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on Innovation |
| By: | Juan Carlos Echeverry; Mónica Hernández |
| Abstract: | Tradicionalmente la productividad en Colombia se ha estudiado a partir de metodologías econométricas y rankings internacionales basados en encuestas de percepción. A pesar de que este tipo de acercamientos son interesantes y necesarios, finalmente son pocas las recomendaciones que se pueden hacer a los sectores industriales y al gobierno respecto a la mejor forma de aumentar la productividad sectorial. La presente investigación busca proponer una nueva metodología de estudio de la productividad, basado en un trabajo directo con empresarios a través grupos de trabajo (focus groups). La metodología permite “aterrizar” las consideraciones de productividad, identificando no solo los puntos débiles y fuertes que cada gremio considera tener, sino las fortalezas y amenazas de las que ellos mismos pueden no ser conscientes. El principal aporte que brinda el presente estudio es que cada sector industrial presenta una dinámica diferente y que factores que pueden ser benefactores para un sector, resultan ser irrelevantes o incluso perjudiciales para otro. Este tipo de consideraciones deben ser tenidas en cuenta en el momento de formular estrategias para aumentar la productividad y competitividad del país. Se cuestiona la conveniencia de esquemas como las cadenas productivas en sectores en donde la materia prima resulta ser el eslabón menos productivo, minando la competitividad de los eslabones que se ubican en niveles más altos de la cadena. El impacto de elementos como la geografía, la planificación y consistencia de las políticas sectoriales y el tipo de innovación tecnológica son tratados con énfasis sectorial, lo cual revela la riqueza de este tipo de análisis, y los riesgos de los análisis con cifras demasiado agregadas que desconocen las diferencias entre sectores de la actividad productiva. |
| Keywords: | Productividad |
| JEL: | D24 |
| Date: | 2005–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000145:001126&r=ino |
| By: | Julián Piñeres Ramírez |
| Abstract: | La presente revisión teórica analiza la evolución de los esquemas de interacción entre los individuos y las organizaciones, a partir de los cambios en los contextos económicos y las complejidades del mercado —que se entienden como la especialización de la demanda, el creciente cambio del desarrollo tecnológico, el aumento de las exigencias normativas en los mercados internacionales y las redes globales de distribución, entre otros— y cómo dichos cambios crean la necesidad de plantear estrategias distintas de desarrollo industrial, para lo cual se introduce el concepto de redes que al analizarse a partir de su naturaleza y tipología permite encontrar en los ambientes económicos cuatro formas de interacción entre las organizaciones y los individuos con el propósito de aumentar sus capacidades y por ende su eficiencia y competitividad: redes de cadenas de abastecimiento, conglomerados industriales, redes de emprendimiento y redes de innovación. Por lo tanto, se denota un cambio en los paradigmas organizacionales que hacen cada vez más importante el desarrollo de sinergias en torno a una actividad económica que involucra el conocimiento como factor de desarrollo y la innovación como un proceso constante para mantenerse en el libre juego de la oferta y la demanda. |
| Keywords: | redes sociales |
| JEL: | D85 |
| Date: | 2005–09–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000125:001129&r=ino |
| By: | Rodrigo Alberto Matta Díaz; Myriam Sánchez Mejía; Ana Milena Yoshioka Vargas; Julián Piñeres Ramírez |
| Abstract: | El desarrollo de estrategias industriales tipo cluster, cadenas productivas y redes, y el fomento de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación (CyT + I) para incrementar las capacidades de una región basadas en el conocimiento, deben tener una coherencia estratégica en el corto, mediano y largo plazo; en los niveles macro, meso y microeconómico. En este sentido, las políticas públicas juegan un papel predominante, puesto que pueden ser facilitadoras de ambientes económicos favorables articulados coherentemente o creadoras de obstáculos para inhibir el desarrollo de los mismos. El presente trabajo parte entonces de la identificación y análisis de las políticas públicas que podrían incidir en la formación y puesta en marcha de una plataforma tecnológica e institucional de apoyo a la bioindustria en el Valle del Cauca con el propósito de formar un cluster. El artículo resalta, por lo tanto, los resultados obtenidos en la investigación «Fundamentos para el desarrollo de políticas públicas y estrategias empresariales dirigidas a la formación social y productiva del Cluster Bioindustrial del Occidente Colombiano (CBOC)», tomando como base el diseño de una metodología y su posterior aplicación, realizando una primera aproximación en este tipo de análisis, orientados al desarrollo de clusters basados en el conocimiento y la tecnología (en este caso biotecnología). |
| Keywords: | cluster bioindustrial |
| JEL: | R58 |
| Date: | 2005–09–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000125:001130&r=ino |
| By: | Uwe Cantner; Andreas Nicklisch; Torsten Weiland |
| Abstract: | In an experimental setting, firms in a duopoly market engage in a patent tournament and compete for profit-enhancing product advancements. The firms generate income by matching exogenously defined demand preferences with an appropriately composed product portfolio of their own. Demand preferences are initially unknown and first need to be revealed by an investigation of the possible product variations. The better firms approximate demand preferences, the higher their profits. In the ensuing innovation race, firms interact through information spillovers resulting from the imperfect appropriability of research successes. In the random period of the experiment, the continuity of the search process is disturbed by an exogenous shock that affects both the supply and demand side and again spurs research competition. Firms may henceforth explore an enlarged product space in attempting to match the equally modified demand preferences. In our analysis, we explore the behavioral regularities of agents who are engaged in innovation activities. As a key element we test to what extend relative economic performance exercises a stimulating effect on the implementation of innovation and imitation strategies. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, Imitation, Patent Tournament, Trial and Error Process |
| JEL: | D81 O31 |
| Date: | 2005–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esi:discus:2005-14&r=ino |
| By: | Yannick LUNG (E3i, IFReDE-GRES & GERPISA) |
| Abstract: | Prepared within the framework of the ESEMK project supported by the EU (FP6, Priority 7, CIT-CT-2004-506077 The European Socio-Economic Models of a Knowledge-based society), this paper discusses the linking between the variety of capitalism and the diversity of organisational forms for firms. This linking is illustrated through the case of the car industry. First part presents the works based on the hypothesis of an institutional isomorphism between the macro-level and the organisation. Second part tries to link analytical grids which integrate the diversity of institutional forms at the macro, meso and micro-levels. |
| Keywords: | car industry, institution, institutional isomorphism, organisation of the firm, productive models, sector, variety of capitalism |
| JEL: | B52 L20 L62 P50 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grs:wpegrs:2005-17&r=ino |
| By: | Aubert Patrick; Caroli Eve; Roger Muriel |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationships between new technologies, innovative workplace practices and the age structure of the workforce in a static labour demand framework. As a first step, we assume that, in the short run, the only variable factor is the number of workers in different age groups. We then assume, as a second step that the number of workers by age and skill group may vary. The data we use come from several sources: the Changements Organisationnels et Informatisation survey (COI); the Déclarations Annuelles des Données Sociales (DADS) and the Bénéfices Réels Normaux database (BRN). We find evidence that the wage-bill share of older workers is lower in innovative firms. This age bias affects is also evidenced within occupational groups, thus suggesting that skills do not completely protect workers against the labour-market consequences of ageing.. |
| Keywords: | new work practices, technology, older workers, labour demand |
| JEL: | J23 L23 O33 |
| Date: | 2005–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lea:leawpi:0506&r=ino |
| By: | Surendra Gera (Industry Canada); Samuel Laryea (Human Resources Development Canada); Thitima Songsakul (Industry Canada) |
| Abstract: | The international mobility of skilled labour has become a key component of the global knowledge-based economy. Rising levels of foreign direct investment (FDI), international trade, research and development (R&D), technological advances and increased demand for skilled workers seem to have all contributed to an increase in the international mobility of skilled labour. Internationally mobile individuals are often found participating in industries that are largely knowledge-based and global in scope. As a result, it has become increasingly important that the economic policy discussion surrounding the international mobility of skilled labour must take into consideration the wide variety of ways the migration of skilled labour affects the economy. Numerous drivers, policy and non-policy induced, are at work. Attention must now turn towards the links between these movements and the institutions regulating them; the performance in the trade of goods and services; FDI; human capital formation and multinational enterprises location; and income convergence among countries. This paper provides an overview of the literature on four key issues surrounding the international mobility of skilled workers, while identifying potential directions for future research. First, global trends of recent international skilled migratory flows – magnitude and their composition in terms of underlying skills/education of migrants with a focus on Canada-US migratory flows. Second, fundamental (non-policy) drivers of the increased skilled migratory flows, especially among advanced countries. Third, economic costs and benefits associated with cross-country movement of skilled labour and the main factors conditioning these costs and benefits. Fourth, how policy has adjusted or should adjust to increased skilled labour mobility in the global economy? |
| JEL: | F1 F2 |
| Date: | 2005–07–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wpa:wuwpit:0507004&r=ino |
| By: | JAVIER CARRILLO (Instituto de Empresa) |
| Abstract: | (WP 20/03 Clave pdf) The study described here aims to make a threefold contribution to the analysis of technology diffusion. It tries to offer a new approach to the study of the dynamic of innovation diffusion, not from the traditional perspective of the rate at which one new technology is fully adopted, but the extent of the diffusion of several technologies and the related phenomenon of standardization. It aims to show a broadened and evolutionary view of the process of technology standardization. Finally, it tries to identify and evaluate the relationships existing between the main characteristics of industries and the attributes of the technology standardization processes in them. |
| Keywords: | Agent-based models, Evolutionary models, Lock-in , Standardization, Technology difussion |
| Date: | 2003–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emp:wpaper:wp03-20&r=ino |
| By: | JAVIER CARRILLO (Instituto de Empresa) |
| Abstract: | (WP 02/04 Clave pdf) The results of our model show that it would be advisable to undertake policies expressly aimed at the process of sustainable technological change in a way that is complementary to the conventional equilibrium oriented environmental policies. In short, the main objectives of this paper are to understand more fully the dynamics of the process of technological change, its role in sustainable development, and to assess the implications of this dynamic approach to techno-environmental policy. To achieve these goals we have developed an agent based model, using distributed artificial intelligence concepts drawn from the general methodology of social simulation. |
| Keywords: | Agent-based models, Evolutionary models, Lock-in , Standardization, Technology difussion, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2004–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emp:wpaper:wp04-02&r=ino |
| By: | FABRIZIO SALVADOR (Instituto de Empresa) |
| Abstract: | The present paper reports preliminary observations from a longitudinal case study of the Lawn Mowers & Garden Tractors business unit of Deere & Company. This business unit is interested in analyzing the applicability of a Build-To-Order strategy for its business. By analyzing the problems related to the simultaneous pursuit of volume and mix flexibility we propose a model explaining how these two trade-offs can be simultaneously addressed. We then speculate about the compatibility of the techniques generally advocated to address either volume or mix flexibility, in this case where these two trade-offs have to be jointly reduced. |
| Keywords: | Build to order, Flexibility, Theory building |
| Date: | 2004–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emp:wpaper:wp04-16&r=ino |
| By: | FABRIZIO SALVADOR (Instituto de Empresa) |
| Abstract: | When a firm offers customized products, variants and options may end up confusing the customer, instead of increasing sales. Recent developments in Information and Communication Technology made available a class of software products, often termed as "product configurators", which appears to offer new solutions to support the sale of customized products. The present paper analyzes the underlying principles on which successful sales configurators have been built. In doing so, the paper attempts a formalization of the mechanisms through which a firm´s product assortment can be efficiently and effectively presented to the customer. |
| Keywords: | e-commerce, Product Variety, Product configuration, Customization |
| Date: | 2004–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emp:wpaper:wp04-20&r=ino |
| By: | FABRIZIO SALVADOR (Instituto de Empresa) |
| Abstract: | Offering to customers a high variety of products while guaranteeing competitive prices and reasonable delivery times is an ever-increasing necessity for companies. At the same time, the growing technological content of products contributes further to this complexity, introducing new challenges to management. As for any area of company activity, the creativity of software producers has brought about the development of information science systems, such as Product Configuration Systems, Product Data Management systems (PDM) and Customer Relationship Management Systems (CRM), which all promise to alleviate the problems caused by this complexity. |
| Keywords: | Product Variety, Product Configuration Systems, Product Data Management Systems, Customer Relationship Management Systems |
| Date: | 2004–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emp:wpaper:wp04-21&r=ino |
| By: | JAVIER CARRILLO (Instituto de Empresa) |
| Abstract: | The paper looks for co-evolutionary policy responses to carbon lock-in - a persistent state that creates systemic market and policy barriers to carbon low technological alternatives. We address the coordination role for authorities rather than the corrective optimisation and analyse experiences from environmental voluntary agreements and foresight activities. The paper argues that combining the virtues of these tools into a new policy tool, named Prospective Voluntary Agreement (PVA), can help facilitate an escape from carbon lock-in and provide policy resources for addressing lock-in related issues. |
| Keywords: | Lock-in , Carbon, Policy responses, Agreements |
| Date: | 2004–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emp:wpaper:wp04-23&r=ino |
| By: | LUIS EDUARDO SOLIS (Instituto de Empresa) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the linkage between one aspect of supply chain strategy and TQM principles and outcomes. We empirically test the relationship among strategic quality planning, supplier-based relationships, and some TQM practices such as product design, product innovation, dependable deliveries, and value-to-customer quality and organizational performance. The findings suggest that the success of some TQM practices may be buoyed by over-lapping supply chain principles such as supply chain management strategy. Other positive relationships described in the literature such as that between strategy, TQM principles, and organizational performance, are again confirmed. |
| Keywords: | Survey, Structural equation models, Operations strategy, Quality |
| Date: | 2004–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emp:wpaper:wp04-26&r=ino |
| By: | RICARDO PEREZ (Instituto de Empresa) |
| Abstract: | As knowledge becomes an important part of wealth creation within companies, the identification of new organizational forms that better capture the needs and preferences of knowledge workers becomes more and more important. For some innovative companies, in their effort to adapt themselves to new corporate cultures, some of the most successful and innovative companies failed to survive, losing their best workers. This paper will follow a business case of one of these companies in their efforts to survive their acquisition by a large telecommunications operator. |
| Date: | 2005–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:emp:wpaper:wp05-03&r=ino |