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on Heterodox Microeconomics |
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Issue of 2025–10–13
sixteen papers chosen by Carlo D’Ippoliti, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” |
| By: | Eissler, Sarah; Rubin, Deborah; de Anda, Victoria |
| Abstract: | This study presents findings from a qualitative research study conducted in Chiapas, Mexico that is one component of a larger activity funded by the Walmart Foundation and implemented by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), titled Applying New Evidence for Women’s Empowerment (ANEW). ANEW seeks to generate evidence from mixed-methods evaluations of women’s empowerment in production and other entrepreneurial efforts at different nodes of agricultural value chains and aims to develop and validate measures of women’s empowerment that focus on agricultural marketing and collective empowerment at the group level, both of which build upon the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index for Market Inclusion (pro-WEAI+MI). In this report, we present findings of a qualitative study of coffee cooperatives supported by Root Capital in Chiapas, Mexico and how Root Capital engages with them to advance women’s economic empowerment, among other objectives. As part of this study, we aimed to describe the gender dynamics and roles and responsibilities of men and women in the coffee value chain in Chiapas, and the opportunities and barriers faced as a result of these dynamics. This study employed qualitative methods to collect primary data from types of respondents using individual and group interviews. Two coffee cooperatives in Chiapas that work with Root Capital were selected to participate in this study. From June to July 2023, 21 individual interviews and 9 group interviews were conducted with market actors, men and women coffee cooperative leaders, men and women cooperative members and their wives, and Root Capital staff from two municipalities in Chiapas. The data were transcribed into Spanish and then translated into English. These transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis in NVivo software. A codebook inclusive of inductive and deductive themes was developed to guide the thematic analysis. This study design adhered to best practices for ethical research and received approval from IFPRI’s IRB. Several limitations should be considered when reviewing the findings and conclusions of this study. There exist defined gender roles and divisions of labor at each node of the coffee value chain in Chiapas, and participants often described these roles as expected given social norms or perceived gender-specific limitations of natural abilities that would shape how men or women could engage in different activities. Men and women indicated that while men are in charge of coffee production activities, women do spend time contributing to cleaning and management activities, and that women are heavily involved in the coffee harvest. Both men and women explained that women are responsible for processing activities, which can be time consuming and laborious, but often occur close to the home. Although the coffee harvest activities require physical labor in picking and carrying the baskets of ripened cherries, there is a perception that women cannot participate in other post-harvesting activities, such as transporting bags of coffee, because the lifting is too physically heavy of a task for women. Men are responsible for managing the sale of coffee and directly negotiating with the buyer to the extent that a negotiation happens. In instances when buyers travel to the household as the point of sale, women can participate in sales, typically facilitating the sale under the direction of her husband. However, women still do not lift the coffee bags nor transport the bags for sale. And many coffee producing households prefer to or sometimes need to hire labor to help with coffee harvest activities; they tend to hire men as laborers more out of preference or their availability compared to women. Men and women interviewed for this study also described their perceptions and understanding of empowerment and elements of an empowered person with relation to engaging in the coffee value chain. Overall, while the concept of an empowered person was difficult for both men and women to relate to, they shared perceptions of how relations between men and women had changed over the years. Respecting women’s rights or the perception of respecting women’s rights was more acknowledged at the time of the interviews than in previous years, and it was more common to see men and women both generating incomes for the household. Men and women shared different perspectives regarding attitudes toward intimate partner violence, whereas both acknowledged men often mistreated their wives, but women discussed it as a private matter where men shared concerns over women’s reaction to the mistreatment rather than the mistreatment itself. Varying access to resources limited both men and women farmer’s ability to advance in the coffee value chain, particularly access to credit, which was limited for both men and women in the study areas. Limited access to credit with favorable or reasonable terms limited men’s and women’s ability to hire additional labor on their coffee farm or to purchase machines that would reduce specifically women’s time burdens within the household. Women’s time use is constrained by expectations and normative tasks in ways that men are not constrained. Future research is needed and discussed to better understand these dynamics of gendered roles and relations and elements of empowerment in the coffee value chain in Chiapas. Men and women members of the two respective cooperatives shared differences in how they were able to participate in and benefit from their participation in each cooperative. One cooperative provided more opportunities for members to directly engage in meetings, social activities, and capacity building opportunities whereas the other operated through a more decentralized structure and did not offer opportunities for members to directly participate in decision-making or meetings beyond the representation of their delegate. Members of both cooperatives perceived their cooperatives to be consistent and reliable coffee buyers offering stable prices. The former cooperative was also perceived as a source of support and community for members to advance their coffee production and post-harvesting activities. Both cooperatives also addressed key barriers faced by members, such as providing consistent and reliable pricing. Some members reported that cooperatives offered higher prices than those offered by non-cooperative buyers. Cooperatives also provided transportation options for producers to sell their coffee, which also enables women to have more engagement in coffee sales. However, normative barriers, such as women’s existing time burdens and their need for their husbands’ permission, limits women’s full participation in the cooperatives. Finally, we explored the extent to which Root Capital’s engagement with the cooperatives had supported activities or changes that strengthen women’s empowerment by understanding members and leaders’ perceptions of this engagement. Overall, cooperative members were generally unaware of Root Capital and its engagement with the cooperative. Since Root Capital does not provide direct services to farmers or cooperative members, it was not surprising that many cooperative members were generally unaware of Root Capital and its engagement with the cooperative. However, a few were aware of Root Capital, knowing it had provided their cooperative a loan to purchase and maintain a truck, which was used to reduce barriers faced by producers to bring their coffee to the point of sale and had implications for shifting gender roles to manage coffee sales. Cooperative leaders reflected on the loan that facilitated increased transportation capacity, as well as other benefits from working with Root Capital. However, as Root Capital operates with a client-driven approach, adoption of the Gender Equity Advisory services was limited as these services only became recently available in 2021 and cooperatives opted not to prioritize these until 2023. Therefore, there was limited data to understand how these activities may be influencing cooperative operations, gender dynamics and roles, and perception of women engaged in the coffee value chain at the time of this study. We present several recommendations for areas of future research and considerations for Root Capital to strengthen its approach to gender equity programming. |
| Keywords: | coffee; cooperatives; research methods; value chains; women’s empowerment; gender; collective behaviour; qualitative analysis; Mexico; Americas; Northern America |
| Date: | 2024–03–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:140749 |
| By: | Cara Dabrowski; Eckhard Hein |
| Abstract: | Based on the notion of endogenous money, which precludes inflation from being a monetary phenomenon, this contribution develops an introductory macroeconomic model of conflict inflation aimed at undergraduate teaching. Our demand-driven model includes Kaleckian mark-up pricing determining firms’ target profit shares, while workers’ target wage shares are determined by institutional features of the labour market and the social benefit system and the employment rate. Conflict inflation emerges if these targets are inconsistent with each other. This basic version of our teachable Kaleckian macroeconomic model incorporates the main components of aggregate demand and their determinants for a closed (private) economy, as well as conflicting income claims between workers and capitalists. The model is then applied in a stylised way to the recent inflationary shocks taking off in 2021. It aims to provide a basic heterodox approach, which is both straightforward and effective in facilitating students’ understanding of inflationary dynamics. |
| Keywords: | conflict inflation, post-Keynesian/Kaleckian model, teaching economics |
| JEL: | A22 E12 E25 E31 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pke:wpaper:pkwp2522 |
| By: | Bhanjdeo, Arundhita |
| Abstract: | Over the last decade in India, farmer producer organizations (FPOs) have emerged as a means of collectivizing smallholder farmers and providing them access to extension, innovation, and market services. FPOs that center women farmers, traditionally at a disadvantage vis-à-vis their male counterparts in access to resources and extension, can serve to enhance women’s agency and collective action in agricultural value chains. We used 59 key informant interviews and nine focus group discussions to examine the constraints to, and facilitators of, women’s and men’s participation in three women-only FPOs in Jharkhand, an eastern Indian state. Additionally, we study the gender and power dynamics in such FPOs and the potential of collective efficacy to enhance agricultural and empowerment outcomes. The FPO intervention we evaluated was supported by an NGO that provides FPO members with both agricultural and gender-based inputs to improve agronomic practices, market linkages, agricultural yields and profits, and the role of women both within the FPO and within their households and communities. In this paper, we provide contextual insights on ‘what works’ to empower women in this context. Women’s perceptions of the benefits from FPO membership were heterogeneous. Our qualitative analysis suggests a nuanced picture of women’s autonomy and decision-making within and outside their household, further shaped by women’s and men’s perception of shifts in women’s access to resources and services. The emerging lessons provide inputs for development implementers and policymakers to recognize diverse contextual barriers in designing FPO interventions to enable and enhance women empowerment outcomes. The research also contributes to the body of knowledge on local gender norms and understanding of empowerment. |
| Keywords: | agricultural value chains; collectivization; extension; gender; innovation; women’s empowerment; India; Asia; Southern Asia |
| Date: | 2024–06–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:145187 |
| By: | Sarah Ashwin (LSE - Department of Management - London School of Economics and Political Science - LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science); Rafael Gomez (University of Toronto); Patrice Laroche (CEREFIGE - Centre Européen de Recherche en Economie Financière et Gestion des Entreprises - UL - Université de Lorraine) |
| Abstract: | David Marsden enriched and extended the field of employment relations with his interdisciplinary and comparative practice. This introduction to the special issue honouring his work examines the nature of David's contribution and analyses his influence on employment relations and adjacent fields. The article highlights David's original engagement with the social science questions of his day, and his comparative craft, which entailed sensitivity to difference and a commitment to grounded, institutionally embedded analysis. Previewing the articles that make up this special issue, this introduction shows how David's work provides signposts to a better world of work. |
| Keywords: | well-being, varieties of capitalism, interdisciplinarity, employment systems, embeddedness, comparative employment relations |
| Date: | 2025–09–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05294904 |
| By: | Demis Legrenzi (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Department of Economics and Management, Università degli Studi di Brescia); Emanuele Ciola (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Department of Economics and Management, Università degli Studi di Brescia); Davide Bazzana (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Department of Economics and Management, Università degli Studi di Brescia) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the macro-financial effects of alternative adaptation strategies in response to exogenous shocks in labor productivity caused by climate change. Using a Stock-Flow-Consistent Agent-Based model calibrated to U.S. data, we analyze two main scenarios: (i) a change in the conduct of monetary policy to account for climate-related damages, and (ii) a firm-level adaptation strategy that internalizes expected climate losses. We evaluate both scenarios under the assumption of either homogeneous or heterogeneous climate shocks. Our results indicate that both strategies can mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on output and wealth distribution. However, their performance is significantly worse in the presence of heterogeneous climate shocks, which also lead to a persistent increase in firms’ leverage. Moreover, while firm-level adaptation relies primarily on internal resources, monetary policy adjustments increase firms’ dependence on external debt financing, underscoring the need for closer monitoring of financial stability in such circumstances. |
| Keywords: | Integrated assessment model, Agent-based model, Financial stability, Climate change adaptation, Climate-aware monetary policy |
| JEL: | C63 E50 Q50 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2025.18 |
| By: | Hasselbalch, Jacob; Larsen, Mathias |
| Abstract: | When imagining how a green transition can take place, the relationship between economic growth and environmental sustainability is commonly viewed in two ways: As ‘green growth, ’ where the two can be mutually supporting, and as ‘degrowth, ’ where they cannot. The two are considered mutually exclusive, internally coherent, and competing eco-political paradigms. Here, we conceptually analyze the literature and map standpoints within the two positions along nine dimensions covering national institutions, world order, and scientific cosmology. We find that there are substantial disagreements within as well as agreements between green growth and degrowth. In consequence, we argue that the literature is caught in a false binary. To constructively move the debate forward, we propose giving up the paradigmatic and polarized approach and instead embracing a multidimensional plurality of imagined growth futures. |
| Keywords: | green growth; degrowth; post-growth; imaginaries; paradigms |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129714 |
| By: | Gianfranco Giuloni; Edmondo Di Giuseppe; Arianna Di Paola |
| Abstract: | This work outlines the modeling steps for developing a tool aimed at supporting policymakers in guiding policies toward more sustainable wheat production. In the agricultural sector, policies affect a highly diverse set of farms, which differ across several dimensions such as size, land composition, local climate, and irrigation availability. To address this significant heterogeneity, we construct an Agent-Based Model (ABM). The model is initialized using a representative survey of Italian farms, which captures their heterogeneity. The ABM is then scaled to include a number of farms comparable to those operating nationwide. To capture broader dynamics, the ABM is integrated with two additional components:a global model of international wheat markets and a tool for assessing the environmental impacts of wheat production. This integrated framework enables us to account for the feedback loop between global prices and local production while evaluating the environmental implications of policy measures. |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2510.02154 |
| By: | So Kuroki; Yingtao Tian; Kou Misaki; Takashi Ikegami; Takuya Akiba; Yujin Tang |
| Abstract: | The study of emergent behaviors in large language model (LLM)-driven multi-agent systems is a critical research challenge, yet progress is limited by a lack of principled methodologies for controlled experimentation. To address this, we introduce Shachi, a formal methodology and modular framework that decomposes an agent's policy into core cognitive components: Configuration for intrinsic traits, Memory for contextual persistence, and Tools for expanded capabilities, all orchestrated by an LLM reasoning engine. This principled architecture moves beyond brittle, ad-hoc agent designs and enables the systematic analysis of how specific architectural choices influence collective behavior. We validate our methodology on a comprehensive 10-task benchmark and demonstrate its power through novel scientific inquiries. Critically, we establish the external validity of our approach by modeling a real-world U.S. tariff shock, showing that agent behaviors align with observed market reactions only when their cognitive architecture is appropriately configured with memory and tools. Our work provides a rigorous, open-source foundation for building and evaluating LLM agents, aimed at fostering more cumulative and scientifically grounded research. |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2509.21862 |
| By: | Mirjalili, Seyed hossein |
| Abstract: | This article conducts a comparative examination of the main schools of economic structuralism: old structuralism, ECLAC neo-structuralism, and New Structural Economics. Methodologically, old structuralism is grounded in the analysis of macroeconomic structures and the internal constraints of accumulation processes in peripheral economies, recommending active state intervention to reform production and trade structures as the basis of development policy. In contrast, ECLAC neo-structuralism, by critiquing the static and dogmatic tendencies of old structuralism, adopts a dynamic and hybrid approach that highlights the interaction between domestic structures and the global economic order, while emphasizing the institutional and technological dimensions of competitiveness in the world economy. At the policy level, this approach stresses the alignment of development strategies with external constraints and internal capacities of each country. New Structural Economics, drawing on modern development economics and integrating the structuralists’ tradition with neoclassical insights, underscores the connection between dynamic comparative advantage, smart industrial policies, and the establishment of institutional and infrastructural foundations for structural transformation. Through a comparative-analytical perspective, this study elucidates the methodological bases of all three structuralist schools in relation to their policy implications and shows that the evolution of structuralism can be understood as a transition from a static and interventionist paradigm toward a dynamic, institution-based, and context-sensitive framework in development policy. The findings indicate that understanding the trajectory of structuralism is not only crucial for theoretical rethinking in development economics but also constitutes a methodological and practical necessity for designing effective policies in developing economies—particularly in addressing the challenges of globalization, structural dependency, and industrial transition. |
| Keywords: | Economic Structuralism, Neo-structuralism, New Structural Economics, Development Economics. |
| JEL: | B4 O11 |
| Date: | 2025–02–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:126395 |
| By: | Miguel Alves Pereira |
| Abstract: | This article proposes predictive economics as a distinct analytical perspective within economics, grounded in machine learning and centred on predictive accuracy rather than causal identification. Drawing on the instrumentalist tradition (Friedman), the explanation-prediction divide (Shmueli), and the contrast between modelling cultures (Breiman), we formalise prediction as a valid epistemological and methodological objective. Reviewing recent applications across economic subfields, we show how predictive models contribute to empirical analysis, particularly in complex or data-rich contexts. This perspective complements existing approaches and supports a more pluralistic methodology - one that values out-of-sample performance alongside interpretability and theoretical structure. |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2510.04726 |
| By: | Kamran, Sidra |
| Abstract: | Most research on “work passion” has focused on white-collar and creative occupations that workers choose to pursue for intrinsic rewards. This paper examines the intriguing case of economically vulnerable workers in the Global South who profess passion for their low-wage and stigmatized occupation. Using qualitative data, I analyze why women beauty workers in Pakistan routinely foreground shauq (intense liking or passion) as an occupational motivation for their low-status jobs, even as they highlight the economic majboori (compulsion) that forced them into these jobs. Interpreting passion as a discursive tactic, rather than simply an affective investment, I argue that beauty workers use the seemingly contradictory discourses of work passion and compulsion to contest intersecting class, occupational, and gender stigmas. This paper illuminates how broader stigmas shape workers’ strategies to negotiate occupational stigma and contributes to the emerging literature on work passion by 1) showing how narratives of work passion serve as a stigma management strategy; 2) explaining how gender dynamics complicate women’s attempts to use work passion to manage stigma; and 3) providing an account of how global discourses of “do what you love” interact with culturally-specific meanings of skill and passion. |
| Keywords: | work passion; beauty salon; beauty work; stigma; low-wage work |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–10–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129602 |
| By: | Daniele Girardi; Nicolas Grau; Roberto Veneziani; Naoki Yoshihara |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a novel axiomatic analysis of exploitation as the unequal exchange of labour, derives an empirical exploitation index at the individual level, and estimates its distribution in the US in 1975-2022. We show that, among possible definitions of exploitation, only one satisfies a small set of formally weak and normatively salient axioms. From this definition, we derive an individual-level exploitation intensity index which provides a new measure of well-being and inequality, complementary to existing ones and able to jointly take into account the distributions of income and work time. In US data, exploitation intensity provides additional information compared with standard income inequality measures and predicts important well-being and political outcomes. Inequality in exploitation increased more than income inequality since 1975. |
| JEL: | D63 D5 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kch:wpaper:sdes-2025-4 |
| By: | W. A. Rojas C.; A. Zamora V.; L. F. Quijano W.; Y. Beltran P |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an application of geometrothermodynamics (GTD) to the economic analysis of Bogot\'a's sports sector through the Satellite Account of Sport (CSDB). By establishing an analogy between thermodynamic systems and economic structures, we develop a mathematical framework where monetary flows behave analogously to energy, while economic entropy, temperature, and heat capacity acquire well-defined economic interpretations. The study focuses on two contrasting sectors: gambling and betting $\mathbb{S}_{15}$, and recreational and sports activities $\mathbb{S}_{16}$, analyzing data from 2018-2023. Our results demonstrate that $\mathbb{S}_{15}$ exhibits lower economic entropy than $\mathbb{S}_{16}$ , indicating a higher degree of organization and regulatory structure in the gambling sector compared to the more heterogeneous recreational sports sector. The heat capacity function reveals critical points that may signal phase transitions in economic dynamics, while Ricci and Kretschmann curvature scalars identify potential crisis points in the sectoral organization. Furthermore, the cross-income elasticity analysis shows distinct resource flow patterns between sectors, suggesting that gambling activities may serve as an economic driver for recreational sports. This thermodynamic approach provides a quantitative tool for analyzing resource redistribution policies and anticipating critical transitions in sectoral economics. The findings suggest that econophysics and statistical thermodynamics constitute powerful frameworks for understanding the sectoral dynamics of Bogot\'a's sports economy, with significant potential for developing prospective analysis tools in public policy design. |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2510.06248 |
| By: | Taiki Wakatsuki; Kiyoshi Kanazawa |
| Abstract: | The Santa Fe model is an established econophysics model for describing stochastic dynamics of the limit order book from the viewpoint of the zero-intelligence approach. While its foundation was studied by combining a dimensional analysis and a mean-field theory by E. Smith et al. in Quantitative Finance 2003, their arguments are rather heuristic and lack solid mathematical foundation; indeed, their mean-field equations were derived with heuristic arguments and their solutions were not explicitly obtained. In this work, we revisit the mean-field theory of the Santa Fe model from the viewpoint of kinetic theory -- a traditional mathematical program in statistical physics. We study the exact master equation for the Santa Fe model and systematically derive the Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon (BBGKY) hierarchical equation. By applying the mean-field approximation, we derive the mean-field equation for the order-book density profile, parallel to the Boltzmann equation in conventional statistical physics. Furthermore, we obtain explicit and closed expression of the mean-field solutions. Our solutions have several implications: (1)Our scaling formulas are available for both $\mu\to 0$ and $\mu\to \infty$ asymptotics, where $\mu$ is the market-order submission intensity. Particularly, the mean-field theory works very well for small $\mu$, while its validity is partially limited for large $\mu$. (2)The ``method of image'' solution, heuristically derived by Bouchaud-M\'ezard-Potters in Quantitative Finance 2002, is obtained for large $\mu$, serving as a mathematical foundation for their heuristic arguments. (3)Finally, we point out an error in E. Smith et al. 2003 in the scaling law for the diffusion constant due to a misspecification in their dimensional analysis. |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2510.01814 |
| By: | Shuto Endo; Takanobu Mizuta; Isao Yagi |
| Abstract: | Order book imbalance (OBI) - buy orders minus sell orders near the best quote - measures supply-demand imbalance that can move prices. OBI is positively correlated with returns, and some investors try to use it to improve performance. Large orders placed at once can reveal intent, invite front-running, raise volatility, and cause losses. Execution algorithms therefore split parent orders into smaller lots to limit price distortion. In principle, using OBI inside such algorithms could improve execution, but prior evidence is scarce because isolating OBI's effect in real markets is nearly impossible amid many external factors. Multi-agent simulation offers a way to study this. In an artificial market, individual actors are agents whose rules and interactions form the model. This study builds an execution algorithm that accounts for OBI, tests it across several market patterns in artificial markets, and analyzes mechanisms, comparing it with a conventional (OBI-agnostic) algorithm. Results: (i) In stable markets, the OBI strategy's performance depends on the number of order slices; outcomes vary with how the parent order is partitioned. (ii) In markets with unstable prices, the OBI-based algorithm outperforms the conventional approach. (iii) Under spoofing manipulation, the OBI strategy is not significantly worse than the conventional algorithm, indicating limited vulnerability to spoofing. Overall, OBI provides a useful signal for execution. Incorporating OBI can add value - especially in volatile conditions - while remaining reasonably robust to spoofing; in calm markets, benefits are sensitive to slicing design. |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2509.16912 |
| By: | Matteo Bizzarri (Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy); Fernando Vega-Redondo (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong) |
| Abstract: | We quantify a parsimonious model of oligopolistic competition with common ownership in input–output networks. Using Spanish data on demand, ownership, and input–output linkages, we estimate the overall welfare effect of common ownership. Input–output linkages introduce a theoretical channel through which common ownership could improve welfare. We find that this channel exists but is not strong enough to offset the reduction in competition: common ownership has a negative welfare effect, though weaker than in the absence of input–output linkages. Finally, we introduce a parameterized ownership separation to compute a firm-level index of the anti-competitiveness of common ownership. |
| Keywords: | production networks, network games, common ownership, oligopoly |
| JEL: | D43 D57 D85 L13 L16 |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:net:wpaper:25-05 |