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on Innovation |
| By: | Fernanda de Negri |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the relation between technological patterns and external performance of the Brazilian firms. The main results show that: i) technology is an important element for the exporting performance of the Brazilian firms, as much for its insertion in the international market how much for the magnifying of the exported volumes; ii) innovative firms have higher export performance then non innovative firms, specially when innovation is not restrict to adequacy of products and processes; iii) Process innovation are important for the exportation of lesser technological intensity; iv) Process and product innovation are important for the exportation of medium technological intensity products; v) Finally, the Brazilian exports of high technological intensity products are not affected by product innovations. This suggests that the competition pattern of Brazilian firms is far from the world-wide pattern, that is based in product innovations. |
| JEL: | F12 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:100&r=ino |
| By: | Victor Prochnik; Rogério Dias de Araújo |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the patterns of technological activities found in 53,102 Brazilian industrial firms that do not differentiate products and have lower productivity, a set which encompasses 78.5% of the total number of Brazilian industrial firms (foreign capital firms and firms dedicated to extractive activities were not considered). The revenue of firms that innovate is twice as large as those that do not. The size of the firm is an obstacle to innovation. Also, the innovation is predominantly "process innovation". Even among the firms that introduce innovations in products, the innovation is many times due to the acquisition of machines with different capacities than the pre existent ones. The absolute expenditure in R&D is very low and almost always discontinuous. In this context, industrial extensionism is the best policy to support product innovation. Policy support to the innovation process is also beneficial, as it swims with the tide, besides it induce product innovation. Thus, the development of the capital good sector has a fundamental impact on the expansion of innovative behavior in Brazil. In any case, a larger credit availability and lower interest rates would be useful policies. |
| JEL: | O31 O33 L10 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:101&r=ino |
| By: | Dale T. Mortensen; Rasmus Lentz (Department of Economics Boston University) |
| Keywords: | Labor demand, labor productivity, firm size, firm growth, product innovation. |
| JEL: | E2 E6 J2 J3 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed005:910&r=ino |
| By: | Catari Vilela Chaves; Sueli Moro |
| Abstract: | The literature about the economics of science and technology (C&T) suggests not only that the technological innovation demands the expansion of the institutional borders between universities, research institutes, industrial firms and the financial system, but also that science leads as well as follows technology. Medical innovation, particularly, is very dependent on scientific research, which represents a source of information which in turn move the productive sector. The latter introduces a series of questions that motivate the researchers in their attempt to understand how to human body reacts to certain products and therapies. This article analyses the pattern of C&T interaction for both the national system of innovation (NSI) and the health innovation system. The panel data and simultaneous equations models analyze the interactions between C&T. The basic theory about the existence of a mutual sense of determination between them has been confirmed, which means that science moves technology and technology also influences scientific development. The estimated models, which use data from articles and patents as proxies of science and technology, represent just the tip of the iceberg related to a multifaceted and complex institutional arrangement, the NSI. |
| JEL: | O30 I10 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:106&r=ino |
| By: | Bruno Cesar Campos |
| Abstract: | The article aims investigate features of the technical change in Brazilian industry in 2000. The literature related to sectoral patterns of innovation is utilized as theoretical framework, whereas hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering analysis are used as methodological resource. Utilizing the Industrial Survey of Technological Innovation (PINTEC 2000) of the Brazilian Geography and Statistics Institute (IBGE) will be analyzed three features of the industrial technological innovation: the innovative sources, the knowledge and learning processes and the innovative outputs. The results show that intersectoral diversity cannot be neglected to understand the innovative performance of Brazilian industry. Although some specificities, the innovative conduct of Brazilian industrial sectors are coherent with the international literature. |
| JEL: | O31 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:097&r=ino |
| By: | Bettina Peters (Centre for European Economic Research ZEW) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates whether firms innovate persistently or discontinuously over time using an innovation panel data set on German manufacturing and service firms for the period 1994-2002. We find that innovation behaviour is permanent at the firm-level to a very large extent. Using a dynamic random effects discrete choice model and a new estimator recently proposed by Wooldrigde (2005), we further shed some light on the driving forces for this phenomenon. The econometric results confirm the hypothesis of true state dependence for manufacturing as well as for service sector firms. In addition to past innovation experience, the results further highlight the important role of knowledge provided by skilled employees and unobserved individual heterogeneity in explaining the persistence of innovation. |
| Keywords: | innovation, persistence, state dependence, unobserved heterogeneity, dynamic random effects panel probit model |
| JEL: | O31 L20 C23 C25 |
| Date: | 2005–11–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wpa:wuwpdc:0511021&r=ino |
| By: | Márcia Siqueira Rapini; Herica Morais Righi |
| Abstract: | The present work investigates university-industry interactions in Brazil using CNPq's research groups as a proxy. The data were collected in CNPq's Research Groups Directory collected in Census 2002 and 2004. Although limitations intrinsic to information collected, the database supplies some evidence from recent university-industry interactions in Brazil. The results point that in 2002 relationship reflected low sophisticated academic inputs, towards adaptations, and in 2004 a closer relationship between universities and firms are observed, showed in relationships based in scientific research and technology transference. This result were in accordance with Brazilian's National System of Innovation, but also suggests that much more can be done fostering academic knowledge transference to firms in the country. |
| JEL: | O30 O39 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:105&r=ino |
| By: | Tim J. Foxon (4CMR – Cambridge Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research, Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge.); Peter J. Pearson (Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses recent, current and potential future relations between policy processes and substantive outcomes in UK low carbon innovation policy. It examines the development of policy processes relating to the adoption and implementation of the Renewables Obligation and how these may affect the current and likely future success of the Obligation in promoting low carbon innovation. It looks at the new policy and institutional processes put in place in the 2003 Energy White Paper and argues that these are unlikely to provide the strategic long-term framework needed to realize the ambitious goals for UK energy policy set out in the White Paper. Finally, it outlines some suggestions for further development of policy processes to facilitate improved delivery of these goals, based on guiding principles for sustainable innovation policy processes, developed by the authors and colleagues. |
| Keywords: | Low carbon innovation policy, Renewables Obligation, guiding principles, sustainable innovation policy processes. |
| Date: | 2005–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lnd:wpaper:200516&r=ino |
| By: | Lionel Nesta (Observatoire Français des Conjonctures Économiques) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the relationship between the characteristics of firm knowledge in terms of capital, diversity and relatedness, and productivity. Panel data regression models suggest that unlike knowledge diversity, knowledge capital and knowledge relatedness explain a substantial share of the variance of firm productivity. Activities based on a related set of technological knowledge are more productive than those based on unrelated knowledge because the cost of co-ordinating productive activities decreases as the knowledge used in these activities is being integrated efficiently. The impact of knowledge relatedness on productivity in high-technology sectors is higher than in other sectors. |
| Keywords: | productivity; intangible assets; market value; panel data |
| JEL: | G12 O31 L65 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fce:doctra:0517&r=ino |
| By: | Renelle Guichard (IMRI, UniversitŽ Paris Dauphine); SŽbastien Tran |
| Abstract: | Les transformations rŽcentes du secteur de la DŽfense font Žmerger une question centrale, celle de sa dynamique d'innovation. L'implication croissante des PME-PMI innovantes aux c™tŽs des grands ma”tres d'Ïuvre nous porte ˆ nous intŽresser aux modles de sous-traitance mis en Ïuvre et ˆ leur impact sur le contenu innovant des programmes d'armement. Dans le cadre du modle idŽal que reprŽsente l'innovation distribuŽe, notre hypothse est que la modularitŽ reprŽsente une solution organisationnelle adaptŽe aux contraintes et difficultŽs du secteur de l'armement. Notre Žtude terrain auprs de PME-PMI innovantes en lien avec la DŽfense montre que les pratiques actuelles Žvoluent vers des modles coopŽratifs cloisonnŽs, au dŽtriment du potentiel innovant du tissu industriel. NŽanmoins, sous certaines conditions, il subsiste quelques espaces d'actions pour les PME dans le cadre d'une approche modulaire avec les ma”tres d'Ïuvre, qui, au final, permettraient de maintenir une dynamique d'innovation. |
| Keywords: | PME, Innovation distribuŽe, ModularitŽ, DŽfense |
| Date: | 2005–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imr:wpaper:wp05_01&r=ino |
| By: | Nick Bloom; Mark Schankerman; John Van Reenen |
| Abstract: | Government policies to support R&D are predicated on empirical evidence of R&D"spillovers" between firms. But there are two countervailing R&D spillovers: positive effectsfrom technology spillovers and negative effects from business stealing by product marketrivals. We develop a general framework showing that technology and product marketspillovers have testable implications for a range of performance indicators, and exploit theseusing distinct measures of a firm's position in technology space and product market space.We show using panel data on U.S. firms between 1981 and 2001 that both technology andproduct market spillovers operate, but that net social returns are several times larger thanprivate returns. The spillover effects are also revealed when we analyze three high-techsectors in detail - pharmaceuticals, computer hardware and telecommunication equipment.Using the model we evaluate three R&D subsidy policies and show that the typical focus ofsupport for small and medium firms may be misplaced. |
| Keywords: | Spillovers, R&D, market value, patents |
| JEL: | O31 O32 O33 F23 |
| Date: | 2005–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp0675&r=ino |
| By: | Eduardo Gonçalves; Mauro Borges Lemos; João Alberto de Negri |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to analyze the innovating effort of the Brazilian industrial firms, which comprises manufacturing and mining activities. Why do Brazilian industrial firms differ strongly in their effort to innovate? Our hypothesis is that these differences in firms' behavior to innovate come from the huge sectoral technological heterogeneity and firms' technological segmentation. The sectoral heterogeneity is due to not only to the structural expected differences between sectors in their propensity to innovate but also to the specific gap differences between the Brazilian sectors to the technological frontier. And the segmentation between firms is due to the strong differences in their competitive internal resources related to their capital origin and foreign trade insertion once already controlled by sector market structure and firm's size. The methodological procedures to test this hypothesis are multivariate analysis to characterize the pool of variables and Probit model to verify the relation between the decision to innovate and patterns of innovating behavior. The database is the micro-data of the Technological Innovation Survey (PINTEC) and the Yearly Industrial Survey (PIA) of the Brazilian Statistical and Geography Bureau (IBGE). The main results showed evidences to confirm the hypothesis that different innovation patterns are related to technological heterogeneity of sectors and technological segmentation of firms. |
| JEL: | O33 L00 O14 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:099&r=ino |
| By: | Bart Hobijn; Diego Comin (Economics New York University) |
| Keywords: | Technology Diffusion, Lobbies, Institutions |
| JEL: | N10 O30 O57 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed005:198&r=ino |
| By: | Mehmet Yorukoglu; Thomas Cooley |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed005:918&r=ino |
| By: | Holger Patzelt; Dodo zu Knyphausen-Aufseß; Yasmin Habib |
| Abstract: | Motivated by the different development stages of both, the venture capital (VC) as well as the life science industry in the USA and Europe, we investigate portfolio strategies of US-American and European VC firms active in this sector. We analyse portfolios of 88 VCs financing a total of 1050 life science ventures. Our results show that US life science VCs are equally likely to have a focus on early stage ventures and to diversify across investment stages as their European counterparts. However, the latter invest more in the US industry than vice versa, more in traditional life science technologies developing therapeutics and diagnostics, and less in new medical technology and healthcare/IT firms. Regarding the VCs' internationalisation strategies, our results reveal that VCs investing globally and US VCs focusing on their home market invest more in medical technology and healthcare/IT and less in diagnostics firms than European VCs with European investees only. We conclude that European life science ventures developing medical and healthcare/IT technologies should internationalise early enough into the USA in order to access the US VC market. Therapeutics and diagnostics companies in the USA, on the other hand, may find good opportunities to raise VC in Europe. |
| Date: | 2005–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esi:egpdis:2005-31&r=ino |
| By: | Hiroshi Ohashi; Tsuyoshi Nakamura (Department of Economics University of Tokyo) |
| Keywords: | Learning by Doing; vintage capital; technology adoption; TFP; endogeneity; sample selection |
| JEL: | D24 L61 O14 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed005:28&r=ino |
| By: | Boyan Jovanovic |
| Keywords: | Technology, Development, Patents |
| JEL: | E F |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed005:199&r=ino |
| By: | Jorge Britto; Fabio Stallivieri; Marco Vargas |
| Abstract: | The article develops a cross-sector analysis in which we attempt to articulate the sector distribution of productive agglomerations in Brazilian economy with data about cooperative arrangements and innovative performance of industrial sectors, using data extracted from RAIS-MT carried out by the Ministry of Labor and from PINTEC, the innovation survey carried out by IBGE. The paper is divided into five sections. The first one describes the methodology used in the study. The second section presents an analysis of the sector distribution of the productive agglomerations in Brazilian economy. The third section presents a general view about the innovative performance of the industrial sectors, as well as a discussion about the presence of cooperative arrangements in those sectors. The forth section presents a statistical exercise in which those information are integrated in order to map different clusters of similar activities in the industrial sector. Finally, a conclusion section presents some possible implications of the analysis. |
| JEL: | O31 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:115&r=ino |
| By: | Knockaert, M.; Lockett, A.; Clarysse, B.; Wright, M. |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a unique dataset to examine the neglected but important issue concerning the relationship between the human capital and fund characteristics of venture capitalists and post-investment follow-up behavior in early stage high tech investments. We found no indication that involvement in monitoring activities by the investment manager is determined by either fund or human capital characteristics. In relation to value-adding activities, human capital variables were the most important, with previous consulting experience and entrepreneurial experience contributing to a higher involvement in value-adding activities. Furthermore, the diversity of an investment manager’s portfolio was negatively related to involvement in value-adding activities. Finally, with respect to fund level characteristics, we found that investment managers of captive funds were less involved in value-adding activities. |
| Keywords: | venture capital, early stage high tech firms, post-investment follow-up behavior, human capital, fund characteristics |
| Date: | 2005–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vlg:vlgwps:2005-20&r=ino |
| By: | Fabio Stallivieri; Jorge Britto; Renato Campos |
| Abstract: | Based on the recent literature about Local Productive Arrangements - LPAs, the analysis tries to build specific indicators to analyze those agglomerations. The indicators was elaborated based on information obtained form the questionnaire of the project "MPEs em Arranjos Produtivos Locais no Brasil" carried out by UFSC and SEBRAE-NA and from different researches developed by RedeSist. The analysis was carried based on indicators obtained by a sample of 83 firma of the arrangement specialized in the electrical-metal- mechanics sector located in the region of Joinville-SC Twenty-four indicators were selected, divided in four themes: technological efforts; technological learning; technological cooperation and technological performance. Based on those indicators, a statistical multivariate analysis was applied in order to identify the main factors that affect the firm's competencies e and to map the different groups of firms with similar characteristics in the arrangement. The main focus of the analysis in the identification of a "dynamic core" of enterprises, which can stimulate the improvement of technological competences of the arrangement as a whole. |
| JEL: | O31 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:114&r=ino |
| By: | Clarysse, B.; Knockaert, M.; Lockett, A. |
| Abstract: | This study examines the selection behaviour of 68 European early stage high tech VCs. In particular, we examine whether or not these VCs exhibit heterogeneity in their selection behaviour. To examine these issues we employ a conjoint analysis methodology. Our results indicate that VCs exhibit substantial heterogeneity in investment selection behaviour. Employing a cluster analysis three types of investors emerge: those who focus on technology, those who focus on finance and those who focus on people. We then examine the drivers of these differences, being the sectoral focus, the sources of funds and the human capital of the investment manager. |
| Date: | 2005–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vlg:vlgwps:2005-21&r=ino |
| By: | Nicholas Oulton; Sylaja Srinivasan |
| Abstract: | We use a new industry-level dataset to quantify the role of ICT in explaining productivitygrowth in the UK, 1970-2000. The dataset is for 34 industries covering the whole economy(31 in the market sector). Using growth accounting, we find that ICT capital played anincreasingly important, and in the 1990s the dominant, role in accounting for labourproductivity growth in the market sector. Econometric evidence also supports an importantrole for ICT. We also find econometric evidence that a boom in complementary investment inthe 1990s could have led to a decline in the conventional measure of TFP growth. |
| Keywords: | productivity, TFP, ICT |
| JEL: | O47 O52 D24 |
| Date: | 2005–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp0681&r=ino |
| By: | Dale W. Jorgenson; Kazuyuki Motohashi |
| Abstract: | In this paper we compare sources of economic growth in Japan and the United States from 1975 through 2003, focusing on the role of information technology (IT). We have adjusted Japanese data to conform to U.S. definitions in order to provide a rigorous comparison between the two economies. The adjusted data show that the share of the Japanese gross domestic product devoted to investment in computers, telecommunications equipment, and software rose sharply after 1995. The contribution of total factor productivity growth from the IT sector in Japan also increased, while the contributions of labor input and productivity growth from the Non-IT sector lagged far behind the United States. Our projection of potential economic growth in Japan from for the next decade is substantially below that in the United States, mainly due to slower growth of labor input. Our projections of labor productivity growth in the two economies are much more similar. |
| JEL: | D24 D30 O57 |
| Date: | 2005–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:11801&r=ino |
| By: | Danilo Camargo Igliori |
| Abstract: | The determinants of technical efficiency in agriculture and cattle ranching are closely related with the debate involving the conservation-development trade-off in the Brazilian Amazon. Concerned with balancing development and environmental conservation, policy makers and academics have emphasized the importance of choosing ways of selecting areas where land use restrictions would be established. In order to understand the relationship between spatial patterns of deforestation and the associated distribution and characteristics of economic activity, issues regarding technical efficiency are clearly important. This paper aims to identify the socio-economic and environmental determinants of technical efficiency in agriculture and cattle ranching in the Brazilian Amazon emphasizing their relationship with spatial processes of deforestation and development. The study is structured in two parts. The first part is concerned with measuring technical efficiency for agriculture and cattle ranching in each geographical unit focusing on the production relationship between inputs and outputs. The second one focuses on the variation in the efficiency measure explained by exogenous factors and includes the spatial analysis. We adopt the model proposed by Battese and Coelli (1995) where the production function and the exogenous effects influencing technical efficiency are estimated simultaneously. |
| JEL: | Q10 Q24 R12 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:137&r=ino |