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on Heterodox Microeconomics |
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Issue of 2023‒01‒23
nineteen papers chosen by Carlo D’Ippoliti Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” |
| By: | Chatzinikolaou, Dimos (Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Economics); Vlados, Charis (Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The present study aims to examine and summarize some of the fundamental contributions of evolutionary economic thought. It begins by presenting some of the central traits of the main theoretical antecedents of evolutionary economics, from its foundation to date, identifying the conceptual prerequisites for a specific analysis to fit into its framework and methodology. Next, the presentation focuses on relevant recent analytical contributions and the evolutionary theory of the firm. Finally, it presents the Stra.Tech.Man approach that analytically synthesizes the spheres of business strategy, technology, and management to interpret the phenomena of adaptation and innovation of contemporary organizations through an evolutionary perspective. In this context, the Stra.Tech.Man approach is an alternative basis for reframing business dynamics through an evolutionary perspective. In particular, this paper presents some central findings of recent studies in the less developed Greek region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, demonstrating that this evolutionary approach has analytical value and interpretive utility. |
| JEL: | B50 L19 |
| Date: | 2022–12–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:duthrp:2022_005&r=hme |
| By: | Elisa Palagi (SSSUP - Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant'Anna [Pisa]); Mauro Napoletano (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur, OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po, SKEMA Business School, SSSUP - Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant'Anna [Pisa]); Andrea Roventini (SSSUP - Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant'Anna [Pisa], OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Jean-Luc Gaffard (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur, OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po, SKEMA Business School) |
| Abstract: | We build an agent-based model to study how coordination failures, credit con- straints and unequal access to investment opportunities affect inequality and aggre- gate income dynamics. The economy is populated by households who can invest in alternative projects associated with different productivity growth rates. Access to investment projects also depends on credit availability. The income of each house- hold is determined by the output of the project but also by aggregate demand conditions. We show that aggregate dynamics is affected by income distribution. Moreover, we show that the model features a trickle-up growth dynamics. Redis- tribution towards poorer households raises aggregate demand and is beneficial for the income growth of all agents in the economy. Extensive numerical simulations show that our model is able to reproduce several stylized facts concerning income inequality and social mobility. Finally, we test the impact of redistributive fiscal policies, showing that fiscal policies facilitating access to investment opportunities by poor households have the largest impact in terms of raising long-run aggregate income and decreasing income inequality. Moreover, policy timing is important: fiscal policies that are implemented too late may have no significant effects on in- equality. |
| Keywords: | income inequality, social mobility, credit constraints, coordination failures, effective demand, trickle-up growth, fiscal policy |
| Date: | 2022–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:spmain:halshs-03509091&r=hme |
| By: | Chatzinikolaou, Dimos (Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Economics); Vlados, Charis (Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This presentation examines the evolution of world capitalism after World War II by proposing a framework for understanding the emerging new globalization. It initially distinguishes the four development phases from 1945 to date and then presents converging theorizations of the new globalization. This critical review concludes that the previous regime has structurally matured, giving way to a framework characterized by increased instability and expected consequential crises in socioeconomic terms. A new perception of regionalization also shows that it shifts the existing regime of world development. |
| Keywords: | new globalization; economic development; economic crisis; new regionalization; innovation |
| JEL: | F60 F63 F69 |
| Date: | 2022–09–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:duthrp:2022_004&r=hme |
| By: | Giovanni Dosi |
| Abstract: | Even the most rudimentary training from Economics 101 starts with demand curves going down and supply curves going up. They are so 'natural' that they sound even more obvious than the Euclidian postulates in mathematics. But are they? What do they actually mean? Start with ''demand curves''. Are they hypothetical 'psychological constructs' on individual preferences? Propositions on aggregation over them? Reduced forms of actual dynamic proposition of time profiles of prices and demanded quantities? Similar considerations apply to ''supply curves'' The point here, drawing upon the chapter by Kirman and Dosi, in Dosi (2023), is that the forest of demand and supply curves is basically there to populate the analysis with double axiomatic notions of equilibria, both 'in the head' of individual agents, and in environments in which they operate. And the issue is even thornier when dealing with ''curves'' going up and down in macroeconomic contexts where one is basically talking of a mystical construction of a meta meta meta loci of equilibrium - first, in the head of each agent, next, in each market (for goods, for savings, etc.), finally in the overall economy. Supply and demand ''curves'', I am arguing, are one of the three major methodological stumbling blocks on the way of progress in economics - the others being 'utility functions' and 'production functions' -. There is an alternative: represent markets and industries how they actually works, and model them both via fully fledged Agent Based Models and via lower dimensional dynamical systems. |
| Keywords: | Demand and supply curves; aggregation; costs and prices; dynamical systems. |
| Date: | 2023–01–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2023/02&r=hme |
| By: | Serge Benest (CSO - Centre de sociologie des organisations (Sciences Po, CNRS) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universitat de Barcelona, Department of Economic History, Institutions, Politics and World Economy) |
| Abstract: | Following World War II, the director of the social sciences division at the Rockefeller Foundation, the industrial economist Joseph H. Willits, thought it important to extend its activities to Europe, especially France. His agenda was to strengthen institutional economics and to create modern research centers with a view to stabilizing the political situation. In the postwar decade, almost all economic research centers in France were funded by the Foundation, which helped provide greater autonomy to French economists within academia but failed to reshape French economic training and research. |
| Date: | 2022–06–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:spmain:hal-03779060&r=hme |
| By: | Koutroukis, Theodore (Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Economics); Chatzinikolaou, Dimos (Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Economics); Vlados, Charis (Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Economics); Pistikou, Victoria (Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the directions of adaptation for socioeconomic organizations in the current global crisis and restructuring. We carry out an integrative and critical review, presenting the main questions—and possible directions of response—concerning how the post-COVID-19 era, the fourth industrial revolution, and new globalization seem to affect contemporary labor relations. We focus on the different levels of their manifestation (macro, meso, and micro levels), emphasizing worsening inequality trends in the work environment and the resulting organizational readaptation that seems to be required nowadays. The restructured labor markets can benefit from the diffusion of institutional innovations based on integrated social partnership schemes at the macro–meso–micro levels. We emphasize organizational adaptation at the microlevel, as the innovation and change management mechanisms it enables, presupposes, and harnesses are imperative for exiting any crisis. |
| Keywords: | post-COVID-19 era; fourth industrial revolution; new globalization; restructured labor relations; institutional innovation; social partnership; organizational adaptation; change management; innovation; green transition |
| JEL: | D21 F60 F66 |
| Date: | 2022–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:duthrp:2022_003&r=hme |
| By: | Rafaël Cos (UB - Université de Bordeaux); Sarah Kolopp (CESSP - Centre européen de sociologie et de science politique - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Ulrike Lepont (CEE - Centre d'études européennes et de politique comparée (Sciences Po, CNRS) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Caroline Vincensini (IDHES - Institutions et Dynamiques Historiques de l'Économie et de la Société - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - UP8 - Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENS Paris Saclay - Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | More than ten years after the crisis of 2008, the role of finance questions: how is it now at the center of public policies when, only a short time ago, it was accused of being the cause of the most serious economic crisis since the 1929 crash? How did finance go from being a "problem" to be solved to being a solution to govern crises? How has the relationship between governments and finance shifted since 2008? And to what extent do they contribute to the recomposition of political and social orders? In this interview, we present three perspectives on this new age of financialization - from heterodox political economy (Daniela Gabor), to neo-institutionalist sociology (Wolfgang Streeck) and to critical sociology (Frédéric Lebaron). Daniela Gabor proposes the notion of "derisking state" to think about the new techniques by which the state has opened up new areas of the society to finance since 2008, transforming these areas into asset classes and reducing the risk for investors. Wolfgang Streeck insists on the transformations of the consolidation state, in which markets function as a tool for disciplining public spending, while their stability depends on state debt. Finally, Frédéric Lebaron shows that these new interdependencies between states and private investors cannot be understood without analyzing the specific dynamics through which central banks establish themselves within the fields of power. In doing so, we offer a range of tools to interpret the political and social transformations that are taking place today in the rearrangement between states, central banks and finance. |
| Abstract: | Un peu plus de dix ans après la crise de 2008, cette place de la finance interroge : comment cette dernière se retrouve-t-elle aujourd'hui au cœur des dispositifs d'action publique quand, il y a encore si peu de temps, elle était mise au banc des accusés pour avoir été à l'origine de la plus grave crise économique observée depuis le krach de 1929 ? Comment la finance est-elle passée du statut de « problème » à résoudre à celui de solution pour gouverner les crises ? Dès lors, comment les rapports entre les États et la finance se sont-ils déplacés depuis 2008 ? Et dans quelle mesure contribuent-ils à recomposer les ordres politiques et sociaux ? Dans cet entretien croisé, nous présentons trois éclairages sur ce nouvel âge de la financiarisation – celui de l'économie politique hétérodoxe (Daniela Gabor), celui de la sociologie néo-institutionnaliste (Wolfgang Streeck) et celui de la sociologie critique (Frédéric Lebaron). Daniela Gabor propose la notion de « derisking state » pour penser les techniques inédites par lesquelles l'État ouvre, depuis 2008, de nouveaux espaces de la vie sociale à la finance, en transformant ces espaces en classes d'actifs, et en réduisant le risque pour les investisseurs. Wolfgang Streeck insiste sur les transformations du consolidation state, dans lequel les marchés fonctionnent comme un outil de disciplinarisation de la dépense publique, tandis que leur stabilité dépend elle-même de la dette des États. Enfin, Frédéric Lebaron montre que ces nouvelles interdépendances entre États et investisseurs privés ne peuvent se comprendre sans analyser la dynamique singulière par laquelle les banques centrales s'affirment au sein des champs du pouvoir. Ce faisant, nous offrons une palette d'outils pour déchiffrer les transformations politiques et sociales qui se jouent aujourd'hui dans les réassemblages entre les États, les banques centrales et la finance. |
| Keywords: | Finance, Economic policies, 2008 crisis, derisking state, consolidation state, politiques économiques, crise de 2008 |
| Date: | 2022–01–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:spmain:hal-03829540&r=hme |
| By: | Chatzinikolaou, Dimos (Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Economics); Vlados, Charis (Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Economics); Iqbal, Badar (Democritus University of Thrace, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | The present evolutionary phase in international economic and political relations involves the analysis of a "new globalization" and the profound reshaping of multipolarity. This article examines the fundamental elements of the newly emerging globalization morphology from a critical standpoint on the key aspects of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). It aims to discern why such free trade agreements are significant expressions and imprints of the unfolding new multipolarity. It focuses on crucial dimensions of such international socioeconomic agreements for deepened global cooperation and development. For the analysis, we distinguish between the structures of the previous globalization regime and some evolutionary dimensions of the gradual transition to a "new globalization" (e.g., the RCEP). We contend that such agreements enrich regional economic and social integration and can expand globalized transnational flows, thereby boosting efficient cooperation for reconstructing future dynamics of international economic development. |
| Keywords: | New globalization; Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership; New multipolarity; Global socioeconomic development; International political economy |
| JEL: | F13 F53 F69 O10 |
| Date: | 2022–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:duthrp:2022_007&r=hme |
| By: | Krieger, Tim; Nientiedt, Daniel |
| Abstract: | The economic tradition of ordoliberalism, understood as the theoretical and policy ideas of the Freiburg School, emerged in 1930s and 1940s Germany. In the years thereafter, it was quickly superseded by Keynesianism and other theories imported from the English-speaking world. The crisis in Keynesian economics in the mid-1970s led to what has been described as a "renaissance of ordoliberal reasoning" (Gebhard Kirchgässner) during the late 1970s and the 1980s. The present paper describes this development in detail and shows how it affected the academic discourse and, more indirectly, policymaking. In academic economics, ordoliberal concepts were used to inform debates about pressing issues of the day such as unemployment, social security reform, competition policy, the provision of public goods, and European integration. There was, however, no consensus on the methodological question of whether ordoliberalism could be fully integrated into international research programs such as the new institutional economics or constitutional economics. The paper argues that the renaissance of ordoliberalism failed to have a lasting impact on German academic economics and discusses possible implications of this finding for the future of the ordoliberal research agenda. |
| Keywords: | Ordoliberalism, Freiburg school, Economic policy, Social market economy, Keynesianism, European integration |
| JEL: | B29 D4 E6 H6 P16 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wgspdp:202205&r=hme |
| By: | Novy, Andreas; Barlow, Nathaniel |
| Abstract: | This article scrutinizes the potential of transformative climate actions (TCAs) to contribute to social-ecological transformations. It considers the limitations of past climate actions and distinguishes transformative climate actions from the broad array of climate actions that have so far been insufficient to address the multiple crises. We define TCAs as having three key elements: desirable, effective, and feasible. This builds on the IPCC AR6 definition of ‘solutions’ and our past work on transformative innovation. Furthermore, we describe six characteristics that transformative climate actions are likely to have, they include: broadening climate targets to include social-ecological goals, shaping framework conditions, linking pragmatic and radical actions, ensuring basic provisioning while limiting over- consumption, prioritizing avoiding harm, be it emissions or excessive resource use, and lastly acting on multiple levels. We elaborate on each of these characteristics with an example and support from climate literature. |
| Keywords: | transformation; post-growth; degrowth; climate change |
| Date: | 2022–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus009:34006514&r=hme |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | This article advocates a new addition to the theories of financial inclusion which is the institutional theory of financial inclusion. The case for a new theory arises from the role of institutions or non-market structures in influencing the level of financial inclusion. Postulating an institutional theory of financial inclusion is important due to the need to understand financial inclusion from the context of institutions and non-market structures that people have a great deal of trust in. The institutional theory of financial inclusion has the capacity to generate a wide range of testable hypotheses, and can provide the social scientist with tools that are relevant for understanding the broad spectrum of financial inclusion in society. |
| Keywords: | financial inclusion, institutions, institutional theory, access to finance, non-market structure, culture, unbanked adults, financial exclusion. |
| JEL: | G21 I31 P37 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115770&r=hme |
| By: | Gian Paolo Clemente; Alessandra Cornaro; Rosanna Grassi; Giorgio Rizzini |
| Abstract: | The energy consumption, the transfer of resources through the international trade, the transition towards renewable energies and the environmental sustainability appear as key drivers in order to evaluate the resilience of the energy systems. Concerning the consumptions, in the literature a great attention has been paid to direct energy, but the production of goods and services also involves indirect energy. Hence, in this work we consider different types of embodied energy sources and the time evolution of the sectors' and countries' interactions. Flows are indeed used to construct a directed and weighted temporal multilayer network based respectively on renewable and non-renewable sources, where sectors are nodes and layers are countries. We provide a methodological approach for analysing the network reliability and resilience and for identifying critical sectors and economies in the system by applying the Multi-Dimensional HITS algorithm. Then, we evaluate central arcs in the network at each time period by proposing a novel topological indicator based on the maximum flow problem. In this way, we provide a full view of economies, sectors and connections that play a relevant role over time in the network and whose removal could heavily affect the stability of the system. We provide a numerical analysis based on the embodied energy flows among countries and sectors in the period from 1990 to 2016. Results prove that the methods are effective in catching the different patterns between renewable and non-renewable energy sources. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2212.11585&r=hme |
| By: | Kühnast, Julia |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to contribute to the debate of post-Keynesian growth models and Comparative Political Economy (CPE) by investigating the relationship between the changes in demand and growth regimes and the establishment of right-wing populist governments in Poland and Hungary after the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). In both countries, these parties established a system that lays a stronger focus on economic nationalism and the role of the state to reduce foreign influence. Both economies are currently in a transition phase in which their old, neoliberal regimes are slowly changing, but they have not yet completely abandoned neoliberalism. In both countries, post-GFC economic policies have led to changes in the growth regimes and increased the importance of the export sector. It was mainly the demands of domestic capitalists that constituted the social base for these changes. |
| Keywords: | Growth regimes, Populism, Comparative Political Economics |
| JEL: | E12 E65 F40 F43 G01 O57 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ipewps:1992022&r=hme |
| By: | Tomohiro Hirano (Royal Holloway, University of London; Centre for Macroeconomics (CFM); Canon Institute for Global Studies); Joseph E. Stiglitz (Columbia University) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a model providing a markedly different picture of the dynamics of capitalism from the standard model with infinitely lived individuals with rational expectations. Using the standard life-cycle model with production, we show that under not implausible conditions, starting from any initial conditions, there can be a plethora of rational expectations dynamics, including “wobbly macro-dynamics” i.e. the macroeconomy can bounce around infinitely without converging depending on people’s beliefs without regular periodicity. As a result, laissez-faire market economies can be plagued by repeated periods of instabilities, inefficiencies, and unemployment. In wobbly dynamics, the economy endogenously changes from a state with a unique momentary equilibrium into one with multiple momentary equilibria, or vice versa, which we call a phase transition. Various patterns of dynamics can occur, depending on how phase transitions occur. We identify all possible patterns of dynamics (e.g. unique and multiple, stable and unstable, steady states, with or without wobbly dynamics), providing a complete characterization of the parameter values under which each may occur. Moreover, we provide a complete analytic representation of all the possible state transitions, i.e. how a change in some key parameter changes abruptly the set of feasible global dynamics. In some cases, if a stable “high output” (an economic boom) benefits from an above trend temporary productivity increase, there is a state transition from a stable regime to an unstable one. The economy enters into a situation where there are multiple equilibria, with the boom now being unstable, leading to the possibility of a large-scale collapse; the economy can enter a stagnation trap characterized by involuntary unemployment. In other cases, an increase in productivity shifts the economy from the economy from the stable boom to a completely wobbly economy in which the economy endogenously fluctuates in both full-employment and involuntary unemployment regions. Thus, the economy can exhibit long run hysteresis effects. There are government interventions which can stabilize the economy and increase societal welfare. |
| Keywords: | Multiplicity of momentary equilibria, Wobbly dynamics, Phase Transitions, State transitions |
| JEL: | C61 E32 O11 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cfm:wpaper:2204&r=hme |
| By: | Olivier Pilmis (CSO - Centre de sociologie des organisations (Sciences Po, CNRS) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Dealing with the scientificity of macroeconomic forecasting, the text highlights some of its properties as a production process. First, macroeconomic forecasting does not rely solely on the use of econometric models, but it is part of a broader division of expert labor. This division involves "epistemic participation", namely the inclusion of "representatives" of the economy itself. This contrasts with the idea of forecasters watching the economy from above. Finally, certain concepts that are at the heart of economic forecasting, such as potential GDP, demonstrate that the descriptions produced by forecasters can never be neutral, but already include political qualifications of economic situations. |
| Abstract: | Abordant la prévision macroéconomique sous l'angle de la scientificité qu'on lui prête, ce texte met en lumière certaines de ses propriétés en tant que processus de production. D'abord, celui-ci ne repose pas exclusivement sur l'utilisation de modèles économétriques, mais s'inscrit dans une division plus large du travail d'expertise. Celle-ci comprend même certains « représentants » de l'économie elle-même, ce qui invite à rompre avec l'idée de prévisionnistes qui observeraient l'économie depuis une position surplombante. Enfin, s'intéresser à certains concepts qui figurent au cœur de cette activité, comme celui de PIB potentiel, souligne que les descriptions produites par la prévision ne sont jamais parfaitement neutres mais comprennent déjà des qualifications politiques des situations économiques. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:spmain:hal-03894747&r=hme |
| By: | Pachankis, Yang |
| Abstract: | The research adheres to a sociology of knowledge doctrine in academic publishing, and study the irregularities in scientific publishing. It takes the perspective in modern science, with an analytic perspective to the Chinese cultural anthropology. The research empirically studied the grey-area publication surrogacy industry originated from PRC, with its relations to the national governmental funding structures in economics & finance. The research started upon the notice of degree vacancy trading and dissertation sales in PRC, where impositions on specific journal targeting for faculties and ideological correctness for students apply institutionally, and armed forces departments are instituted in almost all major universities. The method takes a step aback on the foundation of modern science and the scientific method that may address the complexities of the issues in a relatively simplistic manner. The results suggest that science doesn’t depend on language, even though language is a constituent in sociology. The sociology of knowledge is purposed to communicate scientific knowledge, regardless of the philosophical debates. Power political meta-languages may be signs for caution, and the realpolitik disruptions to the sociology of knowledge are present. The economics of knowledge ought not to be manipulated by power political & realpolitik top-down designs and scientometrics in the informatics age need humanitarian cautions. |
| Keywords: | ideology, knowledge economy, knowledge industry, science financing, science management, scientometrics |
| JEL: | A11 A12 A13 C44 D46 D63 D73 D74 D80 D83 E26 E58 L41 |
| Date: | 2022–12–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115812&r=hme |
| By: | Temmar, Aresyama Hein |
| Abstract: | ABSTRACT Deliberative policy in adapts into deliberative democracy by Jurgen Hubermas, is not a new, both academic and pratical concept. This perspective has long been a strategic concept of participation policy that explains that making of public policy nust be first tested through the “public sphere” discourse of deliberation. One iste the selection of the village council. Public sphere becomes a discented between communities the chairman of either society or the local language is called the head of “Soa” and the 2022 – 2028 election commite. The absence of public sphere prevents the deliberative democracy. It is similar with an eviction without passing through public sphere, and it is difficult to fit into society. Deliberative policy in the upcoming election of the village council, emphasis is on deliberation for performed at the state of community “Soa” by controlling community interests and prioritizing women. Key Words: policy, deliberative, participants, represented |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:msxve&r=hme |
| By: | Sumya, Tasnia |
| Abstract: | Equality of genders is not only an important social and moral issue, but it is also desirable in order to protect a fundamental human right, produce peaceful societies that maximise human potential, and further sustainable development. In today's world, the topic of violence and suppression committed by women against other women is gaining attention as yet another kind of gender-based violence that has to be discussed in order to create a society in which women and men are treated equally. This problem of women oppressing other women and committing acts of violence against each other is closely connected to the goals of empowering women, advancing their cause, and closing the gender gap more generally. Despite the fact that it has a huge effect on society, however, this issue is not discussed nearly as frequently as "man doing violence to women" (also known as "man-to-woman violence") in Bangladesh. The patriarchal culture of Bangladesh and its predetermined social roles equip the country with all of those unequal power distributions, which are not only carried out by males but also by women. This study demonstrates beyond a reasonable doubt that woman-to-woman suppression and violence in Bangladesh is not a myth but rather a pervasive problem. This study studied the nature, reasons, experiences, and repercussions of woman-to-woman violence in Bangladesh using qualitative interviews and focus-group discussions with respondents. The findings brought to light several ideas for potential solutions to this emerging challenge. This study urges further research and policy initiatives to reduce the prevalence of gender-based woman-to-woman suppression and violence in Bangladesh. It contributes to the growing recognition of gender-based women-on-women suppression and violence in Bangladesh and adds to the growing body of evidence supporting this recognition. |
| Date: | 2022–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:fcdvw&r=hme |
| By: | Arthur Charpentier |
| Abstract: | The analysis of discrimination has long interested economists and lawyers. In recent years, the literature in computer science and machine learning has become interested in the subject, offering an interesting re-reading of the topic. These questions are the consequences of numerous criticisms of algorithms used to translate texts or to identify people in images. With the arrival of massive data, and the use of increasingly opaque algorithms, it is not surprising to have discriminatory algorithms, because it has become easy to have a proxy of a sensitive variable, by enriching the data indefinitely. According to Kranzberg (1986), "technology is neither good nor bad, nor is it neutral", and therefore, "machine learning won't give you anything like gender neutrality `for free' that you didn't explicitely ask for", as claimed by Kearns et a. (2019). In this article, we will come back to the general context, for predictive models in classification. We will present the main concepts of fairness, called group fairness, based on independence between the sensitive variable and the prediction, possibly conditioned on this or that information. We will finish by going further, by presenting the concepts of individual fairness. Finally, we will see how to correct a potential discrimination, in order to guarantee that a model is more ethical |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2212.09868&r=hme |