|
on Business, Economic and Financial History |
|
Issue of 2024‒05‒13
thirty-six papers chosen by |
| By: | Matte Hartog; Andres Gomez-Lievano; Ricardo Hausmann; Frank Neffke |
| Abstract: | Between the mid-19th and mid-20th century, the US transformed from an agri- cultural economy to the frontier in science, technology and industry. We study how the US transitioned from traditional craftsmanship-based to today’s science-based innovation. To do so, we digitize half a million pages of patent yearbooks that describe inventors, organizations and technologies on over 1.6M patent and add demo- graphic information from US census records and information on corporate research activities from large-scale repeated surveys on industrial research labs. Starting in 1920, the 19th-century craftsmanship-based invention was, within just 20 years, overtaken by a rapidly emerging new system based on teamwork and a new specialist class of inventors, engineers. This new system relied on a social innovation: industrial research labs. These labs supported high-skill teamwork, replacing the collaborations within families with professional ties in firms and industrial research labs. This shift had wide-ranging consequences. It not only altered the division of labor in invention, but also reshaped the geography of innovation, reestablishing large cities as epicenters of technological progress and introduced new barriers to patenting for women and foreign-born inventors that have persisted into the 21st century. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2408&r=his |
| By: | Berry, Mary Elizabeth |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities, 150w, UCB, Women in History |
| Date: | 2024–04–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt7rj1h9ws&r=his |
| By: | Markus Lampe (Vienna University of Economics & Business, CEPR); Paul Sharp (University of Southern Denmark, CAGE, CEPR) |
| Abstract: | We seek to understand the welfare of dairy cattle in Denmark from 1750 to 1900, a period marked by significant agricultural development and industrialization. By applying contemporary animal welfare metrics to historical data, we uncover a detailed picture of how bovine welfare evolved. Our findings reveal a complex pattern of both improvements and declines in welfare over time, influenced by changes in farming practices such as feeding, housing, and health management. Our work contributes to a deeper understanding of the nexus of economic progress and animal welfare, highlighting the historical complexities of agricultural practices and their impact on animal welfare. |
| Keywords: | Animal welfare, cattle, dairying, Denmark |
| JEL: | N53 N54 Q18 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hes:wpaper:0257&r=his |
| By: | de Carvalho, André Roncaglia |
| Abstract: | This paper covers the development of the sawtooth wages model, a graphical representation of the behavior of periodically adjusted fixed nominal wages under persistent inflationary conditions. Ranging from the immediate postwar years to the late 1980s, our narrative covers the history of the model, underscoring Bent Hansen’s (1951) contribution, followed by several improvements that aimed to incorporate into inflation theory several institution-specifc traits of underdeveloped economies. The diagram had a lukewarm reception in the 1960s but managed to defend its legacy until the 1980s, as the inertial inflation hypothesis gained terrain in the debate on economic stabilization in Latin America. Under the widespread diffusion of indexation practices, the model was then fully rehabilitated as a workhorse for theoretical and policy analysis in Brazil until a succesful stabilization was achieved in 1994 under the Real plan. |
| Date: | 2024–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:68p2b&r=his |
| By: | Manuel Martín Rodríguez (Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain) |
| Abstract: | In contrast to Ricardo and Malthus's class-conflict economy, H.C. Carey (1793-1879) proposed an economic model of social harmony where capitalists and workers could progress together without conflicts. Later, upon observing that economic growth in the United States had been much higher during protectionist stages, he sought to understand the reasons behind it, reformulating protectionism with new arguments. His influence in Europe was intense but short-lived. In Spain, overshadowed by Bastiat's optimism, whom he accused of plagiarizing his ideas, little of his model of social harmony was adopted. However, during years of intense debate between protectionists and free traders, his protectionism was highly influential, especially within Catalan business organizations. |
| Keywords: | Carey, Spain, Protectionism |
| JEL: | B12 B31 B41 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahe:dtaehe:2403&r=his |
| By: | Luu Duc Toan Huynh (School of Business and Management, Queen Mary University of London.); Kiet Tuan Duong (School for Business and Society, University of York.) |
| Abstract: | Using a unique manually collected dataset of 3, 131 former elites, who successfully passed the imperial examination from 1075 to 1919 (Ly Dynasty to Nguyen Dynasty), and 1, 324 successful professorship candidates from the Vietnam State Council of Professorship between 2021 and 2023, we consistently obtain precise estimates that a higher number of former elites is associated with a greater number of appointed contemporary professors (both associate and full). We also document that such modern human capital is influenced by the distance to the Hoan Kiem District, where the professorship examination venue is located. Additionally, we find that the social capital of these former elites primarily benefits those who were born, raised, and currently work in areas with a higher density of former elites. Using manually gathered geographical data on ancestral temples, names of schools associated with elites, and street names attributed to elites, we identified three cultural mechanisms that elucidate the influence of historical elites on contemporary university professorship in Vietnam. Our findings highlight the influence of historical tradition on current human capital in a Confucian country. |
| Keywords: | Education; Elites; Tenured professorship; Vietnam academia |
| JEL: | I25 N35 O15 Z1 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgs:wpaper:115&r=his |
| By: | Fabio Gatti (University of Bern) |
| Abstract: | Medieval and Early-Modern business correspondence between European companies constitutes a rich source of economic, business, and trade information in that the writing of letters was the very instrument through which merchants ordered and organized the shipments of goods, and performed financial operations. While a comprehensive analysis of such material enables scholars to re-construct the supply chains and sales of various goods, as well as identify the trading networks in the Europe, much of the archival sources have not undergone any systematic and quantitative analysis. In this paper we develop a new holistic and quantitative approach for analysing the entire outgoing, and so far unexploited, correspondence of a major Renaissance merchantbank - the Saminiati & Guasconi company of Florence - for the first years of its activity. After digitization of the letters, we employ an AI-based HTR model on the Transkribus platform and perform an automated-text analysis over the HTR-model’s output. For each letter (6, 376 epistles) this results in the identification of the addressee (446 merchants), their place of residence (65 towns), and the traded goods (27 main goods). The approach developed arguably provides a best-practice methodology for the quantitative treatment of medieval and early-modern merchant letters and the use of the derived historical text as data. |
| Keywords: | HTR, Machine Learning, Text Analysis, Merchant Letters |
| JEL: | N00 N01 C80 C88 C89 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hes:wpaper:0258&r=his |
| By: | Toro, Jane |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt0cg0k23h&r=his |
| By: | Kuehn, Daniel |
| Abstract: | Review of “The Chile Project: The Story of the Chicago Boys and the Downfall of Neoliberalism” by Sebastián Edwards. |
| Date: | 2024–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:v62k3&r=his |
| By: | Humphreys, Sheila |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities, 150w, UCB, Women in Science and Math |
| Date: | 2024–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt2mp1n3fs&r=his |
| By: | Gallagher, Catherine |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities, 150w, UCB, Women in Sixties and Seventies |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt1kp4w7r0&r=his |
| By: | Josep Dols-Miro (Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain); Joaquim Cuevas (Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain); Juan Fernández de Guevara (Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain) |
| Abstract: | This study links the evolution of market power in the Spanish banking sector since 1971 with changes in banking regulation between 1970 and 1990. The main contributions are: 1) An exhaustive chronology of liberalization and deregulation measures in the sector during those years is provided; and 2) Market power is empirically measured for over 40 years using the Lerner Index. A decrease in market power in the 70s was observed, coinciding with increased competition through the branch network, followed by an increase in the 80s, as the liberalization process was affected by the economic cycle. Since 1988, competition intensified with the consolidation of liberalization measures. The results allow for an additional hypothesis in the literature analyzing competition in the Spanish banking sector: There seems to be no evidence that the bulk of deregulation was the trigger per se for rivalry. Rather, it appears that entities anticipated, taking advantage of the imminent changes, and the increase in competition was early. Possibly, it was not the regulatory changes. The latent rivalry between entities took advantage of the opportunities offered by liberalization. |
| Keywords: | Spain, Banking History, Regulation, Lerner Index |
| JEL: | D40 G18 N20 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahe:dtaehe:2402&r=his |
| By: | Lippett, Peter |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt0pw5q4q6&r=his |
| By: | Drlica, Karl |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt6425z58z&r=his |
| By: | Marciano, Alain |
| Abstract: | Review of “Milton Friedman. The Last Conservative” by Jennifer Burns. |
| Date: | 2024–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:rj5td&r=his |
| By: | Rocco Rante (The Louvre Museum); Federico Trionfetti (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France); Priyam Verma (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we bring fresh evidence on the city size distribution from a ‘lab’ represented by the region of Bukhara observed in the 9th CE. At that time this region was homogeneous in all respects (technology, amenities, climate, culture, language, religion, etc.) and yet cities had different sizes. We rationalize the city size distribution of this economy in a simple general equilibrium spatial model of which we estimate the parameters using the method of moments. The estimated model predicts very well the 9th century city size distribution. Spatial centrality is the major determinant of city size. The silk road contributes to explain what centrality cannot. We find little evidence of persistence of the urban structure when comparing the 9th and the 21st century. We find instead that centroid of the region has moved towards the economic core of the Uzbek economy. |
| Keywords: | Spatial Model, Archaeological Data, Centrality |
| JEL: | R12 R13 F1 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2413&r=his |
| By: | Torberg Falch (Department of Economics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology); Bjarne Strøm (Department of Economics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | This paper documents the construction of a historical data set for Norwegian compulsory education covering more than 160 years from 1861 to 2024. The data include the number of students and teachers, teacher shortages measured by the share of teachers without the formal qualifications determined by law, and the number of admitted students and graduates from teacher education institutions. In addition to the national time series, we also present panel data at the county level at a five-year frequency covering the period 1870-1935. The construction of the data series is based on a historical description of the development of the compulsory education system, including school finance and teacher wage-setting institutions, in addition to the system for teacher education. The School Act of 1860 required that teachers should have formal teacher education or similar qualifications in order to be appointed to permanent teaching positions. Variants of this rule have been a legal constraint since 1860. The data constructed in this paper provides the basis for more detailed empirical analyses of the relationship between teacher shortages, fluctuations in teacher demand, and teacher supply as determined by the number of graduates from teacher education institutions. |
| Date: | 2024–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nst:samfok:19924&r=his |
| By: | Naudé, Wim (RWTH Aachen University) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents tentative evidence from 68, 792 papers published between 1961 and 2020 that progress in the scholarly field of entrepreneurship is declining. It is found that the annual number of papers published in entrepreneurship has increased exponentially since the Second World War, growing on average by 17% annually since 1961; the average disruption score of papers have declined by a factor of 36 between the 1960s and the 2010s; and that the average team size per paper has increased from 1, 6 between 1960-1980 to 2, 4 between 2000 and 2020. Estimates from an ideas production function suggest that the field is getting fished out and that researchers are stepping on one another's toes. A Wald-test indicates that a structural break in the disruptiveness of entrepreneurship and business papers occurred around 1999. These results should not be taken as a negative evaluation: it may be a mark of the success of its scholars that the field is mature and degenerating. The remaining task facing the field of entrepreneurship may be how to confront its end. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurship, business, science, disruption, innovation |
| JEL: | L26 O30 B40 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16916&r=his |
| By: | Andrew F. Haughwout; Donghoon Lee; Daniel Mangrum; Joelle Scally; Wilbert Van der Klaauw |
| Abstract: | As the Great Financial Crisis and associated recession were unfolding in 2009, researchers at the New York Fed joined colleagues at the Board of Governors and Philadelphia Fed to create a new kind of data set. Household liabilities, particularly mortgages, had gone from being a quiet little corner of the financial system to the center of the worst financial crisis and sharpest recession in decades. The new data set was designed to provide fresh insights into this part of the economy, especially the behavior of mortgage borrowers. In the fifteen years since that effort came to fruition, the New York Fed Consumer Credit Panel (CCP) has provided many valuable insights into household behavior and its implications for the macro economy and financial stability. The CCP was one of the first data sets drawn from credit bureau data, one of the earliest features of the Center for Microeconomic Data (CMD), and the primary source material for some of the CMD’s most important contributions to policy and research. Here we review a few of the main household debt themes over the past fifteen years, and how our analyses contributed to their understanding. |
| Keywords: | Credit Bureau; student debt; Great Financial Crisis; pandemic; student loans |
| JEL: | G5 D1 |
| Date: | 2024–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:98122&r=his |
| By: | Alice Fabre (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, AMU - Aix Marseille Université, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | What does the American movie industry tell us about the economic role of Wall Street and the perception of the stock market over time? Through a substantial corpus of American films from the 20c. and 21c, this article illustrates how, in three distinct periods, Hollywood has been able to stage finance and contribute to the myth of Wall Street. A minor subject until the 1980s, these years have seen the appearance of financial blockbusters with the rise of the financialization of the economy. The subprime crisis renews the genre, questioning the place of the stock market and the ethics of traders. |
| Abstract: | Que nous dit l'industrie cinématographique américaine sur le rôle économique de Wall Street et la perception de la bourse dans le temps ? À travers un corpus conséquent de films américains du XXe et XXIe siècles, cet article illustre comment, en trois périodes distinctes, Hollywood a pu mettre en scène la finance et contribuer au mythe de Wall Street. Sujet mineur jusque dans les années 1980, ces années ont vu l'apparition de blockbusters financiers avec la montée en puissance de la financiarisation de l'économie. La crise des subprimes renouvelle le genre, questionnant la place de la bourse et l'éthique des traders. |
| Keywords: | Wall Street, Finance, Movies, Ethics, Traders, Cinéma, Ethique, Economie |
| Date: | 2023–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04524565&r=his |
| By: | Olivier Armantier; Gizem Koşar; Giorgio Topa; Wilbert Van der Klaauw |
| Abstract: | It has been a little over ten years since we started releasing findings from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s Survey of Consumer Expectations (SCE). In this post, we review some of the headline findings from the first decade of the survey’s history, highlighting the evolution of consumers’ expectations about inflation and labor market outcomes. |
| Keywords: | expectations; survey; survey design; inflation; earnings; job finding |
| JEL: | C83 D83 D84 D10 |
| Date: | 2024–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:98100&r=his |
| By: | Astorga-Rojas, Diego |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how better market access through infrastructure improvements leads to the adoption of new agricultural technologies. In particular, I study the case of Brazil, and how the construction of the federal highway network from 1950 to 2000 affected the modernization of the agricultural sector. To address endogeneity concerns, I use the creation of Brasilia, and the project to connect it to the state capitals, as a natural experiment. I build a predicted network of highways by computing the cheapest way to connect the state capitals with Brasilia and use it to instrument market access. I find that municipalities where market access increased adopted new agricultural inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides, improving agricultural productivity as a result. Market access also increased the machinery and equipment used for production, but only when Brazil deregulated its agricultural markets and opened to international trade, after 1990. |
| Keywords: | agricultural productivity, infrastructure, market access, mechanization |
| JEL: | O13 O18 F14 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:289868&r=his |
| By: | Spahn, Peter |
| Abstract: | Hajo Riese (FU Berlin) was a pioneer of the "Berlin School of Monetary Keynesianism", particularly in the 1980s and 1990s. His research work was based on the roots of monetary theory in the work of J. M. Keynes, with a particular focus on the theory of capital and interest rates. While in Keynes liquidity preference remained an element of money demand, for Riese it formed the central variable of a theory of credit supply. The credit contract is not based on goods or goods equivalents, but on the nominal category of money, because this is the sole medium for the fulfilment of contracts. In addition to the interest rate, the rate of return on real capital is also determined by the liquidity premium. The central bank has to take into account the regulatory-theoretical significance of monetary stability, which runs counter to the "easy money policy" usually demanded by Keynesians. |
| Keywords: | Keynesianismus, Monetarismus |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hohdps:290399&r=his |
| By: | Sarah Nandnaba (Department of Economics, Ecole normale superieure (ENS) Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.); Abebe Hailemariam (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, Faculty of Business and law, Curtin University Perth, 6102, Australia); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Xin Sheng (Lord Ashcroft International Business School, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom.) |
| Abstract: | The paper empirically examines the role of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) emissions on the oil consumption-growth nexus of sixteen OECD countries. Using a nonlinear local projection approach and a long historical dataset from 1890 to 2022, we find that the impact of oil consumption on economic growth is conditional on the categorization of the countries based on the level of GHGs emissions. More specifically, we find that economies under the high-emission category face a slowdown in growth, while those in low-emission group can benefit from a positive shock in oil consumption, especially in the post World War II era. The results have important policy implications for sustainable growth. |
| Keywords: | Oil consumption, economic growth, sustainability, climate change, greenhouse gases emissions, nonlinear local projection |
| JEL: | Q43 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202417&r=his |
| By: | Buchot, Tom; Couttenier, Mathieu; Laugerette, Lucile; Mougin, Elisa; Verlet, Alexandre |
| Abstract: | Bai et al. (2023) examine the impact of individual networks on state building, focusing on the role of the leader Zeng Guofan during the Taiping Revolution in China between 1850 and 1864. In their main results, the authors demonstrate that being connected to Zeng increases the number of fatalities during the war after his assumption of power, with point estimates being significant at the 1% or 5% level. They also find a positive and significant effect of connections to Zeng among Hunan people on the number of national-level office positions, with point estimates significant at the 1% level. First, we reproduce the paper's main findings and identify minor inaccuracies in the codes that need fixing for the proper reproduction of some tables. However, these issues do not significantly impact the overall results. Second, we conduct additional checks and argue that the results are robust to variations in the number of fixed effects but highly dependent on the choice of econometric specification. We employ alternative models more suitable for data with a substantial number of zeros, revealing a decrease in the magnitude and significance of the estimates. Last, we perform spatial robustness checks, confirming the absence of spatial correlation between Hunan county and its neighboring regions, as suggested by the authors. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:115&r=his |
| By: | Ms. Gita Gopinath; Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas; Mr. Andrea F Presbitero; Petia Topalova |
| Abstract: | Global linkages are changing amidst elevated geopolitical tensions and a surge in policies directed at increasing supply chain resilience and national security. Using granular bilateral data, this paper provides new evidence of trade and investment fragmentation along geopolitical lines since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and compares it to the historical experience of the early years of the Cold War. Gravity model estimates point to significant declines in trade and FDI flows between countries in geopolitically distant blocs since the onset of the war in Ukraine, relative to flows between countries in the same bloc (roughly 12% and 20%, respectively). While the extent of fragmentation is still relatively small and we do not know how longlasting it will be, the decoupling between the rival geopolitical blocs during the Cold War suggests it could worsen considerably should geopolitical tensions persist and trade restrictive policies intensify. Different from the early years of the Cold War, a set of nonaligned ‘connector’ countries are rapidly gaining importance and serving as a bridge between blocs. The emergence of connectors has likely brought resilience to global trade and activity, but does not necessarily increase diversification, strengthen supply chains, or lessen strategic dependence. |
| Keywords: | Trade; Foreign direct investment; Geoeconomics; Fragmentation |
| Date: | 2024–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/076&r=his |
| By: | Yu, Chen |
| Abstract: | "The Rise of Supermoney in World Politics" examines the escalating influence of an elite group of wealthy individuals, multinational corporations, and financial entities on the global political and economic landscape. This article traces the historical evolution of financial power, identifying key milestones that have led to the emergence of Supermoney - a term used to describe entities with significant financial resources and global influence. Through a comprehensive analysis, the article delineates the mechanisms through which Supermoney exerts influence, including financial investments, policy lobbying, philanthropic endeavors, and technological innovation. Looking ahead, the article discusses potential scenarios for the increasing influence of Supermoney, highlighting the role of regulation, international cooperation, and the opportunities and challenges this influence presents. The conclusion underscores the dual nature of Supermoney's rise, acknowledging its potential to contribute to global good while also cautioning against the risks of power concentration, economic disparities, and the undermining of democratic governance. |
| Date: | 2024–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:6nqtf&r=his |
| By: | Zueras, Pilar; Menacho, Teresa; Gómez-Casillas, Amalia; Medina, Antonio; Blanes, Amand; Esteve, Albert |
| Abstract: | Desde la modernización del sistema estadístico español en el siglo XIX, las administraciones públicas han recogido regularmente cuantiosos volúmenes de datos poblacionales a nivel municipal. Sin embargo, esta información no suele estar disponible en condiciones óptimas para su reutilización debido a su dispersión en diferentes fuentes y requiere un monumental esfuerzo de transcripción, corrección y homogeneización para garantizar su comparabilidad temporal y geográfica. El Centre d’Estudis Demogràfics (CED) se ha encargado de esta tarea generando una base de datos geo-referenciados que han permitido conformar grandes series temporales, reconstruyendo la historia del siglo XX de las características poblacionales de los municipios españoles. Para este fin, se han realizado las transcripciones de los Censos del siglo XX que constaban en formato de imagen, de publicación o ya informatizados, y se han realizado las correcciones y las homogeneizaciones para garantizar su comparabilidad geográfica y temporal. Fruto de este esfuerzo ha resultado una base de datos con una cobertura temporal que abarca el periodo 1900-2011 y que permite explorar las características de la población en este periodo, desagregada por sexo, nivel educativo, estado civil, población de hecho y de derecho, número de hogares y personas por hogar, siempre que los datos lo posibiliten. En lo que hace referencia a la cobertura geográfica, estos datos están disponibles para diferentes niveles administrativos: municipal, provincial y autonómico. Esta base de datos está disponible en acceso abierto en el repositorio digital del Explorador Social, exploradorsocial.es, una plataforma ágil e interactiva de acceso abierto, que permite la visualización de los datos cartográficamente, a la vez que posibilita su descarga en diferentes formatos. En suma, el CED, alineándose a los estándares FAIR de la Comisión Europea en materia de acceso abierto, ha generado una base de datos históricos que es de fácil acceso, en una plataforma que se caracteriza por su interoperabilidad (se pueden descargar los datos en formatos que posibilitan su utilización a través de otros programas), y promoviendo su reutilización. De esta manera, el CED devuelve al sistema estadístico y a la población en general los datos que le permitirán sumergirse en su historia y enlazarla con el presente. |
| Date: | 2024–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:rh82m&r=his |
| By: | Matthew O'Donnell; Aleksandar Vasilev |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the link between interest rates and consumption in the UK and will allow better understanding of the relationship between these two variables, as this is extremely important to the Bank of England and the monetary policy that it adopts. Analysis of the empirical evidence from the period last 60 years has produced some interesting observations and the most significant discovery was the way consumption responds to interest rates changed over time. In the first 30 years the real interest rate had a much higher coefficient, with the lagged variable being insignificant. However, in the second period, the opposite occurred, and the lagged variable had a significantly higher coefficient. Overall, consumption and interest rates do have an inverse relationship, as in both periods the interest rate experienced a negative coefficient when regressed with consumption. Therefore, changes in consumer decision making, and the development of a lagged response to interest rate changes could alter how governments influence consumption. |
| Keywords: | consumption, interest rate, modelling, UK |
| JEL: | E21 C32 |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eei:rpaper:eeri_rp_2024_01&r=his |
| By: | Spyros Economides |
| Abstract: | In this article I will address a lesser discussed issue in the political career of Konstantinos Karamanlis, his leadership in terms of Greek foreign policy. It is lesser discussed because, in the context of leadership, the extensive literature and commentary on Karamanlis primarily focuses on his role, contribution and legacy in domestic politics during his 14 years as Prime Minister. What is attempted here is a discussion of Karamanlis in the frame of ‘leadership’ in the study of foreign policy, in two specific ways First, there is a consensus that Karamanlis was a ‘leader’ (hgetis) in the domestic context: was he that too in terms of external affairs? Second, there is an assumption in the study of foreign policy/foreign policy analysis that leaders and leadership can matter in the formulation and execution of foreign policy (for example Jervis, 2013). Can we address Karamanlis’s role in Greek foreign policy through this analytical lens? My initial conclusion is yes on both counts: Karamanlis can be discussed in the context of the leader/leadership approach in foreign policy analysis and that he did provide leadership in external affairs - in fact he can be considered to be a statesman in that respect. |
| Keywords: | Karamanlis, Konstantinos, Greece, foreign policy, leader |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hel:greese:195&r=his |
| By: | Mochi Alemán, Prudenzio Ó. |
| Abstract: | En este documento se hace un diagnóstico documental y participativo con los actores de la región del estado de Morelos en México sobre las características económicas, culturales, ecológicas y de sostenibilidad histórica, política y social que permitan conocer las potencialidades y retos que presenta la zona denominada la Ruta de Zapata, identificada como los diferentes lugares en los que operó el estado mayor del general Emiliano Zapata en los nueve años que combatió teniendo como bandera el Plan de Ayala, durante la Revolución mexicana (1910-1920). Para el análisis se seleccionaron tres matrices: i) económico‑social, ii) histórico-cultural y iii) ambiental); con base en ellas se inició un proceso de detección de datos e información cuantitativa y cualitativa sobre aspectos prioritarios que permitieron diagnosticar el estado de la región, identificar sus potencialidades de desarrollo, sus desafíos y problemas críticos. A partir de este recorrido y narrativas se delinearon algunas estrategias generales que responden a los principales emergentes de las matrices elegidas. |
| Date: | 2024–03–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:69063&r=his |
| By: | Guillaume Vandenbroucke |
| Abstract: | Historically, the price of education, such as for tuition and books, has risen faster than overall inflation. But that hasn’t been the case in recent years. |
| Keywords: | price of education; inflation |
| Date: | 2024–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:l00001:98112&r=his |
| By: | Sebastian Schweighofer-Kodritsch |
| Abstract: | This chapter presents a microeconomic, behavioral perspective on bounded rationality and beliefs. It begins with an account of how research on belief biases, in particular via probabilistic belief elicitation, has become mainstream in economics only relatively recently and late, even in behavioral economics (aka “psychology and economics”). The chapter then offers a review of the decision-theoretic foundations of modeling and eliciting (subjective) beliefs as probabilities, as well as selected—both classic and recent—evidence on humans’ bounded rationality from related research in psychology and economics. In doing so, it connects the historical debates within decision theory, on the one hand, and within psychology, on the other, concerning the normative status of expected utility and Bayesianism, as well as its methodological implications. A conclusion draws lessons for the practice of belief elicitation and future research. |
| Date: | 2024–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdp:dpaper:0037&r=his |
| By: | Audoly, Richard; McGee, Rory; Ocampo Díaz, Sergio; Paz Pardo, Gonzalo |
| Abstract: | We use 25 years of tax records for the Norwegian population to study the mobility of wealth over people's lifetimes. We find considerable wealth mobility over the life cycle. To understand the underlying mobility patterns, we group individuals with similar wealth rank histories using agglomerative hierarchical clustering, a tool from statistical learning. The mobility patterns we elicit provide evidence of segmented mobility. Over 60 percent of the population remains at the top or bottom of the wealth distribution throughout their lives. Mobility is driven by the remaining 40 percent, who move only within the middle of the distribution. Movements are tied to differential income trajectories and business activities across groups. We show parental wealth is the key predictor of who is persistently rich or poor, while human capital is the main predictor of those who rise and fall through the middle of the distribution. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:clefwp:290389&r=his |
| By: | Baker, Michael; Halberstam, Yosh; Kroft, Kory; Mas, Alexandre; Messacar, Derek |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of the unionization of faculty at Canadian universities from 1970-2022 using an event-study design. Using administrative data which covers the full universe of faculty salaries, we find strong evidence that unionization leads to both average salary gains and compression of the distribution of salaries. Our estimates indicate that salaries increase on average by 2 to over 5 percent over the first 6 years post unionization. These effects are driven largely by gains in the bottom half of the wage distribution with little evidence of any impact at the top end. Our evidence indicates that the wage effects are primarily concentrated in the first half of our sample period. We do not find any evidence of an impact on employment. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:clefwp:289600&r=his |
| By: | Jagjit S. Chadha (National Institute for Social and Economic Research); Tony Venables (The Productivity Institute, The University of Manchester) |
| Keywords: | Investment, productivity |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anj:ppaper:019&r=his |