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on Heterodox Microeconomics |
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Issue of 2026–02–02
24 papers chosen by Carlo D’Ippoliti, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” |
| By: | Jhordan Silveira de Borba; Celia Anteneodo; Sebastian Gon\c{c}alves |
| Abstract: | The impact of rising consumption on wealth inequality remains an open question. Here we revisit and extend the Social Architecture of Capitalism agent-based model proposed by Ian Wright, which reproduces stylized facts of wealth and income distributions. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the macroscopic behavior of the model is predominantly governed by a single dimensionless parameter, the ratio between average wealth per capita and mean salary, denoted by R. The shape of the wealth distribution, the emergence of a two-class structure, and the level of inequality -- summarized by the Gini index -- were found to depend mainly on R, with inequality increasing as R increases. In the present work, we examine the robustness of this result by relaxing some simplifying assumptions of the model. We first allow transactions such as purchases, salary payments, and revenue collections to occur with different frequencies, reflecting the heterogeneous temporal dynamics of real economies. We then impose limits on the maximum fractions of wealth that agents can spend or collect at each step, constraining the amplitude of individual transactions. We find that the dependence of the inequality on R remains qualitatively robust, although the detailed distribution patterns are affected by relative frequencies and transaction limits. Finally, we analyze a further variant of the model with adaptive wages emerging endogenously from the dynamics, showing that self-organized labor-market feedback can either stabilize or amplify inequality depending on macroeconomic conditions. |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2601.15537 |
| By: | Emilio Barucci (Politecnico di Milano); Andrea Gurgone (University of Oxford); Giulia Iori (Ca’ Foscari University of Venice; University of London); Michele Azzone (Politecnico di Milano) |
| Abstract: | We analyse financial stability and welfare impacts associated with the introduction of a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) in a macroeconomic agent-based model. The model considers firms, banks, and households interacting on labour, goods, credit, and interbank markets. Households move their liquidity from deposits to CBDC based on the perceived riskiness of their banks. We find that the introduction of CBDC exacerbates bank-runs and may lead to financial instability phenomena. The effect can be changed by introducing a limit on CBDC holdings. The adoption of CBDC has little effect on macroeconomic variables but the interest rate on loans to firms goes up and credit goes down in a limited way. CBDC leads to a redistribution of wealth from firms and banks to households with a higher bank default rate. CBDC may have negative welfare effects, but a bound on holding enables a welfare improvement. |
| Keywords: | Agent-Based Model, Central Bank Digital Currency, Financial Stability, Bank-run |
| JEL: | E42 E44 E47 E52 E58 G01 G21 G28 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2026:01 |
| By: | Muzi Shoba (Nelson Mandela University, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a comparative analysis of cooperatives through selected case studies from four countries in Africa, Europe, and North America. The paper is qualitative in nature and relies on secondary data analysis to explore the role of cooperatives in economic development and community empowerment. The findings reveal that while cooperatives in developed countries like Spain and Canada benefit from strong regulatory frameworks and institutional support, enabling them to thrive as significant economic actors, those in developing countries such as Nigeria and South Africa face complex and multifaceted challenges. The article underscores the critical importance of a conducive regulatory environment and effective governance in fostering thriving cooperative ecosystems. The findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on cooperatives as alternative development models for sustainable local economic development. |
| Keywords: | Cooperatives, Community Development, Africa, Europe, North America |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0600 |
| By: | Mark Setterfield (Department of Economics, New School for Social Research, USA) |
| Abstract: | Slow growth and decline in the wage share of income are prominent stylized facts of US macroeconomic performance over the past 3-4 decades. Most explanations of these phenomenon trace their origins to structural change -- such as deunionization, globalization, or increased corporate concentration. This paper suggests that observed wage stagnation and secular stagnation in the US economy can also be thought of as path-dependent products of policy-induced macroeconomic outcomes in the 1970s/80s. A Marx-Keynes-Schumpeter (MKS) model is developed, in which the coincidence of wage stagnation and secular stagnation is shown to arise from an intial decline in the equilibrium rate of growth, which lowers both the steady-state rate of growth and accompanying wage share. It is then shown that the predictions of the model, following an intial reduction in the equilibrium growth rate, are consistent with a number of other secular macroeconomic pathologies that have afflicted the US economy since 1990. |
| Keywords: | Wage stagnation, secular stagnation, Marx-Keynes-Schumpeter model, path dependence, structural change |
| JEL: | E11 E12 E60 O41 O51 P17 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:new:wpaper:2601 |
| By: | Aomar Ibourk; Sana Hninou |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of female agricultural cooperatives on women’s empowerment in Morocco, with a focus on the rural Marrakech-Safi region. The research evaluates the effectiveness of these cooperatives in enhancing women’s empowerment through economic opportunities, participatory governance, and leadership roles. The Global Empowerment Index (GEI) was adopted to measure empowerment across five key dimensions: personal decision-making, economic decision-making, household decision-making, freedom of mobility, and participation in community activities. A multilevel analysis was performed using data from 225 cooperative members, selected through a combination of convenience and purposive sampling. The findings reveal that cooperatives fostering leadership roles, economic opportunities, and participatory governance significantly enhance women’s autonomy and control over resources. However, persistent challenges such as limited market access and insufficient resources continue to hinder the full potential of these cooperatives. By examining the interplay between cooperative models and regional factors, this research offers actionable recommendations. These include improving access to training programs tailored to women in cooperatives, establishing mentorship initiatives to foster long-term empowerment and skill development, expanding targeted microcredit, investing in sustainable infrastructure, and promoting digital integration for direct market access. Nevertheless, the study’s regional scope and reliance on cross-sectional data represent limitations, underscoring the need for future research to explore diverse contexts and longitudinal perspectives. |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpaagr:pp_11-25 |
| By: | Yukun Zhang; Tianyang Zhang |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a micro-founded economic theory of the AI industry by modeling large language models as a distinct asset class-Digital Intelligence Capital-characterized by data-compute complementarities, increasing returns to scale, and relative (rather than absolute) valuation. We show that these features fundamentally reshape industry dynamics along three dimensions. First, because downstream demand depends on relative capability, innovation by one firm endogenously depreciates the economic value of rivals' existing capital, generating a persistent innovation pressure we term the Red Queen Effect. Second, falling inference prices induce downstream firms to adopt more compute-intensive agent architectures, rendering aggregate demand for compute super-elastic and producing a structural Jevons paradox. Third, learning from user feedback creates a data flywheel that can destabilize symmetric competition: when data accumulation outpaces data decay, the market bifurcates endogenously toward a winner-takes-all equilibrium. We further characterize conditions under which expanding upstream capabilities erode downstream application value (the Wrapper Trap). A calibrated agent-based model confirms these mechanisms and their quantitative implications. Together, the results provide a unified framework linking intelligence production upstream with agentic demand downstream, offering new insights into competition, scalability, and regulation in the AI economy. |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2601.12339 |
| By: | Massimo Cervesato (Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Mathieu Guigourez (Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne, Université Paris 1 Panthéo-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces the Kovenant model, a formal framework for understanding ecological choices as resulting from norm-guided individual commitments that emerge in fragmented collective contexts. Rather than primarily seeking to optimise outcomes or induce cooperation through incentives, the model represents how agents act as if an ecological covenant were in place, thereby reshaping their own decision-making structure. The model captures key behavioural features such as over-investment or crowding-out effects, showing that these are not irrational deviations, but responses to the absence of well-defined shared normative expectations. The Kovenant model offers, thus, theoretical ground for explaining ecological behaviours in emerging social norms |
| Keywords: | Commitments; Collective Action; Ecological Behaviours; Common-Pool Resources; As if reasoning |
| JEL: | A12 B40 D02 D70 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mse:cesdoc:26001 |
| By: | Nicolas Laurence (UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble-UGA - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) have regained prominence as international institutions search for ways to respond to recurring financial crises, rising inequalities, and accelerating climate change. As the only international reserve asset not tied to a national currency, SDRs have been debated as potential instruments for redistributive and ecological purposes, particularly since the unprecedented 650 billion USD allocation of 2021. Yet the terms of these debates reveal the persistent dominance of macro-financial logics over alternative framings. This article develops an analysis of how institutional discourses on SDR reform reflect and reproduce the tension between international monetary hierarchy and ecological vulnerability. It shows that ecological concerns are not absent from official debates but systematically translated into the language of liquidity, debt sustainability, and creditworthiness. Such translation renders ecological values legible while erasing their normative specificity, thereby constraining their transformative potential. By linking international political economy with social ecological economics, the article foregrounds the processes of inclusion, translation, and marginalisation through which plural values are managed in global monetary governance. SDRs thus serve less as instruments of ecological transition than as a diagnostic site for understanding the limits of integrating ecological criteria into a system still structured by financial stability and monetary hierarchy. |
| Keywords: | Latent Dirichlet Allocation, Ecologically Unequal Exchange, Ecological Economics, Monetary Hierarchy, Special Drawing Rights |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05446729 |
| By: | Hamoon Soleimani |
| Abstract: | Since its inception, Bitcoin has been positioned as a revolutionary alternative to national currencies, attracting immense public and academic interest. This paper presents a critical evaluation of this claim, suggesting that Bitcoin faces significant structural barriers to qualifying as money. It synthesizes critiques from two distinct schools of economic thought - Post-Keynesianism and the Austrian School - and validates their conclusions with rigorous technical analysis. From a Post-Keynesian perspective, it is argued that Bitcoin does not function as money because it is not a debt-based IOU and fails to exhibit the essential properties required for a stable monetary asset (Vianna, 2021). Concurrently, from an Austrian viewpoint, it is shown to be inconsistent with a strict interpretation of Mises's Regression Theorem, as it lacks prior non-monetary value and has not achieved the status of the most saleable commodity (Peniaz and Kavaliou, 2024). These theoretical arguments are then supported by an empirical analysis of Bitcoin's extreme volatility, hard-coded scalability limits, fragile market structure, and insecure long-term economic design. The paper concludes that Bitcoin is more accurately characterized as a novel speculative asset whose primary legacy may be the technological innovation it has spurred, rather than its viability as a monetary standard. |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2512.07840 |
| By: | Wheeler, David |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cladsp:262907 |
| By: | Clague, Christopher |
| Keywords: | Production Economics |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cladsp:262865 |
| By: | Darrell Norman Burrell (Marymount University, Arlington, VA, USA) |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces Goldfish Syndrome, a structural framework for explaining extreme accumulation of corporate wealth, power, and technological capability in contemporary technology capitalism. Contrary to accounts that almost always attribute dominance among billionaire CEOs and major technology firms to individual greed, the framework argues that overaccumulation is a rational and predictable outcome of systems engineered to reward continuous expansion and penalize restraint. Drawing on insights from political economy, systems theory, and science and technology studies, Goldfish Syndrome conceptualizes accumulation as a reinforcing feedback loop in which scarcityadapted decision-makers operate within environments of artificial abundance, weak constraints, and delayed consequences. The paper applies this framework to platform markets and, more urgently, to artificial intelligence development, where capital abundance, scaling races, compute concentration, and fragmented governance accelerate the dynamics of overaccumulation. Ethical awareness and voluntary self-regulation repeatedly fail not because actors lack concern, but because institutional incentives systematically override internal restraint. By reframing greed as an emergent structural outcome rather than a moral anomaly, the paper clarifies why concentration persists despite public scrutiny and policy debate. The analysis concludes that meaningful intervention requires the reintroduction of structural limits, antitrust enforcement, governance mechanisms, and balancing feedback loops, capable of restoring consequence to systems of technological abundance. |
| Keywords: | Goldfish Syndrome, Corporate Greed, Technology Capitalism, Artificial Intelligence Governance, Technological Determinism, Corporate Ethics, Political Economy, Overaccumulation, Corporate Social Responsibility, Systems Theory |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0622 |
| By: | Bridget Smart; Ebba Mark; Anne Bastian; Josefina Waugh |
| Abstract: | Prediction markets mobilize financial incentives to forecast binary event outcomes through the aggregation of dispersed beliefs and heterogeneous information. Their growing popularity and demonstrated predictive accuracy in political elections have raised speculation and concern regarding their susceptibility to manipulation and the potential consequences for democratic processes. Using agent-based simulations combined with an analytic characterization of price dynamics, we study how high-budget agents can introduce price distortions in prediction markets. We explore the persistence and stability of these distortions in the presence of herding or stubborn agents, and analyze how agent expertise affects market-price variance. Firstly we propose an agent-based model of a prediction market in which bettors with heterogeneous expertise, noisy private information, variable learning rates and budgets observe the evolution of public opinion on a binary election outcome to inform their betting strategies in the market. The model exhibits stability across a broad parameter space, with complex agent behaviors and price interactions producing self-regulatory price discovery. Second, using this simulation framework, we investigate the conditions under which a highly resourced minority, or ''whale'' agent, with a biased valuation can distort the market price, and for how long. We find that biased whales can temporarily shift prices, with the magnitude and duration of distortion increasing when non-whale bettors exhibit herding behavior and slow learning. Our theoretical analysis corroborates these results, showing that whales can shift prices proportionally to their share of market capital, with distortion duration depending on non-whale learning rates and herding intensity. |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2601.20452 |
| By: | Severin Hornung (University of Innsbruck, Austria); Thomas Hoge (University of Innsbruck, Austria); Christine Unterrainer (University of Innsbruck, Austria) |
| Abstract: | This presentation reports a first wave of studies from a research program on the psychological significance of neoliberal ideology in the socio-politico-ecological polycrisis. Neoliberalism not only enforces globally dominant political-economic practices of market expansion, entrepreneurial freedom, dismantling the welfare state, and supremacy of capital interests, but also pervades psychological processes, belief systems, and behaviors. After reviewing theoretical and methodological foundations on system-justifying neoliberal ideologies, exemplary empirical results are reported, pertaining to the ecological climate crisis, the social crisis of eroding civil solidarity, and the legitimation crisis of liberal democracies. All are addressed in survey studies using the neoliberal ideological beliefs questionnaire with sub-dimensions of individualism, competition, and instrumentality. The first study examined relationships with system justification, environmental consciousness, climate-protective behavior, and estimated carbon footprint, confirming a detrimental role of neoliberal ideological beliefs. The second study established connections between neoliberal ideological beliefs, moral disengagement, and lacking civic engagement for people seeking refuge. The third study explored correlational patterns of neoliberal beliefs, political attitudes, and party preferences, showing a tendency towards right-wing populism and social dominance orientation. Additionally, qualitative interviews were conducted among socio-economically disadvantaged groups. Contradicting their social interests, participants endorsed neoliberal individualism, competition, and instrumentality, evidenced by meritocratic explanations for poverty and rejection of wealth redistribution. Underlying psychological processes were reduction of cognitive dissonance and appeasement of epistemic and existential motives. Psychodynamics of neoliberal ideologies in the polycrisis are highlighted, including self-reinforcing spirals, corrosion of transformative capacities, and the xenophobic authoritarian turn. Implications for following waves of research are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Neoliberal Ideology, System Justification, Polycrisis, Climate Crisis, Refugee Crisis, Crisis Of Democracy, Social And Political Psychology |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0588 |
| By: | Chuwen Zhang; Pengyi Shi; Amy Ward |
| Abstract: | Incarceration-diversion treatment programs aim to improve societal reintegration and reduce recidivism, but limited capacity forces policymakers to make prioritization decisions that often rely on risk assessment tools. While predictive, these tools typically treat risk as a static, individual attribute, which overlooks how risk evolves over time and how treatment decisions shape outcomes through social interactions. In this paper, we develop a new framework that models reoffending risk as a human-system interaction, linking individual behavior with system-level dynamics and endogenous community feedback. Using an agent-based simulation calibrated to U.S. probation data, we evaluate treatment allocation policies under different capacity constraints and incarceration settings. Our results show that no single prioritization policy dominates. Instead, policy effectiveness depends on temporal windows and system parameters: prioritizing low-risk individuals performs better when long-term trajectories matter, while prioritizing high-risk individuals becomes more effective in the short term or when incarceration leads to shorter monitoring periods. These findings highlight the need to evaluate risk-based decision systems as sociotechnical systems with long-term accountability, rather than as isolated predictive tools. |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2601.12441 |
| By: | Abusada-Salah, Roberto |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Production Economics |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cladsp:262866 |
| By: | Reddy, Niall; Lazardi, Virgilio Urbina |
| Abstract: | Recent empirical work (Hickel et al. 2021, 2022) appears to show that the Global South is being ``drained" of resources and value on a vast scale through unequal exchange (UE) and/or ecologically unequal exchange (EUE). Headline estimates of the aggregate value of this extraction have been widely taken to substantiate two politico-normative issues: that the South is systematically exploited through international price formation, and that this drain constitutes a binding constraint on Southern development and a precondition for Northern prosperity. This paper argues that neither claim is supported by the new measurement agenda. It shows that new drain estimates rely on untenable premises -- in particular, claims of North-South parity in productivity and export composition. Stipped of these assumptions, Hickel et al's method can't yield a counterfactual ``fair price" vector, meaning that their estimates are ungrounded and indeterminate. Moreover, even granting the estimates, they do not sustain an underdevelopment thesis. In standard growth regressions and long-run club-convergence tests, higher measured drain is non-negative and often positively associated with Southern growth once conventional fundamentals are controlled for. The paper suggests ways that research in ecological economics can be placed on a firmer conceptual footing. |
| Date: | 2026–01–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:stwcj_v1 |
| By: | Schydlowsky, Daniel M. |
| Keywords: | Financial Economics, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cladsp:262829 |
| By: | Julia M. Puaschunder (Omnes Education Group, International University of Monaco, Economics and Finance Department, Monaco) |
| Abstract: | About a decade ago, a comprehensive interdisciplinary framework was developed to reconceptualize climate change not merely as an environmental externality but as a systemic governance challenge (Puaschunder, 2020). A macroeconomic model was brought forward that showed that climate change produces not only economic losses, but also unevenly distributed climaterelated gains. The potential benefits from a warming earth were found in warming earth temperatures, leading to productivity gains in countries with low mean temperatures and high-temperature productivity sectors. Outlining the differences between climate-related economic gains and losses was driven by ethical considerations to lead on redistributing expected economic gains of climate change. Global warming related economic gains were advocated to be partially spread around the world to those areas that will be losing from climate change the earliest and most. The overall theme of using climate change-related economic benefits to offset climate change-related losses was grounded in core notions of justice, foresight and intergenerational responsibility. Within a long intellectual tradition of welfare economics, distributive justice and institutional governance, heterodox economics was thereby meant to avert irreversible lock-ins and ecological tipping points. The second edition of the book that introduced climate change-related economic gains and losses now argues for the wealth of nature that can be analytically measured. Natural systems generate productivity, stability and welfare, yet remain underpriced or excluded from economic accounting. The book emphasizes the importance of cartographing expected economic gains and losses from global warming. This article now brings forward a further argument that “wealth of nature†not only brings trade-related advantages and financial market prospects – having natural resources and a favorable climate may also impose geopolitical risks and tensions in a fragile world. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Climate Justice, Sustainable Development, Wealth of Nature |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0625 |
| By: | Gavin Cook |
| Abstract: | There is a science of science and an informal economics of economics, but there is not a cohesive sociology of sociology. We turn the central findings and theoretical lenses of the sociological tradition and the sociological study of stratification inward on sociology itself to investigate how sociology has changed since the 1970s. We link two bibliometric databases to trace diachronic relationships between PhD training and publication outcomes, both of which are understudied in the science of science and sociology of science. All of sociology's top 3 journals remained biased against alum of less prestigious PhD programs, and while most forms of bias in elite sociological publishing have ameliorated over time, the house bias of the American Journal of Sociology in favor PhD alumnae of UChicago has intensified. |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2601.04579 |
| By: | Millan, Patricio |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Productivity Analysis |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cladsp:262859 |
| By: | Jaime Gimeno-Ribes |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how mental accounting of income and wealth affects consumption decisions in a heterogeneous agent environment with incomplete markets, idiosyncratic risk, and asset illiquidity. Mental accounting is formalized using elements from reference-dependence with loss aversion, and it offers a unified explanation of empirical facts about marginal propensities to consume (MPC) and the household distribution that elude standard models: the existence of poor, wealthy, and liquid hand-to-mouth; a spender-saver MPC distribution; realistic levels of aggregate MPC, wealth, return spread, and consumption; differential MPCs from dividends and capital gains; non- Ricardian intertemporal MPCs; and asymmetric MPCs with respect to different attributes. |
| JEL: | D11 D14 D15 D31 D90 E21 E70 |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1550 |
| By: | Karl Svozil |
| Abstract: | In a brief reflection on the principles of human society, P. A. M. Dirac articulated a structural tension between two widely affirmed norms: that it is good and natural for parents to improve the prospects of their own children, and that justice requires that all children have equal opportunities in life. These principles, each compelling on its own, cannot be fully realized together. This paper reconstructs Dirac's dilemma, connects it to the dynamics of compounding advantage and inheritance, and situates it within the broader history of political philosophy, including the work of Rawls, Dworkin, Cohen, Brighouse and Swift, Nozick, Murphy and Nagel, and others. The paper argues that attempts to eliminate the resulting injustices entirely risk damaging the non--zero--sum structures that generate general prosperity, and defends a position of "managed inequality": a robust social floor and real mobility, combined with limits on extreme dynastic accumulation and an explicit acceptance of some residual, but constrained, inherited advantage. |
| Date: | 2026–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2601.14322 |
| By: | Gheorghe Zaharia (Ovidius University of Constanta, Romania) |
| Abstract: | The present study analyzes the current ecological crisis from the premises of Christian theology and highlights the ways in which ecotheology can offer authentic responses to the problems of the contemporary world. In a society dominated by consumption, technology, and a utilitarian approach to nature, the human being gradually distances himself from both creation and God, losing the profound meaning of existence. Christian ecotheology proposes a reconstruction of human consciousness through the rediscovery of the world as a divine gift, through the assumption of responsibility toward creation, and through the restoration of the relationship of communion between the human person and the cosmos. Thus, the study emphasizes that environmental protection cannot be reduced to technical solutions but requires a spiritual and ethical transformation of the human being, who must once again perceive nature not as an object to be exploited, but as a space of encounter with God. Only through such an inner change can a better world be built—one aligned with the will of the Creator and with the human vocation to be His co-worker in preserving and ennobling creation. |
| Keywords: | Christian Ecotheology, Ecological Crisis, Consumerism, Ecological Responsibility, Human–Nature Relationship, Christian Anthropology, Ethics of Creation |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0615 |