|
on Heterodox Microeconomics |
|
Issue of 2020‒04‒06
twenty-one papers chosen by Carlo D’Ippoliti Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” |
| By: | Lambert, Thomas |
| Abstract: | In his book, the Political Economy of Growth (1957), and in an article he wrote several years earlier (1953), the economist Paul A. Baran noted how in an economic system characterized by a hierarchy of classes and where economic and political power are concentrated in the top class of such a system, the amount of output and income above what is consumed by most people (e.g., food, clothing, housing, public safety, education) mostly goes to the top class. This extra amount is what he called the economic surplus, a form of savings or income left over after consumption. In a feudalistic system, there is little incentive to use the proceeds of this type of surplus to buy more tools and equipment for more production of output and income. The lord or baron has little incentive to lend or give serfs money because he may not benefit from any increased productivity by them. It is with capitalism that such incentives to re-invest in production become important. This paper uses recently published and estimated historical data to illustrate Baran’s observations and thoughts on feudalism. It is shown that during the 13th and 14th centuries in England that the economic surplus declined, and this decline helps to explain the “crisis of feudalism” that started in the 13th century. It is not until several centuries later when capitalism becomes the dominant economic system that the economic surplus begins to rise on a consistent basis probably due to the reinvestment of a portion of the surplus into productive activities and a greater ratio of capital income to rental income and a greater ratio of investment to economic surplus. However, and somewhat surprisingly, by the 19th Century the surplus still does not attain levels reached in the 13th Century. |
| Keywords: | Keywords: Baran ratio, Dobb-Sweezy debate, economic surplus, capitalism, feudalism, GDP, national income |
| JEL: | B24 B51 N13 |
| Date: | 2020–03–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:99128&r=all |
| By: | Laurie Bréban (PHARE - Philosophie, Histoire et Analyse des Représentations Économiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne); Muriel Gilardone (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - UNIV-RENNES - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Sen claims that his 2009 theory of justice is based in part upon Smith's idea of the "impartial spectator". His claim has received criticism: some authors have responded that his interpretation of Smith's concept is unfaithful to the original (e.g., Ege, Igersheim and Le Chapelain 2012); others, focusing on internal features of Sen's analysis, critique his use of the Smithian impartial spectator, arguing that it is a weak point in his comparative theory of justice (e.g., Shapiro 2011). In this paper we address both sets of criticisms. While agreeing with commentators that Sen's reading of Smith is somewhat unfaithful, we reiterate that his aim in The Idea of Justice is not to provide an exegesis of Smith but rather to build his own comparative theory of justice by "extending Adam Smith's idea of the impartial spectator" (IJ: 134) to his own project. After clarifying their distinct approaches to the concept of the impartial spectator, we draw upon our account of these differences to evaluate Sen's own use of the concept. Despite significant divergences, we show that Sen's version of the impartial spectator is not inconsistent with Smith's analysis. Though it does not correspond to Smith's concept, i.e. to what the Scottish philosopher sometimes calls the "man within", it is reminiscent of another figure from Smith's moral philosophy: the "man without". Beyond this analogy, there are further connections between Smith's imaginary figure of the "man within" and Sen's account of "common beliefs"—both notions are ways of representing our beliefs regarding what is moral or just. But whereas Smith's moral philosophy offers an analysis of the process by which the "man without" influences the "man within", nothing of that kind is to be found in Sen's conception of public reasoning. And it is here that Smith's famous concept of "sympathy" can supplement Sen's theory, in a way which furnishes an answer to Shapiro's (2011) criticism regarding the possibility of the spontaneous change of beliefs toward greater impartiality. |
| Keywords: | Sen,Smith,Impartial Spectator,Man Without,Public Reasoning,Man Within,Sympathy,Deliberation,Justice,Agreement,Non-Prudential Morality |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02495559&r=all |
| By: | Mario Cimoli; Giovanni Dosi; Xiaodan Yu |
| Abstract: | This work discusses the role of industrial policies within an evolutionary view of innovation and learning as drivers of economic development. Building on the notions of technological paradigms and trajectories, it links the processes of catching-up with the dynamics of capability accumulation within and across firms. In turn such processes are embedded in broader national systems of innovation wherein industrial policies play a pivotal role. |
| Keywords: | Technological paradigms; Catching up; Theory of production; Absolute and Comparative Advantages; National systems of innovation; Industrial Policies; Economic Evolution and Development. |
| Date: | 2020–03–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2020/08&r=all |
| By: | Elisabeth Cudeville (Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne); Martine Gross (CéSor EHESS - CNRS); Catherine Sofer (Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne - Paris School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Women throughout the world still do most of the unpaid domestic work. To reveal the impact of social norms beside traditional economic variables on the sharing of household tasks within couples, we choose to compare the sharing of tasks between heterosexual and homosexual couples in France based on econometric estimations. The results show that, other things being equal, heterosexual couples share tasks much more unequally than homosexual couples. Assuming that the behavior of same-sex couples is not affected by gendered social norms, we then propose a measure of the impact of these norms using a Blinder-Oaxaca type decomposition |
| Keywords: | Household production; Gender inequality; Division of housework; Gender norms; Homosexual couples; Heterosexual couples |
| JEL: | J16 J22 J15 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mse:cesdoc:20001&r=all |
| By: | Marwil J. Dávila-Fernández |
| Abstract: | Over the past fty years, the United States (US) has experienced a process of structural change characterised by an increase in financial and a decrease in manufacture technical coefficients. In this article, we argue that both processes are intrinsically related. Building on Dávila-Fernández and Punzo (2019) multisectoral approach to financialisation, technical coefficients can be understood as measures of input content per unit of output produced. Using a 15-sector level of aggregation, we revisit the evolution of manufacture content in the US between 1947 and 2015. We proceed by applying time-series cointegration techniques and dynamic panel estimation methods to assess the correspondence between different measures of manufacture and financial content. Our results indicate that there is a negative long-run relationship between both series with financialisation being weakly exogenous and having predictive power over manufacture content. We conclude discussing the role of financial liberalisation, shareholder value orientation, and firm indebtedness to explain how a more financial intensive production technique has displaced manufacture inputs. |
| Keywords: | Financialisation, Deindustrialisation, Input-Output, Cointegration, United States. |
| JEL: | E12 E32 O40 |
| Date: | 2019–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usi:wpaper:811&r=all |
| By: | , Stone Center (The Graduate Center/CUNY); Iacono, Roberto (Norwegian University of Science and Technology); Ranaldi, Marco |
| Abstract: | We study the evolution of inequality in income composition in terms of capital and labor income in Italy between 1989 and 2016. We document a rise in the share of capital income accruing to the bottom of the distribution, whilst the top of the distribution increases its share of labor income. This implies a falling degree of income composition inequality in the period considered and, hence, the fact that Italy is moving away from being an economy composed of poor laborers and rich capitalists. This result is robust to the use of different definitions of capital and labor income. A falling degree of income composition inequality implies a weaker link between the functional and personal distributions of income. Therefore, fluctuations in the total factor shares of income are having an increasingly weaker impact on income inequality in Italy. Finally, we conceptualize a rule of thumb for policy makers seeking to reduce income inequality in the long run. This rule relates fluctuations in the total factor shares and the level of income composition inequality to the specific income source to be redistributed. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper) |
| Date: | 2020–03–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:xs47p&r=all |
| By: | Michaël Assous (Université Lyon 2, CNRS, Triangle); Muriel Dal Pont Legrand (Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France); Sonia Manseri (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Phare) |
| Abstract: | Samuelson (1952: 60) introduced the term «neoclassical synthesis” and used it later in the 1955 3rd edition of Economics: An Introductory Analysis to refer to a “consensus” among American economists. In the 1960s when growth theory emerged as a major issue, Samuelson modified his view and in the 6th edition of Economics, the term assumed a specific meaning. As long as it was assumed that the economy was managed on a Keynesian-basis in the short-run, the neoclassical growth model was considered the most appropriate tool to analyze full-employment growth. This “new” approach of the synthesis was challenged in debates on income distribution dynamics and expectations, opposing the protagonists in the Cambridge controversy. We draw on original archival material from Duke University and Cambridge University in the UK to try to clarify some of the hidden dimensions of Samuelson's synthesis and the debates it triggered. |
| Keywords: | Samuelson, Sen, Kaldor, Neoclassical Synthesis, Instability, growth, expectations |
| JEL: | A1 B2 B3 D5 E1 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2020-12&r=all |
| By: | Marwil J. Dávila-Fernández; Serena Sordi |
| Abstract: | This article makes two contributions to the literature on growth and structural change. First, we estimate the multisectoral version of Thirlwall's law and provide some empirical evidence on the stratification mechanism proposed in Dávila-Fernández et al. (2018). Second, we develop two models of structural change which assume that the capacity of adaptation of the economy is a function of attitudes towards change. Societies whose past experiences condition them to regard innovative change with antipathy are in sharp contrast to those whose heritage provide them with favourable attitudes. The models are used to discuss the experiences of Latin America and Asia since the 1960s. They highlight how a complex economy is likely to be associated with a better distribution of political and economic power. Our resulting nonlinear dynamic systems are shown to admit multiple equilibria. A Hopf-Bifurcation analysis establishes the possibility of persistent and bounded cyclical paths, allowing the investigation of further insights on the nature of structural and institutional change. |
| Keywords: | Structural change; Institutions; Attitudes towards change; Hopf bifurcation; Path dependence. |
| JEL: | E12 E32 O40 |
| Date: | 2019–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usi:wpaper:809&r=all |
| By: | Julien Demade (LAMOP - Laboratoire de Médiévistique Occidentale de Paris - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This book tells the story of a largely forgotten enterprise: that of the International Scientific Committee on Price History. If this endeavour can nevertheless still be of interest today, it is not only because failures offer insights into social dynamics as well as successes do ; nor is it solely because we find, gathered around this failed enquiry, a slew of very famous names, and names indeed which one would not expect to stumble upon in this context – there is Beveridge and Kautsky, Bloch and Malinowski. First and foremost, it is because the object of this enquiry offers a rare opportunity to bridge the divide between national scientific traditions as well as between disciplines – such as history and economy, or epistemology and the sociology of scientific knowledge. Thus, the initially narrow scope of this study opens up to a vast field of enquiry, as the object of this study shifts to determining how a particular class of objects – those deemed scientific – are produced, and how epistemological, theoretical and institutional issues interact in this process. Indeed, the conversion of past prices (as they appear in the archives) into historical prices taken as scientific facts, raises diverse and crucial questions : on the respective standing of social and natural sciences, about monetarism, or on the transition from the academic field of the Humboldtian scholar to that of big science. Viewed through the prism of this particular case, these issues will appear in a new light for the simple reason that, in the case at hand, fields of enquiry which are ordinarily examined independently are found to be tightly interrelated. |
| Abstract: | Ce livre est l'histoire d'une entreprise oubliée : le Comité international d'histoire des prix. Si l'objet pourtant est d'intérêt, c'est que les échecs tout autant que les réussites nous renseignent sur le fonctionnement social ; c'est aussi que l'on retrouve, autour de cette enquête faillie, des noms eux fort célèbres, et que l'on ne s'attend pas à rencontrer dans ce contexte – de Beveridge à Kautsky, de Bloch à Malinowski. Mais c'est surtout que cet objet s'avère idéal pour dépasser les frontières qui séparent aussi bien les traditions scientifiques nationales que les disciplines – entre histoire et économie, entre sociologie des sciences et épistémologie ; et, ce faisant, cette étude permet d'aborder une question aussi vaste que s'est voulu restreint le propos initial. C'est en effet la production d'une classe particulière de faits, les faits considérés comme scientifiques, qu'il s'agit de comprendre, et ceci en tenant compte, parmi les forces à l'œuvre dans la détermination de cette production, des enjeux aussi bien épistémologiques que théoriques et institutionnels. Car, dans la transformation opérée d'un prix passé (tel qu'il apparaît dans les archives) en un prix historique considéré comme un fait scientifique, s'avèrent déterminantes des questions aussi diverses et cruciales que le statut respectif des sciences sociales et des sciences de la nature, le monétarisme, ou le passage du champ académique du savant humboldtien à l'ère de la big science. Questions qui, réciproquement, reçoivent de l'analyse de ce cas précis un éclairage dont l'intérêt tient au croisement de ces domaines le plus souvent considérés isolément, croisement que précisément permet ce cas d'espèce. |
| Keywords: | histoire des prix,William Beveridge,Comité international d'histoire des prix,Thorold Rogers,Georges d'Avenel,historiographie,histoire des sciences,histoire de l'économie,Lucien Febvre,François Simiand,Marc Bloch,Annales d'histoire économique et sociale |
| Date: | 2018–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00688447&r=all |
| By: | Claude Gamel (LEST - Laboratoire d'économie et de sociologie du travail - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Debates among Liberals on social justice have played a major role in current discussion on basic income (or universal benefit). In this paper, the notion is considered on the basis of the "economics of liberal egalitarianism", for which the anchor point is to be found in Rawls' philosophical works. Although this author certainly does not support basic income, he still provides an appropriate general framework to consider it, in particular through the hierarchy of his principles of justice (I). At the third level of this hierarchy, the interpretation of the "principle of difference" appeared controversial concerning the treatment of "Malibu surfers", through which Van Parijs can have defended the unconditional nature of basic income (II). There remains the transition from the philosophy to the economics of basic income, which allows considering it as a precise alternative of negative income tax. At this stage, a rereading of Friedman's intuition on this topic results in seeing basic income as a "universal tax credit" (III). We conclude with some prospective remarks on a possible implementation of this conception of basic income in the case of liberal democracies and of France as well (IV). |
| Abstract: | Les débats entre libéraux sur la justice sociale ont beaucoup alimenté la réflexion contemporaine sur le revenu de base (ou allocation universelle). Cette notion est présentée ici comme relevant de « l'économie de l'égalitarisme libéral », dont le point d'ancrage se situe dans l'œuvre philosophique de Rawls. Celui-ci n'est certes pas partisan de l'allocation universelle, mais sa pensée offre néanmoins un cadre général adéquat pour l'étudier, en particulier par la hiérarchie des principes de justice qu'il défend (I). Au troisième niveau de cette hiérarchie, l'interprétation à donner au « principe de différence » a suscité la controverse des « surfeurs de Malibu », par laquelle Van Parijs a pu défendre le caractère inconditionnel de l'allocation universelle (II). Reste alors à passer de la philosophie à l'économie du revenu de base, en montrant comment ce dernier peut être considéré comme une variante précise d'impôt négatif sur le revenu. A ce stade, une relecture de l'intuition de Friedman sur la question aboutit à considérer l'allocation universelle comme un « crédit d'impôt universel » (III). En conclusion, pour les démocraties libérales et dans le cas de la France, sont esquissées quelques observations prospectives sur une éventuelle application d'une telle conception du revenu de base (IV). |
| Keywords: | unconditional nature,universal tax credit.,liberalism,basic income,revenu de base,libéralisme,inconditionnalité,crédit d’impôt universel. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02111455&r=all |
| By: | Jean-Stéphane Mésonnier |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I investigate whether and how banks align green words with deeds in terms of credit allocation across more or less carbon-intensive industries in France. I use a rich dataset of bank credit exposures across some fifty industries and two size classes of borrowing firms for the main banking groups operating in France, which I merge with information on industries' greenhouse gas emission intensities and a score for banks' self-reported climate-related commitments over 2010-2017. I find evidence that higher levels of self-reported climate commitments by banks are associated with less lending to large corporates in the five brownest industries. However, lending to SMEs across more or less carbon-intensive industries remained unrelated to banks' commitments to green their business. Since SMEs are not required to report on their carbon emissions, while large firms are, these findings suggest that devising an appropriate carbon reporting framework for small firms is likely to enhance the decarbonization of bank lending. |
| Keywords: | : Green banks, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Climate Change. |
| JEL: | G21 Q54 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:743&r=all |
| By: | Alberto Battistini |
| Abstract: | Rinunciando del tutto alla teoria del valore-lavoro, la teoria economica marxista ha di fatto cancellato contributo specifico di Marx alla stessa teoria e più in generale alla critica dell’economia politica: la teoria del plus-valore, ovvero la differenza tra valore d’uso e valore di scambio della forza lavoro quale determinante del profitto in condizioni di concorrenza perfetta e del carattere contraddittorio del processo di accumulazione del capitale. A partire dalla constatazione per la quale invece tale contributo è ancora rilevante e attuale, tanto in termini teorici quanto in termini pratici, in questo lavoro si mostra come esso possa essere reso indipendente dalla sua formulazione analitica originaria in termini di quantità di lavoro. E’ infatti tale formulazione analitica, che Marx ha in larga parte mutuato da Ricardo, che per motivi di natura altrettanto teorica e pratica appare oggi inservibile. Più specificamente, quindi, in questa prima parte viene affrontata la parte statica di tale teoria, verificando in particolare l’ipotesi per la quale il ruolo giocato dalla nozione Ricardiana di costo di produzione, che Marx, a differenza dello stesso Ricardo, aveva significativamente usato anche per la determinazione del salario, possa essere svolto dalla nozione generale di costo di transazione, inteso nel senso Coasiano di costo di usare il sistema dei prezzi. Nella seconda parte viene invece affrontata la parte dinamica della stessa teoria, verificando in particolare l’ipotesi per la quale il capitale, nella definizione di Marx come denaro in movimento nel circuito Denaro ? Merce ? Maggior Denaro, possa essere preso come unità di selezione in un processo evolutivo che sostituisca la cosiddetta visione circolare del processo produttivo, che pure Marx aveva mutuato da Ricardo ma in realtà risale addirittura a Quesnay e, altrettanto significativamente, è stata pensata con riferimento a un’economia agricola. Il risultato finale, in effetti, è una re-interpretazione in chiave istituzionale e evolutiva della versione di Marx della teoria del valore-lavoro. |
| Keywords: | costi di transazione; effetti di ricchezza; valore d’uso; valore di scambio; replicazione differenziale; individualismo metodologico |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usi:wpaper:817&r=all |
| By: | Alberto Battistini |
| Abstract: | Rinunciando del tutto alla teoria del valore-lavoro, la teoria economica marxista ha di fatto cancellato contributo specifico di Marx alla stessa teoria e più in generale alla critica dell’economia politica: la teoria del plus-valore, ovvero la differenza tra valore d’uso e valore di scambio della forza lavoro quale determinante del profitto in condizioni di concorrenza perfetta e del carattere contraddittorio del processo di accumulazione del capitale. A partire dalla constatazione per la quale invece tale contributo è ancora rilevante e attuale, tanto in termini teorici quanto in termini pratici, in questo lavoro si mostra come esso possa essere reso indipendente dalla sua formulazione analitica originaria in termini di quantità di lavoro. E’ infatti tale formulazione analitica, che Marx ha in larga parte mutuato da Ricardo, che per motivi di natura altrettanto teorica e pratica appare oggi inservibile. Più specificamente, quindi, in questa prima parte viene affrontata la parte statica di tale teoria, verificando in particolare l’ipotesi per la quale il ruolo giocato dalla nozione Ricardiana di costo di produzione, che Marx, a differenza dello stesso Ricardo, aveva significativamente usato anche per la determinazione del salario, possa essere svolto dalla nozione generale di costo di transazione, inteso nel senso Coasiano di costo di usare il sistema dei prezzi. Nella seconda parte viene invece affrontata la parte dinamica della stessa teoria, verificando in particolare l’ipotesi per la quale il capitale, nella definizione di Marx come denaro in movimento nel circuito Denaro ? Merce ? Maggior Denaro, possa essere preso come unità di selezione in un processo evolutivo che sostituisca la cosiddetta visione circolare del processo produttivo, che pure Marx aveva mutuato da Ricardo ma in realtà risale addirittura a Quesnay e, altrettanto significativamente, è stata pensata con riferimento a un’economia agricola. Il risultato finale, in effetti, è una re-interpretazione in chiave istituzionale e evolutiva della versione di Marx della teoria del valore-lavoro. |
| Keywords: | costi di transazione; effetti di ricchezza; valore d’uso; valore di scambio; replicazione differenziale; individualismo metodologico |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usi:wpaper:816&r=all |
| By: | Hsuan-Wei Lee; Yen-Ping Chang; Yen-Sheng Chiang |
| Abstract: | Can the status hierarchy facilitate the emergence of group cooperation? In an evolutionary model, Mark (2018) provided a positive answer to the theoretical inquiry. Despite the contribution, we critiqued that there are not only mathematical errors in Mark's model but also limitations in applying it to other hierarchical structures. We present a more generalized model by introducing a novel hierarchy measure to interpolate the cooperativeness of group members in any hierarchy structure of interest. We derive the conditions under which cooperation can emerge and verify our analytical predictions by agent-based computer simulation. In general, our evolutionary model provides stronger evidence than Mark's original model with respect to how status behavior can facilitate the emergence of social cooperation. |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2004.00944&r=all |
| By: | Beckert, Jens; Ergen, Timur |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses sociological analyses of the formation and role of expectations in the economy. Recognition of the social constitution of expectations advances the understanding of economic action under conditions of uncertainty and helps to explain core features of modern capitalist societies. The range of applications of the analytical perspective is illustrated by closer examination of three core spheres of capitalist societies: consumption, investment, and innovation. To provide an idea of core challenges of the approach, three major research questions for the sociological analysis of expectations are presented. |
| Keywords: | action theory,economic sociology,expectations,firms,innovation,markets,social change,Erwartungen,Handlungstheorie,Innovation,Märkte,Organisationen,sozialer Wandel,Wirtschaftssoziologie |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:mpifgd:203&r=all |
| By: | , Stone Center (The Graduate Center/CUNY); Ranaldi, Marco |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it introduces a novel inequality concept, named income composition inequality. Second, it constructs an indicator for its measurement. This paper argues that the study of income composition inequality across the income distribution allows for (i) novel political economy analysis of the evolution of economic systems and (ii) the technical assessment of the relationship between the functional and personal distribution of income. Following an empirical application on six European countries, this paper discusses possible avenues for future research on the matter, ranging from development issues to public finance. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper) |
| Date: | 2020–03–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:365ct&r=all |
| By: | Icefield, William |
| Abstract: | Emergent gravity and quantum physics are described from the principle of maximum entropy and quantum error correction point of view - epistemic perspectives, with justifications provided for this point of view. Necessity of quantum probability, a theory of measurement basis and irreversibility of time are derived from the principle of maximum entropy. The resulting analysis justifies a duality between a non-gravitational quantum theory with the no-collapse Everettian interpretation and a full perturbative unified theory (including gravity) with the Copenhagen interpretation that requires state collapse. The error correction point of view provides us a way of defining what should be considered as non-gravitational physics. |
| Date: | 2020–03–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:cgfve&r=all |
| By: | Charlotte Bigard (CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, Montpellier Méditerranée Métropole); Baptiste Regnery (Agence Régionale de la Biodiversité Nouvelle-Aquitaine); Sylvain Pioch (CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); John Thompson (CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | La séquence Éviter-Réduire-Compenser (ERC) est devenue un instrument réglementaire important visant à concilier aménagement et préservation de l'environnement. Le succès de son application dépend notamment de l'interprétation des textes normatifs nationaux par les acteurs du territoire. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons à l'interprétation des définitions des étapes ERC inscrites dans la doctrine nationale. L'analyse de 42 études d'impact permet de montrer qu'il existe une forte hétérogénéité d'interprétation : 60 % des mesures proposées ne correspondent pas aux définitions normatives. Ces confusions pouvant réduire l'efficacité écologique de la séquence, nous suggérons des voies d'amélioration en faveur d'une plus grande cohésion entre les définitions et les mesures proposées. |
| Keywords: | Etude d'impact sur l'environnement,Sequence ERC,Biodiversité,Normes |
| Date: | 2018–03–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02448898&r=all |
| By: | Pier Francesco Procacci; Carolyn E. Phelan; Tomaso Aste |
| Abstract: | In this note, we discuss the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak from the perspective of the market-structure. We observe that the US market-structure has dramatically changed during the past four weeks and that the level of change has followed the number of infected cases reported in the USA. Presently, market-structure resembles most closely the structure during the middle of the 2008 crisis but there are signs that it may be starting to evolve into a new structure altogether. This is the first article of a series where we will be analyzing and discussing market-structure as it evolves to a state of further instability or, more optimistically, stabilization and recovery. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2003.10922&r=all |
| By: | , Stone Center (The Graduate Center/CUNY); Ranaldi, Marco |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a methodology to jointly analyze the distributions of capital and labor and of saving and consumption across the population. Hinging on the novel concept of income composition inequality and on its technical assessment through a specific indicator, this paper classifies economic systems by bringing together these two distributions in a two-dimensional box. Economic systems can be classified as Kaldorian Systems or as Representative Agent Systems depending on their position in the box. In Kaldorian Systems, the rich individuals save capital income and the poor individuals consume labor income. In Representative Agent Systems, all individuals are identical in terms of ownership and behaviors. The paper illustrates this methodology via an empirical application to the European context, in which two major clusters of economic systems – Mediterranean and Northern European – emerge. Furthermore, this paper illustrates how the classification proposed can be useful in understanding a country’s long-run performance in terms of capital accumulation, inequality and growth. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper) |
| Date: | 2020–03–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:n7wj4&r=all |
| By: | Nicolle Valentina Herrera Pinto |
| Abstract: | El propósito de este documento es explicar de manera empírica, desde la teoría austriaca del ciclo económico, la causalidad existente entre las políticas intervencionistas en Argentina desde 1983 y su posterior crisis en el año 2002. En dicho periodo, se instauraron cinco diferentes planes de estabilización económica que tenían como principal propósito detener la inflación creciente característica de este país y aumentar el crecimiento económico. Dichos planes se llevaron a cabo mediante políticas monetarias implementadas masivamente por el Banco Central de la República de Argentina, las cuales se basaron en la manipulación de la masa monetaria y en su mayoría, el crédito al sector privado. Sin embargo, de los cinco planes instaurados ninguno fue capaz de crear mejores condiciones a largo plazo, de hecho en la medida en que se instauraba cada nuevo plan, la inflación, el desempleo y la pobreza aumentaban, lo que se evidencia en la crisis del 2001 - 2002. Según la Escuela Austriaca, dichas manipulaciones tienen una causalidad directa con periodos de hiperinflación, depresión y recesión simultánea, como se refleja en el caso argentino en el periodo estudiado. |
| Keywords: | Escuela Austriaca, ciclos económicos Austriacos, crisis argentina |
| JEL: | B25 B53 E32 E43 E52 |
| Date: | 2020–03–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000176:018059&r=all |