|
on Heterodox Microeconomics |
|
Issue of 2023‒12‒18
twenty papers chosen by Carlo D’Ippoliti, Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” |
| By: | Anthony de Grandi (PHARE - Philosophie, Histoire et Analyse des Représentations Économiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Christian Tutin (LAB'URBA - LAB'URBA - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12) |
| Abstract: | Cette communication examine la relation entre facteurs réels et facteurs monétaires dans la théorie des crises de Marx. Après une présentation des concepts avancés par Marx, notamment celui de capital fictif, est présentée sa vision de l'instabilité financière, puis le lien possible entre crise financière et crise de reproduction, en suivant les intuitions de Rudolf Hilferding. |
| Keywords: | Marx, Théorie des crises, Instabilité financière |
| Date: | 2022–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04284569&r=hme |
| By: | Bichler, Shimshon; Nitzan, Jonathan |
| Abstract: | 지난 세기 동안 제국주의와 금융주의의 결합은 마르크스주의 이론과 실천에서 중심축이었다. 수많은 마르크스주의자가 이 결합이 전 세계를 병폐에 빠뜨린 원인이라 생각했다. 하지만 시간이 지남에 따라 그들이 이 결합에 부과한 역사적 역할은 극적으로 변했다. 핵심적으로 변화한 것은 잉여와 유동성 흐름의 성격과 방향이었다. 20세기로 접어들면서 제국주의와 금융주의의 결합체가 명확해졌다. 그 결합체의 첫 번째 구현 형태는 금융 자본이 ‘초과’ 잉여를 수출할 수 있는 식민지를 얻기 위해 제국주의자들이 벌인 쟁탈전을 설명했다. 다음 두 번째 버전에선 중심부의 잉여가 국내로 흡수되고 군사 지출과 금융 중개라는 ‘블랙홀’로 빨려 들어가는 독점 자본주의의 신제국주의적 세계를 상정했다. 세 번째 스크립트는 종속적인 주변부에서 금융 중심부로 잉여가 유입되는 세계체계를 가정했다. 그리고 가장 최근 판본은 미국이라는 중심부의 공동화를 설명한다. 즉, 중심부인 미국은 이미 자체 생산 연료의 상당 부분을 태워버렸고 이제는 세계체계의 외부 유동성을 사용하고자 나머지 세계를 ‘금융화’하는 ‘적색 거성’이다. 본 논문은 마치 카멜레온과 같은 이러한 변형의 윤곽을 보여준다. 그리고 그 결합체에서 놓친 게 무엇인지 따져본 뒤, 이를 유지할 가치가 있는지 묻는다. |
| Abstract: | Over the past century, the nexus of imperialism and financialism has become a major axis of Marxist theory and praxis. Many Marxists consider this nexus to be a prime cause of our worldly ills, but the historical role they ascribe to it has changed dramatically over time. The key change concerns the nature and direction of surplus and liquidity flows. The first incarnation of the nexus, articulated at the turn of the twentieth century, explained the imperialist scramble for colonies to which finance capital could export its excessive surplus. The next version posited a neo-imperial world of monopoly capitalism where the core's surplus is absorbed domestically, sucked into a black hole of military spending and financial intermediation. The third script postulated a World System where surplus is imported from the dependent periphery into the financial core. And the most recent edition explains the hollowing out of the U.S. core, a red giant that has already burned much of its own productive fuel and is now trying to financialize the rest of the world in order to use the system's external liquidity. The paper outlines this chameleon-like transformation, assesses what is left of the nexus and asks whether it is worth keeping. |
| Keywords: | capital, dependency, finance, hegemony, imperialism, Marxism, monopoly, world systems |
| JEL: | P16 F02 F23 F3 F5 F54 F6 F42 L12 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:279834&r=hme |
| By: | Christian Tutin (LAB'URBA - LAB'URBA - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12); Anthony de Grandi (PHARE - Philosophie, Histoire et Analyse des Représentations Économiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | Following de Boyer (2003), we compare Marx, Hilferding and Luxemburg on their treatment of money and economic instability. |
| Abstract: | Au chapitre 4 de La pensée monétaire, consacré à « l'analyse marxiste » de la monnaie et des banques, J. de Boyer traite des apports respectifs de Marx et d'Hilferding à l'analyse monétaire et financière. Rosa Luxemburg est abordée dans la dernière section du dernier chapitre, à propos de la formation du profit. Chez ces trois auteurs, J. de Boyer interroge le lien entre caractère monétaire de l'économie, survenance des crises et reproduction du système productif. Chez Marx, il pointe la double origine de la crise, dans une distorsion « réelle » d'un côté, entre consommation et production », et une distorsion entre les sphères réelle et financière de l'autre. D'Hilferding, il retient son analyse du capital financier et des banques, et son diagnostic de stabilisation du système grâce à la double concentration du capital industriel et du capital bancaire. Enfin, chez Rosa Luxemburg, il montre à la fois la pertinence de la question soulevée par elle, qui n'est autre que celle de la formation du profit, et sa négligence des banques, qui lui interdit de voir la réponse que peut représenter le crédit, et fragilise son diagnostic d'impossibilité de la reproduction et d'inéluctabilité de la crise. Dans cette communication, nous proposons une mise en perspective de ces trois auteurs, qui tout en partant des mêmes présupposés que J. de Boyer, insiste plus que lui sur le rôle des banques et des marchés financiers dans l'émergence des disproportions qui mènent à la crise. Suivant en cela la voie ouverte par Hilferding dans Le Capital Financier, on se propose de relier les livres II et III du Capital en expliquant l'émergence et l'aggravation des disproportions sectorielles par un mécanisme de fragilisation de la structure financière tel que le décrit Marx dans la Vème section du livre III, et dans lequel le crédit bancaire joue un rôle essentiel. L'analyse des banques, peu présente chez Marx mais entreprise par Hilferding, permet ainsi de rendre compte de la double dimension, industrielle et financière, des crises économiques. |
| Keywords: | Marx Karl, Hilferding Rudolf, Marx, Théorie des crises, Instabilité financière, Mors clés : Crise financière, crise de reproduction, capital financier, marxisme |
| Date: | 2022–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04284635&r=hme |
| By: | Namid R. Stillman; Rory Baggott; Justin Lyon; Jianfei Zhang; Dingqiu Zhu; Tao Chen; Perukrishnen Vytelingum |
| Abstract: | The ability to construct a realistic simulator of financial exchanges, including reproducing the dynamics of the limit order book, can give insight into many counterfactual scenarios, such as a flash crash, a margin call, or changes in macroeconomic outlook. In recent years, agent-based models have been developed that reproduce many features of an exchange, as summarised by a set of stylised facts and statistics. However, the ability to calibrate simulators to a specific period of trading remains an open challenge. In this work, we develop a novel approach to the calibration of market simulators by leveraging recent advances in deep learning, specifically using neural density estimators and embedding networks. We demonstrate that our approach is able to correctly identify high probability parameter sets, both when applied to synthetic and historical data, and without reliance on manually selected or weighted ensembles of stylised facts. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2311.11913&r=hme |
| By: | Nicolas Cofre; Magdalena Mosionek-Schweda |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an agent based model of an electronic market with two types of trading agents. One type follows a mean reverting strategy and the other, the speculative trader, tracks the maximum realised return over recent trades. The speculators have a distribution of returns concentrated on negative returns, with a small fraction making profits. The market experiences an increased volatility and prices that greatly depart from the fundamental value of the asset. Our research provides synthetic datasets of the order book to study its dynamics under different levels of speculation |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2311.12247&r=hme |
| By: | Szymon Chudziak |
| Abstract: | Weaknesses of intertemporal optimisation approaches to consumption modelling include excess sensitivity of an individual's expenditure to interest rate changes and the inability to account for the documented behavioural aspects of decision-making, such as mental accounting or infrequent purchases and debt-taking. Credibly representing category-of-goods mental accounting in an intertemporal optimisation framework is notoriously difficult, as this modelling approach imposes interrelations between the demand for different categories through first-order conditions. This breaks the principle of nonfungibility, contrary to the rationale of mental-accounting theory. Thus, a behavioural-procedural framework is needed. This work applies such an approach in the form of a merger with categorisation theories, devised in a separate paper, to modelling consumer demand in a multimarket overlapping-generations agent-based income distribution model. Consumer decisions about spending on nondurable and frequently bought durable goods and infrequently-bought durable goods, such as houses and flats, are subject to different rules, which allows to model real-world features such as infrequent purchases and rare debt-taking. The devised single and multi-agent models of consumer behaviour are consistent both with microeconomic and macroeconomic evidence on consumption. Moreover, the results of the overlapping-generations agent-based income distribution model demonstrate that income changes are greatly enhanced by behavioural responses of consumers, thus creating high aggregate demand growth. |
| Keywords: | mental accounting, consumption, consumer choice, behavioural economics, agent-based computational economics, simulation models |
| JEL: | D90 D91 E03 D11 D14 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sgh:kaewps:2023089&r=hme |
| By: | Achuo, Elvis; Asongu, Simplice; Tchamyou, Vanessa |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effect of women’s socioeconomic empowerment on environmental sustainability in Africa over the 1996-2019 period. Results of the system Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) estimator reveal that women’s socioeconomic empowerment is environment enhancing. Moreover, the findings reveal that the environmental impact of women’s socioeconomic empowerment is modulated through GDP per capita and Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), leading to respective net effects of 0.002055 and 0.003478. These positive net effects are offset beyond respective threshold values of 9.513889 and 9.611398. These thresholds of GDP and FDI are critical for complementary policies relating to the link between women empowerment and environmental sustainability. Consequently, for women empowerment to effectively contribute to environmental sustainability in Africa, various governments, either through individual or concerted efforts should endeavour to create enabling business environments capable of attracting substantial FDI necessary to propel sustainable growth. Moreover, the nexus is not linear and hence, governments should also be aware of critical levels of FDI and GDP per capita at which, complementary policies are needed for women’s socioeconomic empowerment to maintain a positive influence on environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Women empowerment, Environmental sustainability, Ecofeminism, Africa |
| JEL: | B54 J16 O55 O56 |
| Date: | 2022–01–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119053&r=hme |
| By: | Melo, Ana Teixeira; Caves, Leo Simon Dominic; El-Hani, Charbel N.; Renault, Letícia; Gershenson, Carlos; Soto-Andrade, Jorge; Ribeiro, Raquel; Röck, Tina; Pernar, Stefan; Britez, Isabel |
| Abstract: | The study of complex systems has led to deep transformations in our modes of thinking, challenging our conceptions of reality and, with them, our roles and possibilities for action as agents in a complex world. A variety of modes of thinking co-exist within the fuzzy boundaries of the domain of complexity studies. Different modes of thinking complexity and of thinking ‘in’ complexity (enacting its principles) can be distinguished in the literature, even though they are not always explicitly identified. Despite the seminal calls of Edgar Morin for the development of more generalised modes of complex thinking, this is still an underdeveloped area of research and practice under the scope of Complexity Studies. This paper aims to make a contribution to the understanding of complexity and complex systems by offering a discussion around the complexity of the modes of thinking complexity. We report both the process and the outcomes of an interdisciplinary workshop aimed at identifying key theoretical, empirical, methodological and pragmatic challenges and questions pertaining to how we think, build, coordinate and practise different modes of thinking complexity and of thinking in complexity (thinking complexly). The workshop adopted a collaborative and dialogical approach organised by a methodology grounded in a theoretical framework for the practice of complex thinking. The methodology was designed to support complex relational dialogues and facilitate emergence (e.g. of new ideas; approaches; levels of understanding; solutions) in the collective discussion. We conducted a mixed-method evaluation of both the process and contents of the discussion using a combination of inductive qualitative thematic analysis and network analysis. The results point towards new areas for interdisciplinary research and practice, signposting domains that have been under explored within the realm of complexity studies and complexity sciences. |
| Date: | 2023–11–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:v6t2h&r=hme |
| By: | Arnaud Persenda (Université Côte d'Azur, France; GREDEG CNRS); Alexandre Ruiz (Université Côte d'Azur, France; GREDEG CNRS) |
| Abstract: | Green goods are products necessary to reach sustainable development targets. Since they offer many benefits, we discuss the question of why not all countries produce them. Using the economic complexity framework, we study how likely it is that a country will get a comparative advantage by producing green goods. We also study the externalities in terms of diversification prospects that arise from gaining a comparative advantage by producing and exporting green goods. For this purpose, we define a directed network in which nodes are products and links are the probability that a product catalyzes another one several years later. This network uses bilateral trade flows at the 6-digit level to assess the autocatalytic structure of product adoption, by identifying clusters of self-reinforcing products. We show that green goods are less prone to self-reinforcement compared to their non-green counterparts and offer fewer avenues for economic diversification. We also find that the impact of diversification varies across countries, suggesting that a one-size-fits-all approach to fostering the production of green goods may not be effective. |
| Keywords: | Economic complexity, Economic growth, Structural change, Networks, Autocatalytic set |
| JEL: | D85 F43 O25 O44 O50 Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2023-16&r=hme |
| By: | Björnemalm, Rickard (Stockholm School of Economics); Sandström, Christian (The Ratio Institute); Åkesson, Nelly (Lund University) |
| Abstract: | Mission-oriented innovation policies put government and state agencies at the forefront of the innovation process. PrFiguesently, little is known about the interests of the government agencies in charge of implementing mission-oriented innovation policies. In this chapter, we set out to explore the incentives and behavior of such government agencies. We do so by analyzing 30 annual reports from three different government agencies in charge of implementing innovation policies in Sweden over a ten-year period: Sweden’s Innovation Agency (Vinnova), the Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten) and the Swedish Agency for Economic and Regional Growth (Tillväxtverket). First, we track all cases in these annual reports where an evaluation is mentioned. Identifying 654 instances, we subsequently make a sentiment analysis and code whether these statements are positive, neutral or negative. Our findings show that 84 percent of these instances are positive, 12 percent are neutral and four percent are negative. Second, we relate these results to more critical evaluations and show that these agencies often ignore research that generates more critical results. In sum, our results suggest that government agencies in charge of implementing mission-oriented policies benefit from the enlarged role they are given and that they act according to their own self- interest. |
| Keywords: | Mission-oriented; Innovation Policy; Evaluations; Public choice |
| JEL: | O25 O31 O38 O44 Q42 Q55 |
| Date: | 2023–11–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ratioi:0366&r=hme |
| By: | Szymon Chudziak |
| Abstract: | Credibly representing category-of-goods mental accounting in an intertemporal optimisation framework is notoriously difficult, as this modelling approach imposes interrelations between the demand for different categories through first-order conditions. This breaks the principle of nonfungibility, contrary to the rationale of mental-accounting theory. Proofs that using intertemporal optimisation is futile in modelling this kind of behaviour are provided, and an alternative is developed: a procedural-behavioural merger of mental accounting and categorisation theories. The merger is necessary to enhance mental-accounting theory, which by itself does not inform about how mental budgets are formed, what they include and how money is spent from various accounts. A classification of six basic consumer types was devised, basing on the differences between their mental-accounting systems and variations of changes of expenditure in response to variations of net disposable income and other possible stimuli. Representing the consumer problem as a behavioural procedure including spending on nondurable and frequently-bought durable goods and decisions whether or not to purchase very expensive durable goods, such as houses and flats, allows to model real-world features such as infrequent purchases and rare debt-taking. The devised working-life cycle models of consumer behaviour are consistent with microeconomic evidence on consumption, including those features that are not accounted for by various versions of the permanent income or buffer-stock models. |
| Keywords: | mental accounting, consumption, consumer choice, behavioural economics, agent-based computational economics, simulation models |
| JEL: | D90 D91 D11 D15 D14 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sgh:kaewps:2023090&r=hme |
| By: | Perrine Agnoux (CMW - Centre Max Weber - ENS de Lyon - École normale supérieure de Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSPÉ Lyon - Institut national supérieur du professorat et de l'éducation - Académie de Lyon - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon) |
| Abstract: | This article highlights injunctions made upon young women from rural working classes when entering the labor market and the consequences on their professional trajectories. Based on an ethnographic survey of women holding a vocational baccalauréat certificate in the medical-social sector, it shows that not all young women have the family support required to conform to the model of the young worker, as defined by employment policies and institutions, particularly necessary in rural areas. Girls from precarious parts of society, whose experience of independence is brutal, struggle to find stability because of their discrepancies with this model, while the normalization of precarity favors the exploitation of those who benefit from parental support when entering the labor market. |
| Abstract: | Cet article met en évidence les injonctions à l'entrée sur le marché du travail et leurs conséquences sur les itinéraires de jeunes femmes de classes populaires rurales. À partir d'une enquête ethnographique auprès de bachelières professionnelles du secteur médico-social, il montre que les jeunes femmes ne disposent pas toutes des supports familiaux nécessaires pour se conformer au modèle du jeune travailleur défini par les politiques et institutions de l'emploi, en particulier dans les espaces ruraux. Alors que les filles des fractions précarisées, qui vivent une autonomisation brutale, peinent à se stabiliser en raison de leur décalage avec ce modèle, la normalisation de la précarité favorise l'exploitation du travail de celles qui bénéficient d'un accompagnement parental à l'entrée sur le marché du travail. |
| Keywords: | professional stabilization, gender, working classes, age, rural areas, unpaid work, stabilisation professionnelle, genre, classes populaires, âge, mondes ruraux, travail gratuit |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04274796&r=hme |
| By: | Cleo Chassonnery-Zaigouche (UNIBO - University of Bologna = Università di Bologna); Aurélien Goutsmedt (ISPOLE - UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain, F.R.S.-FNRS) |
| Abstract: | Elisabeth Popp Berman's Thinking Like an Economist unfolds a captivating and detailed historical account of the rise of economics and economists' influence within the US Administration during the 1960s and 1970s. This transformation played a pivotal role in reshaping American policy, Berman argues. At the core of her story is the concept of an "economic style of reasoning", inspired by Ian Hacking's (1994) work. Berman's "economic style of reasoning" describes a distinct approach to policy problems, one anchored in microeconomic concepts (rather than macroeconomic ones) such as incentives, externalities, and efficiency. Crucially, the "economic style of reasoning" does not designate what some economists think, but rather, a set of ideas, related to economics but not completely overlapping with it, that are used in policy—not only by economists. Throughout 230 pages, Berman masterfully traces the progressive ascension of the economic style of reasoning within US administration, from its rise in the 1960s to its relative decline during the Reagan Presidency. "Efficiency" as a policy criterion gradually supplanted other foundational values that had long justified policy actions, values such as "rights, universalism, equity, and limiting corporate power" (4). These concepts were actually loosely used by the actors Berman is interested in. Berman posits that the dissemination of this style of reasoning exerted a profound influence by eroding the legitimacy of policy propositions rooted in alternative values, notably those championed by the left-wing of the Democratic party. One strength of the book is to show how the economic style of reasoning stuck and consolidated, even in the absence of economists, and how unusual suspects—center-left technocrats, favoring government intervention—were responsible for promoting a sense of ineluctability of its use. |
| Keywords: | Expertise, Economic expertise, Public policy, Style of reasoning, Neoliberalism |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04270601&r=hme |
| By: | Fix, Blair |
| Abstract: | There’s an old joke that economics is too important to be left to economists. In the same vein, I think rich people are too important to be left to the self-help industry. Yes, the popular appeal of you-can-get-rich-too books is obvious. But what’s not obvious is why so few social scientists study wealth.1 Clearly, the public thirsts for serious inquiries about the rich. (Thomas Piketty’s opus on inequality was a bestseller.) But for the most part, social scientists are content to focus on ‘poverty’ and let the self-help gurus wax about ‘wealth’. The irony, in my view, is that poverty and wealth are two sides of the same coin. Concentrated wealth begets concentrated poverty. Still, there is an asymmetry between the two extremes. As a rule, poor people have little power, which means they cannot be blamed for their own poverty. But almost by definition, the rich wield power to their own benefit, which means they create the conditions of their own opulence … and everyone else’s misery. Given their power over society, I find myself on a research kick studying rich people. This post concludes the binge with a look at what drives wealth concentration among the richest Americans. I find that there’s a straight line between wealth concentration, corporate consolidation, and the strategy of ‘buying, not building’. In short, Peter Thiel is correct when he says that ‘competition is for losers’. |
| Keywords: | corporation, distribution, mergers & acquisitions, stock market, United States |
| JEL: | P P1 D3 G3 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:279885&r=hme |
| By: | Clara Rabelo Caiafa; Amaro Olimpio Pereira; Henny Romijn; Heleen de Coninck |
| Abstract: | To meet climate change mitigation targets, an exponential increase in global green hydrogen trade is expected. Countries rich in renewable energy resources would be in a favourable position to become exporters, potentially bringing opportunities for socio-economic development. The Brazilian state of Ceará is developing a large-scale green hydrogen hub, which is expected to provide one-fifth of European Union (EU) imports by 2030 via the green corridor between Ceará and The Netherlands. Located in what has historically been the least-developed Brazilian region, the green hydrogen hub could bring unique opportunities for regional development in Ceará. However, while empirical studies on economic impacts from other renewable energy projects in developing economies show limited localised benefits, the potential economic co-benefits from export-oriented green hydrogen projects remains uncertain. This study combines semi-structured interviews and input-output modelling to estimate impacts on value-added, income and jobs (by gender) in Ceará according to four local content share scenarios and three renewable energy technologies (onshore wind, offshore wind and solar photovoltaics). By doing so, this study is the first to estimate the potential for economic co-benefits from export-oriented green hydrogen projects in a developing economy context, in a sub-national level, while accounting for technology- and project-specificity as well as impacts on gender inequality. Results suggest that highly internationalised scenarios, that is, with low local content shares and dominated by multinational companies, would not only present local benefits that are often an order of magnitude lower, but could, through distributional implications of employment types, also exacerbate existing income and gender inequalities. |
| Keywords: | Economic Co-benefits, Green Hydrogen, Gender, Input-Output Analysis, Regional development, Brazil |
| Date: | 2023–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2023:i:667&r=hme |
| By: | Einiö, Elias; Feng, Josh; Jaravel, Xavier |
| Abstract: | What are the implications of unequal access to innovation careers for the direction of innovation and inequality? Leveraging novel linked datasets in the United States and Finland, we document that innovators create products more likely to be purchased by consumers like them in terms of gender, socioeconomic status, and age. We find that a key explanatory channel is that social exposure causes a shift in the direction of innovation, independent of financial incentives. Incorporating this "social push" channel into a growth model, we estimate that unequal access to innovation careers has a large effect on cost-of-living inequality and long-run growth. |
| Keywords: | innovation, inequality, growth, innovators' socioeconomic background, Social security, taxation and inequality, O31, O41, D71, fi=Elinkeinopolitiikka|sv=Näringspolitik|en=Industrial and economic policy|, fi=Tulonjako ja eriarvoisuus|sv=Inkomstfördelning och ojämlikhet|en=Income distribution and inequality|, |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fer:wpaper:160&r=hme |
| By: | Manuel Woersdoerfer |
| Abstract: | This article analyzes AI ethics from a distinct business ethics perspective, i.e., 'ordoliberalism 2.0.' It argues that the ongoing discourse on (generative) AI relies too much on corporate self-regulation and voluntary codes of conduct and thus lacks adequate governance mechanisms. To address these issues, the paper suggests not only introducing hard-law legislation with a more effective oversight structure but also merging already existing AI guidelines with an ordoliberal-inspired regulatory and competition policy. However, this link between AI ethics, regulation, and antitrust is not yet adequately discussed in the academic literature and beyond. The paper thus closes a significant gap in the academic literature and adds to the predominantly legal-political and philosophical discourse on AI governance. The paper's research questions and goals are twofold: First, it identifies ordoliberal-inspired AI ethics principles that could serve as the foundation for a 'digital bill of rights.' Second, it shows how those principles could be implemented at the macro level with the help of ordoliberal competition and regulatory policy. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2311.10742&r=hme |
| By: | Bichler, Shimshon; Nitzan, Jonathan |
| Abstract: | שורשי המלחמה בין חמאס לישראל הם רבים ומסועפים. ביניהם, הקונפליקט הארוך בין התנועה הלאומית הפלסטינית לבין התנועה הציונית, האיבה בין הכנסיות הרבניות לאיסלמיות על נספחיהן, הסכסוך הממושך בין מדינות המזרח התיכון למדינת ישראל, בין התרבות המערבית למזרחית, בין המעצמות השונות הבוחשות באזור – חלקן מעצמות שוקעות כמו ארה"ב ורוסיה, ואחרות קוראות התיגר החדשות כמו סין ואיראן. אבל במלחמה הנוכחית עצמה מדובר בקונפליקט בין שתי קבוצות מיליציות עיקריות: מצד אחד מיליציות הכנסייה הרבנית. אלה הן ארגוני המתנחלים, שהשתלטו על שטחים פלסטיניים בחסות ובמימון מסיבי של כל ממשלות ישראל. הן השליטו בהדרגה את סדר היום התקשורתי שלהן, השתלטו על המפלגות המרכזיות, על תודעת רוב המצביעים בישראל, על החינוך שהפך בשיטתיות לגזעני-לאומני, על תקציבים ציבוריים מרכזיים. הן שיתפו פעולה עם קבוצות ההון הגדולות והעמיקו את אחיזתן בחברה בחסות הניאו-ליברליזם, ובעיקר הן החדירו את אנשיהן לעמדות פיקוד בצבא הישראלי. הן גם מתכננות, אם לא יהיה מוצא אחר, להשתלט סופית על ישראל באמצעות הפיכה מעין צבאית ולהשליט את משטרן, משטר הכנסייה הרבנית. וכך, החברה הישראלית לפותה בגרונה במלכוד הכיבוש ללא מוצא בידי תשלובת מיליציות רבניות של מתנחלים שגרעינן בשטחים הכבושים הפלסטיניים בחסות הממשלים הישראליים ואוליגרכים מקורבים. מצד שני, בהעדר מוצא מן המלכוד הישראלי, שקעו ארגוני ההתנגדות הפלסטיניים הישנים, בעיקר הפת"ח והחזית העממית, ועמם "הרשות" הפלסטינית. כישלונה המוחלט של התנועה הלאומית לבלום את הכיבוש המתפשט העלה למרכז הבמה את המיליציות המזוינות של הכנסיות האיסלמיות, הסונית והשיעית. אלה הן החמאס והג'יהאד האיסלמי. הראשונה מומנה על ידי המשפחה המלכותית של ערב הסעודית ומדינות נפט אחרות (ולאחרונה על ידי קטאר). השנייה פועלת בחסות ובמימון אייתולות איראן ושלוחותיהן במזרח התיכון. המיליציות הללו הן חלק ממגמה עולמית שבה פורחים מיליציות וארגונים צבאיים "פרטיים" הנלחמים ברחבי העולם, לרוב בחסות ובמימון מדינות אבל לעתים גם נגד צבאות מדיניים. פריחתם של הצבאות הפרטיים והמיליציות בעולם באה עם שקיעתה של המדינה הלאומית, דגם שהחל במהפכה הצרפתית ובצבאות העממיים שהתפתחו ממנה. מסגרת מדינית-לאומית זאת כבר אינה מתאימה לתהליך הצבר ההון הגלובלי הנוכחי. וכאן נכנס התהליך העיקרי של הקפיטליזם העולמי כיום, שהוא המניע העיקרי של המלחמות המחזוריות במזרח התיכון: רווחי קבוצות ההון הדומיננטיות. מאמר זה מנסה להציג את המלחמה הנוכחית בפרספקטיבה אחרת, פרספקטיבה אותה התחלנו לתאר במאמרים ובספרים מאז סוף שנות השמונים של המאה העשרים |
| Keywords: | capital as power, corporation, differential accumulation, dominant capital, energy conflicts, Gaza, Hamas, Israel, Middle East, oil, Palestine, prices, Technodollar-Pharmadollar Coalition, profit, war, Weapondollar-Petrodollar Coalition |
| JEL: | P P1 P12 P18 Q4 H56 N54 E31 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:279835&r=hme |
| By: | Luise Görges (Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre); Tom Lane (Newcastle University Business School); Daniele Nosenzo (Department of Economics and Busi-ness Economics, Aarhus University); Silvia Sonderegger (School of Economics and Centre for Decision Research and Experimental Economics (CeDEx), University of Nottingham) |
| Abstract: | Building on findings showing that laws exert a causal effect on social norms, this paper investigates whether this “expressive power of law” differs by gen-der or race. We develop a model to show that such differences are theo-retically plausible. We then use an incentivized vignette experiment to test whether these differences are empirically relevant. Results from an online sample of around 4000 subjects confirm that laws causally influence social norms. However, we find little evidence of a differential effect across gender or race, suggesting that gender and race biases in the legal system are driven by other mechanisms than differences in the expressive power of law. |
| Keywords: | Social Norms; Law; Expressive Function of Law; Gender Gap; Racial Bias |
| JEL: | C91 C92 D9 K1 K42 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lue:wpaper:423&r=hme |
| By: | Bichler, Shimshon; Nitzan, Jonathan |
| Abstract: | בליל חורף קר של שנת 1972 פרצו כעשרים אנשי שב"כ ומשטרה לדירה בהדר הכרמל בחיפה ועצרו את אודי. אדיב וחברתו, לאה לשם. כך נפתח ספר הזיכרונות של אודי אדיב, המהפכה שלא הייתה. זאת הייתה תחילתה של פרשה מתוקשרת אשר הגיעה לשיאה במשפטים שנערכו לחברי "הרשת היהודית-ערבית", שבסופם אודי אדיב נמצא אשם בין השאר בבגידה ובריגול ונשלח למאסר ממושך של 17 שנה (שהוקלו מאוחר יותר ל-12 שנים). שרשרת המעצרים ומשפטי הראווה של אודי וחבריו זכו לסיקור יומיומי מנופח מצד כלל אגפי התקשורת הישראלית של אותה תקופה. יש לזכור כי נפלאות התבונה האינטרנטית טרם התגלו, ורשתות המחשבה הלא מגויסת עדיין לא הומצאו. עיקרי התקשורת היו אז עיתונות כתובה, מפלגתית ו"לא מפלגתית", שלוש תחנות רדיו בבעלות ממשלתית ישירה וערוץ טלוויזיה ממלכתי אחד פטריוטי גאה, שנאשם תדיר על ידי מפלגות הליכוד, המתנחלים והחרדים ב"שמאלנות". אבל במקרה זה נוצר לראשונה בישראל קונצנזוס חמים מימין וממה שכינו אז שמאל: אדיב וחבריו הינם סמל ומשל לאויבי העם, אוהבי ערבים, קומוניסטים שונאי ישראל. הם תוצאת החינוך המתקדם כביכול של הקיבוצים השמאלנים. הם "תלושים מערכי היהדות" וסובלים מ"שנאה עצמית". התברר גם שמקור הרעה הוא תנועת "מצפן" הבוגדנית. ממנה צמחו העשבים השוטים. עד מהרה הפך המשפט למסע הסתה נגד כל דעה המעזה לבקר את עצם מדיניות החוץ והביטחון הישראלית, התוהה אחר מדיניות הכיבוש וההתנחלויות שניהלה אז ממשלת מפלגת העבודה, המטילה ספק בהיסטוריה הציונית הרשמית, או המזכירה חלילה את קיומה של האומה הפלסטינית, שלא לדבר על רמז לניסיון הידברות מדינית עם נציגי התנועות הפוליטיות הפלסטיניות…. |
| Keywords: | Israel, imperialism, Middle East, Marxism, Palestine, revolution, Zionism |
| JEL: | P16 F54 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:279827&r=hme |