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on Heterodox Microeconomics |
| By: | Philippe Quirion (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement [CIRAD] : UMR56 - CNRS : UMR8568 - École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales [EHESS] - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - AgroParisTech) |
| Abstract: | Nous étudions l'impact sur l'emploi en France de la mise en œuvre du scénario de transition énergétique construit par l'Association négaWatt (2011), qui prévoit un développement massif des économies d'énergie (par le biais de mesures de sobriété et d'efficacité énergétiques) et des énergies renouvelables entre 2012 et 2050. Par rapport à 2010, ce scénario aboutit à une division par deux des émissions de CO2 d'origine énergétique en France en 2030 et à une division par 16 en 2050, sans capture-stockage du CO2, sans mise en œuvre de nouvelle centrale nucléaire et en fermant les centrales existantes au bout de 40 ans d'exploitation au maximum. Nous calculons l'effet sur l'emploi de la mise en œuvre de ce scénario en comparaison avec un scénario tendanciel qui prolonge les évolutions récentes et prend en compte les politiques déjà décidées. La méthode retenue pour calculer l'effet sur l'emploi de chaque scénario consiste à calculer le coût des principales options techniques et organisationnelles retenues, à ventiler ces coûts entre les 118 branches de l'économie française et à multiplier ces coûts par le contenu en emploi de chaque branche. Ce dernier élément est estimé par une analyse input-output, ce qui permet de comptabiliser les emplois générés par la production de l'ensemble des consommations intermédiaires. L'un des deux scénarios étant plus coûteux que l'autre, il faut prendre en compte l'effet négatif sur l'emploi du financement de ce surcoût. Pour cela, on fait l'hypothèse que ce surcoût est supporté par les ménages et que ces derniers diminuent en conséquence leur consommation du même montant et de manière homothétique. Ainsi, on évite de biaiser les résultats en faveur du scénario le plus coûteux. La mise en œuvre du scénario négaWatt aboutit à un effet positif sur l'emploi, de l'ordre de +240 000 emplois équivalent temps-plein en 2020 et 630 000 en 2030. Nous étudions la sensibilité des résultats aux hypothèses sur les prix de l'énergie importée, l'évolution de la productivité du travail, la répartition du coût entre ménages et administrations publiques, et enfin l'arbitrage consommation-épargne. L'effet sur l'emploi reste largement positif dans tous les cas. |
| Date: | 2013–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-00866447&r=hme |
| By: | Araujo, Ricardo; Trigg, Andrew |
| Abstract: | From a neo-Kaldorian perspective, this paper seeks to establish the concepts of demand and productivity regimes in an open version of the pure labour Pasinettian model. In order to derive the demand regime, a disaggregated version of the Keynesian multiplier is derived for an open economy, while the productivity regime is built in terms of disaggregated Kaldor-Verdoorn laws. The upshot is a multi-sector growth model of structural change and cumulative causation, in which an extended version of the Pasinettian model to foreign trade may be obtained as a particular case. Furthermore, we show that the evolution of demand patterns, while being affected by differential rates of productivity growth in different sectors of the economy, also play an important role in establishing the pace of technical progress. |
| Keywords: | Cumulative causation, structural change, Kaldor-Verdoorn law |
| JEL: | F12 O11 O3 |
| Date: | 2013–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:50370&r=hme |
| By: | Andrei Kirilyuk (Solid State Theory Department - Institute of Metal Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) |
| Abstract: | We analyse the unreduced, nonperturbative dynamics of an arbitrary many-body interaction process with the help of the generalised effective potential method and reveal the well-specified universal origin of change (emergence), time and evolution in an a priori conservative, time-independent system. It appears together with the universal dynamic complexity definition, where this unified complexity conservation and transformation constitutes the essence of evolution. We then consider the detailed structure of this universal evolutionary process showing its step-wise, "punctuated" character, now provided with the exact mathematical description. Comparing the expected features of a revolutionary complexity transition near a step-like complexity upgrade with the currently observed behaviour of world's social and economic systems, we prove the necessity of complexity revolution towards the superior civilisation level of well-defined nature, the only alternative being an equally dramatic and irreversible degradation, irrespective of efforts applied to stop the crisis at the current totally saturated complexity level. |
| Keywords: | complexity; chaos; self-organisation; fractal; many-body problem; origin of time; revolution of complexity |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-00760100&r=hme |
| By: | Sylvain Bureau (CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion - Polytechnique - X - CNRS : UMR7176); Corine Waroquiers (CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion - Polytechnique - X - CNRS : UMR7176) |
| Abstract: | Loin d'une vision du tout marchand, le don reste une pratique structurante et structurelle du fonctionnement de nos économies capitalistes (Athané, 2011). Tout en étant façonné par la société où il intervient, le don fabrique dans le même temps notre monde social. Ni archaïque ni limité à quelques pratiques marginales, le don est essentiel, incontournable dans nos sociétés modernes. Mais si le don fait (toujours) notre humanité, il représente aussi un de ses grands mystères. Sans prétendre à la complétude ni même à l'exactitude, ce court papier appréhende trois pratiques contemporaines du don que nous présentons ici comme forme idéal-typique ; c'est-à-dire une construction intellectuelle qui permet d'accentuer délibérément certains traits de l'objet considéré pour mieux appréhender la complexité de phénomènes empiriques (Coenen-Huther, 2003; Weber, [1922] 1965). Pour mener ce travail de classification, nous nous fondons bien évidemment sur des travaux d'anthropologues et de sociologues mais nous y associons également des concepts issus de la théorie des organisations. C'est par ce croisement entre notions anthropologiques et problématiques gestionnaires que se singularise notre proposition. Le don implique de multiples instrumentations socialement construites ; pour comprendre la nature et le fonctionnement de celui-ci il faut caractériser les modèles de gestion (implicites ou formels) associés aux pratiques de don. Nous caractérisons ainsi le don circulaire fondé sur un modèle organisationnel clanique, le don altruiste rendu possible par les structures bureaucratiques et enfin le don relationnel qui repose principalement sur des organisations participatives. Si ces trois modalités ont une origine et des manifestations différentes, elles sont toutes opérantes dans nos sociétés. Nous présentons chaque forme de don en suivant leur ordre chronologique d'apparition dans l'histoire. Au-delà d'une description formelle, nous montrons que ces différents modèles sont producteurs de relations sociales distinctes. Pour finir, nous proposons un tableau de synthèse qui offre une première vision synoptique des principales formes de don actuellement pratiquées dans nos sociétés occidentales contemporaines. |
| Keywords: | don ; modèle participatif ; contre-don |
| Date: | 2013–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-00867454&r=hme |
| By: | Maxim Kotsemir (National Research University Higher School of Economics, Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge, Research Laboratory for Science and Technology Studies, Junior Research Fellow.); Dirk Meissner (National Research University Higher School of Economics, Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge, Research Laboratory for Science and Technology Studies, Deputy Laboratory Head.) |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces the evolving understanding and conceptualization of innovation process models. From the discussion of different approaches towards the innovation process understanding and modeling two types of approaches to the evolution of innovation models are developed and discussed. First the so-called innovation management approach which focuses on the evolution of the company innovation management strategies in different socioeconomic environments. Second is the analysis the evolution of innovation models themselves in conceptual sense (conceptual approach) as well as analysis of theoretical backgrounds and requirements for these models. The main focus of analysis in this approach is on advantages and disadvantages of different innovation models in their ability to describe the reality of innovation processes. The paper focuses on the advantages and disadvantages as well as potentials and limitations of the approaches and also proposes potential future developments of innovation models as well as the analysis of driving forces that underlie the evolution of innovation models recently. |
| Keywords: | innovation models, innovation process, generations of innovation models, process dimension of innovation, innovation models evolution; innovation management. |
| JEL: | O14 O30 O31 O32 O33 Q55 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hig:wpaper:wpbrp10sti2013&r=hme |
| By: | Vani S. Kulkarni1; Manoj Pandey; Raghav Gaiha |
| Abstract: | Abstract As the countdown to 2015 has begun, debates about the continuation of the MDGs and their reformulation have taken on greater urgency and significance. Our view is that there is a need to reformulate them to better reflect deprivations and inequities that are pervasive but not sufficiently emphasised in the present version. A case in point is gender inequality. While various dimensions of gender inequality are included in the MDGs, we argue that these reflect a somewhat narrow focus – especially because the deprivation that women face from the womb to the rest of their lives – is not fully captured. Following Amartya Sen and others, we focus on the phenomenon of ‘missing women’ that best captures the cumulative impact of multiple deprivations to which they are subjected. Our analysis reinforces the case for this measure, and broadens and updates recent estimates of missing girls and women. The key questions addressed are the reasons underlying the continuing increase in the number of missing women in China and India. We broaden this measure by including: (i) missing adult women; (ii) excess maternal mortality ratio; (iii) casualties resulting from violent conflicts and the forms these take; and (iv) domestic violence against women. Even though the magnitudes differ, these together are a brutal violation of women’s human rights that remains pervasive in a large part of the developing world – especially Asia and North Africa. The perspective on gender inequality offered here may seem daunting, but raises concerns that go much beyond the somewhat narrow focus that the MDGs embody. The policy implications are accordingly more formidable, but underline the centrality of women’s empowerment through education and employment opportunities, social networks that give women voice to express their concerns arising from life-long deprivations that often take brutal forms, expansion of health services to reduce infant and maternal mortality risks, and enforcement of laws that penalise violation of women’s human rights. |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bwp:bwppap:18813&r=hme |
| By: | Maxim Kotsemir (National Research University Higher School of Economics, Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge, Research Laboratory for Science and Technology Studies, Junior Research Fellow.); Alexander Abroskin (National Research University Higher School of Economics; Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge, Department for Strategic Foresight, Chief Research Fellow, Associate Professor, Doctor of science); Dirk Meissner (National Research University Higher School of Economics, Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge, Research Laboratory for Science and Technology Studies, Deputy Laboratory Head.) |
| Abstract: | This paper is devoted to the analysis of evolution of innovation concepts, aspects and types. First emergence and evolution of different aspects and concepts of innovation are analyzed, and then the development of innovation concepts from a historical perspective and finally an overview of the types of innovation classifications developed in the literature are given. Complementary the different definitions of innovation are described and analyzed in detail. The main goal of the article is to identify, describe and visualize the development trend of innovation conceptualization and understanding over time |
| Keywords: | innovation concepts, innovation types, aspects of innovation, innovation systems, innovation ecosystems, typology of innovation, product innovation, process innovation, service innovation, marketing innovation, organization innovation, business innovation |
| JEL: | B10 B20 O31 O32 O33 Q55 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hig:wpaper:wpbrp05sti2013&r=hme |
| By: | Suter, Peter; Gmür, Markus (VMI) |
| Abstract: | Until today there is a research gap considering the question, what motivates a member to enter or leave a co-op, resp. what are the reasons to stay in a co-operative. The majority of studies about this topic mainly focus on economic factors and the rational behavior of the member. However, co-ops also have other purposes not associated with financial goals. The presented paper is proposing a new perspective on membership in co-operatives, which combines the German-speaking as well as the Anglo-American line of research, and is a first attempt for an interdisciplinary member value approach. The member value approach focuses on the individual member, but does not ignore the co-operative character all the same. Members have got different expectations towards the co-op whereas latent preferences, based on the nine basic needs by Max-Neef (1991), and economic goals must be distinguished. Member value arise as a result of the match between the latent preferences and economic goals of the members and the latent and manifest benefits provided by the co-op, therefore member value is not a statistic, but a dynamic concept. |
| Keywords: | member value; perceived value; basic needs; co-operatives; AGIL-scheme |
| JEL: | A13 L30 L31 Z13 |
| Date: | 2013–10–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fri:fribow:fribow00444&r=hme |
| By: | Anna Dimitrova; Katarina Hollan; Daphne Laster; Andreas Reinstaller; Margit Schratzenstaller; Ewald Walterskirchen; Teresa Weiss |
| Abstract: | The research project WWWforEurope undertakes to lie the theoretical and empirical foundations for the embarkment on a new socio-ecological growth path in Europe. The new path underlines the need to guarantee Welfare as a broad universal principle for its population, assuring economic and social prosperity. The new path stresses the value of achieving – what we call – Wealth, a value in which material and immaterial resources are combined with the goal to enrich people‘s lives and to preserve natural resources, nature and bio-diversity. Both cannot be achieved without Work: Europe needs to enable its population to achieve their life satisfaction at the highest level possible and Work is one of the most – if not, the most – fundamental precondition for this. In short, the overarching question the WWWforEurope project attempts to answer is what kind of new European growth and development strategy is necessary and feasible, enabling a socio-ecological transition to high levels of employment, well-being of its citizens, social inclusion, resilience of ecological systems and a significant contribution to the global common goods like climate stability. Thus the project’s central goals are to identify the forces and challenges necessitating deliberations on a new growth path, to define socio-ecological transition, key actors and main obstacles, and to find out how the process of a socio-ecological transition can be initiated, monitored, and accelerated on an institutional level (EU, national and regional level). A central prerequisite to successfully accomplish these central goals is to establish a common understanding of the central questions raised by this undertaking and to create awareness for the project’s systemic and interdisciplinary approach. To this behalf, this paper presents fundamental concepts, terms and definitions relevant for socio-ecological transition. Hereby the paper focuses on the concepts of sustainability, growth, innovation, welfare and well-being, wealth and work. We also look at the various dimensions and definitions of transition/transformation which can be found in the literature, trying to concretise the concept of a socio-ecological transition forming the context and starting point of the WWWforEurope project. The necessity to accomplish a socio-ecological transition represents the starting point and the background against which the concepts and terms addressed in this paper gain their relevance. Economic, environmental and social sustainability and sustainable growth and development, respectively, are the central and final aim of the envisaged socio-ecological transition. Sustainability is an indispensable precondition for societal and individual welfare/well-being. Socio-ecological transition to achieve sustainability requires putting into question the prevailing view on economic growth. While economic growth may help to reduce poverty or unemployment and may thus be positively related with social sustainability, this often implies negative external effects for the environment. Alternative growth concepts are to be explored therefore, which do not consider the economic dimension of sustainability only, but explicitly try to incorporate social and environmental aspects in addition. Several more sustainability-oriented growth concepts have been brought into the discussion more recently. All of them are departing from the empirical fact that with increasing levels of GDP per capita the relation between economic growth and societal as well as individual well-being is weakening and that economic growth on the contrary may even endanger environmental and social sustainability (e.g. due to too little time for family and friends) and thus negatively affect quality of life and well-being. A more sustainable perspective on growth requires a more sustainable view on innovation, as a central driver for growth. Within the context of a socio-ecological transition based on sustainable growth, ecological and social innovation gain in importance vis-à-vis purely profit-oriented innovation. Long-term growth is based on wealth as the productive base of an economy. Sustainable growth and development needs to rest on a comprehensive/inclusive wealth concept taking into account, besides the conventional material assets, also natural capital. Finally, socio-ecological transition will also affect the organisation of work/labour. This paper tries to define and concretise these fundamental concepts and terms. Thus it should provide some kind of lexicon, which serves as starting point and background for the work on the central questions guiding the WWWforEurope project. Wherever possible, the paper should facilitate the agreement on common definitions. It is not the aim of the paper to elaborate tradeoffs in depth and to offer solutions and answers already. It rather strives to motivate all research groups involved in the WWWforEurope project to use and discuss the existing concepts, may they be consistent or just offer a variety of thought. It also attempts at drawing attention to the existence of trade-offs and open questions relevant for the various research areas. Moreover, the paper wants to inspire the search for best (or the identification of not working) practices, and it wants to increase the awareness for existing barriers to change. While the paper is not able to elaborate in depth distributional and gender aspects as crucial cross-cutting issues, it aims at directing attention at them and at inspiring research undertaken in the WWWforEurope project to consider these cross-cutting issues. Finally, the paper does not focus too much on policy issues. It is the aim of the overall project to identify (potential) interlinkages, trade-offs and synergies and to discuss policy options and instruments in details to support a more dynamic, inclusive and ecological growth and development path for Europe. |
| Keywords: | Behavioural economics, beyond GDP, biophysical constraints, ecological innovation, economic growth path, gender, innovation, social innovation, socio-ecological transition, sustainable growth, synergies, wealth |
| JEL: | D6 E02 E61 H11 H51 H52 H53 H54 H55 I31 J11 J16 L16 O31 O43 O44 R11 Q20 Q40 Q50 Q51 Q58 |
| Date: | 2013–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feu:wfewop:y:2013:m:9:d:0:i:40&r=hme |
| By: | Fabian Lindner |
| Abstract: | The paper presents a critique of loanable funds theory by using simple accounting relationships. It is shown that many economists identify saving and the credit supply by interpreting the macroeconomic saving-investment identity as a budget constraint. According to that interpretation, more saving through lower consumption (and government spending) leads to a higher supply of credit and thus more funds to be invested by firms for investment. The paper shows that proponents of this theory commit accounting fallacies or need very strong and somewhat peculiar assumptions for their theory to hold. In the first step, the concepts of \saving" and \credit" will be clearly distinguished using simple accounting. It will be shown that credit is not limited by anybody's saving and that no one has to abstain from consumption in order for a credit to be provided. Also, it will be shown that financial saving (an increase in net financial assets) through a reduction in expenses reduces other economic units' ability to spend and save. The identification of saving and the provision of credit is likely to stem from the invalid application of neoclassical growth models to a monetary economy. In those models, there are either only tangible assets, so that no coordination failures in financial saving can occur, or in those models real goods are lent and borrowed, not money. |
| Keywords: | Saving, Wealth, Investment, Production, Financial Markets |
| JEL: | E21 E22 E23 E44 E50 |
| Date: | 2013 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imk:wpaper:120-2013&r=hme |
| By: | Juan Carlos de Pablo |
| Abstract: | El 13 de marzo de 2013 el cardenal argentino Jorge Bergoglio se convirtió en el Papa Francisco. El nuevo Pontífice causó impacto por su nacionalidad, su personalidad y sus gestos (como visitar la isla de Lampedussa, donde en condiciones precarias viven seres humanos que pretenden salvar sus vidas y rebuscárselas como puedan, saltando “sin papeles” del norte de Africa el sur de Europa). La desesperación de la Guardia Suiza, junto a su tranquilidad, cuando a su llegada a Río de Janeiro el chofer equivocó un tramo del trayecto previsto, también se convirtió en una señal. El 5 de julio de 2013 se dio a conocer Lumen fidei (La luz de la fe), formalmente la primera Encíclica del Papa Francisco. Pero el documento había sido elaborado por su antecesor, Benedicto XVI, de manera que, como bien se dijo, se trata de una “Encíclica a 4 manos” (¿3,75 Ratzinger, 0,25 Bergoglio?). Falta un pronunciamiento formal en materia económico-social. Es cuestión de tiempo. Nadie espera un repudio de las anteriores Encíclicas sociales, sino una actualización, a la luz de las nuevas realidades y también –por qué no decirlo- de la cosmovisión del nuevo Papa. A la espera de la aparición de dicho documento, reproduzco la síntesis de un encuentro que en 1990 se produjo entre el Papa Juan Pablo II y un importante conjunto de economistas, y también el núcleo de las últimas Encíclicas sociales. |
| Date: | 2013–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cem:doctra:515&r=hme |
| By: | Stiglitz, Joseph E.; Yifu, Justin; Monga, Celestin |
| Abstract: | This essay is about an important area in which there has been major rethinking -- industrial policy, by which the authors mean government policies directed at affecting the economic structure of the economy. The standard argument was that markets were efficient, so there was no need for government to intervene either in the allocation of resources across sectors or in the choices of technique. And even if markets were not efficient, governments were not likely to improve matters. But the 2008-2009 global financial crisis showed that markets were not necessarily efficient and, indeed, there was a broad consensus that without strong government intervention -- which included providing lifelines to certain firms and certain industries -- the market economies of the United States and Europe may have collapsed. Today, the relevance and pertinence of industrial policies are acknowledged by mainstream economists and political leaders from all sides of the ideological spectrum. But what exactly is industrial policy? Why has it raised so much controversy and confusion? What is the compelling new rationale that seems to bring mainstream economists to acknowledge the crucial importance of industrial policy and revisit some of the fundamental assumptions of economic theory and economic development? How can industrial policy be designed to avoid the pitfalls of some of the seeming past failures and to emulate some of the past successes? What are the contours of the emerging consensus and remaining issues and open questions? The paper addresses these questions. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change Economics,Public Sector Corruption&Anticorruption Measures,ICT Policy and Strategies,Achieving Shared Growth,Economic Theory&Research |
| Date: | 2013–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:6628&r=hme |