Abstract: |
We study the macroeconomic consequences of tariffs. We estimate impulse
response functions from local projections using a panel of annual data that
spans 151 countries over 1963-2014. We find that tariff increases lead, in the
medium term, to economically and statistically significant declines in
domestic output and productivity. Tariff increases also result in more
unemployment, higher inequality, and real exchange rate appreciation, but only
small effects on the trade balance. The effects on output and productivity
tend to be magnified when tariffs rise during expansions, for advanced
economies, and when tariffs go up, not down. Our results are robust to a large
number of perturbations to our methodology, and we complement our analysis
with industry-level data. |