|
on Heterodox Microeconomics |
|
Issue of 2021‒07‒12
twenty-two papers chosen by Carlo D’Ippoliti Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” |
| By: | Nicolas Brisset (Université Côte d'Azur, France; GREDEG, CNRS); Benoît Walraevens (Université de Caen-Normandie, France; CREM, CNRS) |
| Abstract: | This article reviews Thomas Piketty's latest book, Capital and Ideology (2020). We begin by placing the work in the context of the thesis developed by the author in his previous works, before pointing out a number of limitations. We first question Piketty's way of thinking about capitalism, before discussing his theory of ideology. Finally, we will try to define the scope and limits of Piketty's vision of overcoming capitalism, that is, his vision of a just society, a "participatory socialism", as it is presented in the last chapter of the book. |
| Keywords: | Thomas Piketty, Capitalism, Property, Ideology, Social Justice |
| JEL: | B4 B51 D63 N01 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2021-28&r= |
| By: | Guilhem Lecouteux (Université Côte d'Azur; GREDEG CNRS) |
| Abstract: | Behavioural economics has challenged the normative consensus that agents ought to choose following their own preferences. I argue that normative economists implicitly defended a criterion of the sovereignty of the autonomous consumer, and that current debates in normative behavioural economics arise from disagreements about the nature of the threats to autonomy that are highlighted by behavioural economics. I argue that those disagreements result from diverging ontological conceptions of the ‘self’ in the literature. I distinguish between the unitary, psychodynamic, and socio-historical conceptions of the self, and show how different positive theories about preferences and the nature of the agent may determine normative positions in normative behavioural economics. |
| Keywords: | preference satisfaction, autonomy, welfare, reconciliation problem, sociohistorical self |
| JEL: | B40 D02 D60 D91 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2021-27&r= |
| By: | Elisa Palagi (Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa (Italy)); Mauro Napoletano (Université Côte d'Azur; GREDEG CNRS; OFCE Sciences-Po; SKEMA Business School); Andrea Roventini (Institute of Economics and EMbeDS, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna; Sciences Po, OFCE); Jean-Luc Gaffard (OFCE Sciences-Po; Université Côte d'Azur; GREDEG CNRS; Institut Universitaire de France) |
| Abstract: | We build an agent-based model to study how coordination failures, credit constraints and unequal access to investment opportunities affect inequality and aggregate income dynamics. The economy is populated by households who can invest in alternative projects associated with different productivity growth rates. Access to investment projects also depends on credit availability. The income of each household is determined by the output of the project but also by aggregate demand conditions. We show that aggregate dynamics is affected by income distribution. Moreover, we show that the model features a trickle-up growth dynamics. Redistribution towards poorer households raises aggregate demand and is beneficial for the income growth of all agents in the economy. Extensive numerical simulations show that our model is able to reproduce several stylized facts concerning income inequality and social mobility. Finally, we test the impact of redistributive fiscal policies, showing that fiscal policies facilitating access to investment opportunities by poor households have the largest impact in terms of raising long-run aggregate income and decreasing income inequality. Moreover, policy timing is important: fiscal policies that are implemented too late may have no significant effect on inequality. |
| Keywords: | income inequality, social mobility, credit constraints, coordination failures, effective demand, trickle-up growth, fiscal policy. |
| JEL: | C63 D31 E63 E21 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2021-29&r= |
| By: | Giovanni Dosi (LEM - Laboratory of Economics and Management - SSSUP - Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant'Anna [Pisa]); Andrea Roventini; Emmanuele Russo (SSSUP - Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant'Anna [Pisa]) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we study the effects of industrial policies on international convergence using a multi-country agent-based model which builds upon Dosi et al. (2019b). The model features a group of microfounded economies, with evolving industries, populated by heterogeneous firms that compete in international markets. In each country, technological change is driven by firms' activities of search and innovation, while aggregate demand formation and distribution follows Keynesian dynamics. Interactions among countries take place via trade flows and international technological imitation. We employ the model to assess the different strategies that laggard countries can adopt to catch up with leaders: market-friendly policies;industrial policies targeting the development of firms' capabilities and R&D investments, as well as trade restrictions for infant industry protection; protectionist policies focusing on tariffs only. We find that markets cannot do the magic: in absence of government interventions, laggards will continue to fall behind. On the contrary, industrial policies can successfully drive international convergence among leaders and laggards, while protectionism alone is not necessary to support catching up and countries get stuck in a sort of middle-income trap. Finally, in a global trade war, where developed economies impose retaliatory tariffs, both laggards and leaders are worse off and world productivity growth slows down. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous growth,Catching up,Technology-gaps,Industrial policies,Agent-based models |
| Date: | 2020–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03242369&r= |
| By: | Francesca Larosa (Department of Economics, University Of Venice CÃ Foscari Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change); Nadia Ameli (University College of London); Jamie Rickman (University College of London); Sumit Kothari (University College of London) |
| Abstract: | The financial system is a key tool to enable the shift towards a climate-smart economy: by reallocating capital to low-carbon assets, it internalizes the climate externality. However, the financial sector operates as an ecosystem of evolving agents continuously shaping the outcomes they jointly generate. Hence, the consequences of global warming and the climate impacts are potentially amplified by the micro and meso dynamics of agents interacting with each other and with technologies and institutions in the space they operate. In this working paper, we present a concise but exhaustive review about complex networks models and methods applied to climate finance. We show where networks can overcome the limitations of standard economic models in both macroprudential regulation and capital allocation. We present the main challenges ahead and we discuss the importance of a renewed research-policy dialogue to advance the discipline. |
| Keywords: | Complex networks, climate finance, complexity economics, energy transition, climate change |
| JEL: | F21 F64 F65 O13 O16 P18 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2021:19&r= |
| By: | Elisa Palagi; Mauro Napoletano; Andrea Roventini; Jean-Luc Gaffard |
| Abstract: | We build an agent-based model to study how coordination failures, credit constraints and unequal access to investment opportunities affect inequality and aggregate income dynamics. The economy is populated by households who can invest in alternative projects associated with different productivity growth rates. Access to investment projects also depends on credit availability. The income of each household is determined by the output of the project but also by aggregate demand conditions. We show that aggregate dynamics is affected by income distribution. Moreover, we show that the model features a trickle-up growth dynamics. Redistribution towards poorer households raises aggregate demand and is beneficial for the income growth of all agents in the economy. Extensive numerical simulations show that our model is able to reproduce several stylized facts concerning income inequality and social mobility. Finally, we test the impact of redistributive fiscal policies, showing that fiscal policies facilitating access to investment opportunities by poor households have the largest impact in terms of raising long-run aggregate income and decreasing income inequality. Moreover, policy timing is important: fiscal policies that are implemented too late may have no significant effects on inequality. |
| Keywords: | Income inequality; social mobility; credit constraints; coordination failures; effective demand; trickle-up growth; fiscal policy. |
| Date: | 2021–06–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2021/23&r= |
| By: | Huwe, Vera |
| Abstract: | This paper develops the justice implications of gendered power relations for transport decarbonization. I build on the need satisfier escalation framework by Mattioli (2016) and Brand-Correa et al. (2020) and its account of justice as equality in need satiation. I show that gendered power relations manifest at the level of the provisioning system as a profound gendered division of labor and androcentric biases in the built environment. Based on the German travel survey Mobilität in Deutschland (2017), I document how gendered arrangements in the provisioning system reverberate as gendered inequalities in car access, travel behavior and trip purpose, yet significantly intersect with household income and migration biography. Normatively, I argue that an account of justice recognizant of gendered power relations extends justice to inputs for and conversion rates faced in need satisfaction processes. Building on Susan Okin (1989), I establish that justice additionally requires (i) the intra-household division of labor for need satisfaction to be chosen freely and (ii) equality of opportunity to satiate needs. Androcentric biases in the built environment create gendered conversion rates and constrain equality of opportunity. Consequently, transport decarbonization policy needs to equalize conversion rates for care relative to paid employment when de-escalating carbon intensity to be just. |
| Keywords: | Transport,Human Needs,Climate Change,Gender Division of Labor,Urban Planning,Gender Justice |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifsowp:13&r= |
| By: | Cahen-Fourot, Louison |
| Abstract: | In the perspective of a social-ecological transformation, this article sets the discussion on the future of central banking back in the context of ecological limits to growth. It first surveys the literature on proposals to introduce sustainability in central banking. It then draws from the conceptualization of money as a social relation to discuss central banks’ mandates, independence, governance and instruments. This article therefore adopts a normative stance. Central banks should be politically accountable with a renewed governance and committees composition. In line with the endogenous nature of money, their mandate needs not to include price stability and should focus on fostering full employment, social cohesion and relevant economic development within the ecological limits of the planet. Three policy instruments are then discussed to shift the nature of central banks’ operations responsive to prescriptive: differentiated target interest rates, credit control and qualitative tightening in assets purchasing programs. |
| Keywords: | monetary policy; central banking; sustainability; social-ecological transformation; post-growth; endogenous money |
| Date: | 2021–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus045:8204&r= |
| By: | Doguhan Sundal |
| Abstract: | The large majority of the work published on firm investment is done in the neoclassical frame of a rational optimizing firm attempting to achieve optimal size. While this frame addresses one important consideration in firm investment, it has two important shortcomings that this paper will address. First, it doesn’t have a clear interpretation of how the cash-flows are affecting the firm investment decisions. Second, the standard approach operates on an “average firm,” which in fact is significantly different from a firm with modal investment behavior. This study employs a Bayesian quantile regression model that yields two significant results. First concerning the relative responsiveness of these two neglected factors, it determines that the firms with higher investment rates have higher responsiveness to the valuation ratio and lower responsiveness to the profit rate. Second and of broader political economic note, it finds a decline in the responsiveness of firm investment to these factors that is consistent with the widely discussed macroeconomic “secular stagnation” of the US economy, and within that consistency, that the decline varies across sectors, and is more pronounced in firms with higher investment rates. |
| Keywords: | Tobin’s Q; Investment Rate; Profit Rate; Finance Constraint; Secular Stagnation; Bayesian Econometrics; Bayesian Quantile Regression JEL Classification: D22; D24; E12; E22; G11 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uta:papers:2021_02&r= |
| By: | Gennaro Catapano (Bank of Italy); Francesco Franceschi (Bank of Italy); Valentina Michelangeli (Bank of Italy); Michele Loberto (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we extend and calibrate with Italian data the Agent-based model of the real estate sector described in Baptista et al., 2016. We design a novel calibration methodology that is built on a multivariate moment-based measure and a set of three search algorithms: a low discrepancy series, a machine learning surrogate and a genetic algorithm. The calibrated and validated model is then used to evaluate the effects of three hypothetical borrower-based macroprudential policies: an 80 per cent loan-to-value cap, a 30 per cent cap on the loan-service-to-income ratio and a combination of both policies. We find that, within our framework, these policy interventions tend to slow down the credit cycle and reduce the probability of defaults on mortgages. However, with respect to the Italian housing market, we only find very small effects over a five-year horizon on both property prices and mortgage defaults. This latter result is consistent with the view that the Italian household sector is financially sound. Finally, we find that restrictive policies lead to a shift in demand toward lower quality dwellings. |
| Keywords: | agent based model, housing market, macroprudential policy |
| JEL: | D1 D31 E58 R2 R21 R31 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wptemi:td_1338_21&r= |
| By: | Jacob Smessaert (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development - Utrecht University [Utrecht]); Antoine Missemer (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Harold Levrel (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The commodification of nature, through privatization, marketization, monetary valuation and other associated processes, has become a central topic in social sciences to examine the conditions and effects of the economic approaches for supporting conservation policies all around the world. The aim of this contribution is to delineate the current state of knowledge, within and beyond ecological economics, and to see, with some historical perspective, how commodification has been systematized in the literature. The results are as follows: (i) studies of commodification processes remain essentially critical, with a central role played by economists, political ecologists and geographers; (ii) over the past 15 years, we have seen more fragmentation than consolidation of the field; (iii) researchers avoid analytical shortcuts, but do not always well define what they mean by commodification. The construction of visual representations -- we propose a 'commodification chain' -- and the identification of decommodification opportunities are future lines of research that would be promising, particularly for the community of ecological economists. |
| Keywords: | commodification,economic imperialism,privatization,market-based instruments,survey |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03250086&r= |
| By: | Rafael Galvão de Almeida (CEDEPLAR/UFMG) |
| Abstract: | Literature on the rhetoric of economics and narrative economics has emphasized the roles of stories and narratives in the development of economic theory. One of the most known narratives in economic folklore is of the “hero entrepreneur”, as an individual who triumphs after a journey of adversity, bringing new products and economic development to a community. The individual focus of entrepreneurs is present in the writings of scholars of entrepreneurship and public intellectuals, such as Joseph Schumpeter, Israel Kirzner, Fritz Redlich, Milton Friedman, Ayn Rand, among others. Whether they wanted or not, they ended up building a mythology of the entrepreneur that manifested in the popular consciousness. Using literature from comparative mythology and on the popular views of the hero, this article applies the Joseph Campbell’s monomyth model to understand how popular views of the hero penetrated the entrepreneurship discourse, the mythopoeia (confection of a mythology) of the entrepreneur. The article also analyzes the potential problems of this narratives, especially on its legitimation of the status quo, how it does not represent the actual entrepreneurial process, and has potential harmful consequences for both entrepreneurs and the rest of society, using authors such as Roland Barthes, Milton Santos, among others. However, the article concludes that myth, independent of critique or not, will remain ubiquitous and the narrative of the entrepreneur as a hero will remain relevant, therefore future studies should work to humanize the entrepreneur so that cooperation between theory and practice be improved. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurship, mythology, history of entrepreneurship, heroes, cultural economics, critical theory of entrepreneurship |
| JEL: | B20 B29 Y9 Z10 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdp:texdis:td633&r= |
| By: | Natalia Zugravu (Cemotev - Centre d'études sur la mondialisation, les conflits, les territoires et les vulnérabilités - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines); Rajwane Kafrouni (Cemotev - Centre d'études sur la mondialisation, les conflits, les territoires et les vulnérabilités - UVSQ - Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines); Séverine Bouard (IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien); Leïla Apithy (IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien) |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes an empirical investigation of the impact of social relations, referred to as structural social capital, and cultural values, referred to as intangible cultural capital, on tribal agricultural production in New Caledonia. By using microdata from an original survey on tribal communities, we construct a simultaneous equations model to explore the mechanisms by which cultural values and social relations interact with agricultural performance. Several original findings emerge from this study. First, agricultural performance (production and yield) is a result and, simultaneously, an explanatory factor of social relations, highlighting the limited substitutability between these two sources of wealth (agriculture and social capital). Second, cultural values appear to be an explanatory factor of tribal social relations and thus indirectly affect economic performance. Moreover, our results suggest that the complementarity between the forms of capital is essential for the extensification—maintenance/scaling up—of tribal agriculture (crop production) and even more essential for the intensification (performance, i.e. crop yield) of this activity and the persistence of social ties. Our results thus show that the neoclassical hypothesis of perfect substitutability between the components of wealth is not valid for socioeconomic sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Cultural capital,Intangible wealth,Social capital,Socioeconomic relationship,Sustainable development,Tangible wealth,Tribal agriculture |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03218441&r= |
| By: | Pinzur, David |
| Abstract: | In contrast to work showing exogenous social influences on the production of economic ideas, this article asks how a market’s own infrastructure can endogenously shape practitioners’ economic perspectives. It investigates this question by comparing the evolution of opposed views on speculation across two 19th-century American futures markets. The analysis locates the origins of this divergence in features of the grading, receipting and contracting processes that linked these new derivative markets to underlying agricultural markets. This connective infrastructure both made possible new speculative practices and established market ontologies from which traders theorized the economic significance of those practices. These ontologies served as distinct cores around which incompatible constellations of ideas – including beliefs about price relations between spot and futures markets, the character of the global market and the motives and capabilities of speculators – were elaborated. |
| Keywords: | derivatives; infrastructure; market ontology; markets; sociology of knowledge; Sage deal |
| JEL: | J1 F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2021–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:110932&r= |
| By: | Driss Ezzine de Blas (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, UPR Forêts et Sociétés - Forêts et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement) |
| Abstract: | How can we design conservation and development projects that produce lasting changes? How can we increase their effectiveness and legitimacy? The classical economic incentives of environmental policies (certification, sustainable forest management, payments for environmental services, green loans, etc.) are effective in the short term, but their environmental performance is not necessarily guaranteed in the long term. However, when the intrinsic motivations of beneficiaries are activated, these beneficiaries take greater ownership of the objectives of actions: they demonstrate more lasting behavioural change. Recent research combining behavioural economics and social psychology, conducted for such projects, is opening a rich and complementary avenue to mobilise this latent human potential. Considering intrinsic motivations implies recognising the importance of the psychological dimension of any action. Research and development decision-makers and donors can and ensure their calls for projects incorporate methods to identify and activate these motivations. |
| Keywords: | Incentive,motivation,value system,psychology,human behaviour,psychological factor,payments for ecosystem services,agriculture,conservation,environment,biodiversity,forest,theory of change,development policy,Tropical zone,Southeast Asia,Latin America,Africa,Madagascar,Mediterranean |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:cirad-03261909&r= |
| By: | Rizwan, Noormah; Shikoh, Sania Haider; Davies, Stephen; Moeen, Muhammad Saad; Rana, Abdul Wajid; Haider, Zeeshan |
| Abstract: | Prolonged droughts and depleting groundwater resources have been a serious challenge to the economy of province of Balochistan, Pakistan. Proliferation of tube-wells incentivized by government policy interventions and continued subsidy for electric tube-wells for agriculture and choice for high-water consumption crops have led to steep decline in water tables. This paper uses Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) Multiplier model approach to simulate impact of declining water tables on the provincial economy, a first ever effort. To capture the impact of declining water tables, increase in shadow prices of groundwater are calculated and the effects are traced on agricultural production. Using these effects, simulations are designed to reflect the impact of water tables’ decline on macroeconomic variables including GDP, government’s revenues/expenditures, households’ income, and net exports. Agricultural policy options are also introduced in the model to explore their effectiveness in mitigating the effects of groundwater exploitation. Effects of non-agricultural policy options such as the debated removal of tube-well subsidy, shifting to non-agricultural sectors and investment in recharge mechanisms are also estimated on the overall provincial economy. Findings from the paper indicate that depleting water tables have adversely affected the provincial economy and the impact of widely recommended agricultural policy is moderate in mitigating these effects. Subsidy rationalization is observed to have substantial impact on GDP, households, and trade balance. However, investment in recharge mechanisms and expansion in processing, manufacturing and services sector can be crucial for the development of the province. |
| Keywords: | PAKISTAN; SOUTH ASIA; ASIA; groundwater; household income; models; gross national product; trade; exports; agricultural production; irrigation; Social Accounting Matrix (SAM); SAM multipliers; water tables |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2013&r= |
| By: | Sorgner, Alina (John Cabot University); Wyrwich, Michael (University of Jena) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to test a key aspect of Baumol's theory that the allocation of entrepreneurial efforts toward its productive (e.g., start-up activity) or unproductive (e.g., rent-seeking) use depends on institutional conditions. In contrast to previous research, we study a context where a radical and exogenous institutional change took place that dramatically changed the rewards and opportunities of running a firm. We analyze at the individual level who decides to start a venture in East Germany after the fall of the Berlin Wall. We find that a significant number of people that demonstrated a strong commitment to the anti-entrepreneurial socialist regime were active in launching new ventures soon after the fall of the Berlin Wall. This pattern cannot be explained by having elite status during the socialist regime. We argue that this commitment to socialism reflects rent-seeking, a type of unproductive entrepreneurship. Once institutions change radically, their entrepreneurial efforts are redirected towards productive entrepreneurship (start-up activity). Regime commitment is captured by information from the 1990 wave of the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP) that includes information on whether East German respondents had a telephone during the socialist era, a typical reward for pronounced efforts for the socialist regime. We find that this group of people were more likely to have an entrepreneurship- prone personality profile, had a higher propensity of becoming selfemployed, and were more successful entrepreneurs. Our results confirm Baumol's theory in a setting that resembles the historical examples Baumol used to make his general argument. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurship, transition, institutional conditions |
| JEL: | L26 P20 P31 |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14458&r= |
| By: | Sandrine Mathy (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Olivier Labussière (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Sabine Lavorel (CRJ - Centre de Recherches Juridiques - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Thierry Lebel (IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Bertrand Schmitt (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement) |
| Abstract: | In 2017 and 2019 there took place the first two editions of a Summer Seminar entitled "About the 2 °C" dedicated to the challenges of interdisciplinarity in research and training courses on climate change. In this paper, we focus on the motivations that led to launching this initiative, as well as to the positioning and progress of these first two editions, which highlighted the scientific and socio-political challenges raised by the implementation of interdisciplinarity in research, particularly regarding an object as protean as climate change. Besides, this paper provides a good opportunity to take stock of the possible evolutions of this Summer Seminar, given the societal and scientific challenges associated with the understanding and management of the impact of global changes on our environment and our societies. |
| Abstract: | Le collectif « Autour du 2°C 2019 » a contribué à l'écriture de cet article. Il est composé de Marylou Athanase, Nathalie Benarrosh, Xavier Blot, Ansoumana Bodian,Christophe Bouillaud, Marie Bouillon, Florentin Breton, Élodie Briche, Silvia Bucci, Édith Chezel, Hugo Dayan, DamienDelorme, Hamidou Diallo, Séverine Durand, Robin Evrard, Mireille Fargette, Ian Florin, Sylvie Galle, Jeanne Gherardi, MélanieGittard, Julia Hidalgo, Laurent Huber, Élodie Letort, Olivier Mora, Éléonore Mounoud, Angélique Palle, Dominique Paturel,Jean-Emmanuel Paturel, Clarisse Pinel, Nicolas Plain, Adélie Pomade, Julien Rebotier, Rim Rejeb, Suzanne Reynders,Anne-Sophie Robilliard, Lucile Rogissart, Fabien Solmon, Alexis Tantet, Corentin Thermes, Valentin Wendling. En 2017 et 2019 ont eu lieu les deux premières éditions de l'école d'été « Autour du 2 °C » consacrée aux enjeux de l'interdisciplinarité de la recherche et des parcours de formation sur le changement climatique. Nous revenons dans ce texte sur les motivations qui ont conduit au lancement de cette initiative, ainsi que sur le positionnement et le déroulement de ces deux premières éditions, qui ont permis de mettre en évidence les défis scientifiques et sociopolitiques que soulève la mise en œuvre de l'interdisciplinarité dans la recherche, notamment sur un objet aussi protéiforme que le changement climatique. Ce texte constitue également une opportunité de faire le point sur les évolutions possibles de cette école au regard des enjeux sociétaux et scientifiques associés à la compréhension et à la gestion de l'impact des changements globaux sur notre environnement et sur nos sociétés. |
| Keywords: | Changement climatique,Ecole d’été,Interdisciplinarité,Recherche,Liens science-société |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03249252&r= |
| By: | Bryan, Elizabeth; Lefore, Nicole |
| Abstract: | Small-scale irrigation is expanding rapidly in parts of the world, especially sub-Saharan Africa, offering smallholder farmers an opportunity to improve their livelihoods, diets, and resilience to climate change among other benefits. Growing research focuses on the potential for small-scale irrigation to offer a pathway for women’s empowerment, yet the factors conditioning the relationship between small-scale irrigation and women’s empowerment are not well understood. The evidence tends to be scattered across context-specific case studies that focus on targeted outcomes, without distinguishing between technology types, scales, or approaches to irrigation systems or technologies. This paper synthesizes the issues related to gender and small-scale irrigation using a conceptual framework that highlights the linkages between elements of women’s empowerment and small-scale irrigation. Because gendered dynamics with small-scale irrigation play out differently depending on the scale of irrigation and the technologies used, this paper applies the framework to examine case studies across a typology of small-scale irrigation systems. The case studies cover a range of farming and livelihood systems in which women’s roles and gender relations vary, highlighting the importance of the opportunity structure or context in which irrigation takes place. This paper then draws lessons on the various ways in which small-scale irrigation, gender relations, and women’s empowerment interact and highlights areas where research gaps remain. |
| Keywords: | AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; women; gender; irrigation; smallholders; women's empowerment; small-scale irrigation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2025&r= |
| By: | Henrekson, Magnus (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Kärnä, Anders (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Sanandaji, Tino (Institute for Economic and Business History Research) |
| Abstract: | Differentiating various types of entrepreneurs provides clues to the puzzle of why top-down policies often fail to create Schumpeterian entrepreneurship and the ecosystems where it thrives. Schumpeterian entrepreneurship is intrinsically contrarian, whereas public policy has a bias toward incremental innovation and replication of past success. If central planners knew what the next radical innovation would be, there would be no need for Schumpeterian entrepreneurs. Schumpeterian entrepreneurs create not only companies but also institutions in the entrepreneurial support system. These ever-evolving structures are too complex to design, and central planning instead reduces the space for organic institutional innovation. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurship policy; High-impact entrepreneurship; Innovation; Institutions; Schumpeterian entrepreneurship |
| JEL: | M13 O31 P14 |
| Date: | 2021–06–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1395&r= |
| By: | Ronan Divard (UBO - Université de Brest, LEGO - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion de l'Ouest - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IBSHS - Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UBO - Université de Brest - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]); Patrick Gabriel (UBO - Université de Brest, LEGO - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion de l'Ouest - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IBSHS - Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UBO - Université de Brest - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]) |
| Abstract: | In addition to official currencies, a large number of local alternative currencies have been developed to address not only economic but also social and environmental issues and, more generally, to rethink our relationship with trade. This article aims to analyze the interest and limitations of alternative local monetary systems in all their diversity, and to help identify the conditions that could allow these systems, which remain for the most part confined to confidentiality, to weigh more significantly. |
| Abstract: | A côté des monnaies officielles, se sont développées de nombreuses monnaies alternatives locales, qui visent à répondre à des enjeux non seulement économiques, mais également sociaux et environnementaux et, de manière plus globale, à repenser notre rapport aux échanges marchands. Cet article vise à analyser l'intérêt et les limites des systèmes monétaires locaux alternatifs dans toute leur diversité, et à contribuer à identifier les conditions qui pourraient permettre à ces systèmes, qui restent pour la plupart confinés dans la confidentialité, à peser de manière plus significative. |
| Keywords: | monetary system,LET'S,local alternative currency,local currency,système monétaire,SEL,Accorderie,monnaie locale,monnaie-temps,monnaie locale complémentaire,transition écologique,responsabilité sociétale,monnaie locale alternative,time-based currency,local complementary currency,ecological transition,social responsibility |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03257812&r= |
| By: | Aguilar Revelo, Lorena |
| Abstract: | Esta publicación recomienda acciones para permitirles a los mecanismos para el adelanto de las mujeres avanzar en la integración de la perspectiva de género en los instrumentos de política pública, así como en las acciones de implementación frente al cambio climático, para que, como entes rectores y/o gestores de la implementación de las políticas públicas en favor de la igualdad de género y la autonomía de las mujeres, puedan involucrarse de manera más activa y ejercer un rol de liderazgo transformador en los procesos de respuesta relacionados con el cambio climático tanto en el ámbito nacional como internacional. El objetivo es asegurar que la igualdad de género y la autonomía de todas las mujeres y las niñas, en su diversidad, sean priorizadas y abordadas de forma integral en el contexto de las acciones sobre cambio climático llevadas a cabo a nivel nacional y regional; y se asegure la plena participación de las mujeres como actoras climáticas, que desarrollan su capacidad de resiliencia y la de sus comunidades para alcanzar la Agenda 2030 y los objetivos del Acuerdo de París. |
| Keywords: | CAMBIO CLIMATICO, INCORPORACION DE LA PERSPECTIVA DE GENERO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, GENERO, MUJERES, ADELANTO DE LA MUJER, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, PARTICIPACION POLITICA, ACCESO A LA INFORMACION, RENDICION DE CUENTAS, LEYES Y REGLAMENTOS, ORGANIZACIONES FEMENINAS, MOVILIZACION DE RECURSOS, TOMA DE DECISIONES, CLIMATE CHANGE, GENDER MAINSTREAMING, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, GENDER, WOMEN, WOMEN'S ADVANCEMENT, GENDER EQUALITY, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, ACCOUNTABILITY, LAWS AND REGULATIONS, WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS, RESOURCES MOBILIZATION, DECISION-MAKING |
| Date: | 2021–06–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col040:46996&r= |