|
on History and Philosophy of Economics |
| By: | Scott Scheall |
| Abstract: | The present paper considers the implications of the postulate that the activities of scientists constitute complex phenomena in the sense associated with the methodological writings of the Nobel Prize-winning Austrian economist, methodologist, and political philosopher, F.A. Hayek. Although Hayek wrote extensively on the methodology of sciences that investigate systems of complex phenomena, he never addressed the possibility that science itself is such a system. The application of Hayek’s method ology of sciences of complex phenomena to science itself implies some minimal criteria for explanations of scientific rationality. If science is complex in Hayek’s sense, then scientific belief may be rational in more than one way. It is argued that a failure to recognize the possibility of multiple kinds of scientific rationality contributes to an error theory of certain unsuccessful accounts of scientific belief in the history of philosophy of science. It is further argued that, where ecological rationality is operative, rational belief requires an element of methodological liberty. It is shown that acceptance of the possibility of ecologically-rational scientific outcomes–a view here dubbed methodological liberalism–is closely related to Hayek's denial of the possibility of a successful scientism, a denial crucial to his arguments against socialism and Keynesian macroeconomics. |
| Keywords: | F.A. Hayek, philosophy of science, complex phenomena, ecological rationality, methodological liberalism |
| JEL: | B29 B31 B41 P11 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hec:heccee:2015-5&r=hpe |
| By: | Claude Gamel (AMSE - Aix-Marseille School of Economics - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) - Ecole Centrale Marseille (ECM) - AMU - Aix-Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | In "The Idea of Justice" (2009), Sen firmly criticizes “transcendental” theories of justice, the archetype of which is to be found in Rawls’ works and he suggests substituting for them a more pragmatic “comparative” approach. In "Macrojustice" (2005), Kolm defends his conception of an “endogenous social choice”, which induces him to keep at a distance Rawlsian concepts, such as “original position” and “veil of ignorance”, he considers as too abstract. Concerning Rawls himself, he has offered a philosophical formulation of the second principle of justice (“fair equality of opportunity” and “principle of difference”) but that sole formulation remains too vague to contain precise proposals in the field of economic and social policy. In spite of real differences at a epistemological level about the meaning of their own normative ideas, Sen, Kolm and Rawls can be considered as “liberal egalitarians”, but economics of this school of thought is still to be specified (1): The Rawlsian hierarchy between the principles de justice would give our essay its general framework (2), whereas Sen’s “capability approach” would legitimize a more ambitious conception of “fair equality of opportunity” (3) and Kolm’s distributive “ELIE transfers” would be a suitable application of the “principle of difference” (4). As a conclusion, the scope and limits of our essay are subject to a first examination (5). |
| Abstract: | Dans "The Idea of Justice" (2009), Sen formule une critique systématique des théories « transcendantales » de la justice, dont l’archétype se trouve dans l’œuvre de Rawls et propose de leur substituer une approche « comparative », plus pragmatique. Dans "Macrojustice" (2005), Kolm défend une conception du « choix social endogène » qui le conduit, lui aussi, à se démarquer des notions rawlsiennes trop abstraites de « position originelle » et de « voile d’ignorance ». Quant à Rawls lui-même, la formulation philosophique qu’il a pu donner de son second principe de justice (« juste égalité des chances » et « principe de différence ») semble trop floue pour contenir à elle seule des propositions précises de politique économique et sociale. En dépit des profondes différences d’ordre épistémologique sur le sens qu’ils donnent à leur réflexion normative respective, Sen, Kolm et Rawls sont pourtant tous des représentants d’un « égalitarisme libéral », dont l’économie générale reste toutefois à préciser (1) : si la hiérarchie rawlsienne des principes de justice fournit à notre essai son armature générale (2), l’approche des capacités de Sen légitime une conception plus ambitieuse de l’égalité des chances (3) et les transferts redistributifs « ELIE » de Kolm constitue une traduction possible du principe de différence (4). Portée et limites de notre essai font l’objet en conclusion d’un premier examen (5). |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01092172&r=hpe |
| By: | Antoinette Baujard (GATE - GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - CNRS - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - PRES Université de Lyon - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon); Muriel Gilardone (CREM - Centre de Recherche en Economie et Management - CNRS - Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to show that, contrary to the standard understanding of his work, Sen's idea of justice does not consist in the defense of a capability theory. Under the dominant capability-centered view, Sen's idea of justice is indeed characterized principally by a switch of focus from utility to capability. We demonstrate that this view amounts to the application of formal welfarism to capabilities. We reject this characterization and defend instead a heuristic account of the status of capability in Sen's thought: capability was introduced to make a point against welfarism, but this does not imply that a commitment to a capability theory. The capability-centered view is shown to be inconsistent with Sen's idea of justice, because the latter requires agents to be involved in the definition of their own welfare. Our study of the status of capability in Sen's view of justice enables us to relocate his main contribution and to build the basis for an alternative theory of justice. Abstract. This paper aims to show that, contrary to the standard understanding of his work, Sen's idea of justice does not consist in the defense of a capability theory. Under the dominant capability-centered view, Sen's idea of justice is indeed characterized principally by a switch of focus from utility to capability. We demonstrate that this view amounts to the application of formal welfarism to capabilities. We reject this characterization and defend instead a heuristic account of the status of capability in Sen's thought: capability was introduced to make a point against welfarism, but this does not imply that a commitment to a capability theory. The capability-centered view is shown to be inconsistent with Sen's idea of justice, because the latter requires agents to be involved in the definition of their own welfare. Our study of the status of capability in Sen's view of justice enables us to relocate his main contribution and to build the basis for an alternative theory of justice. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01139118&r=hpe |
| By: | Fregert, Klas (Department of Economics, Lund University) |
| Abstract: | Eli F. Heckscher found that in 16'th century Sweden: 1) indirect barter was the most common exchange method and 2) monetary exchange was carried out with different coins, none a generally accepted medium of exchange. These findings refute models of the emergence of money, which builds on Jevons and Menger. Heckscher and later Wesley C. Mitchell thought the historical evolution of the exchange system would be a central theme and organizing principle for economic history, which has not happened. I discuss how the ideas of Heckscher may be combined with modern monetary theory to explain gradual monetization. |
| Keywords: | monetization; Sweden; microfoundations of money; indirect barter; monetary exchange; double coincidence of wants |
| JEL: | B22 E40 N13 |
| Date: | 2015–08–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lunewp:2015_023&r=hpe |
| By: | Maria Pia Paganelli |
| Abstract: | Recent literature on Adam Smith and other 18th-century Scottish thinkers shows an engaged conversation between the Scots and today’s scholars in the sciences that deal with humans—social sciences, humanities, as well as neuroscience and evolutionary psychology. We share with the 18th-century Scots preoccupations about understanding human beings, human nature, sociability, moral development, our ability to understand nature and its possible creator, and about the possibilities to use our knowledge to improve our surrounding and standards of living. As our disciplines evolve, the studies of Smith and Scottish Enlightenment evolve with them. Smith and the Scots remain our interlocutors. |
| Keywords: | adam smith, david hume, scottish enlightenment, recent literature |
| JEL: | A1 A12 A13 A14 B1 B3 B30 B31 B4 B40 B41 C9 C90 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hec:heccee:2015-6&r=hpe |
| By: | Hansjörg Klausinger (Department of Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business) |
| Abstract: | This contribution examines the teaching of economics at the Hochschule für Welthandel as a case study in the evolution of Austrian academic economics in the 20th century. The period considered is divided into three periods – before, under and after the NS-regime. The main focus is on the multiparadigmatic character of the discipline before WWII, on economics under the NS rule, and on the restoration and delayed integration of economics into the international mainstream after 1945. On the personal level, the teaching of economics at the Welthandel was dominated for more than three decades by Walter Heinrich and Richard Kerschagl, whose influence is explored with regard to their academic, scientific and political activities. |
| Keywords: | History of economic thought, Teaching of economics, Austrian economics, Hochschule für Welthandel (WU Vienna University of Economics and Business) |
| JEL: | A20 B25 B29 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwwuw:wuwp202&r=hpe |
| By: | Goulven Rubin (EQUIPPE - Economie Quantitative, Intégration, Politiques Publiques et Econométrie - PRES Université Lille Nord de France - Université Charles-de-Gaulle Lille 3 - Sciences humaines et sociales - Université Lille 1 - Sciences et technologies - Université Lille II - Droit et santé) |
| Abstract: | In 2013, Roger Backhouse and Mauro Boianovsky published Transforming Modern Macroeconomics Exploring Disequilibrium Microfoundations, 1956-2003. This book is the first comprehensive history of the “search for disequilibrium microfoundations” or disequilibrium theories. While being sympathetic to this general undertaking, this essay points two weaknesses of the book. Firstly, the presentation of the origins of the search for disequilibrium microfoundations downplays the interactions between key players like Patinkin, Clower, Arrow or Hahn. As a consequence, Backhouse and Boianovsky tend to overemphasize the heterogeneity of their approaches. Secondly, they argue that disequilibrium theories left a deep mark on contemporary macroeconomics. But this claim is not supported by a step by step analysis. Reading the book is also be the occasion to take stock and identify the issues that remain unanswered and need to be clarified in order to complete the history of disequilibrium macroeconomics. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01091765&r=hpe |
| By: | Francoise Forges (CEREMADE - Université Paris Dauphine (Paris 9), LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - Université Paris IX - Paris Dauphine); Ulrich Horst (Department of Mathematics - Humboldt University Berlin); Antoine Salomon (LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - Université Paris IX - Paris Dauphine) |
| Abstract: | We define feasible, posterior individually rational solutions for two-person Bayesian games with a single informed player. Such a solution can be achieved by direct signalling from the informed player and requires approval of both players after the signal has been sent. Without further assumptions on the Bayesian game, a solution does not necessarily exist. We show that, if the uninformed player has a "uniform punishment strategy"against the informed one, the existence of a solution follows from the existence of Nash equilibrium in infinitely repeated games with lack of information on one side. We consider the extension of the result when both players have private information. We are grateful to |
| Date: | 2014–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01094061&r=hpe |
| By: | Guillaume Allegre (OFCE - OFCE - Sciences Po); Xavier Timbeau (OFCE - OFCE - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | Dans son ouvrage Le capital au XXIe siècle, Thomas Piketty propose une analyse critique de la dynamique de l’accumulation du capital. L’auteur montre que si le rendement du capital (r) est plus élevé que la croissance économique (g), ce qui a pratiquement toujours été le cas dans l’histoire, alors il est presque inévitable que les patrimoines hérités dominent les patrimoines constitués et que la concentration du capital atteigne des niveaux extrêmement élevés. Le livre cherche ainsi des fondements macroéconomiques (r>g) aux inégalités alors que les explications habituelles sont d’ordre micro-économique. Nous soulignons que l’on peut interpréter les faits décrits selon une causalité différente où les inégalités découlent du fonctionnement (imparfait) des marchés, des rentes de rareté et de l’établissement des droits de propriété. Selon cette interprétation, ce n’est pas r>g qui a transformé les entrepreneurs en rentiers, mais la mise en place de mécanismes permettant l’extraction d’une rente perpétuelle qui explique la constance historique r>g. Cette interprétation différente des mêmes phénomènes a des conséquences en termes de politique publique. L’imposition ex post du capital, si nécessaire, ne peut être qu’un choix de second rang : il faut d’abord lever les contraintes de rareté et se préoccuper de la définition des droits de propriété ainsi que des droits des propriétaires et des non-propriétaires |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01140572&r=hpe |
| By: | Jean-Luc Gaffard (OFCE - OFCE - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | Le livre de Thomas Piketty « Le Capital au XXIème siècle » est ambivalent. D’un côté, une lecturethéorique trop simple, fondamentalement a-institutionnelle, retient un taux de croissancedéfinitivement exogène et ignore l’hétérogénéité du capital, faisant de la répartition des revenus et desrichesses une donnée technique sans influence en retour sur la croissance elle-même. D’un autre côté,les faits stylisés rassemblés et les intuitions qui y sont associées incitent réfléchir sur les tenants etaboutissants de la répartition des revenus et des patrimoines pour lui redonner une place centraledans la théorie économique et lui restituer sa dimension sociale. |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01093017&r=hpe |
| By: | Christian Walter (Le Collège d'études mondiales/FMSH - Fondation Maison des sciences de l'homme, PHICO - Philosophies contemporaines - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | I describe the changes of the financial theory over the long run by using the sociological notion of quantification and by coining a new terminology and framework: the first and second quantifications of this theory. I present an overview of the two quantifications by mirroring them with a stylized elementary market moving towards equilibrium. Then I illustrate the shift resulting from this transformation by describing the way the two quantifications impacted a well-known technique of the traditional finance, the calculation of the present value by discounting future cash flows. |
| Abstract: | Nous proposons d'analyser les changements de la théorie financière sur longue durée à partir de la notion de première puis de seconde quantification de cette théorie. Nous introduisons la notion de quantification puis nous présentons les deux quantifications en les situant l'une par rapport à l'autre au moyen d'un cadre stylisé d'un marché élémentaire à l' équilibre. Nous donnons ensuite un exemple de ces transformations en analysant la manière dont les deux quantifications ont modifié une technique rudimentaire de la finance traditionnelle, le calcul de la valeur actuelle. |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01118147&r=hpe |
| By: | Jeroen Van de Ven (ACLE - Amsterdam Center for Law & Economics - University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] - UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM); Marie Claire Villeval (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - CNRS - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - PRES Université de Lyon - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon) |
| Abstract: | We investigate how different forms of scrutiny affect dishonesty, using Gneezy’s (2005) deception game. We add a third player whose interests are aligned with those of the sender. We find that lying behavior is not sensitive to revealing the sender’s identity to the observer. The option for observers to communicate with the sender, and the option to reveal the sender’s lies to the receiver also do not affect lying behavior. Even more striking, senders whose identity is revealed to their observer do not lie less when their interests are misaligned with those of the observer. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01080189&r=hpe |
| By: | Karl Pichelmann |
| Abstract: | Growth and investment in Europe have been stuck in low gear since the crisis while inequality has continued to rise. In light of these facts, this paper examines growth and inequality trends in Europe in the context of secular stagnation theories and Piketty’s theory on growth and inequality. |
| JEL: | O40 |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:ecopap:0551&r=hpe |
| By: | Claude Roche (LIP - Laboratoire d'innovation pédagogique - Université Catholique de Lille) |
| Abstract: | Cet article propose une interprétation nouvelle de la théorie de la propriété de Locke fondée sur la problématique financière. Il soutient que le Traité de Gouvernement de Locke a lié le droit à l’extension de la propriété à la légitimation de l’épargne par le biais d’une redéfinition financière de la monnaie; et cette démonstration doit être lue en fonction des positions que Locke a prises lors du processus d’institutionnalisation du système financier auquel il a participé (1694-97). Pour ce faire, et contre l’autocensure des commentateurs, il rappelle que Locke était un partisan de la régulation du système financier. Mais face à la faiblesse des conceptions de son époque, il lui fallait expliciter l’ensemble des dimensions de cette position : théorique et l’on peut voir que Locke a décrit in extenso le rôle de l’épargne dans le financement des entreprises, financière au travers de l’analyse critique des pratiques bancaires de son époque, mais aussi méthodologique car il s’agissait d’asseoir ces positions sur une vision moderne – id est macroéconomique - aussi bien du système financier que de la monnaie. Aussi est-ce cette question de la monnaie, indissociable de celle du droit de la propriété, qui cristallise les conceptions de Locke, et on entend par là autant celle de sa nature économique (l’origine de sa valeur) qu’épistémologique ( le statut du concept de monnaie) ; et c’est l’enjeu de son Traité que d’en avoir donné les fondements. On notera enfin que de facto ces positions de Locke ont servi de base théorique aux mesures institutionnelles prises à cette époque : que ce soit la refonte des monnaies ou celle moins connue relative à la Banque d’Angleterre. Et on en conclura que la théorie de la propriété du Traité peut être lue comme la base philosophique de ce système institutionnel en gestation. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01143970&r=hpe |
| By: | Frédéric Gavrel (CREM - Centre de Recherche en Economie et Management - CNRS - Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1); Thérèse Rebière (IZA Bonn) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an analysis of the social consequences of people seeking to keep up with the Joneses. All individuals attempt to reach a higher rank than the Joneses, including the Joneses themselves. This attitude gives rise to an equilibrium in which all individuals have equal utilities but unequal (gross) incomes. Due to a rat-race effect, individuals devote too much energy to climbing the social scale in this equilibrium. However, laissez-faire equilibrium is an equal-utility constrained social optimum. Unexpectedly, numerical simulations show that this theory could account for the observed distribution of intermediate wages. |
| Date: | 2015–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01158406&r=hpe |
| By: | Jeroen Van de Ven (ACLE - Amsterdam Center for Law & Economics - University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] - UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM); Marie Claire Villeval (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - PRES Université de Lyon - CNRS) |
| Abstract: | We investigate how different forms of scrutiny affect dishonesty, using Gneezy’s (2005) deception game. We add a third player whose interests are aligned with those of the sender. We find that lying behavior is not sensitive to revealing the sender’s identity to the observer. The option for observers to communicate with the sender, and the option to reveal the sender’s lies to the receiver also do not affect lying behavior. Even more striking, senders whose identity is revealed to their observer do not lie less when their interests are misaligned with those of the observer. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01137676&r=hpe |
| By: | Florence Allard-Poesi (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée); Olivier Germain (ESG - Ecole des Sciences de la Gestion - UQAM - Université du Québec à Montréal); Isabelle Huault (DRM-MOST - DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - CNRS - Université Paris IX - Paris Dauphine); Gérard Koenig (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée) |
| Abstract: | Organizations studies are used to borrowing concepts, images and theories from some more or less close theoretical fields, frequently from other social and human sciences. This multitude of inspirations are necessary and offer large potentialities but some scholars regret that organization studies do not refer enough to their own works. This choir article discusses potentialities, limits and contributions from some theoretical inspirations or from some processes of inspiration in organization studies. |
| Abstract: | Les études organisationnelles empruntent concepts, images et théories à des disciplines plus ou moins proches, fréquemment aux autres sciences humaines et sociales. Si ce foisonnement d'inspirations est nécessaire et riche en potentialités, un certain nombre de voix s'élèvent pour au contraire regretter le très faible auto-référencement de la discipline. Cette contribution chorale permet de discuter des apports, potentialités et limites de certaines inspirations théoriques ou de certaines modalités d'inspiration au sein des études organisationnelles. |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01123814&r=hpe |
| By: | André De Palma (ENS Cachan - École normale supérieure - Cachan, Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - CNRS - Polytechnique - X); Mohammed Abdellaoui (GREGH - Groupement de Recherche et d'Etudes en Gestion à HEC - CNRS - GROUPE HEC); Giuseppe Attanasi (BETA - Bureau d'économie théorique et appliquée - CNRS - Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I); Moshe Ben-Akiva (Massachussetts Institute of Technology (MIT)); Helga Fehr-Duda (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich); Ido Erev (Israel Institute of Technology - Technion); Dennis Fok (Erasmus University Rotterdam - Tinbergen Institute and CESifo); Ralph Hertwig (Max-Planck-Institut); Nathalie Picard (Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - CNRS - Polytechnique - X, THEMA - Théorie économique, modélisation et applications - Université de Cergy Pontoise - CNRS); Martin Weber (University of Mannheim - University of Mannheim); Craig Fox (UCLA-CS - Computer Science Department [UCLA] - University of California, Los Angeles); P.P. Wakker (Erasmus University Rotterdam - Tinbergen Institute and CESifo); A.L. Walker (UC BERKELEY - Berkeley University of California - UC Berkeley) |
| Abstract: | Uncertainty pervades most aspects of life. From selecting a new technology to choosing a career, decision makers often ignore the outcomes of their decisions. In the last decade a new paradigm has emerged in behavioral decision research in which decisions are “experienced” rather than “described”, as in standard decision theory. The dominant finding from studies using the experience-based paradigm is that decisions from experience exhibit "black swan effect", i.e. the tendency to neglect rare events. Under prospect theory, this results in an experience-description gap. We show that several tentative conclusions can be drawn from our interdisciplinary examination of the putative experience-description gap in decision under uncertainty. Several insights are discussed. First, while the major source of under-weighting of rare events may be sampling error, it is argued that a robust experience-description gap remains when these factors are not at play. Second, the residual experience-description gap is not only about experience per se, but also about the way in which information concerning the probability distribution over possible outcomes is learned.Additional econometric and empirical work might be required to fully flech out these tentative conclusions. However, there was a consensus that an initially polemical literature turns out to be constructive in drawing researcher towards greater rapprochements. |
| Date: | 2014–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01092090&r=hpe |
| By: | Stéphane Goria (CREM - CREM-EA3476 - Centre de Recherche sur les Médiations - Université Paul Verlaine - Metz) |
| Abstract: | In recent years two expressions to qualify partial or complete use of elements from games in non-play contexts have emerged. These expressions are those of serious games and gamification. A serious game and serious game is a game developed for professional purposes, which uses a fun interface to achieve professional goals. Gamification is a process that borrows design elements to make video games more friendlest serious activities, dynamic, motivating, etc. The gamification process does not aim to develop a serious game or transform a serious business in a serious game, but we can consider that a sufficiently advanced gamification process produces a serious game. In this paper, we focus on the concept of serious games to wonder about the transformation process that can lead to it. We begin our discussion by examining what is a serious game, from its literature, as well as in terms of structure, context and attitude of the game. This then allows us to consider from the process gamification, five other processes that can lead to the development of a serious game. |
| Abstract: | Ces dernières années deux expressions relatives à l'utilisation partielle ou complète d'éléments issus des jeux dans des contextes non ludiques ont vu le jour. Ces expressions sont celles de serious game et de gamification. Un serious game ou jeu sérieux est un jeu développé à des fins professionnelles qui utilise une interface ludique pour atteindre des objectifs professionnels. La gamification correspond à un processus qui emprunte des éléments de design des jeux vidéo pour rendre activités sérieuses plus sympathiques, dynamiques, motivantes, etc. Le processus de gamification n'a pas pour objectif de développer un serious game ou de transformer une activité sérieuse en un serious game, mais nous pouvons considérer qu'un processus de gamification suffisamment poussé produit un serious game. Dans cet article, nous prenons comme centre de réflexion le concept de serious game pour nous interroger sur les processus de transformations qui peuvent y aboutir. Nous débutons notre propos en étudiant ce qu'est un serious game, vis-à-vis de sa littérature, mais aussi en termes de structure, de contexte et d'attitude de jeu. Ceci nous permet ensuite d'envisager à partir du processus de gamification, cinq autres processus qui peuvent aboutir au développement d'un serious game. |
| Date: | 2014–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01089152&r=hpe |
| By: | Jean-Francois Laslier (PSE - Paris-Jourdan Sciences Economiques - CNRS - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC), EEP-PSE - Ecole d'Économie de Paris - Paris School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This theoretical paper contrasts two voting heuristics: overstating and replacing. Under the Alternative Vote, overstatement is inefficient but replacement is efficient. The paper argues that the “replacing" manipulation corresponds to a psychologically and politically plausible voter behavior. |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-01168670&r=hpe |
| By: | Michel Damian (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier) |
| Abstract: | L’article qui suit a été rédigé il y a un quart de siècle, durant l’été et l’automne 1990. Il tentait, avec les limites des lectures de l’époque et, certainement, aussi avec quelque parti pris et quelques assertions empreintes du langage d’alors, de rendre compte de la généalogie du planétaire, du surgissement de la question du changement climatique et des problèmes globaux. Natures Sciences Sociétés a jugé bon de publier, dans la rubrique « Regards », cette contribution dans sa forme originelle (deux encadrés ont été ajoutés) ; elle apporte, en effet, des éléments historiques et contextuels précieux pour analyser la situation actuelle et elle montre bien la permanence ou le glissement de certaines questions. Le contexte entremêlait les alertes des scientifiques sur la couche d’ozone et le climat, ainsi que la perception de ces périls inédits par les politiques et les grands médias ; les débats entre scientifiques, physiciens et climatologues sur la théorie de « l’hiver nucléaire » et les conséquences planétaires de celle-ci ; les négociations autour de la « guerre des étoiles » et sur la diminution des arsenaux nucléaires entre les deux superpuissances ; la rhétorique de « La Terre, notre maison commune » par Mikhaïl Gorbatchev et la montée du concept de développement durable ; et, enfin, la guerre du Golfe et la géopolitique de l’énergie, comme un premier signe, ou un premier acte, d’embrasements à venir. Encore aujourd’hui, à l’approche de la Conférence Paris Climat 2015, après les transformations engendrées par la globalisation économique et la prise de conscience des effets proprement géologiques des activités humaines (l’ère de l’Anthropocène, comme l’a nommée Paul Crutzen), l’archéologie du planétaire et de la montée des problèmes communs à l’humanité demeure, nous semble-t-il, un objet et un enjeu de connaissance. Cet article a une histoire. Il avait été retenu, en décembre 1990, pour publication dans le numéro de février 1991 de la revue La Recherche. Il n’est cependant jamais paru. L’auteur dédie sa publication à Martine Barrère ; décédée en 1995, après avoir été chercheur au Commissariat à l’énergie atomique, puis enseignante à l’université, elle fut une grande figure du journalisme scientifique. |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01149041&r=hpe |
| By: | Maurizio Franzini; Mario Pianta |
| Abstract: | After much empirical documentation of patterns of inequality, we address in this paper the need for a convincing interpretation of the causes of inequality in advanced countries. We set the current debate in the context of the evolution of ideas on inequality, including the debate on Thomas Piketty' book. We argue that four "engines of inequality" can be identified - the power of capital over labour, the rise of "oligarchs capitalis", the individualisation of economic conditions, the retreat of politics - as key sources of today's inequalities. Each of these mechanisms is examined on the basis on concepts and data, with a detailed consideration of the results from the current literature and of the empirical evidence available. A full analysis of the dynamics of inequality, an interpretation of its mechanisms and a set of policy proposals to reverse it are developed in our book "Explaining inequality" (Franzini and Pianta, 2015). |
| Keywords: | Inequality, Income distribution, Capital, Labour |
| Date: | 2015–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2015/20&r=hpe |
| By: | Vladimiro Giacché (a/simmetrie) |
| Abstract: | Summers has recently reintroduced the hypothesis of “secular stagnation”, first proposed by Alvin Hansen in 1938 as an explanation for the protracted slump of the US economy. However, the secular stagnation hypothesis looks rather as a description, than as an explanation of the current low-growth environment. In this paper we consider the Marxian hypothesis of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall as an alternative theoretical paradigm. Looking at the post-WWII data, the Marxian hypothesis provides an adequate picture of the long-run growth trends. This conclusion is reinforced once we take into account the counteracting factors mentioned by Marx, all of which, and in particular the use of share capital, were operating in the last decades. The paper concludes by outlining some alternative scenarios of recovery. |
| Keywords: | Marxian economics, Marxian model, Economic growth, Secolar stagnation, Comparative analysis of economic systems |
| JEL: | B51 E11 O40 P51 |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ais:wpaper:1507&r=hpe |