|
on Heterodox Microeconomics |
| By: | Egmont Kakarot-Handtke |
| Abstract: | This paper takes the explanatory superiority of the integrated monetary approach for granted. It will be demonstrated that the accounting approach could do even better, provided it frees itself from theoretically ill-founded notions like GDP and other artifacts of the equilibrium approach. National accounting as such does not provide a model of the economy but is, rather, the numerical reflex of the underlying theory. It is this theory that will be scrutinized, rectified, and ultimately replaced in what follows. The formal point of reference is "the integrated approach to credit, money, income, production and wealth" of Wynne Godley and Marc Lavoie. |
| Keywords: | New Framework of Concepts; Structure-Centric; Axiom Set, Primacy of Theory; Income; Profit; Distributed Profit; Money; Flow; Residual; Transaction Matrix; General Complementarity |
| JEL: | B41 E01 |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lev:wrkpap:wp_731&r=hme |
| By: | Irene Sotiropoulou (Dept. of Economics - University of Crete) |
| Abstract: | This paper stems from cases I have witnessed and studied during my PhD research on exchange networks, parallel currencies and free bazaars in Greece. To my great disappointment and amazement, I realised that the mainstream theories of value (subjective and objective/labour theories of value) were not appropriate at all in explaining what was taking place concerning perceptions of value within those initiatives. Given that I am not really sure about the theoretical analysis of those cases, I use this paper to describe them in detail, present my own viewing on each case and leave the conclusions open, or just make an open invitation for a related discussion in the future. The first case concerns my visit in a free bazaar in the Greater Athens area in December 2011, where I experimented with� a vintage handmade carpet which however, needed more than 3 hours of intentional promotion to be �disposed� despite the fact that it was free. The second case concerns a discussion which took place in a major Greek city in September 2010 among people who tried to establish an exchange network and how the discussion coped with the value of services and goods. The third case is my experience concerning valuing and pricing within the Chania Exchange Network which I am a member of. My concern with value is not only to define/describe it as much as possible in relation to actual, real cases, but also to see whether our valuings have any value at all and for whom: what aims and ideas our perceptions of value are based on and whether we just accept as (more or less) valuable what we have learned that it is so, even if this acceptance might lead to reproducing economic situations that in other contexts we try to avoid and discard. |
| Keywords: | theories of value, exchange networks, parallel currencies, free bazaars, Greece |
| Date: | 2012–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crt:wpaper:1206&r=hme |
| By: | Florence Allard-Poesi (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - Université Paris XII - Paris Est Créteil Val-de-Marne : EA2354 - Université Paris Est Marne-la-Vallée); Isabelle Huault (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - CNRS : UMR7088 - Université Paris IX - Paris Dauphine) |
| Abstract: | Quel est le pouvoir des normes et des discours ? Dans quelle mesure des mots, des techniques, des pratiques sociales influencent-ils et délimitent-ils nos possibilités d'action, nos conceptions du monde, des autres et de nous-mêmes ? S'inspirant des travaux de Gramsci (Levy et Evan, 2003), d'Habermas (Shrivastava, 1986 ; Willmott, 2003 ; Samra-Fredericks, 2005), de Foucault (Hopwood, 1987 ; Townley, 1993, 1995 ; Knights et Morgan, 1991 ; 1995), de Bourdieu (Oakes, Townley et Cooper, 1998) ou encore de Derrida (Cooper et Burrel, 1988 ; Kilduff et Mehra, 1997), un nombre croissant de recherches en management s'attache à problématiser le regard que nous portons sur les objets, matériels ou discursifs, de la gestion. Bien que s'appuyant sur des courants théoriques variés (voir Alvesson et Deetz, 2000), ces travaux considèrent tous à leur manière que les outils, techniques, pratiques, vocabulaires et connaissances que la gestion élabore et mobilise, sont des phénomènes socialement et historiquement construits. En interrogeant la constitution des normes de sexe et de genre (in Gender Trouble, Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, 1990 ; Bodies that Matter : on the Discursive Limits of " Sex ", 1993), le pouvoir des discours de haine et les efforts de l'État pour les réglementer (in Excitable Speech, A Politics of the Performative, 1996), ou encore leurs effets psychiques (in Psychic Life of Power, Theories in Subjection, 1997), le travail de Judith Butler relève pleinement de cet engagement critique. Elle envisage ainsi le genre comme une performance, c'est-à-dire un ensemble d'actes corporels et discursifs qui, répétés, font advenir ce dont le discours sur le genre parle en créant l'illusion d'un 'noyau interne' organisateur, d'un 'soi genré' naturel. Si l'œuvre de Judith Butler est souvent rabattue aux seules questions du genre et des minorités sexuelles, ses contributions relèvent d'un projet théorique et politique plus large : interroger les normes et discours qui se donnent à nous, en révéler et en subvertir les limites. En ce sens, son projet peut être considéré comme exemplaire du mouvement (ou de la théorie) 'Queer', entendu non comme la seule étude des pratiques et identités sexuelles marginales (gay, lesbienne, drag ou trans), mais comme une " guerre de mouvement au sein du présent, une volonté de s'engager avec le présent, dont, bien sûr, le management " (Parker, 2002, p. 159). Quels sont précisément les effets corporels et psychiques des discours et des normes que nous agissons ? En quoi ces normes et discours nous forment-ils ? Quelles possibilités avons-nous de les subvertir ? Sur ces questions, les travaux critiques en management se sont développés en déployant une lecture bipolaire de Foucault. D'aucuns (voir Townley, 1993 ; 1995) considèrent ainsi que les techniques et discours de gestion marquent les comportements et la subjectivité des acteurs ; d'autres envisagent ces marques, par leur multiplicité, comme autant de ressources (notamment discursives et subjectives) mobilisables par le 'sujet-acteur' pour leur résister (voir Knights, 2002 ; Laine et Vaara, 2007 ; Samra-Frederick, 2005 ; Thomas et Davies, 2005). À cette lecture bipolaire, Butler substitue une vision subtile et complexe du caractère formatif du pouvoir. Elle souligne ainsi (Partie 1) que si la conscience que nous avons de nous-mêmes est bien un effet du pouvoir, notre vie psychique ne saurait être réduite à ces seules inscriptions. Notre conscience est un espace spécifique : il se creuse et acquiert par là une topographie particulière à mesure des renoncements et limites que le pouvoir nous impose. Ces mécanismes spécifiques 'd'incorporation' psychique s'accompagnent également d'effets plus directement corporels (Partie 2). C'est précisément dans cette dimension corporelle du pouvoir que Butler situe ses possibilités de subversion. L'exercice du pouvoir suppose que les normes et discours soient répétés, répétition qui peut venir excéder les limites que ces discours et normes nous donnent. |
| Keywords: | pouvoir, normes, performativité, dénaturalisation, critical management studies, gender studies, post-structuralisme |
| Date: | 2012–08–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00733006&r=hme |
| By: | David K. Levine; Salvatore Modica |
| Abstract: | The Malthusian theory of evolution disregards a pervasive fact about human societies: they expand through conflict. When this is taken account of the long-run favors not a large population at the level of subsistence, nor yet institutions that maximize welfare or per capita output, but rather institutions that maximize free resources. These free resources are the output available to society after deducting the payments necessary for subsistence and for the incentives needed to induce pro- duction, and the other claims to production such as transfer payments and resources absorbed by elites. We develop the evolutionary underpinnings of this model, and examine the implications of free resource maximization for the evolution of societies in several applications. Since free resources are increasing both in per capita income and population, evolution will favor large rich societies. We will show how technological improvement is likely to increase per capita output as well as increase population, and how economically inefficient institutions such as bureaucracy arise. |
| Keywords: | Demography ; Economic conditions |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedlwp:2012-032&r=hme |
| By: | Melanie Khamis (Wesleyan University); Nishith Prakash (University of Connecticut); Zahra Siddique (IZA) |
| Abstract: | We examine spending on consumption items which have signaling value in social interactions across groups with distinctive social identities in India, where social identities are defined by caste and religious affiliations. Using nationally representative micro data on household consumption expenditures, we find that disadvantaged caste groups such as Other Backward Castes spend eight percent more on visible consumption than Brahmin and High Caste groups while social groups such as Muslims spend fourteen percent less, after controlling for differences in permanent income, household assets and household demographic composition. The differences across social groups are significant and robust and these differences persist within different sub populations. We find that the higher spending of OBC households on visible consumption is diverted from education spending, while Muslim households divert spending from visible consumption and education towards greater food spending. Additionally, we find that these consumption patterns can be partly explained as a result of the status signaling nature of the consumption items. We also discuss alternative sources of differences in consumption patterns across groups which stem from religious observance. JEL Classification: D12, D70, O10 Key words: Households, Consumption, India |
| Date: | 2012–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uct:uconnp:2012-28&r=hme |
| By: | Carrieri, V.;; Wuebker, A.; |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the first cross-country estimation of needs-adjusted income and education-related inequalities in the use of a whole set of preventive care treatments. Analysis is based on the last three waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement (SHARE) for individuals aged 50 and over living in 13 European countries. We employ alternative concentration indices based on the CI-corrections for binary outcomes to compute inequalities in the use of breast cancer screening, of colorectal cancer screening, of influenza vaccination, and of routine prevention tests, such as blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar tests. After controlling for needs, we find that in many European countries strong pro-rich and educational inequalities exist with respect to breast cancer screening, cholesterol and blood sugar tests. Furthermore, we find that poor and less educated people are more likely than the better off to use preventive care late, e.g. when health shocks occurred or health problems display already symptoms. Finally, results suggest that access to treatments within a specialist setting is generally less equal than access to treatments provided within a GP setting. Equity implications of the results are then discussed according to different possible theories of distributive justice in health care delivery. |
| Keywords: | Preventive care; socio-economic related inequalities; concentration indices |
| JEL: | I14 D63 |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yor:hectdg:12/25&r=hme |
| By: | Eleonora Gentilucci (University of Macerata); Rémy Herrera (University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | <p align="justify">L’obiettivo del nostro apporto è quello di fornire un’analisi critica degli apporti della letteratura sulle spese militari, a partire dalle analisi formulate da Benoit nel 1972, per poi distinguere tra i diversi filoni che si sono susseguiti. In particolare, sono stati presi in considerazione i modelli di domanda, quelli di offerta e modelli di crescita endogena con una particolare attenzione a quelli sviluppati dagli esperti del Fondo monetario internazionale. A seguito della nostra analisi, le principali conclusioni attengono a tre punti fondamentali. In primis, i modelli di domanda, molto rudimentali, presentano alcuni problemi: non catturano l’impatto della difesa sulla dinamica dell’accumulazione, non differenziano le contraddizioni delle variabili a seconda che siano o meno direttamente produttive, non distinguono gli effetti nel tempo e infine, non sono in grado di fare chiarezza sulla natura atipica delle spese militari e sui legami complessi di queste ultime con il resto dell’economia. I test empirici effettuati a partire da queste specificazioni, inoltre, lasciano persistere una certa incertezza sulla componente della domanda suscettibile di subire in misura maggiore gli effetti di spiazzamento. In secundis, all’interno del mainstream neoclassico, le stime econometriche effettuate sulla base di modelli di offerta alla Feder-Ram, rifacendosi a una funzione di produzione standard, forniscono dei risultati poco convincenti, non rilevando spesso alcun impatto sulla crescita o nel migliore dei casi le conclusioni divergono in maniera sensibile a seconda delle equazioni, delle variabili e dei campioni stimati. Alcuni tentativi di incorporare le variabili militari, hanno addotto delle intuizioni interessanti, ma che si rivelano spesso contraddittorie (in particolare le specificazioni con gli spin-off tecnologici della R&S o con beni pubblici) o di dubbia efficacia (per quel che riguarda i modelli con le esternalità ). E infine, eccezion fatta per le formalizzazioni di tipo input-output che rimangono pertinenti e ricche, la maggior parte dei modelli macroeconomici (di simulazione) degli effetti delle spese militari presentano delle importanti debolezze. Questa constatazione vale di certo per i modelli costruiti dagli esperti del FMI, dalle ipotesi spesso fragili, a volte incompatibili tra di loro che li rendono difficilmente sostenibili. Le sofisticazioni addotte dai modelli di crescita endogena non consentirebbero di superare alcuni dei limiti di queste formalizzazioni. Le logiche di potere e di conflitto, dovrebbero rientrare in un’analisi completa delle dinamiche che caratterizzano l’economia della difesa e delle relative implicazioni in termini di policy.</p> |
| Keywords: | mainstream,spese militari,crescita,modelli di domanda,difesa,crescita endogena |
| JEL: | A B H H56 O D |
| Date: | 2012–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mcr:wpaper:wpaper00038&r=hme |
| By: | Jean-Pierre Boutinet (CERIPSA - Centre de recherche de l'Institut de Psychologie et Sociologie Appliquées) - Université Catholique de l'Ouest); Jean-Pierre Bréchet (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - Université de Nantes : EA4272) |
| Abstract: | Le projet et le profit dans leurs usages entretiennent sémantiquement des liens troubles. Aussi bien l'un que l'autre sont en permanence mobilisés pour légitimer l'action individuelle ou collective déployée dans des espaces marqués par la prééminence du capitalisme financier et de la culture néolibérale qu'il génère, alors même que nombre de leurs attributs fondamentaux logiquement les opposent. Une première explication tient aux acceptions plurielles ou floues des deux concepts qui autorisent des emplois approximatifs. Une seconde explication relève de la dimension culturelle ou paradigmatique qui les promeut dans notre modernité tardive. Logique de projet et logique de profit semblent ainsi accompagner les difficultés de l'époque à travers discours et pratiques. Une analyse de leurs rapports au temps, à l'espace, aux acteurs et à l'action, suggère pourtant des différences constitutives à prendre en compte pour éviter les ambiguïtés actuelles, ce qui devrait conduire à instaurer une préséance du projet sur le profit. |
| Keywords: | projet ; profit ; action ; paradigme ; temps ; espace ; capitalisme |
| Date: | 2012–09–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-00732929&r=hme |
| By: | Paolo Ramazzotti (University of Macerata) |
| Abstract: | The aim of the paper is to assess the notion of social costs from an evolutionary institutionalist perspective. It argues that: social costs can be defined as the difference between the actual outcome of a historically defined capitalist market economy and the outcome desired by the members of society; markets are only one of the possible coordinating instances in such economies, albeit the prevalent one, the others including non-profit organizations, the welfare state, households, etc.; under these circumstances, the assessment and organization of economic activities requires a meta-coordinating instance; the extension of capabilities, as theorized by Amartya Sen, may provide such an instance. The paper begins with a brief discussion of the themes of, and problems related to, the conventional theory of social costs. It then specifies the context of the discussion by situating it in a historically defined economy: a capitalist market one. It contends that the rationale of such an economy involves treating labor, nature and money as "fictitious commodities", and that the existence of social costs ultimately depends on this central feature. Based on this approach, it discusses Kapp's suggestion that policy should focus on minimal social requirements. It points out, in this respect, that a broader criterion is required. Drawing on Sen, the paper stresses that choices cannot be reduced to a single dimension - such as (economic) welfare - and that the economic context may preclude the freedom to choose how to conduct one's life. The implication is a qualification of social costs: they are determined by economic activities that prevent people from achieving the capabilities they need. The public policy implications of the above approach are that many alternatives to the status quo are possible. In the light of these features, the discussion reasserts the need for a normative approach to economic inquiry. |
| Date: | 2012–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mcr:wpdief:wpaper00066&r=hme |
| By: | Strifler, Matthias (University of Jyväskylä); Beissinger, Thomas (University of Hohenheim) |
| Abstract: | We consider a theoretical model in which unions not only take the outside option into account, but also base their wage-setting decisions on an internal reference, called the fairness reference. Wage and employment outcomes and the shape of the aggregate wage-setting curve depend on the weight and the size of the fairness reference relative to the outside option. If the fairness reference is relatively high compared to the outside option, higher wages and lower employment than in the standard model will prevail. If hit by an adverse technology shock, the economy will then react with a stronger downward adjustment in employment, whereas real wages are more rigid than in the standard model. With a low fairness reference the opposite results are obtained. An increase in the fairness weight amplifies the deviations of wages and employment from those of the standard model. It also leads to an increase in the degree of real wage rigidity if the fairness reference is high and an increase in the degree of real wage flexibility if the fairness reference is low. Thus, higher wages go hand in hand with more pronounced wage stickiness. |
| Keywords: | labor unions, fairness, wage rigidity, wage flexibility, wage stickiness, wage-setting curve, wage-setting process, unemployment |
| JEL: | J51 J64 E24 |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp6799&r=hme |
| By: | Etienne Gagnon; David López-Salido; Nicholas Vincent |
| Abstract: | Firms employ a rich variety of pricing strategies whose implications for aggregate price dynamics often diverge. This situation poses a challenge for macroeconomists interested in bridging micro and macro price stickiness. In responding to this challenge, we note that differences in macro price stickiness across pricing mechanisms can often be traced back to price changes that are either triggered or cancelled by shocks. We exploit observed micro price behavior to quantify the importance of this margin of adjustment for the response of inflation to shocks. Across a range of empirical exercises, we find strong evidence that changes in the timing of price adjustments contribute significantly to the flexibility of the aggregate price level. |
| Date: | 2012 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgif:1052&r=hme |
| By: | Wunnava, Phanindra V. (Middlebury College) |
| Abstract: | Based on data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth covering years 2000 through 2008, it is evident that both male and female workers in medium/larger establishments receive not only higher wages but also have a higher probability of participating in benefit programs than those in smaller establishments. This reinforces the well-documented 'size' effect. Further, the firm size wage effects are much larger for men than women. The union wage effect decreases with establishment size for both genders. This supports the argument that large nonunion firms pay higher wages to discourage the entrance of unions (i.e., the 'threat' effect argument). In addition, the union wage premium is higher for males for small and medium firm sizes relative to females. This implies that unions in the large establishments may have a role to play in achieving a narrowing of the gender union wage gap. In other words, the threat of unionization could reduce union wage premiums for both genders as firm size increases. Given the presence of noticeable gender differences in estimated union effects on the different components of the compensation structure, unions should not treat both genders similarly with respect to wages and benefits. |
| Keywords: | size effect, threat effect, random effects, fringe benefits, compensation, gender, union-nonunion |
| JEL: | J16 J31 J32 J51 |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp6779&r=hme |
| By: | Fabrizio Botti; Marcella Corsi; Carlo D'Ippoliti |
| Abstract: | Recent economic literature on poverty may be broadly divided into two strands. One strand investigates the multidimensional nature of poverty. The other strand, employing the large availability of household surveys, investigates the micro and macro determinants of monetary poverty, analyzing the role played by individual and household characteristics and macro socio-economic factors. In this framework, a gender approach has often been limited to the analysis of the coefficient “woman” in standard regression analyses of the determinants of poverty. By contrast, feminist research has consistently stressed the importance of a more holistic conceptual and empirical approach to encapsulate gender deprivation. This paper aims at building a bridge between the two mentioned streams, by analyzing the gendered nature of multidimensional of poverty. Although gender mainstreaming is specified in the European Union policy framework as a key element of active inclusion policies, this approach to policy design and monitoring is still underdeveloped. |
| Keywords: | multidimensional poverty; gender inequality; individual income; household economics; indicators |
| JEL: | B54 I32 J16 |
| Date: | 2012–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:2013/128772&r=hme |
| By: | Paolo Liberati |
| Abstract: | This paper provides for the first time a full decomposition of world inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, in the period 1970-2009. In particular, using the Analysis of Gini (ANOGI), the paper describes the evolution of between inequality, within inequality and the impact of overlapping on both factors. While there is evidence that between inequality in the last decade significantly declines due to the rapid Chinese growth, within inequality and overlapping go in the opposite direction. Furthermore, if one makes exception for some Asian countries, the rest of the world does not move significantly. As a result, world inequality remains high by any standard. |
| Keywords: | World Inequality; Gini Coefficient; ANOGI; Lognormal |
| JEL: | I31 H00 |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rtr:wpaper:0163&r=hme |
| By: | Marisa Agostini (Department of Management, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia); Giovanni Favero (Department of Management, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia) |
| Abstract: | This paper puts under the magnifying glass the path to failure of Sunbeam Corp. and emphasizes the reasons of its singularity and exceptionality. This corporate case emerges as an outlier from the analysis of the US fraud cases mentioned by WebBRD: the consideration of the time between fraud disclosure and the final bankruptcy reveals the presence of an exceptional sampled case. In fact, the maximum value of this temporal variable is estimated equal to 840 days: it is really far from the range estimated by the survival function for the entire sample and it refers to Sunbeam Corp. Different hypotheses are evaluated in the paper, starting from the consideration of Sunbeam's history peculiarities: fraud duration, scapegoating and creative auditing represent the three main points of analysis. Starting from a micro-analysis of this case that the SEC investigated in depth and this work describes in detail, inputs for future research are then provided about more general problems concerning auditing and accounting fraud. |
| Keywords: | accounting fraud, failure path, creative auditing, historical micro-analysis |
| JEL: | M41 M42 N80 N82 M48 |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vnm:wpdman:25&r=hme |
| By: | Saint-Paul, Gilles (TSE) |
| Abstract: | Utilitarian foundations for limited government are shaky insofar as they assume rational and consistent individuals. Recently economists’ assumption of rational actors has come under sustained attack. Behavioural economics has suggested that people are plagued by irrational biases and inconsistencies. The author elucidates how these developments have led to a post-utilitarianism which is held to justify paternalistic interventions by the state via ‘sin taxes’ , direct bans or new obligations. Individual responsibility is seriously undermined, as is faith in markets. He concludes that supporters of individual freedom need to move away from utilitarian reasoning, reassert core values of autonomy and responsibility, and define strict limits on the scope of government intervention. |
| Keywords: | behavioural economics, utilitarianism, government, paternalism |
| Date: | 2012–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:26143&r=hme |
| By: | Haya Stier (Amsterdam Insitute for Advanced Labour Studies, Universiteit van Amsterdam); Yaish, M. (Meir) |
| Abstract: | We examine gender differences in perceived quality of employment (achievement, content, job insecurity, job flexibility, and physical and emotional conditions). We ask whether women’s occupations provide better conditions in areas that facilitate their dual role in society, such as flexible working schedule, as a tradeoff for low monetary rewards. Specifically, we examine how closely women’s concentration in broader occupational categories, embedded in particular national contexts, is associated with gender differences in job quality. Utilizing the 2005 ISSP modules on work orientation, we find that women lag behind men on most dimensions of job quality. This result runs counter to the hypothesis that women’s occupations compensate for their low wages and limited opportunities for promotion by providing better employment conditions. Just as important, however, the gender gap is found to narrow in most job quality dimensions as women’s relative share in occupations grows. The implications of these results are discussed. |
| Date: | 2012–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aia:aiaswp:121&r=hme |
| By: | Emmanuel Duguet (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l'Utilisation des Données Individuelles Temporelles en Economie - Université Paris XII - Paris Est Créteil Val-de-Marne : EA437 - Université Paris Est Marne-la-Vallée); Loïc Du Parquet (GAINS - Groupe d'Analyse des Itinéraires et des Niveaux Salariaux - Université du Maine); Yannick L'Horty (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l'Utilisation des Données Individuelles Temporelles en Economie - Université Paris XII - Paris Est Créteil Val-de-Marne : EA437 - Université Paris Est Marne-la-Vallée, TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - CNRS : FR3435 - Université Paris Est Marne-la-Vallée); Pascale Petit (EPEE - Centre d'Etudes des Politiques Economiques - Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne) |
| Abstract: | We extend the standard hiring discrimination measure by including the cases where several candidates are invited to the same interview. The new measure considers the order in which the employer will contact the candidates as opposed to considering only whether or not a job applicant is invited to an interview - a practice common in the previous literature. We propose to apply the first order stochastic dominance (FOSD) criterion to the ranking of the candidates, which appears to be especially relevant for hiring discrimination. We show theoretically that FOSD always implies a positive value for the standard discrimination coefficient used in the literature, and that the converse is false. We apply our analysis to a correspondence testing that has been conducted in the Paris region. We sent 8 fictitious candidates with a Master's degree to the same 310 job offers in computing in order to measure gender and origin discrimination. We found that - out of 28 possible comparisons - there are 25 cases of stochastic dominance that we interpret as strong discrimination against some candidates. In our application, the standard discrimination coefficient tends to underestimate the degree of discrimination. |
| Keywords: | gender; origin; hiring discrimination; first order stochastic dominance |
| Date: | 2012–09–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-00731005&r=hme |
| By: | Dodds, Anneliese |
| Abstract: | Can workers still fight for wage increases and the protection of their rights during times of economic crisis? The current mood of austerity in Europe means that this is becoming much more difficult. Yet, Anneliese Dodds argues that just as responses to the financial crisis are socially constructed rather than being ‘natural’ or ‘inevitable’, the same applies to pressures on workers and capital to become more mobile and flexible; nothing should be taken for granted about the impact of the financial crisis on social and labour rights. |
| Date: | 2012–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ner:lselon:http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/46124/&r=hme |
| By: | Aronsson, Thomas (Umeå School of Business and Economics, Dept of Economics,); Johansson-Stenman, Olof (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University) |
| Abstract: | This paper derives Pareto efficient policy rules for the provision of national as well as global public goods in a two-country world, where each individual cares about relative consumption within as well as between countries. Furthermore, we compare these policy rules with those that follow from a non-cooperative Nash equilibrium. The results show that both global and national public goods are systematically under-provided in Nash equilibrium under such relative consumption concerns.<p> |
| Keywords: | Public goods; relative consumption; inter-jurisdictional comparison; status; positional goods. |
| JEL: | D03 D62 H41 |
| Date: | 2012–09–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0538&r=hme |