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on Heterodox Microeconomics |
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Issue of 2018‒10‒15
27 papers chosen by Carlo D’Ippoliti Università degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza” |
| By: | Anwar Shaikh (Department of Economics, New School for Social Research); Luiza Nassif (Department of Economics, New School for Social Research) |
| Abstract: | Brody (1997), while experimenting with random matrices, conjectured that the relative size of the second eigenvalue with respect to the first tended to fall as a random matrix got larger. Bidard and Schatteman (2001) proved that in a random matrix with independently and identically distributed entries the speed of convergence increases with the size of the matrix because the relative size of all subdominant eigenvalues tends to zero as the matrix size approaches infinity. Schefold (2010) then showed that zero subdominant eigenvalues imply linear wage-profit curves for any given numeraire. Our concern is with actual input-output matrices. We successively aggregate the US 2002 matrix from 403 to 10 industries and observe the distribution of the moduli of eigenvalues at each level of aggregation. The random matrix hypothesis predicts that both the size of ratio of the modulus of second eigenvalue to the first and the average size of all moduli will fall toward zero as matrix size increases. At an empirical level, we find that the eigenvalue ratio rises while the average size of eigenvalue moduli falls towards a positive constant. These findings do not support the applicability of Brody’s conjecture for real input-output tables, and by implication do not support the hypothesis that wage-profit curves will become strictly linear in the limit. It is still possible to reconcile our findings with empirically observed near-linear wage-profit curves. |
| Keywords: | Input-output, wage-profit curves, eigenvalues, aggregate production function |
| JEL: | B51 C67 D46 D57 E11 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:new:wpaper:1812&r=hme |
| By: | Ermanno C., Tortia |
| Abstract: | This paper approaches from a law and economics perspective the problem of self-financed accumulation of capital in co-operative enterprises. Different existing and past institutional systems are discussed and lessons drawn on how to improve existing institutional structures. Divisibility and indivisibility of self-financed capital reserves, as they can pave the way to improved systematic solutions, in co-operatives are used as heuristic ports of entry in the discussion. In this, institutional evolution is interpreted as a trial and error and open-ended process. National and regional institutional systems (especially the Italian, the Spanish and the former Yugoslav ones) are considered and evaluated in terms of strengths and weaknesses to extrapolate new institutional solutions that would allow to overcome well-known weaknesses in co-operatives’ financial structure. A nested system of self-financed divisible and indivisible reserves of capital is proposed. Different typologies of reserves would serve different aims and functions in the working of the capital structure of the co-operative enterprise, especially balancing patrimonial stability, allocative efficiency, members’ financial involvement and performance. Correct legal regulation plays a fundamental role in steering the survival and reproduction potential of the co-operative system. |
| Keywords: | co-operative enterprises; accumulation of capital; divisible reserves; indivisible reserves; horizon problem; open-ended institutional evolution |
| JEL: | B51 B52 J54 P26 P34 |
| Date: | 2018–09–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:89121&r=hme |
| By: | Sierminska, Eva; Piazzalunga, Daniela; Grabka, Markus M. |
| Abstract: | We investigate the explanatory factors that have contributed to changing wealth levels and the gender wealth gap in Germany over the period 2002-2012. In particular, we analyze the role of changes in labor supply, permanent income, portfolio composition, and marital status on wealth accumulation. Using individual level micro data from the German Socio-Economic Panel results show that real mean wealth levels for the working age population have been decreasing for both women and men since 2002 and that the wealth gap has decreased by 13.5% to 30.700€. We show that the increased participation of women in the labor market and their occupational structure had an increasing positive role on women’s wealth accumulation. Making use of the panel dimension in the data and of Oaxaca-Blinder and Firpo, Fortin, Lemieux decompositions, in comparison to previous analyses, a diminishing role of permanent income is observed, due both to a reduction in the gender difference in permanent income and in gender differences in its returns. Overall, the evidence points to more equal wealth accumulation both in terms of characteristics and returns. |
| Keywords: | Wealth differences,Gender,SOEP,decomposition,labor supply,occupations |
| JEL: | D31 D13 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:252&r=hme |
| By: | Maria Giuseppina Bruna (IPAG Business School); Luc Frédéric Ducray; Nathalie Montargot (Sup de Co La Rochelle - Ecole Supérieure de Commerce de la Rochelle - Groupe Sup de Co La Rochelle, CEREGE - CEntre de REcherche en GEstion - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Poitiers - Université de Poitiers - ULR - Université de La Rochelle) |
| Abstract: | This essay proposes a critical decipherment of the main ambiguities and ambivalences that connote and denote our postmodern society with contradictory promises. The concept of super-diversity, the contours of the totem of the standard and the ideology of control are put into perspective on organizational and managerial levels. This reflection leads to a theoretical proposal and a research agenda, which invites the scientific community to rethink the shape of the post-modern enterprise. |
| Abstract: | Cet essai propose un décryptage critique des principales ambiguïtés et ambivalences qui connotent et dénotent notre société post-moderne aux promesses contradictoires. Le concept de super-diversité, les contours du totem de la norme et l'idéologie du contrôle sont mis en perspective sur les plans organisationnels et managériaux. Cette réflexion aboutit à une proposition théorique et un agenda de recherche, qui invite la communauté scientifique à repenser la forme de l'entreprise post-moderne. |
| Keywords: | Superdiversity,Postmodernity,Cultural Diversity,Inclusion,Management inclusif,Superdiversité,Post-modernité,Diversité Culturelle,Prospective de l'entreprise |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01867619&r=hme |
| By: | Brodeur, Abel (University of Ottawa); Cook, Nikolai (University of Ottawa); Heyes, Anthony (University of Ottawa) |
| Abstract: | The economics 'credibility revolution' has promoted the identification of causal relationships using difference-in-differences (DID), instrumental variables (IV), randomized control trials (RCT) and regression discontinuity design (RDD) methods. The extent to which a reader should trust claims about the statistical significance of results proves very sensitive to method. Applying multiple methods to 13,440 hypothesis tests reported in 25 top economics journals in 2015, we show that selective publication and p-hacking is a substantial problem in research employing DID and (in particular) IV. RCT and RDD are much less problematic. Almost 25% of claims of marginally significant results in IV papers are misleading. |
| Keywords: | research methods, causal inference, p-curves, p-hacking, publication bias |
| JEL: | A11 B41 C13 C44 |
| Date: | 2018–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp11796&r=hme |
| By: | Mathieu Bunel (LARJE - Laboratoire de Recherches Juridique et Economique - Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie); Yannick L'Horty (TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Souleymane Mbaye (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée); Loïc Du Parquet (TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pascale Petit (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée) |
| Date: | 2018–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01878182&r=hme |
| By: | Yannick L'Horty (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Mathieu Bunel (CEE - Centre d'études de l'emploi - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - Ministère du Travail, de l'Emploi et de la Santé, LARJE - Laboratoire de Recherches Juridique et Economique - Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie); Souleymane Mbaye (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pascale Petit (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Loïc Du Parquet (TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, GAINS - Groupe d'Analyse des Itinéraires et des Niveaux Salariaux - UM - Le Mans Université) |
| Date: | 2018–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01878166&r=hme |
| By: | Luiz G. A. Alves; Giuseppe Mangioni; Francisco A. Rodrigues; Pietro Panzarasa; Yamir Moreno |
| Abstract: | The worldwide trade network has been widely studied through different data sets and network representations with a view to better understanding interactions among countries and products. Here, we investigate international trade through the lenses of the single-layer, multiplex, and multi-layer networks. We discuss differences among the three network frameworks in terms of their relative advantages in capturing salient topological features of trade. We draw on the World Input-Output Database to build the three networks. We then uncover sources of heterogeneity in the way strength is allocated among countries and transactions by computing the strength distribution and entropy in each network. Additionally, we trace how entropy evolved, and show how the observed peaks can be associated with the onset of the global economic downturn. Findings suggest how more complex representations of trade, such as the multi-layer network, enable us to disambiguate the distinct roles of intra- and cross-industry transactions in driving the evolution of entropy at a more aggregate level. We discuss our results and the implications of our comparative analysis of networks for research on international trade and other empirical domains across the natural and social sciences. |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1809.07407&r=hme |
| By: | Asirvatham, Jebaraj; Lee, Han Bum; McNamara, Paul E. |
| Keywords: | International Development, Rural/Community Development, Teaching, Communication, and Extension |
| Date: | 2018–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea18:274220&r=hme |
| By: | Christopher Snyder; Ran Zhuo |
| Abstract: | The increasing demand for rigor in empirical economics has led to the growing use of auxiliary tests (balance, specification, over-identification, placebo, etc.) supporting the credibility of a paper's main results. We dub these "sniff tests" because standards for passing are subjective and rejection is bad news for the author. Sniff tests offer a new window into publication bias since authors prefer them to be insignificant, the reverse of standard statistical tests. Collecting a sample of nearly 30,000 sniff tests across 60 economics journals, we provide the first estimate of their aggregate probability-value (p-value) distribution. For the subsample of balance tests in randomized controlled trials (for which the distribution of p-values is known to be uniform absent publication bias, allowing reduced-form methods to be employed) estimates suggest that 45% of failed tests remain in the "file drawer" rather than being published. For the remaining sample with an unknown distribution of p-values, structural estimates suggest an even larger file-drawer problem, as high as 91%. Fewer significant sniff tests show up in top-tier journals, smaller tables, and more recent articles. We find no evidence of author manipulation other than a tendency to overly attribute significant sniff tests to bad luck. |
| JEL: | A14 B41 C18 |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:25058&r=hme |
| By: | Manuel Ennes Ferreira; Sandro Mendonça; João Pereira |
| Abstract: | This paper probes the internal governance of research journals by focusing on the editorial boards of leading African studies academic journals. We submit editorships to systematic scrutiny through a number of perspectives: geography, gender, institutional affiliation, research performance, entry/exit, etc. Overall, leading journals in the area of African studies are found to be less inclusive than expected: under a quarter of the editors are Africa-based scholars while women are even scarcer. Observations on editorial inflation, interlocking editorships and differentiated journal positioning are also made possible by taking a quantitative approach to editorial evidence. What we refer as “Editormetrics” thus suggests the need for further debate regarding the managerial rules and roles of journals. This perspective may, and perhaps should, inform other evidence-based appraisals of the journal “industry” and the research scene at large. |
| Keywords: | Editorships – Editormetrics – Research governance – Editorial inflation – Interlocking editorships – African studies |
| Date: | 2018–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ise:isegwp:wp032018&r=hme |
| By: | Souleymane Mbaye (TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Mathieu Bunel (LARJE - Laboratoire de Recherches Juridique et Economique - Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie); Yannick L'Horty (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée); Pascale Petit (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée); Loïc Du Parquet (TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Date: | 2018–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01878160&r=hme |
| By: | Loic Du Parquet (GAINS - Groupe d'Analyse des Itinéraires et des Niveaux Salariaux - UM - Le Mans Université); Mathieu Bunel (CEE - Centre d'études de l'emploi - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - Ministère du Travail, de l'Emploi et de la Santé, LARJE - Laboratoire de Recherches Juridique et Economique - Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie); Yannick L'Horty (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée); Souleymane Mbaye (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée); Pascale Petit (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée) |
| Date: | 2018–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01877705&r=hme |
| By: | Vicente Salas (Universidad de Zaragoza); Lucio San Juan (Banco de España); Javier Vallés (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents evidence of how the shares of labour and capital costs and profits in the gross value added of corporate sectors of France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the US varied between 1995 and 2016, and seeks to explain the differences between countries and how they have developed over time. The descriptive evidence does not support the hypothesis of a convergence in the composition of the countries’ corporate gross value added in the period, either within the euro area or between Europe and the US, nor is there evidence of a generalised downward trend in the share of labour costs over time. The parallel upward trend in the corporate profit share of the US and Germany between 2000 and 2016 stands out, with German corporate profit share consistently above that of the US. The evidence presented here supports the claim made by other studies that increasing corporate market power is the main driver of changes in the composition of gross value added over time in the case of the US. In the euro area countries, labour and capital shares are also sensitive to changes in the relative input prices of labour and capital (consistent with an inferred elasticity of substitution between labour and capital in production that is less than one, compared with the inferred value of one for the US). Finally, to explain the high and increasing German corporate profit share, it is necessary to account for the sustained comparative production cost advantage of German corporations. |
| Keywords: | labour and capital cost shares; economic profit shares; elasticity of substitution between labour and capital; market power; euro area countries and the US. |
| JEL: | E25 E22 O4 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:1833&r=hme |
| By: | Francesca Borgonovi (OECD); Alessandro Ferrara (OECD); Soumaya Maghnouj (OECD) |
| Abstract: | As is the case in most OECD countries, boys in Norway are more likely to have lower levels of academic achievement and attainment than girls. While this phenomenon is not recent, it has become increasingly pronounced in recent years and, as a result, is attracting considerable attention from policy-makers in many countries. This paper develops evidence of gender gaps in educational outcomes in Norway and selected OECD countries and identifies examples of policies and practices that could help close existing gender gaps in Norway. The first part of the paper describes gender gaps in school achievement, attainment, attitudes, beliefs and behaviours using an international comparative analysis. Evidence from PIRLS, TIMSS, PISA and the OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) is used to identify gender gaps during primary and secondary schooling as well as young adulthood. The second part of the paper summarises evidence on policies and practices that were implemented in other countries and that could support efforts in Norway to mitigate, prevent and reduce gender gaps in achievement and attainment. Most of the evidence on policies and practices reviewed in the report comes from the peer countries Finland, the Netherlands and the United States that were identified of particular relevance for Norway, given the policy challenge Norway faces. |
| Date: | 2018–10–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:eduaab:183-en&r=hme |
| By: | Julie Le Gallo (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement); Yannick L'Horty (TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée); Loïc Du Parquet (TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, GAINS - Groupe d'Analyse des Itinéraires et des Niveaux Salariaux - UM - Le Mans Université); Pascale Petit (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Date: | 2018–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01878188&r=hme |
| By: | Jean-Jacques Pluchart (CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion - X - École polytechnique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Odile Uzan (UPD5 - Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5) |
| Abstract: | Our paper tries to show that the validity, the legitimacy and the performativity of the theory of the stakeholders, rest on a double epistemological logic, at the same time philosophical and sociological. Our approach of the theory consists in identifying the principal problematic configurations of which the resolution allowed its construction. The methodology of our research is inspired by the " archaeological " step developed by Foucault in various fields of knowledge. It rests on a critical analysis of research, with an aim of observing the evolution of the relationship between the process of theoriza-tion in the course of construction and the practices of management which it inspires and which it takes as a starting point. |
| Abstract: | Notre recherche a pour objet de montrer que la validité, la légitimité et la performativité de la théorie des parties prenantes, reposent sur une double logique épistémologique, à la fois philosophique et sociologique. Notre approche de la théorie consiste à identifier les principales configurations problématiques dont la résolution a permis sa construction. La méthodologie de notre recherche est donc inspirée par la démarche « archéologique » développée par Foucault dans divers domaines du savoir. Elle repose sur une analyse critique des recherches, dans le but d'observer l'évolution des rapports entre le processus de théorisation en cours de construction et les pratiques de gestion qu'il inspire et dont il s'inspire. |
| Keywords: | stakeholders,epistemology,paradigm,theory,parties prenantes,théorie,paradigme,épistémologie |
| Date: | 2017–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01867761&r=hme |
| By: | Ruan, Jianqing; Zhang, Huayan; Chen, Shuai |
| Keywords: | Risk and Uncertainty, Rural/Community Development, Environmental and Nonmarket Valuation |
| Date: | 2018–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea18:274472&r=hme |
| By: | Lehmann-Hasemeyer, Sibylle H.; Neumayer, Andreas |
| Abstract: | We study the ownership structure of joint-stock firms for the period of 1869 to 1945 based on a unique hand-collected data set. The data covers a selection of 785 general meetings of 276 firms, including details of more than 10,000 investors. We show that after the hyperinflation of 1923, when shares became cheaper, the ownership share among lower social classes rose significantly. Moreover, with the rise of women rights after 1919, the number of shares owned by women also increased significantly. However, despite these shifts, the majority of shares remained in the hands of institutional investors and investors from the upper class, who mainly constituted and controlled the general meetings. Thus, despite the increased participation of women and the lower social classes, a stark inequality of opportunities persisted. |
| Keywords: | Stock exchanges,Investors,Characteristics,Investment behaviour |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hohdps:202018&r=hme |
| By: | Ibrahima Dia (Université des Antilles Pôle Martinique et associé Normandie Univ, Unicaen CNRS ,CREM, 14000 CAEN, France); Rafik Abdesselam (Université Lumière Lyon 2, COACTIS (Conception de l’Action en Situation), EA 4161, 16 quai Claude Bernard, F-69365 Lyon, France); Jean Bonnet (African Population Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya) |
| Abstract: | Cet article vise principalement à mieux comprendre la participation des femmes aux activités entrepreneuriales de la région de Dakar. À partir de modèles théoriques bien connus, nous créons le modèle de l’entrepreneure sénégalaise en mettant l’accent sur la culture entrepreneuriale. Des méthodes d’analyse de données multidimensionnelles, à partir de données primaires collectées auprès de 153 femmes entrepreneures, nous permettent de créer des typologies supervisées de l’entrepreneuriat féminin selon les secteurs (formel, informel). Les résultats montrent que la création dépend du capital humain, social et culturel de l’entrepreneure, et confirment l’importance du capital social dans l’entrepreneuriat féminin des pays en développement. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneuriat féminin, secteur informel, modèles intentionnels, analyses discriminantes, Dakar |
| JEL: | L26 E26 M13 M14 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tut:cremwp:2018-10&r=hme |
| By: | Teran Orsini, Nancy Alejandra (IISEC, Universidad Católica Boliviana) |
| Abstract: | El documento busca estudiar la evolución de las brechas de género en la seguridad de largo plazo principalmente en el área urbana de Bolivia. Para ello se hace uso de las Encuestas de Hogares (2002-2017) y se analizan las estadísticas de brecha de género en el mercado laboral, es decir, ex ante a la jubilación, por su estrecha relación. Posteriormente se muestra y se estudian las brechas de género en la jubilación tanto en la cobertura de los pilares contributivos y no contributivos como el monto de renta percibido. Se complementa este análisis con una amplia revisión de literatura y un sólido marco teórico. Los hallazgos muestran que la brecha de género en el ámbito de la seguridad social ha tenido mejoras, sin embargo, las brechas persisten con niveles significativos. Asimismo, se puede determinar que como el sistema actual en Bolivia está tan relacionado con los resultados laborales, las desigualdades y características de este ámbito se traspasan a las desigualdades en la jubilación. |
| Keywords: | seguridad social; jubilación; género; desigualdad |
| JEL: | H55 J14 J16 |
| Date: | 2018–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:iisecd:2018_004&r=hme |
| By: | Andres Gomez-Lievano |
| Abstract: | Knowhow in societies accumulates as it gets transmitted from group to group, and from generation to generation. However, we lack of a unified quantitative formalism that takes into account the structured process for how this accumulation occurs, and this has precluded the development of a unified view of human development in the past and in the present. Here, we summarize a paradigm to understand and model this process. The paradigm goes under the general name of the Theory of Economic Complexity (TEC). Based on it, we present a combination of analytical, numerical and empirical results that illustrate how to characterize the process of development, providing measurable quantities that can be used to predict future developments. The emphasis is the quantification of the collective knowhow an economy has accumulated, and what are the directions in which it is likely to expand. As a case study we consider data on trade, which provides consistent data on the technological diversification of 200 countries across more than 50 years. The paradigm represented by TEC should be relevant for anthropologists, sociologists, and economists interested in the role of collective knowhow as the main determinant of the success and welfare of a society. |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1809.10781&r=hme |
| By: | Han, Yicheol; Goetz, Stephan J. |
| Keywords: | Rural/Community Development, Production Economics, Industrial Org./Supply Chain Management |
| Date: | 2018–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea18:274497&r=hme |
| By: | Cathal O’Donoghue; Aksana Chyzheuskaya; Eoin Grealis; William Finnegan; Jamie Goggin; Stephen Hynes1; Kevin Kilcline; Mary Ryan |
| Abstract: | Sustainable intensification is one of the greatest challenges facing the agri-food sector which needs to produce more food to meet increasing global demand, while minimising negative environmental impacts such as agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Sustainable intensification relates not just to primary production, but also has wider value chain implications. An input-output model is a modelling framework which contains the flows across a value chain within a country. Input-output (IO) models have been disaggregated to have finer granular detail in relation to agricultural sub-sectoral value chains. National IO models with limited agricultural disaggregation have been developed to look at carbon footprints and within agriculture to look at the carbon footprint of specific value chains. In this paper we adapt an agriculturally disaggregated IO model to analyse the source of emissions in different components of agri-food value chains. We focus on Ireland, where emissions from agriculture comprise nearly 30% of national emissions and where there has been a major expansion and transformation in agriculture since the abolition of milk quota restrictions. In a substantial Annex to this paper, we describe the modelling assumptions made in developing this model. Breaking up the value chain into components, we find that most value is generated at the processing stage of the value chain, with greater processing value in more sophisticated value chains such as dairy processing. On the other hand, emissions are in general highest in primary production, albeit emissions from purchased animal feed being higher for poultry than for other value chains, given the lower direct emissions from poultry than from ruminants or sheep. The analysis highlights that emissions per unit of output are much higher for beef and sheep meat value chains than for pig and poultry meat value chains. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance |
| Date: | 2018–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iefi18:276856&r=hme |
| By: | Iragi Mukotanyi, Francine |
| Abstract: | Compté parmi les provinces riches en gisements miniers de la RDC, le Sud-Kivu a d’abord connu l’exploitation industrielle de ses minerais avant d’expérimenter l’émergence d’une exploitation minière artisanale, causée par des situations des guerres et des conditions socioéconomiques difficiles qui ont poussés plusieurs personnes à s’y lancer dans l’espoir d’y tirer un revenu capable de répondre à leurs besoins. Cependant, cet espoir s’estompe de plus en plus à cause des reformes entreprises dans le secteur minier de la RDC depuis 2002. En effet, certaines de ces reformes forcent les mineurs artisanaux à se déplacer vers des sites miniers non productifs ou à se réorienter vers d’autres activités de remplacement. L’agriculture vient au premier plan des activités de remplacement proposées bien qu’elle soit considérée par les exploitants miniers comme ne produisant pas un revenu suffisant. Etant une province à vocation agricole avec d’énormes potentialités agricole et minières, l’exploitation minière artisisanale ne peut-elle pas être utilisée comme moyen de faire revivre l’agriculture par la création des liens économiques avec celle-ci ? C’est dans cette perspective que s’inscrivent mes recherches doctorales qui poursuivent l’objectif d’analyser les liens entre l’exploitation minière artisanale et l’agriculture. Sur base des méthodes qualitatives, ce papier présente les résultats descriptifs de l’enquête exploratoire réalisée dans le cadre de ces recherches. Dans sa première section, il expose le contexte dans lequel la recherche se réalise et décrit l’organisation de l’agriculture dans le site minier dans la deuxième section. Ensuite, il fait ressortir les liens entre l’exploitation minière artisanale et l’agriculture dans la troisième section et présente les opinions des exploitants miniers sur l’agriculture comme activité de remplacement de l’exploitation minière artisanale dans la quatrième section avant de présenter une brève conclusion dans la dernière section. |
| Keywords: | Kivu; mining: agriculture |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iob:wpaper:201810&r=hme |
| By: | Hirdesh K. Pharasi; Kiran Sharma; Anirban Chakraborti; Thomas H. Seligman |
| Abstract: | We present a brief overview of random matrix theory (RMT) with the objectives of highlighting the computational results and applications in financial markets as complex systems. An oft-encountered problem in computational finance is the choice of an appropriate epoch over which the empirical cross-correlation return matrix is computed. A long epoch would smoothen the fluctuations in the return time series and suffers from non-stationarity, whereas a short epoch results in noisy fluctuations in the return time series and the correlation matrices turn out to be highly singular. An effective method to tackle this issue is the use of the power mapping, where a non-linear distortion is applied to a short epoch correlation matrix. The value of distortion parameter controls the noise-suppression. The distortion also removes the degeneracy of zero eigenvalues. Depending on the correlation structures, interesting properties of the eigenvalue spectra are found. We simulate different correlated Wishart matrices to compare the results with empirical return matrices computed using the S&P 500 (USA) market data for the period 1985-2016. We also briefly review two recent applications of RMT in financial stock markets: (i) Identification of "market states" and long-term precursor to a critical state; (ii) Characterization of catastrophic instabilities (market crashes). |
| Date: | 2018–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1809.07100&r=hme |
| By: | Mundle, Sudipto (National Institute of Public Finance and Policy) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the dramatic spread of education and healthcare in Asia and also the large variations in that spread across and within countries over fifty years. Apart from differences in initial conditions and income levels, the nature of the State has also been an important determinant of these variations. This is because social development has typically been led by the State. But in most countries, public resource constraints and the growing dependence on private provision and private spending have generated a pattern of nested disparities in the access to education and healthcare between rich and poor regions, between rural and urban areas within regions, and between rich and poor households within these areas. However, as the better-off regions, areas, and households approach the upper limits of achievable education and health standards, a process of convergence is also underway as those left behind begin to catch up. |
| Keywords: | Asia ; comparative studies ; disparity ; education ; health ; institutions ; state |
| JEL: | B25 B52 H51 H52 I13 I14 I18 I21 I24 I28 O43 O53 P16 P26 P48 P52 |
| Date: | 2018–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:npf:wpaper:18/239&r=hme |