 2004–11–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp1e:2004007e&r=ino |
| By: | Danny Soetanto; Marina Van Geenhuizen |
| Abstract: | It is widely accepted that new knowledge underpinned innovation and growth influences economic activities. Economic agents rely not only on their own knowledge but also knowledge from others, whether it be codified and ’transferred via ICT’ or in tacit form. Moreover, it has long been argued that the acquisition of latter type of knowledge is influenced by geographic proximity. Based on this argument, it follows that the part firms’ supply of knowledge depends on how close, in terms of physical distance, to other firms, suppliers, customers, and research institutions, they are located. They are all can be categorize as a pool of knowledge that important for the firms’ growth and innovation capacity. Today, we witness many initiatives from policy makers around the world to compete in an increasingly technology- driven global economy through the establishing of technology incubators. Technology incubators can be conceived as organizations and/or facilities to enhance high-technology firm establishment and survival. Mostly they are located near the university or research center. There are many success stories on the contribution of incubators to the regional growth. At the same time, technology incubators have been widely criticized in the academic literature when judged in terms of regional innovation and knowledge development. The critics include the relying on an outdated, linear, model of innovation, which assumes that knowledge can be transferred directly from university to firms. However, innovation is now widely recognized as a complex non-linear process involving feedback loops and the creation of synergies through a diverse range of knowledge networks. Therefore, our understanding about knowledge spillover processes connected with incubator is yet poor. Very little is known about the mechanisms of knowledge exchange and spillover initiated by incubator and their role in supporting the growth of the firm. In this study we draw on the current body of literature, mainly agglomeration theories, and use the concepts of tacit knowledge and context to understand how knowledge spillovers actually take place. Our objective is to build a conceptual framework that describes how technology incubators operate as a mediator of knowledge for their tenants. In addition, based on empirical data of high-technology start-ups at TU Delft (The Netherlands), this study tests the proposition that not only geographic proximity to the university, but also that relations with other firms, particularly customers and suppliers matters. We also consider the function of ICT in shaping the new role of technology incubators in providing knowledge support. By explicitly analyzing the knowledge spillovers and mediation role offered by technology incubators, we seek to open up the ‘black box’ of the incubation process as a source of learning and gaining knowledge resources. We conclude the paper with a few recommendations for policymaking and further research. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p621&r=ino |
| By: | Baldwin, John R.; Beckstead, Desmond; Gellatly, Guy |
| Abstract: | Estimates of GDP are sensitive to whether a business expenditure is treated as an investment or an intermediate input. Shifting an expenditure category from intermediate expenditures to investment expenditures increases GDP. While the international guide to measurement (the SNA (93)) recognizes that R&D has certain characteristics that make it more akin to an investment than an intermediate expenditure, it did not recommend that R&D be treated as an investment because of problems in finding a "clear criteria for delineating [R&D] from other activities". This paper examines whether the use of the OECD Frascati definition is adequate for this purpose. It argues that it is too narrow and that attempts to modify the National Accounts would not be well served by its adoption. In particular, it argues that the appropriate concept of R&D that is required for the Accounts should incorporate a broad range of science-based innovation costs and that this broader R&D concept is amenable to measurement. Finally, the paper argues that failing to move in the direction of an expanded definition of R&D capital will have consequences for comparisons of Canadian GDP to that of other countries - in particular, our largest trading partner, the United States. It would provide a biased estimate of Canada's GDP relative to the United States. If all science-based innovation expenditures are to be capitalized, GDP will increase. But it appears that Canada's innovation system is directed more towards non-R&D science-based expenditures than the innovation systems of many other countries. If Canada were to only capitalize the narrow Frascati definition of R&D expenditures and not a broader class of science-based innovation expenditures, we would significantly bias estimates of Canadian GDP relative to those for other countries, such as the United States, whose innovation systems concentrate more on traditional R&D expenditures. |
| Keywords: | Science and technology, National accounts, Business enterprises, Innovation, Investment and Fixed Assets, Business conditions |
| Date: | 2005–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp5e:2005032e&r=ino |
| By: | Börje Johansson; Hans Lööf; Amy Rade Olsson |
| Abstract: | This study elucidates the relationship between localisation of firms, corporate structure, intellectual capital and innovations.The main finding is that a greater concentration of multinational firms, human capital, T&D and universities is significantly and positive associated with research productivity. All other things equal, such as firm size, sector classification, human capital, corporate owner structure and R&D investment, the return to an invested Euro in R&D is, at the margin, greatest for firms localized to the capital of Sweden, compared to four other large regions. However, surprisingly Stockholm firms also have a lower propensity to cooperate with scientific, vertical and horisontal innovation systems. This may reflect limitations of popular survey-based information such as Community Innovation Survey data to capture spillover and the importance of informal collaborative relationships within regions. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p108&r=ino |
| By: | Stephen Roper; Nola Hewitt-Dundas |
| Abstract: | Innovation grants are a ubiquitous feature of industrial support regimes across the industrial world. Evidence on their effectiveness is less widespread, however, due to a lack of consistent longitudinal or panel data on innovation outcomes and company performance. In this paper we investigate the effectiveness of R&D and innovation grants support in Ireland and Northern Ireland using panel data and a sample selection approach to the modelling of grant impacts. The study is based on the Irish Innovation Panel which provides panel data on the innovation activities of manufacturing firms in Ireland and Northern Ireland over the 1991-2002 period. The use of panel data allows us to investigate the medium to long-term effect of innovation grant support. In other words, we are able to identify whether the receipt of an innovation grant merely increases innovation activity in the short-term or has any lasting effect on either innovation capability or firms’ technological trajectory. The latter outcome is clearly desirable for any region or nation seeking to use innovation grants as a means of boosting long term competitiveness. The use of a sample selection approach allows us to identify separately the ‘selection’ and ‘assistance’ elements of the impact of any innovation grant. In other words, it allows us to control for the positive effects of any targeting of assistance on more innovative or better performing companies and isolate the ‘true’ effect of any innovation grant. To our knowledge this is the first time this approach has been used to assess the impact of innovation grant support although the technique has been used by the authors in a previous analysis of small business assistance. Our results suggest very different time profiles in terms of the benefits from product and process innovation grants suggesting alternative managerial and regional development strategies. Grant support is also found to have strong positive effects on innovation activity even allowing for a wide range of conditioning effects. Our results therefore suggest the continued value of innovation grant support as an element of regions’ industrial support regimes. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p478&r=ino |
| By: | Nola Hewitt-Dundas; Bernadette Andreosso-O'Callaghan; Helena Lenihan |
| Abstract: | Systemic thinking on innovation policy highlights the breadth of policies which can influence innovation e.g. skills, inward investment, enterprise, regulation and competition policy. This suggests that innovation policy must be examined holistically, both in terms of the framework conditions to promote innovation as well as in terms of more targeted or specific policy to promote innovation at the enterprise level e.g. financial incentives to enterprises. It has been suggested that national innovation policy tends to reinforce the strengths of a country’s industrial system, particularly in relation to large firms and the promotion of R&D in core technologies and focuses less on innovation transfer which is often left to regional technological policy initiatives. In lagging regional economies, which are often dominated by SME’s, this presents specific challenges for innovation policy. This paper presents a comparative analysis of innovation policy at both the national and regional levels in Ireland and Northern Ireland respectively, over the 1990s. In both Ireland and Northern Ireland the period from 1991-99 was marked by expansion as measured by steady output growth for manufacturing as a whole (albeit at substantially lower levels in Northern Ireland than in Ireland). In Ireland this largely reflected rapid economic growth of output in the high-tech sectors, itself a consequence of inward investment and re-investment. Despite growth in gross expenditure on R&D over the 1990s closely related to output growth, Ireland’s investment in R&D (at 0.95% of GNP) lags behind Slovenia, Norway, the UK, Austria, Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Finland, Sweden, the US and Japan. This paper assesses the role of national innovation policy in Ireland and regional innovation policy in Northern Ireland. A number of issues are addressed, such as; to what extent did innovation policy in Ireland and Northern Ireland merely sustain prevailing economic strengths or was it instrumental in overcoming specific deficiencies in R&D investment and moulding current economic strengths? What effect does the underlying industrial structure have in shaping innovation policy in terms of industrial sectors, ownership and the size distribution of firms? What differences are evident between national innovation policy initiatives and regional innovation initiatives, particularly in a lagging region? Innovation policy is examined in terms of targeted assistance i.e. direct government financial support for business sector investment in R&D. This is based on a database of all grant offers (Northern Ireland) and payments (Ireland) made by the industrial development agencies in Ireland and Northern Ireland over the 1991 to 2001 period which was developed for this paper. The paper emphasises issues concerning the concentration of R&D investment, change in the balance between pre-competitive and near market R&D and the move towards financial incentives for innovation transfer of R&D. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p606&r=ino |
| By: | Richard J. Sullivan; Zhu Wang |
| Abstract: | This paper studies endogenous diffusion and impact of a cost-saving technological innovation -- Internet Banking. When the innovation is initially introduced, large banks have an advantage to adopt it first and enjoy further growth of size. Over time, as the innovation diffuses into smaller banks, the aggregate bank size distribution increases stochastically towards a new steady state. Applying the theory to a panel study of Internet Banking diffusion across 50 US states, we examine the technological, economic and institutional factors governing the process. The empirical findings allow us to disentangle the interrelationship between Internet Banking adoption and growth of average bank size, and explain the variation of diffusion rates across geographic regions. |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedkpw:psrwp05-05&r=ino |
| By: | Eleftherios Sapsalis (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels); Bruno Van Pottelsberghe (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels); Ran Navon (Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels) |
| Abstract: | This paper compares corporate and academic patents in order to test whether the sectors apply for patents with similar values and similar determinants of value. The determinants of patent value are mainly related to the identification of institutional sources of knowledge. The results show that : (i) the value distributions show a similar skewness for both corporate and academic patents; (ii) the determinants of patent value are broadly similar, except for incremental inventions arising from the academic sector; (iii) co-applications with other public institutions is worth it only for universities. The policy implications suggested by these results are the positive impact of collaborative R&D, and the need to focus on researchers with a high scientific profile in terms of publications in order to crystallize their scientific expertise -or tacit knowledge- into high value patents. These conclusions hold for both the academic and corporate sectors. |
| Keywords: | Patent value, biotechnology, academic patenting. |
| JEL: | L33 O33 O34 |
| Date: | 2005–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:05-008&r=ino |
| By: | Baldwin, John R. |
| Abstract: | The paper examines how Canadian manufacturing plants have responded to reductions in tariff barriers between Canada and the rest of world over the past two decades. |
| Keywords: | Trade, National accounts, Science and technology, Exports, Productivity, Innovation |
| Date: | 2004–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp5e:2004027e&r=ino |
| By: | Pamela Mueller |
| Abstract: | Why do regions post different growth rates and differences in technological progress? Knowledge creation and knowledge spillovers are an important element in stimulating economic development. Recent empirical studies have shown that knowledge spillovers positively affect technological change and economic growth. Other studies have shown that knowledge spillovers do not occur automatically, hence, it is less clear which mechanisms facilitate and foster knowledge flows. This paper focuses on the exploitation of opportunities and commercialization of knowledge, namely the transformation of knowledge into products, processes and organizations, and their contribution to regional economic growth. The degree of knowledge exploitation may differ across regions because the level of research and development activities varies, incumbent firms might not exploit new opportunities to the full extent, and new knowledge generated in research institutions and universities is hardly translated into new products or services . It may be argued that a knowledge filter exists limiting the total conversion of knowledge into new products, processes and organizations (for details, see Acs, Audretsch, Braunerhjelm & Carlsson, 2003). This paper introduces entrepreneurship and university-industry relations as mechanisms for knowledge spillovers and determinants of economic growth. Entrepreneurial activity can be assumed as a mechanism by which knowledge spillover occurs. Many radical innovations have been introduced by new firms rather than by incumbents, because the set-up of one’s own business might be the most promising possibility to commercialize knowledge (Audretsch, 1995). University-industry relations may be another mechanism facilitating the exploitation of knowledge and the flow of ideas (Mansfield, 1991, 1998). If the generated knowledge at universities is transferred via research partnerships it may accelerate technology transfer and enable firms to develop new products and process (Cohen, Nelsen & Walsh, 2002, Mansfield 1991 and 1998). The empirical modeling framework develops a regional model of economic growth and analyzes if the region’s absorptive capacity, entrepreneurship and university-industry relations drive economic growth. The results of the empirical analysis suggest that new ventures and partnerships between university and industry amplify the permeability of the knowledge filter and thus spur economic growth. The paper also gives an outlook and discusses implications for public policy to stimulate entrepreneurship and university-industry relations. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p610&r=ino |
| By: | Deng, Yi (Department of Economics, Southern Methodist University) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at quantifying the economic value of knowledge spillovers by exploring information contained in patent citations. We estimate a market valuation equation for semiconductor firms during the 1980s and 1990s, and find an average value in the amount of $0.6 to 1.2 million "R&D-equivalent" dollars for the knowledge spillovers as embodied in one patent citation. For an average semiconductor firm, such an estimate implies that the total value of knowledge spillovers the firm received furing the sample period could be as high as half of its actual total R&D expenditures in the same period. This provides a direct measure of the economic values of the social returns or externalities of relevant technological innovations. We also find that the value of knowledge spillovers declines as the size of the firm's patent portfolio increases, and that self citations are more valuable than external citations, indicating a significant amount of tacit knowledge or know-how spillovers that occur within the firm. |
| Keywords: | Knowledge Spillovers, Patent Citation, R&D Expenditure, Tobin's Q |
| JEL: | O33 O34 |
| Date: | 2005–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smu:ecowpa:0516&r=ino |
| By: | Martina Kauffeld-Monz |
| Abstract: | Usually, analyses of knowledge spillovers, if not relying on aggregated data, are based either on surveys conducted with enterprises or on surveys conducted with research establishments. Comparative case studies on micro level that include both groups are rather the exception. Therefore the knowledge transfer mostly can be illustrated just for one of these groups. Moreover knowledge and information rarely are differentiated. The set of data used in this paper allows to overcome these weaknesses. Based on 23 innovation networks located in the eastern part of Germany, the knowledge and information transfer between almost 700 participants, which interacted during a period of 5 years, can be observed. Following the pattern of regional systems of innovation (RIS) within the dataset the distinction of certain groups of participants is arranged (e.g. manufacturing enterprises, service enterprises, universities, non-university research establishments). Their uniform and common reference system - the respective regional innovation network – can be seen as additional quality of the data. The first part of the paper focuses on the determinants of knowledge spillovers within these innovation networks. It is analyzed, in what respect the co-operation experiences and in particular the network experience of the participants have a relevance regarding the knowledge transfer. Beyond that it is examined whether network characteristics (e.g. the coherence of the network on the whole; strength of ties in detail) affect the knowledge transfer. It is also examined whether intensive contacts affect only the transfer of knowledge, or whether the intensity of contact equally shape the information flow. Finally it is analysed, if division of labour is connected with the range of knowledge transfer. In the second part of the paper empirical results are presented that demonstrate the central role played by public research institutions in the process of knowledge transfer. The results indicate that universities are adding most information and most knowledge within the networked process of innovation. The winners of knowledge exchange – considering absolute as well as relative profits – are the manufacturing enterprises. Further the results confirm the assumption that public research holds an “antenna function” (boundary spanning function) for the enterprises due to its integration into the international science community. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p440&r=ino |
| By: | Silviya Draganinska; Ruediger Wink |
| Abstract: | Many scientific papers deal with the relevance of geographical proximity for the generation, acquisition and exploitation of new knowledge. SME in medium technology sectors serve as typical examples for firms, which are dependent on geographical proximity to sales markets and knowledge, as they have only limited resources for international knowledge strategies and need only incremental improvements integrated within tacit routine-based knowledge due to the maturity of their technologies. Increasing internationalisation of production systems, how-ever, challenges geographically concentrated firms, and many policy initiatives and regional agencies have been introduced to help SME to extend their scope of knowledge flows. The paper will present a theoretical model on institutional prerequisites for SME to overcome the need for geographical proximity in the context of innovation and learning. The model is based on innovation system and knowledge management approaches but extend these approaches to evolutionary institutional processes including the role of cognitive patterns and trust. First empirical results of investigating a cluster in the German machinery sector will be used to proof the suitability of the theoretical model and to discuss policy recommendations on the national and supranational level. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p381&r=ino |
| By: | José L. Calvo |
| Abstract: | The article analyses the role played by size and innovation in the growth of industrial employment in Spain during the period 1998-2002. The analysis is conducted using two different approaches: first of all, it studies the relationship, for seventeen Spanish regions, between industrial employment growth and the share of small firms and the presence of high and medium-high technological industries, following Camagni and Capello methodology. Secondly, it uses microdata, at firm level, in order to estimate the significance of size and innovation in the employment growth of those firms, also including regional variables for better explain the changes in employment. The results at regional level for the Spanish case show that there is no a relationship between industrial employment growth and the share of small firms and technological development of the regions. Similar results are obtained estimating a Heckman model using microdata. Independently of the definition of employment used, Gibrat´s law is accepted, showing that size is not a significant variable in order to explain the growth of firms. On the contrary, innovation, specially process innovation, plays an important role in the survival and growth behaviour. The regional variables are not significant, exception made of the share of industry in total employment of regions: the bigger the industrial sector, the higher the growth of employment at firm level. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p51&r=ino |
| By: | Michele Capriati |
| Abstract: | The expenditure capacity in R&D is regarded as an important factor for the growth of modern economies. However, even more important is to understand the interaction between research resources and the single territories together with their concrete impact on innovation processes. In fact it is at the local level that the innovation dynamics based on implicit knowledge are generated and disseminated. In order to analyse these processes the present level of aggregation of R&D expenditure data is limited to administrative regions and is still high, this reducing the ability to carry out more precise investigations. The present paper makes an estimate of R&D expenditure for different institutional categories in Italian municipalities (University, Public Administration, and Business). The estimated database has been completed with economic variables referring to the individual municipalities. This has enabled us to carry out a correlation and a cluster analysis and identify groups of municipalities with different characteristics concerning innovation and local development. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p222&r=ino |
| By: | Eleftherios Sapsalis (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels); Bruno Van Pottelsberghe (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to provide an in-depth analysis of the patenting performances of six Belgian universities over the period 1985-1999. Beside the evolution of the number of patent families, we provide insights about the potential value of these patents (through forward patent citations analysis), about the institutional sources of the knowledge (through non patent citations and backward patent citations), about their international patenting strategy, and the type of co-assignee. The results show that KUL is by far the most productive university in Belgium (both in terms of the number of patent applications and the number of forward citations per patent). This is due to a size effect, a longer history of patenting academic inventions, to a focus on bio-tech patents and to a very productive collaboration with the Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. There is however a clear indication that a catching up process by other universities is taking place, in terms of both the quantity of patent applications and their quality. |
| Keywords: | Patent value, Academic patents, Knowledge sources. |
| JEL: | O33 O34 L33 |
| Date: | 2004–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:04-009&r=ino |
| By: | Chowhan, James |
| Abstract: | The growth in micro-technologies and their widespread diffusion across economic sectors have given rise to what is often described as a New Economy - an economy in which competitive prospects are closely aligned with the firm's innovation and technology practices, and its use of skilled workers. Training is one strategy that many firms undertake in order to improve the quality of their workforce. This study contributes to the expanding body of research in the area of information and communication technologies (ICT). Using data on business sector workplaces from the 1999 Workplace and Employee Survey (WES), we investigate factors related to the incidence and intensity of training. The study focuses on whether training incidence and training intensity are more closely associated with the technological competencies of specific workplaces than with membership in ICT and science-based industry environments. The study finds that training incidence depends more on the technological competencies exhibited by individual workplaces. Among workplaces that decide to train, these technological competencies are also important determinants of the intensity of training. Workplaces which score highly on our index of technological competency are over three times more likely to train than those that rank zero on the competency index. The size of the workplace is also a factor. Large and medium-sized workplaces are 3 and 2.3 times more likely to train than small workplaces, respectively. And workplaces with higher-skilled workforces are more likely to train than workplaces with lower-skilled workforces. For workplaces that choose to train, their technological competency is the main determinant of training intensity. The size of the workplace, the average cost of training, and the skill level of the workforce are also influential factors'but to a lesser extent. Other factors, such as sector, outside sources of funding, and unionization status, are not influential facto |
| Keywords: | Business enterprises, Education, Science and technology, Type of business, Training, Information technology |
| Date: | 2005–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp1e:2005006e&r=ino |
| By: | Eleftherios Sapsalis (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels); Bart Van Looy (Research Division INCENTIM, KUL, Leuven); Bruno Van Pottelsberghe (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels); Koen Debackere (Onderzoeksgroep Bedrijfseconomie, strategie en innovatie (MSI), KUL, Leuven); Julie Callaert (Research Division INCENTIM, KUL, Leuven) |
| Abstract: | the objective of this paper is to analyse the determinants of 87 European universities’ patenting activities. The findings reveal that size of universities and the presence of disciplines (medicine and engineering) are positively associated with the size of the patent portfolio. There is no significant relationship between the R&D intensity of the regional business environment and the amount of patent activity while scientific capabilities do coincide with higher levels of patent activity. Higher levels of patent activity are observed within universities adopting simultaneously a scientific and entrepreneurial orientation. Finally, an additional interaction effect signals the combined, positive, effect of the presence of an entrepreneurial orientation and higher levels of participation of academic staff in valorisation activities. |
| Keywords: | academic patenting. |
| JEL: | O32 O34 O52 |
| Date: | 2005–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:05-005&r=ino |
| By: | Arto Seppä |
| Abstract: | This paper explores survey data focusing on open source software supply collected from 170 Finnish software firms using descriptive statistical analysis. The first half of the report contains general data about software companies and the differences between proprietary and open source firms. The second half focuses on open source firms. A subject of analysis are copyrights, products and services supply, the firms’ relationships with the open source community, and their views on opportunities and obstacles in business. OSS firms tend to be younger and are generally smaller in terms of revenue and personnel than non-OSS firms. In addition, they display more negative attitudes towards patenting. Licensing has much less impact on their sales as compared to non-OSS firms. The majority of open source products are released under the copyleft license. Network effects are seen as biggest obstacles for successful business in the open source field. |
| Keywords: | software industry, open source software, licensing, Finland |
| JEL: | L86 O33 O34 |
| Date: | 2006–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:dpaper:1002&r=ino |
| By: | Hitoshi Tanaka (Graduate School of Economics, Osaka University); Tatsuro Iwaisako (Faculty of Economics, Ritsumeikan University); Koichi Futagami (Graduate School of Economics, Osaka University) |
| Abstract: | Licensing is one of the major sources of international technology transfer to developing countries. This paper clarifies how strengthening intellectual property rights (IPRs) affect innovation and licensing by making use of a quality-ladder type of dynamic general equilibrium model. We explore not only the long-run effects but also the short-run effects of the policy by fully examining the dynamic characteristics of the model. The model shows that stronger IPRs promote innovation and technology transfers in both the long run and the short run if IPR protection greatly reduces the negotiation cost of licensing. |
| Keywords: | Licensing; Innovation; Intellectual property rights; North-South; Technology transfer |
| JEL: | F43 |
| Date: | 2006–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osk:wpaper:0606&r=ino |
| By: | Astrid Romain (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels); Bruno Van Pottelsberghe (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels) |
| Keywords: | Venture capital, Productivity growth, Innovation, Absorptive capacity. |
| JEL: | G24 D24 O32 O33 |
| Date: | 2004–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:04-014&r=ino |
| By: | Anne Lorentzen |
| Abstract: | The paper discusseses the spatial dimensions of innovation in Polish manufacturing companies. The conceptual framework of the paper is an understanding of social networks as a potential resource of the company, whether they are internal or external. Whether the company benefits from the potential resources attached to the network depends on the capabilities characterising the firm in terms of qualifications, organisational characteristics and attitude towards employees and towards other firms. This again is not only determined by personal characteristics of the management and staff, but also by the common perceptions, and the institutional infrastructure prevailing in the (local) society. In Poland the latter is closely connected with the process of transition since 1990. The paper reports from a study among Polish manufacturing companies. It categorises the types of innovation prevailing in the companies and detects the role of networks in the innovation process of the companies. To what extend do the companies draw on external networks, on what points of the innovation process are the networks involved, what kind of networks are involved, and not least, what are the spatial characteristics of the networks (local, national international). Finally how can the network strategy of the companies be explained? What factors seem to determine an active involvement of networks and what other factors seem to explain a self-sufficient strategy of innovation? What is the spatial extension of the networks, and are there systematic differences in the spatial extension of the networks? Does the transitional situation of the Polish society seem to favour certain strategies of innovation? |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p312&r=ino |
| By: | Otto Raspe; Frank Van Oort; Lambert Van der Laan |
| Abstract: | The strong emergence of ICT in the past decades was accompanied by much research on the potential productivity boosting qualities of ICT: high productivity growth was expected. However, empirical evidence on the productivity impact of ICT stayed behind: the Solow paradox. Since then analytical steps were made by using alternative indicators for both ICT adoption and productivity and including longer time periods, distinctions in types of economic activities and adding micro level and firm specific characteristics like size, age, and intensity of innovation. Moreover, ICT was linked to network relations including externalities. These adaptations led to outcomes in favour of a positive relation between the use of ICT and productivity. However, most convincing in this debate was the finding that the effects of ICT on economic performance should be analysed from a perspective which, besides ICT, includes changes in knowledge and organisations. Knowledge is defined here broadly and includes both codified and tacit knowledge. In this paper we focus on the trinity ‘ICT, knowledge and organization’ and add the regional dimension to this. Based on economic literature our hypothesis is that regions where firms increasingly use ICT show a stronger growth of added value and productivity. This positive relationship is, however, co-determined by changes in the broadly defined knowledge level. The use of ICT by firms is analysed at different levels of urbanism in the Netherlands. Most central is the distinction between the metropolitan Randstad, the intermediate zone and the national periphery. By this regional distinction the debate on the centrifugal and centripetal effects of ICT (the death of distance) is included. The empirical measurement as such is based on the low spatial scale of 496 municipalities. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p129&r=ino |
| By: | Maria Manuela Natário; Paulo Alexandre Neto |
| Abstract: | The competitiveness of regions it is strong linked with innovation dynamics. This dynamics requires the involvement of different actors of the territory, namely, the set of actors with capacity and power to influence the territorial activities: the governance system. Thus, the vigorous attitude and participation of the firms and of institutional associative actors on innovation pressure the innovative performance of the territory. Hence, the aim of this paper is analyse the process of innovation in a transterritorial view and illustrate a perspective of innovation that reflect the better performance innovative of the territory depends of different characteristics of the milieu and evaluate the important conditions for dynamics of innovation. We use the results of survey applied to a vast set of firms and institutional/associative actors for distinguish profiles of involvement in innovation activities and for analyse and perceive which attributes or variables of territory are related with the best performance on innovation. The study looks at five sub regions of the transborder region of central region Portuguese and Spanish: Raia Central Ibérica (three Portuguese and two Spanish). |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p353&r=ino |
| By: | Gu, Wulong; Gera, Surendra |
| Abstract: | Dans ce document, on vise à déterminer si les investissements dans les technologies de l'information et des communications, combinés à des changements organisationnels et aux compétences des travailleurs, contribuent à améliorer le rendement des entreprises canadiennes. |
| Keywords: | Travail, Science et technologie, Entreprises commerciales, Employés, Innovation, Conjoncture économiques |
| Date: | 2004–11–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp1f:2004007f&r=ino |
| By: | Frank Van Oort; Otto Raspe |
| Abstract: | How can cities and metropolitan regions remain prosperous and competitive in a rapidly changing economy? In our paper we argue that ‘the knowledge economy’ offers perspectives for growth and added value creation. The paper clarifies what elements the knowledge economy actually consists of, how it can be measured in statistical indicators, in which regions and cities in the Netherlands the knowledge economy has its most significant imprints and what statistical association there is between these regions and cities and relatively good economic performance of firms. We test two contrasting hypotheses often heard in the international literature. The current embedding of knowledge externalities in endogenous economic growth theory have led to important contributions that stress the urban character knowledge transmission in particular. The reasoning is that if knowledge spillovers and –externalities are important to growth and innovation, they should be more easily identified in cities where many people are concentrated into a relatively small geographic space so that knowledge can be transmitted between them more easily. Much recent research indeed finds a limited extent of spatial spillovers and a large degree of local clustering. Alternatively, a large body of literature on Western spatial configurations of innovation and high-technology firms predominantly stresses the supposed ‘urban field’ character of firm performance: location and agglomeration aspects do not seem to have a systematic impact on the distribution of innovative and growth inducing activities over space. We test the urban hypothesis using spatial econometric modeling techniques. On the one hand, the fact that a distance squared distance weight matrix in spatial lag estimations fits the performance data best in relation to knowledge economy factors indicates that spatial relations are limited and urban fixed. On the other hand, the significance of several spatial regimes though (especially those of the Randstad core region, the so-called intermediate zone and medium-sized cities) indicates that the urban structure related to the knowledge economy and economic performance is not straightforward hierarchical (largest cities are not the relatively most attached to the knowledge economy). Both hypotheses (urban and non-urban) are too extreme to fit the Dutch situation. We also conclude that the locational attributes of the factor ‘knowledge workers’ are much more significantly related to economic growth and added value (in practically all specifications over regimes and spatial lag estimations) than the R&D-based innovation input factor. This questions Dutch policy initiatives that mainly focus on R&D as stimulator of the ‘knowledge economy’. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p165&r=ino |
| By: | Jesse Weltevreden; Karlijn De Kruijf; Oedzge Atzema; Koen Frenken; Frank Van Oort |
| Abstract: | Business-to-consumer (b2c) e-commerce can be regarded as a disruptive process innovation that can make existing business models obsolete. B2c e-commerce provides retailers the possibility of a new service concept, new client interface and even delivery system. The history of retailing is replete of such innovations, like the introduction of department stores, mail order etcetera. It is only recently that researchers from various disciplines are examining the way retailers respond to b2c e-commerce as a major new innovation. Despite the growing attention from researchers to the adoption of b2c e-commerce by retailers, there is still little known about rate and extent of this innovation adoption process. Furthermore, studies concerning the diffusion of b2c e-commerce in retailing largely lack a geographical context. In this paper we examine the geographical pattern of b2c e-commerce adoption of shops in the Netherlands. A distinction is made between the two main stages in b2c e-commerce adoption that is the adoption of an active website and online sales. The main hypotheses hold that: (1) population density will positively affect the probability of adoption following the hierarchical diffusion theory and (2) the density of shops in the same sector will positively affect the probability of adoption due to inter-firm competition and imitation. In our analyses, we will control for size, sector and organisational form. For this paper we used a subset of the retail location database of Locatus that consists data of 23,312 shops in the Netherlands, which is 17 percent of all shops in the Netherlands. By a time-consuming procedure we searched for the Internet strategy of the individual shops in our dataset. To improve the accuracy, the data is currently re-examined by two trained coders. The subset contains location data of shops in nine retail categories: supermarkets; drug stores; perfume & cosmetic stores; ladies wear; family wear; menswear; book stores; CD stores; and computers stores that have adopted the Internet. Furthermore, the dataset distinguishes seven types of shopping centres: solitary urban locations; neighbourhood centres; city district centres; city centres; large-scale (peripheral) retail concentrations; business parks; and solitary peripheral locations. Other geographical classifications included in the dataset are: Zip code; municipality; and province. Given the variety of geographical levels in combination with the large number of cases, we will use multi-level analysis to investigate the relevance of geography for retail Internet adoption. We will include three geographical levels in the multi-level analysis: (1) shopping centres, (2) municipalities, and (3) COROP regions or provinces. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p228&r=ino |
| By: | Olivier Mortehan (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels); Bruno Van Pottelsberghe (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides evidence showing that collaborative agreements in the IT industry contribute to decrease the R&D intensity of the largest firms. This is particularly true for acquisitions (as opposed to alliances, consortia and joint ventures) and for the mixed agreements (i.e. with a sales, marketing and technological content). |
| Keywords: | collaborative agreement, R&D intensity, IT industry |
| JEL: | O31 L63 M21 |
| Date: | 2005–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:05-007&r=ino |
| By: | Jorge Bateira |
| Abstract: | Following Nelson and Winter’s (1982) evolutionary critique of neoclassical view of technical change and economic growth, there appeared an abundant literature on National Innovation Systems (NIS) putting an emphasis on learning processes and institutions as important factors that shape the specific dynamics of growth in each country. Some scholars extended the discussion to sub-national territories, thereby giving origin to a new approach to regional development based on the concept of Regional Innovation Systems (RIS). Production and transfer of knowledge, and the role of institutions, are two major research domains in those strands of economics literature. However, the first one is largely dominated by H. Simon’ cognitivism, which is under serious critique from an interactivist-constructivist perspective; the second is mostly descriptive, lacking a theoretical discussion about the ontology of institutions. The paper critically discusses the theoretical assumptions usually adopted in the IS literature, and proposes conceptual alternatives. The latter provide a theoretical framework more close to the sociological research and lead to serious doubts that innovation processes organise into systems. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p374&r=ino |
| By: | Jeroen Van den Bergh; Frans Oosterhuis |
| Abstract: | Evolutionary economics offers clear insights into the mechanisms that underlie innovations, structural change and transitions. It is therefore of great value for the framing of policies aimed at fostering a transition to a sustainable development. This paper offers an overview of the main insights of evolutionary economics and derives core concepts, namely ‘diversity’, ‘innovation’, ‘selection environment’, ‘bounded rationality’, ‘path dependence and lock-in’, and ‘coevolution’. These concepts are subsequently used to formulate guidelines for the role of the government and the design of public policies, such as the learning from historical technological pathways and the creation of an extended level playing field. In addition, the developments of certain energy technologies are examined in detail within the adopted evolutionary economics framework. Three particular technologies received attention, namely fuel cells, nuclear fusion, and photovoltaic cells. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p823&r=ino |
| By: | Eliana Baici; Cinzia Mainini |
| Abstract: | The role of innovation for global competition as well as its influence upon economic growth have gradually increased the interest for this subject, both from an economic and from a political point of view. Basing on the existing literature, this paper aims at measuring and describing the innovative capability of italian regional systems, so as to improve the comprehension of this phenomenon as well as of its effects. Plenty of input, output and context conditions are considered, since the systemic nature of innovation requires a simultaneous analysis of all possible variables, actors and relationships involved. Eighty indicators are selected and used to create syntetic measures about innovation and regional economic development. Best solutions are pointed out, paying attention to their score, internal composition and sustainability. Not only the intensity but also the nature of the relationship between innovation input and output and between innovation and economic growth is studied by means of independence, cograduation and interdependence indicators, as well as through the application of regression models. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p483&r=ino |
| By: | Alexander Kaufmann |
| Abstract: | Metropolitan regions are important locations of innovation networks. They comprise a broad variety of high tech firms, producer services, research organizations, financial organizations, training institutions and other private and public organizations which are contributing to innovation. Such regions, however, are typically larger than the administrative entity of the core city. This applies also to the greater Vienna urban region, the most important concentration of innovation-related institutions in Austria. This paper analyses the potential role of the municipal authorities of Vienna in supporting and shaping the metropolitan innovation system. This is a complex task because many important elements of the innovation networks of local firms are located outside the city or the metropolitan region. And even those organizations which have their physical location in the city are sometimes controlled from abroad (e.g. foreign owned subsidiaries) or by other, in particular national, administrative levels (e.g. federal universities). Based on a survey of innovation networks in the Vienna urban region, basic structural features of these networks - types of partners, their location and the kind of relations between them - are presented. From these results, conclusions concerning the design of urban innovation policy - its potential scope and effectiveness, reasonable priorities and inevitable limits - are drawn. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p126&r=ino |
| By: | Carolina Castaldi; Roberto Fontana; Alessandro Nuvolari |
| Abstract: | We revisit the notion of technological trajectories by means of a detailed case-study of the evolution of tank technology between 1915 and 1945. We use principal component analysis to analyze the distribution of technological characteristics and how they map into specific service characteristics. We find that, despite the existence of differences in technical leadership, tank designs of different countries show a high degree of overlap and closeness along a common technological trajectory. In the conclusions, we speculate on whether this pattern can be explained by common heuristics that influenced the rate and direction of design activities or by doctrinal viewpoints influencing the development and use of tanks on the battlefield. |
| Keywords: | Technological trajectories, Technological paradigms, Tanks. |
| Date: | 2006–01–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2006/03&r=ino |
| By: | Tomi Tura; Tuomo Uotila |
| Abstract: | The article discusses the case of Finnish universities and polytechnics in re-defining their roles in regional development and especially in regional innovation environment. The so-called third task of universities, together with the regional relevance of polytechnics, has been a central topic in current regional and educational policies. The Finnish system of higher education and research is highly decentralised, including about 50 non-independent regional university units, most of them founded in order to enhance the regional effectiveness of universities. The article introduces the concept of “third task organisations” to describe these units within universities and polytechnics with regional effectiveness as their primary mission. In the article, the role of these units as both regional and scientific actors is discussed. The analysis identifies certain “non-traditional” forms of regional effectiveness of universities and polytechnics in the context of regional innovation environment. Building on this analysis, a new conceptual model of regional effectiveness is developed. As a case study, three different third task organisations within polytechnics and regional university units are analysed. It is argued that they form a challenge to the way universities, and perhaps polytechnics, too, define their role in regional innovation activities. They also problematise the common understanding of the way universities and polytechnics define their division of labour in regional development. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p762&r=ino |
| By: | Beckstead, Desmond; Gellatly, Guy |
| Abstract: | This study explores the information and communications technology (ICT) industries and science-based industries of Canada's knowledge economy. |
| Keywords: | Science and technology, Labour, Information technology, Occupations |
| Date: | 2004–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp1e:2004005e&r=ino |
| By: | Dominique Guellec (European Patent Office.); Bruno Van Pottelsberghe (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents estimates of the long-term impact of various sources of knowledge (R&D performed by the business sector, the public sector and foreign firms) on multifactor productivity growth of 16 countries from 1980 to 1998. The main results show that the three sources of knowledge are significant determinants of long term productivity growth. Further evidence suggests that several factors determine the extent to which each source of knowledge contributes to productivity growth. These factors are the absorptive capability, the origin of funding, the socio economic objectives of government support, and the type of public institutions that perform R&D. |
| Keywords: | Science and technology policies, R&D, Spillovers, Growth. |
| JEL: | O11 O40 O47 O50 |
| Date: | 2004–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:04-010&r=ino |
| By: | John Hartwick (Queen\'s University) |
| Abstract: | In each period, we have an R&D race among N competitive R&D firms, each with probability π of discovering a successful new technique for producing an intermediate good used in producing the economy's final consumption good. The winner of a race earns a monopoly profit over a generally uncertain interval. Each R&D firm faces distinctive "lottery" and "duration" uncertainty in each period. Numerical examples illustrate the growth behavior of the economy linked to the R&D sector. |
| Keywords: | binomial R&D race, growth |
| JEL: | O41 O31 |
| Date: | 2004–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:wpaper:1022&r=ino |
| By: | Blomberg, Jesper (Center for People and Organization); Werr, Andreas (Center for People and Organization) |
| Abstract: | Current literature on organizations often argues that firms are becoming increasingly dependent on knowledge residing outside their own boundaries requiring organizations to increase their entrepreneurial abilities and make their boundaries more flexible and permeable. This paper reviews the literature on what might be called interorganizational knowledge work. Implied in this focus is an assumption of clear organizaitonal boundaries. Rather than taking these boundaries and their importance for granted, the current review, however, aims at relativizing these boundaries. By focusing the empirical phenomenon of collaboration between individuals in different organizations, four different streams of literature with different constructions of the organizational boundary and its importance were identified: the literature on learning in alliances and joint ventures, the literature on collaboration in industrial networks, the literature on social networks and communities of practice and finally the literature on geographical clusters and innovation systems. The above four streams of the literature are reviewed with a special focus on the following three questions: 1. What is the role of (organizational) boundaries in interorganizational knowledge work? 2. What do we know about how these boundaries can be overcome? 3. What are the implications for managing interorganizational knowledge work spelled out in the literature? |
| Keywords: | Interorganizational collaboration; Knowledge Management; Literature review |
| Date: | 2006–01–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhb:hastba:2006_002&r=ino |
| By: | Ute Hansen |
| Abstract: | A regional e-cluster system and its cybernetics are characterised by a high degree of complexity which requires a comprehensive strategy. The identification of the key components of this e-cluster system and its interrelationships show that the component “knowledge management” is a critical and decisive process in an e-cluster system. ClusterNet builds the strategic frame for a process oriented knowledge management in a regional e-cluster system. The strategy of knowledge management consists of objectives, activities and measures to reach the vision that the resource of knowledge is used effectively in the cluster specific processes. Consequently this strategy requires the processes of knowledge management to be combined with the cluster processes in a technical and organisational way. The knowledge of an e-cluster can therefore just in time with the cluster processes be identified, acquired, developed, used, distributed and finally stored. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p757&r=ino |
| By: | Delphine Gallaud |
| Abstract: | During the eighties, small Sme’s of the so-called « Third Italy » obtain high performances. So Italian scholars ( Baganasco, 1977, Becattini, 1979, Brusco, 1982) underline some elements that remind the English districts studied by Marshall. These works open the way to a set of theories based on the same hypothesis of the importance of geographic proximity to innovate. Between them one can list innovative milieux (Aydalot, 1986, Camagni, 1991, Maillat, 1995), national and regional systems of innovation (Lundvall, 1992, Nelson, 1993, Edquist, 1997), local productive systems (Courlet, Pecqueur, 1989), technological districts (Saxenian, 1994) and clusters (Porter, 1998). But all these works have often postulated the real importance of geographic proximity to innovate, and the one of cooperation. Besides, the part of organizational proximity has been underestimated. So our problematic is to bring to the fore what are the factors which explain the coupling of geographic and organizational proximity. Biotechnology present important specificity, especially in terms of the importance of cooperation. But conflicts become very important too in this industry, besides they may increase because of the modification of property rights. We studied innovation networks of French biotechnology Sme’s. As a first result, we brought to the fore that networks can use three kinds of global geographic proximity. Then we demonstrate that the kind of conflict’s resolution explain the coupling of geographic and organizational proximity. Cooperative resolution is coupled with geographic proximity to solve conflicts and with organizational proximity (in the similarity logic). Avoiding resolution is coupled with no geographic proximity to solve conflicts (ICT are used to solve these conflicts), and with belonging kind of organizational proximity. At last, forcing resolution is coupled with belonging but with a little of geographic proximity to solve conflicts. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p299&r=ino |
| By: | Ant Bozkaya (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels); Bruno Van Pottelsberghe (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels) |
| Abstract: | Using an original survey sample of 103 unquoted Belgian technology-based small firms (TBSFs), we examine the capital structure of start-up companies during their consecutive development stages. We find that internal funds, either alone as personal savings or in combination with family and friends, to be the primary source of financing. Personal funds of the founders are used to finance the start of 82 percent of TBSFs. Commercial bank and government funds are the most important sources of external finance for TBSFs subsequent to start-up. Most founders agreed that business angels and venture capitalists play a greater role at later stages. However, once granted, more substantial amounts of funding come from venture capitalists. There is also evidence that suggests an evolution in the mix of internal and external sources of finance. Finally, our findings based on founders’ scores in raising external funds suggest a call for urgent policy action to improve access to and availability of early-stage entrepreneurial finance in Belgium. We discuss our findings in light of the capital structure of small firms relating to TBSFs. |
| Keywords: | capital and ownership structure; entrepreneurial finance; technology-based firms; seed capital; survey. |
| JEL: | G32 M13 M21 |
| Date: | 2004–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:04-027&r=ino |
| By: | Isabel Mota; António Brandão |
| Abstract: | In this essay, we intend to evaluate the importance of R&D (Research and Development) activities for firms' decision about location. For that purpose, we use micro-level data for the Portuguese industrial sector and focus on the location choices made by new starting firms during 1992-2000 within 275 municipalities. We consider two samples: the first one includes the entire manufacturer sector, while the second one restricts for those industrial branches that were R&D intensive. The set of explanatory variables includes a group of technological variables, such as R&D expenditures and human capital stock, as well as other explanatory variables that account for location specific characteristics and that are traditionally stressed by urban and regional theory, such as production costs (labor costs, land costs and taxes), demand indicators and agglomeration economies (urbanization and localization economies). The model is based on the random utility maximization framework but proceeds through a Poisson regression model for panel data, due to its equivalence with the conditional logit model. Through the estimation of the model, we were able to conclude that for the entire manufacturer sector, the main determinants for location decisions were the labor and land costs and the localization and urbanization economies. However, when considering the R&D intensive sample, those traditional location determinants lose importance, whilst the technological variables, such as the R&D expenditures, become relevant. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p612&r=ino |
| By: | Kirsi Mukkala |
| Abstract: | The economic development and technological progress of a region are highly dependent on the accumulation and diffusion of knowledge. There are numerous channels through which knowledge might be transmitted. In this study, it is assumed that regional mobility of highly educated and innovative intensive workers between firms, organisations or institutions secures the diffusion and circulation of the knowledge. Hence, this analysis will concentrate on the regional job flows of individuals working in the high technology sector. The main topics of interest are: (1) to analyse the personal and household characteristics of the typical highly educated migrants within high technology sector, and (2) to evaluate the rate of labour turnover in different sub-sectors and regions. The empirical analysis of the paper is based on data from the Finnish Longitudinal Census File. Methodologically, the worker flows between regions are modelled by the maximum likelihood estimation which employs cross-sectional binary logit model, based on logistic distribution. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p279&r=ino |
| By: | Tanja Fleischhauer |
| Abstract: | Beginning with 1 January 2007 a new programming period of the European Structural Funds is going to start (2007-2013). The negotiations about the contents and the re-gional structure of the funds are still in progress, but the European Commission has al-ready published her thoughts in the Third Cohesion Report and in some draft regulations (KOM 2004/492; KOM 2004/493; KOM 2004/494; KOM 2004/495). Main elements of the Commission’s proposal are the concentration of funding for the least developed regions and Member States, the thematic concentration on the strategies of Lisbon and Gothenburg as well as institutional capacity building (KOM 2004: XXXVI). The Commission is willing to introduce a new priority (‘Regional Competitiveness and Employment’) as a successor of Objective 2 to strengthen the regional competitiveness and the employment. The new priority is following the Lisbon Strategy and therefore mainly promoting innovation and the knowledge society (ERDMENGER; ZIEGLER 2004: 327). Besides the textual change of the funding the Commission’s proposal is making clear, that the evaluation of structural funding is – as it has been in the past programming pe-riods – a necessary condition to achieve the quality standards of funding. This means that ex-ante-, mid-term- as well as ex-post-Evaluations remain obligatory (KOM 2004: XXXVII). At present a complete and consistent evaluation of the funding-effects can not necessar-ily take place, because of a lack of statistical information on the regional level as well as difficulties in comparing the regions’ funding achievements (z.B. TOEPEL 2000: 400; BEYWL; TAUT 2000: 359). These problems are especially true for the evaluation of innova-tion related actions, because the general problems are accumulated with problems of the measurability of innovation (PERRIN 2000: 5ff; DIEZ 2001: 912ff; AUTIO 1998: 132). If the plans of the commission happen to turn into law on 1 January 2007, the importance of Innovation related actions will increase as well as the political requirement to measure and value their effects. The goal of this paper is to contribute to an alternative concept to evaluate innovation related actions under the EU Structural Funds. Main differences between the present evaluation concept and the paper’s proposal point to problems, which were identified by two case studies of existing evaluations of innovation related actions. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p109&r=ino |
| By: | Deng, Yi (Department of Economics, Southern Methodist University) |
| Abstract: | Patent system in Europe has undergone significant changes during the 1970s around the establishment of the European Patent Office (EPO), and this paper tries to quantify the influence of such policy changes on the private value of European patents. Based on the patent renewal records, I estimate the private value of patents in Germany, France and the U.K. obtained through the EPO patenting route during the early 1980s, and compare the estimated value with the patent value in the same three countries before the establishment of the EPO, as estimated by Pakes (1986). The average quality and the private value of the EPO patents are substantially higher than those obtained through the national route. The uniform examination and granting procedure at the EPO has effectively eliminated the inter-country differences in the patentability standards and the scope of patents, and has significantly decreased the differences in patent value across these countries. I also find that the extension of the statutory limit to the maximal length of patent lives and changes in the renewal fee schedule have only had modest effects on patent value, and that the learning process of the EPO patents are much longer than that of the national patents. |
| Keywords: | European Patent Office, Private Value of Patents, Patent Regime Change |
| JEL: | O34 |
| Date: | 2005–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smu:ecowpa:0512&r=ino |
| By: | Daniela Palma; Alessandro Zini |
| Abstract: | The influence of technological change on industry performances is nowadays being increasingly investigated under the broad category of "national systemic competitiveness". Moreover theoretical works have shown that the relationship between technology and economic performance not only takes different forms in different socio-economic contexts, but is also powerfully influenced by the way that innovation processes evolve over time along strongly localised patterns. The present study is focused on the evolution of trade competitiveness of the manufacturing sector in Italy over the past ten years and addresses to the role played by localised comparative advantages in shaping the model of national competitiveness. The data used in the analysis, drawn by the Enea Observatory on high tech industries, are based on trade statistics at the SITC five digit level and are spatially referenced to the Italy NUT3 regional partition. The effects of localised trade specialisation on manufacturing competitiveness are first assessed through spatial econometric tecniques. Spatial variation in the relationships found is further explored in order to give additional hints on the specific contribution of localised comparative advantages. According to major trends which have recently characterised manufacturing trade competitiveness in Italy, the analysis is expected to bring into evidence significant changes in the contribution of industrial localities to national competitiveness. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p641&r=ino |
| By: | Ashley Lester |
| Abstract: | Slow technology diffusion has important consequences for income inequality. Across countries, it can account for much of world inequality. Within countries, the arrival of new technologies often causes popular concern that the wages of some workers will fall. In developing countries, diffusion is often represented in the stylized form of a "dual economy," in which a gradually increasing fraction of workers use modern technology, while the remainder use traditional technology. This paper generates this pattern of technology adoption endogenously, and shows that it causes the wages of some workers to fall. Diffusion is slow because production requires both skills that are equally useful with any vintage of technology and skills that are imperfectly transferable across vintages. When these skills are sufficiently specific, a dual economy is optimal, even though the intermediate technologies are also available. Workers with transferable skills disproportionately join the modern sector, leaving those with specific skills worse off. As in classical trade models, changes in factor supplies affect the allocation of labor across sectors, but not factor rewards. A dynamic extension shows that workers without transferable skills become worse off throughout the period of transition to the modern technology. A further dynamic extension applies the model to developed countries. |
| Date: | 2005–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:camaaa:2006-01&r=ino |
| By: | Mosahid Khan; Kul B. Luintel |
| Abstract: | We examine the dynamics of knowledge production for a panel of 19 OECD countries. A new and unique data set is used to proxy the domestic flows of “new-to-the-world” knowledge and ideas. We rigorously address the cross-country heterogeneity in the production of knowledge and the endogeneous nature of this process. The parameters of the knowledge production function point to large cross-country differences. Domestic and foreign stocks of knowledge and ideas have a net positive effect on the production (flows) of new ideas. Countries with a low domestic knowledge base appear to improve their TFP considerably through the accumulation of knowledge. This effect is very modest for countries that already have a sizeable domestic knowledge base. We find ample evidence of duplicate R&D but no support for endogenous growth. Given the heterogeneous nature of knowledge production across OECD countries, R&D policy will need to be adapted to the specific nature of each country; a one-size-fits-all approach will not be effective. <P>Production de connaissances et croissance économique Cet article examine la dynamique de la production de connaissances dans un échantillon de 19 pays de l’OCDE, au moyen d’un ensemble nouveau et original de données servant à représenter les flux intérieurs de connaissances et données « nouvelles pour le monde entier ». L’hétérogénéité entre pays de la production de connaissances et le caractère endogène du processus sont examinés à la loupe. Les paramètres de la fonction de production de connaissances font ressortir de grandes différences entre les pays. Les stocks intérieurs et étrangers de connaissances et d’idées ont un effet positif net sur la production (les flux) de nouvelles idées. Les pays dotés d’une base de connaissances nationale modeste semblent améliorer considérablement leur PTF par l’accumulation de connaissances. Cet effet est très limité pour les pays qui disposent déjà d’une base de connaissances nationale d’une certaine importance. Les auteurs observent de nombreux éléments montrant une duplication de la R-D, mais aucun signe de croissance endogène. Etant donné le caractère hétérogène de la production de connaissances parmi les pays de l’OCDE, la politique de R-D devra être adaptée aux spécificités de chaque pays ; Il n’existe de formule unique applicable à tous. |
| Keywords: | knowledge stocks, dynamic heterogeneity, methods of moments |
| JEL: | C15 F02 F12 O3 O4 |
| Date: | 2005–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaaa:2005/10-en&r=ino |
| By: | Yan, Beiling |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) and of foreign outsourcing on the demand for skilled workers. One of the defining features of the Canadian economy in the last two decades has been an increasing wage gap between more- and less-skilled workers. Over the same period, there have been dramatic increases in expenditures on information and communication technologies and in purchases of foreign intermediate inputs. Using data for 84 Canadian manufacturing industries over the 1981-1996 period, we find that both ICT and foreign outsourcing are important contributors to the demand for skills. |
| Keywords: | Labour, Science and technology, Employees, Information technology |
| Date: | 2005–10–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:stc:stcp5e:2005035e&r=ino |
| By: | José Alberto Bayo-Moriones; Gilberto Carvalho-Vasconcelos; Fernando Lera-López |
| Abstract: | Information and Communication Technologies investments have drastically modified the competitive markets due to the impact on firm performance and productivity. This paper aims to analyse the differences between ICT adopter firms and non-adopter firms. OLS regressions and ordered logit models provide the methodological approach. From data based on a questionnaire survey to 327 Spanish firms in 2002, the empirical results indicate the essential role played by some variables in the ICT adoption. The results confirm, for example, the influence of variables such as firm size. The role of human capital and competitive strategies based on product and service quality are relevant in ICT adoption. The paper is organised as follows. First, the section 1 introduces the paper. The section 2 provides the establishment and explanation of the theoretical hypotheses. This section is followed in the section 3 by the methodology adopted in this study, including both the model and the data sources employed in the estimations. Some basic statistics and the results of the model estimations are presented and interpreted in the penultimate section, before concluding the paper with some remarks on the findings and important implications in the ICT adoption |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p645&r=ino |
| By: | Deng, Yi (Department of Economics, Southern Methodist University) |
| Abstract: | This paper utilizes the renewal records of the EPO (European Patent Office) patents and estimates the patent value distributions in Germany, France and the U.K. We extend the patent renewal study for the same three countries in Pakes (1986) by examining how the possible patent infringments affect patent holders' renewal decision makings as well as patent evaluations. In addition, the utilization of EPO-route patent renewal records in our study corrects the possible data inconsistancy problem in Pakes (1986). Estimation results indicate a highly skewed distribution of patent values in all three countries, as found by Pakes (1986). However, the quality and the private value of the EPO patents in our sample are substantially higher-the estimated median values are three to ten times higher than those of the national patents in Pakes (1986). More interestingly, the EPO patent holders are found to be much more willing to invest resources on finding new commercialization strategies in order to exploit their patented idea than the national patent holders in Pakes (1986). |
| Keywords: | Patent Renewal, Patent Infringment, Patent Value |
| JEL: | O34 |
| Date: | 2005–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smu:ecowpa:0514&r=ino |
| By: | Deng, Yi (Department of Economics, Southern Methodist University) |
| Abstract: | This paper formulates a dynamic stochastic model to examine the joint patent application and renewal behavior under an international patent protection regime. This framework makes it possible to utilize both the cross-sectional (multi- country filing) and the time-series (patent renewal) dimensions of available international patent data to evaluate the private value of patent protection, and allows one to distinguish more aspects of patent value. The private value of European patent in the pharmacertical and the electronic industries is examined. It is found that pharmacertical patents are endowed with higher initial returns, and their holders seek protection in more countries than those of electronic patents. However, pharmaceutical patents depreciate faster than electronic patents, and consequently have lower renewal rates and shorter patent lives. |
| Keywords: | Patent Application, Patent Renewal, EPO |
| JEL: | O34 |
| Date: | 2005–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smu:ecowpa:0515&r=ino |
| By: | Deng, Yi (Department of Economics, Southern Methodist University) |
| Abstract: | I examine the joint patent designation-renewal behavior of the EPO patent applicants during 1978 to 1996, using both nonparametric technique and a parametric model. The European patents through the EPO are substantially more valuable than patents through the national route. Value distributions of the patents are highly skewed, and even more so for the value distributions of the EPO patent families. The value of patent rights increases with the economics size of the country and has a modestly increasing returns to scale. Model estimation also reveals significant institutional differences across different EPO member countries in patent protections and quantifies them. |
| Keywords: | European Patents, Private Value of Patents, Patent Renewal, Patent Application |
| JEL: | O34 |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smu:ecowpa:0513&r=ino |
| By: | Andrea Bonaccorsi; Lucia Piscitello; Cristina Rossi |
| Abstract: | The notion that Information and Communication Technology would have reduced the economic importance of geographic distance has been proposed with energy in the post-Internet literature (Cairncross, 2001). According to this view, the New Economy would work in a space rather than a place, cost of transport would be drastically reduced, distance would be less important, and peripheral regions would benefit from opportunities that were not available in the economy based on manufacturing industry (Negroponte, 1995; Cairncross, 1997; Kelly, 1998; Compaine, 2001). Since ICT are mostly based on immaterial and human capital investment, regions or areas that have historically suffered from isolation, large cost of transportation, or lack of physical private and public infrastructure might find new paths for growth. Consequently, according to this view, the concentration of income opportunities and wealth should decrease over time. Although other predictions were also present in the debate over the impact of the digital economy (e.g. Norris, 2001; UNDP; 2001), this view was largely dominant. The reality is not so rosy. Not only there are huge disparities in the intensity with which ICT are adopted and used across countries, but also there are still large differences within industrialized countries. Indeed, differences in economic development still shape the rate of the adoption of these technologies, at the firm, regional and country level. The reasons behind these stylized facts have been investigated at length in recent times. This paper contributes to the literature in several ways. First, it focuses on intra-national or regional differences, which is a much less explored dimension of the digital divide. Second, it uses a new metric for the adoption of ICT, namely the number of second level Internet domain names, registered under the ccTLD “.it.”. Finally, it explicitly combines the analysis of determinants with a spatial econometric approach. Thanks to the availability of panel data for both the dependent and the explanatory variables (time period: 1990-2001), spatial and temporal effect are simultaneously taken into account. Panel data techniques that account for temporal correlations are in widespread use while there have been a variety of studies accounting for spatial autocorrelation (see for instance Coughlin et al. 2003; Dubin, 1992; McMillan, 2004). However one of the major drawbacks to many analyses is that they fail to integrate the spatial and temporal correlations that are present in geographical systems (Elhorst, 2003). |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p92&r=ino |
| By: | Amnon Frenkel; Dani Shefer; Michal Miller |
| Abstract: | The Public Technological Incubator Program (PTIP) was initiated by the Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS) in the Ministry of Industry and Trade in Israel in the wake of a large influx of immigrants from the former USSR, many of whom were scientists and engineers. This massive immigration of highly skilled labor bolstered the Israeli high-tech industry which in the early 1990’s blossomed in an unprecedented manner. Between 1990 and 1993, 28 incubators were established. Today there are 24 incubators that are still in operation and they can be found near metropolitan areas and in peripheral areas, as well. Since the year 2000, private technological incubators began operating in Israel. This development owes its activity to the rapidly growing private (venture) capital (VC) that traditionally did not funded such projects. This study examines the differences and similarities between these two types of technological incubators – public vs. private. It addresses the question weather there is still a need for PTIP. The study points to the unique role played by VC funds and private investment companies in sponsoring projects in the private and the public technological incubators. VC funds tend to invest more in projects within private incubators than in projects in public incubators. However, they are only of secondary in importance compare to the financial support rendered by the (CSO) to public incubators and to the owner/sponsor in the private incubators. Thus, these sources of funds serve as complementary rather than as a substitute of funding for projects. Based on our empirical analysis and our findings, the main conclusion is that private incubators cannot substitute public incubators program; even after the entrance of the private sector into the area of technological incubator activity, there is still justification for the continuation of the TPIP. Private incubators tend to concentrate in selected fields while public incubators sponsor a large variety of fields. The PTIP is found to be the only answer to advance national objectives such as the geographical distribution of economic activities and providing special incentives to some selected population groups (such as new immigrants) for whom such activities would otherwise be out of reach. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p388&r=ino |
| By: | Astrid Romain (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels); Bruno Van Pottelsberghe (Centre Emile Bernheim, Solvay Business School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels) |
| Keywords: | Venture capital, Technological opportunity, Entrepreneuship, Labour market rigidities. |
| JEL: | G24 M13 C33 O33 |
| Date: | 2004–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:04-015&r=ino |
| By: | Bellone Flora |
| Abstract: | I develop a model of cumulative ICT investments in a small open economy framework with differenciated inputs and imperfect competition borrowed to Ciccone and Matsuyama (1996). Within this framework, fixed adoption costs and pecuniary externalities based on strategic complementarities between users and producers of ICT-related inputs are what allow for agglomeration economies in ICT investments despite the abscence of transport costs. Moreover, expectations and the way alternative industrial structures allow them to be coordinated (monopolistic competition versus horizontally integrated monopoly) are key determinants of the likelyhood of an economic catching-up based on the intensive adoption of ICT inputs. Actually, three alternative growth paths with very different long-run outcome are allowed to emerge : 1) a “no-growth path” path in which the economy is trapped into primitive production processes; 2) a “transitory high growth path” in which the region underwents a process of adjustment to technological change and modernize its production processes by intensively adopting imported ICT-related inputs; 3) a “miracle growth path” where the regional economy find the adequate incentives not only to intensively adopt imported ICT inputs but also to develop and produce new ICT inputs. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p731&r=ino |
| By: | Carlo Tesauro |
| Abstract: | The diffusion of ICT technologies that generated the Internet phenomenon, is responsible of the world-wide incredible expectation level related to its high potential contribution to problem solution in many socio-economic sectors. In facts, the contribution of ICT in some sectors, as organizations management (public or private, profit or no-profit), was undoubtedly highly effective. The interaction between citizens and institutions is also considered extremely interesting, as the specific funds appropriation since the end of 90es of European Union on these topics can demonstrate. This wide interest caused the expectation of a remarkable services improvement, but the obtained results doesn’t seem as much satisfactory. This international and European scenario had a meaningful reflex also in Italian case, because the lack of information flows between Institutions and citizens in our country is always strongly perceived as critical point. In a former study of 1998 (Tesauro, Campisi), some institutional web sites was included in a wider study sample about the usage of internet communications, reaching unflattering results. Nevertheless, some recent “accidents” in citizen-institution relationships, widely reported by mass media and strictly related to computer technologies, suggest remarkable doubts about the usage of these technologies. This happen in spite of the creation of a specific Ministry in Italy and five years later the cited study, an incredible amount of time in terms of evolutionary dynamic of virtual environment). So, the main objective of this contribution is to show a scenario of citizen-institution relation via Internet in Italy at different scales (national, regional and local), identifying strength or weak points not only from users viewpoint and trying to underline the difficulties inherited from a poor usage of actual computer knowledge. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p476&r=ino |
| By: | Michaela Trippl; Joshua von Gabain; Franz Tödtling |
| Date: | 2006 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwsre:sre-disc-2006_01&r=ino |
| By: | Thomas Müller (Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin), International/Financial Markets Department, Georg-von-Boeselager-Str. 25, 53117 Bonn, Germany, Tel.: +49 228 4108 3732, Fax.: +49 228 4108 63732. thomas.mueller3@bafin.de); Monika Schnitzer (Department of Economics, University of Munich, Akademiestr. 1/III, 80799 Munich, Germany, Tel.: +49 89 2180 2217, Fax.: +49 89 2180 2767. schnitzer@lrz.uni-muenchen.de) |
| Abstract: | It is often argued that multinationals are reluctant to transfer technology due to the fear of spillovers. We show that this need not be the case if host country policies like taxation are taken into account. Furthermore, we examine the incentives the multinational and the host country have to engage in an international joint venture. We show why a multinational may agree to enter a joint venture even though this gives rise to spillovers. Surprisingly, we find that a joint venture is sometimes not in the interest of a host country, despite the prospect of spillovers. |
| Keywords: | Foreign Direct Investment, International Joint Ventures, Technology Transfer, Technology Spillovers, Multinational Firms |
| JEL: | D43 F21 F23 L13 P31 O12 |
| Date: | 2005–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:trf:wpaper:84&r=ino |
| By: | James Giesecke; John Madden |
| Abstract: | In recent years many universities have commissioned studies of the effect of their institution on the local economy. Typically these impact studies have concentrated on the demand-side stimuli to the regional economy that the university generates. Normally, the studies are undertaken with comparative-static input-output models. The present study employs a dynamic multiregional computable general equilibrium model to investigate supply-side as well as demand-side effects. There are a range of supply-side effects that have been investigated in the spatial econometrics literature. The supply-side impacts of the university that we examine in particular are a rise in the average skill level of the local workforce, and successful R&D outcomes. CGE modelling allows simulation of the associated productivity effects, while the dynamic features of the model allow for consequent effects on the region's population and capital stock growth rates to be taken into account. |
| Date: | 2005–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa05p436&r=ino |