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on Business, Economic and Financial History |
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Issue of 2024‒05‒06
38 papers chosen by |
| By: | Francesco Sabato Massimo (CSO - Centre de sociologie des organisations (Sciences Po, CNRS) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | During his long political trajectory Bruno Trentin (1926-2007) never ceased to question the relationship between work and democracy. The Italian intellectual and trade union leader denounced the domination of the «productivist ideology» of scientific management over the entire social and political Left. According to this ideology, trade union action was reduced to the animation of distributive conflict, while the political struggle was played out outside the economic sphere, through the conquest of the state. Contrary to this vision, the 1960s were the source of a new self-management political culture, born of the encounter between the Marxist, Christian and libertarian traditions of the labour movement, which aimed to make workers and their unions «political subjects» in their own right by gaining real decision-making power over the organisation of work. The decline of Fordism offers an opportunity for a new "contract" in which work can achieve its political recognition and autonomy within the workplace and not from outside. It is from this history that Trentin draws to defend the actuality of a project of liberation from subordinate «work». In this article I reinscribe Trentin's reflections in the long history of his career as an intellectual, trade unionist and political activist, as well as in the controversies and the impasses that have shaped his life and the history whole Italian and European labour movement during the twentieth century. |
| Keywords: | Organisational democracy, Unions and labour history, Industrial relations, Neocapitalism, Postfordism, Italian and European Left, Democrazia organizzativa, Storia del sindacato e del lavoro, Relazioni industriali, Neocapitalismo, Postfordismo, Sinistra italiana ed europea |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04512692&r=his |
| By: | Eric Chyn; Kareem Haggag; Bryan A. Stuart |
| Abstract: | How do majority groups respond to a narrowing of inequality in racially polarized environments? We study this question by examining the effects of the Freedmen’s Bureau, an agency created after the U.S. Civil War to provide aid to former slaves and launch institutional reform in the South. We use new historical records and an event study approach to estimate impacts of the Bureau on political economy in the South. In the decade immediately after the war, counties with Bureau field offices had reduced vote shares for Democrats, the major political party that previously championed slavery and opposed Black civil rights during Reconstruction. In the longer-run, we find evidence of backlash in the form of higher Democratic vote shares and increases in several forms of racial violence, including lynchings and attacks against Black schools. This backlash extends through the twentieth century, when we find that counties that once had a Bureau field office have higher rates of second-wave and third-wave Ku Klux Klan activity and lower rates of intergenerational economic mobility. Overall, our results suggest that the initial impacts of the Freedmen’s Bureau stimulated countervailing responses by White majorities who sought to offset social progress of Black Americans. |
| JEL: | D72 D74 I31 J15 N31 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32314&r=his |
| By: | O'Reilly, Oliver |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities, 150w, UCB, Women's Rowing History Project |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt57x5v6nz&r=his |
| By: | Bruno, Lars Christian (BI Norwegian Business School); Grytten, Ola Honningdal (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration) |
| Abstract: | This short paper uses recent estimates of GDP per capita for the Baltic countries for the 1919-2020(22) period to test for convergence between the Baltic and the Nordic economies. Drawing from the methodology used in Bernard and Durlauf (1996) and Greasley and Oxley (1997), we utilise a time-series approach to test for bivariate convergence between the various Baltic and Nordic economies. We find some evidence of conditional convergence and catching up for the interwar period, 1919-1939 and the post-Soviet era 1993-2022, when for the communist growth period until 1988 we find no trace of convergence, when thereafter during the last years of communism, the Baltic economies went into a severe and devastating recession. |
| Keywords: | Baltic; Scandinavia; economic growth; convergence; historical national accounts |
| JEL: | N14 N34 N94 O47 O52 |
| Date: | 2024–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhheco:2024_005&r=his |
| By: | O'Reilly, Oliver |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities, 150w, UCB, Women's Rowing |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt0k5860cq&r=his |
| By: | Jon D. Wisman |
| Abstract: | Ever since exploitation and extreme inequality became possible with the rise of the state, ideology serving the interests of elites has almost always persuaded non-elites that the prevailing social order is also in their best interest. This ideology was first expressed in religion that evolved to depict extremely unequal social conditions as in accord with sacred forces. Ideology provided a more efficient means of maintaining exploitation than violence. With the rise of capitalism, secular doctrines, and especially political economy and then economics, joined and eventually mostly replaced religion in justifying inequality. Since the late eighteenth century, laissez faire has been the dominant expression of this ideology. Only once, due to the extreme hardship of the Great Depression, has it been sufficiently delegitimated such that public policies were enacted that reduced inequality and significantly improved the quality of life for non-elites. However, laissez-faire ideology resurged to dominance in the 1970s, resulting in policies over the next half century that have led to exploding inequality. The fact that this ideology survived intact the Great Recession following the financial crisis of 2008 poses the question of whether it can again be adequately delegitimated. Yet there is urgency that this occurs prior to the death of democracy and thus capability of avoiding ecological Armageddon. This chapter suggests that only an adequately attractive alternative social vision to that of laissez-faire capitalism might delegitimate laissez-faire ideology. It concludes with a brief sketch of such a vision. |
| Keywords: | Ideology, exploitation, inequality, legitimation, material progress vision |
| JEL: | B15 N40 Z12 Z13 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:amu:wpaper:2024-02&r=his |
| By: | Coleman, Benjamin |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities, Sports, Cal Women's Athletics, Athletics, 150w, Basketball, Journalism, swimming, lacrosse |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt2cj3x06p&r=his |
| By: | Julien Duval (CESSP - Centre européen de sociologie et de science politique - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This article deals with a French TV program that was launched in the late 1980s and that is devoted to the economic dimensions of life. It became very popular and still exists today. This article proposes an analysis of this unprecedented success in France, through diversified and complementary perspectives. It aims to characterize the novelty of the program. The article relates the appearance of the program to various broader transformations of the relations between the economic and journalistic fields that occurred in France in the 1980s and 1990s. It focuses on the charismatic leader who created the program and hosted it for the first fifteen years of its existence: he was a former business school student, representing a completely new profile of a journalist at the time. The appearance of the program is then shown to be inextricably linked to the emergence of private TV channels in France at the end of the 1980s. It then proposes an analysis of the style and content of the program, trying to characterize the vision of economic life conveyed by the program. |
| Keywords: | economics, France, journalism, television |
| Date: | 2023–08–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04267613&r=his |
| By: | Rodolfo G. Campos; Benedikt Heid; Jacopo Timini |
| Abstract: | The Cold War was the defining episode of geopolitical fragmentation in the twentieth century. Trade between East and West across the Iron Curtain (a symbolical and physical barrier dividing Europe into two distinct areas) was restricted, but the severity of these restrictions varied over time. We quantify the trade and welfare effects of the Iron Curtain and show how the difficulty of trading across the Iron Curtain fluctuated throughout the Cold War. Using a novel dataset on trade between the two economic blocs and a quantitative trade model, we find that while the Iron Curtain at its height represented a tariff equivalent of 48% in 1951, trade between East and West gradually became easier until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Despite the easing of trade restrictions, we estimate that the Iron Curtain roughly halved East-West trade flows and caused substantial welfare losses in the Eastern bloc countries that persisted until the end of the Cold War. Conversely, the Iron Curtain led to an increase in intra-bloc trade, especially in the Eastern bloc, which outpaced the integration of Western Europe in the run-up to the formation of the European Union. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.03508&r=his |
| By: | Bertrand Crettez (Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, CRED, EA 7321 - 75005 Paris.); Bruno Deffains (Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, CRED, EA 7321 - 75005 Paris.); Olivier Musy (Université Paris Cité, LIRAES, F-75006 Paris, France.); Ronan Tallec (Université Paris Cité, LIRAES, F-75006 Paris, France.) |
| Abstract: | Venality, i.e., the sale of public positions, was widely used in the judicial sector in France between the 16th and 18th centuries. In a venal system, litigants finance the justice system by paying the judges directly. In France, moreover, the right to judge was sold by the ruler, who indirectly levied part of the legal costs. Here, instead of the state funding justice, justice funds the state. The cost to the King was a loss of control over the judiciary and biased legal decisions. We develop a model of judicial venality and build on this model to provide an analytical narrative of the rise and decline of judicial venality in Old Regime France. Historically, judicial venality enhanced legal capacity whereas the kings faced with limited opportunities to raise taxes and to borrow. Lack of control over the judiciary, however, led to overly costly and time-consuming trials, resulting in its final demise. |
| Keywords: | Law and Economics; Judicial Venality; Private Justice; Institutional and Legal Design; Economic Analysis of the History of Law; French Old Regime |
| JEL: | H1 K0 K40 K41 N40 N43 P48 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afd:wpaper:2405&r=his |
| By: | Bernard Gazier (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This text aims at identifying and discussing the content and present meaning of Blaise Pascal's contribution to the understanding of justice in economic matters: which inequalities in terms of wealth, status and power are acceptable or not in a country or a community? Such a project faces a difficulty and a paradox. The difficulty is that economics as a separate discipline does not exist in Pascal's times; the paradox lies in the fact that while Pascal was politically conservative, his heirs in the XXth century converge in a strongly critical stance against capitalism and established order. Our analysis proceeds in three steps. In the first step, we briefly situate Pascal's approach in its historical context, by comparing it to the views of other authors of his time who are considered as forerunners of political economy. In this second, we discuss the content of the legacy as identified and used in the XXth century, by comparing Pascal's statements on justice to the conceptions of his heirs, in order to pinpoint convergences and divergences. The last step adopts an epistemologic and genealogic stance. We take into consideration the long-term changes in knowledge modalities leading to the "human sciences" and among them to "positive" and "normative" economics, in order to set and discuss the meaning of the references to Blaise Pascal in contemporary debates on economic and social justice. |
| Abstract: | Cette contribution a pour objet le contenu et l'actualité des apports de Blaise Pascal à la compréhension de la justice économique : quelles inégalités de richesse, de statuts et de pouvoirs sont admissibles ou non dans un pays, une communauté ? Elle affronte une difficulté et un paradoxe : d'une part l'économie en tant que discipline n'existe pas à l'époque de Pascal, et d'autre part l'orientation conservatrice de Pascal contraste avec celle de sa postérité au XXe siècle, rassemblant des auteurs qui convergent sur la critique du capitalisme et de l'ordre établi. Nous procéderons en trois étapes. La première situe historiquement la démarche de Pascal sur la justice, en la confrontant brièvement aux conceptions d'auteurs de son époque formulant les prémices de l'économie politique. La seconde étape interroge directement les contenus des filiations revendiquées au XXe siècle, en confrontant les énoncés de Pascal sur la justice à ceux de ses successeurs, pour établir les éventuelles convergences et divergences. La troisième étape esquisse une mise en perspective épistémologique et généalogique. Elle introduit les mutations successives des savoirs donnant lieu au déploiement des " sciences humaines " et parmi elles l'économie positive et normative, afin d'inscrire et de questionner le sens des références à Pascal dans les débats contemporains sur la justice économique et sociale. |
| Keywords: | Blaise Pascal, social justice, normative economics, justice sociale, économie normative |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-04526422&r=his |
| By: | Benson, Matthew |
| Abstract: | This article analyses taxation practices in colonial, post-colonial rebel-led, and independent South Sudan and argues that the ethos of taxation in the region has been and remains primarily oriented around predatory and coercive strategies of rule. This overarching pattern endures because the fundamental structure and rationale of revenue-raising practices, which collectively constitute South Sudan’s revenue complex, have not changed since at least Anglo-Egyptian occupation of the region in 1899. The paper explains how tax collecting as predation began when the first colonial administration deployed taxes to acquire loyalty from customary authorities such as chiefs and sheikhs, who personally benefitted from their taxation powers. From the early 1960s to 2005, armed groups in the region periodically fought against Khartoum-led rule, and rebels extorted taxes from the population to help fuel their war efforts. Taxes in today’s South Sudan, which acquired independence in 2011, are not collected to raise revenue except to pay off the individuals collecting them, and they continue to generate predation. The rise of international aid and windfalls from oil revenues have further diminished taxation’s financial significance for the national government and have altered local authorities’ coercive demands for payment. The portrait that emerges from the practices of South Sudan’s successive war-makers and state-makers is one of taxation wielded as a technology of rule, one of coercion and often extortion, to fulfil the self-interests of tax collectors. The article is based on archival research in Sudanese and South Sudanese national archives, British colonial archives, and 205 interviews conducted in South Sudan. |
| Keywords: | revenue; state formation; conflict; Africa; war; state-building; taxation; Peace and Conflict Resolution Evidence Platform (PeaceRep); CUP deal |
| JEL: | E6 |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121953&r=his |
| By: | Stephen J. Redding; Daniel M. Sturm |
| Abstract: | We use the German bombing of London during the Second World War as an exogenous source of variation to provide evidence on neighborhood effects. We construct a newly-digitized dataset at the level of individual buildings on wartime destruction, property values, and socioeconomic composition in London before and after the Second World War. We develop a quantitative spatial model, in which heterogeneous groups of individuals endogenously sort across locations in response to differences in natural advantages, wartime destruction and neighborhood effects. We find substantial and highly localized neighborhood effects, which magnify the direct impact of wartime destruction, and make a substantial contribution to observed patterns of spatial sorting across locations. |
| Keywords: | agglomeration, neighborhood effects, second world war, spatial sorting |
| Date: | 2024–04–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1986&r=his |
| By: | Caparaz, Dean |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities, 150w, UCB, Women's Tennis |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt3592t7xd&r=his |
| By: | Ropp, Susie; Roxas, Catherine |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities, 150w, UCB, Women's Lacross |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt2n69q7qb&r=his |
| By: | Chen, Mandy |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities, 150w, UCB, Women's Volleyball |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt8b80d5db&r=his |
| By: | Aurélien Goutsmedt (UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain, FNRS - Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique [Bruxelles]); Francesco Sergi (UPE - Université Paris-Est, LIPHA - Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire d'étude du Politique Hannah Arendt Paris-Est - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - Université Gustave Eiffel); Béatrice Cherrier (ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique, X - École polytechnique, CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); François Claveau (UdeS - Université de Sherbrooke, CIRST - Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur la science et la technologie - UdeM - Université de Montréal - UQAM - Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal); Clément Fontan (Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles, UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain); Juan Acosta (Univalle - Universidad del Valle [Cali]) |
| Abstract: | Why do policymakers and economists within a policymaking institution choose to throw away a model and to develop an alternative one? Why do they choose to stick to an existing model? This article contributes to the literature on the history and philosophy of modelling by answering these questions. It delves into the dynamics of persistence, change, and building practices of macroeconomic modelling, using the case of forecasting models at the Bank of England (1974-2014). Based on archives and interviews, we document the multiple factors at play in model building and model change. We identify three sets of factors: the agency of modellers, institutional factors, and the material factor. Our investigation shows the diversity of explanations behind the decision to change a model: each time, model replacement resulted from a different combination of the three types of factors. |
| Keywords: | Central bank, Forecasting, Macroeconomic modeling, Bank of England, Models |
| Date: | 2024–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04181871&r=his |
| By: | Sanoff, Carol |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt3bj195tw&r=his |
| By: | Rathi, Devanshi |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities, 150w, UCB, Women's Tennis |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt8fm70496&r=his |
| By: | McClain, Valerie |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt2h76h965&r=his |
| By: | Mathieu Lefebvre (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pierre Pestieau (Université de Liège, CORE - Center of Operation Research and Econometrics [Louvain] - UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Gregory Ponthiere (UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain) |
| Abstract: | Under income-differentiated mortality, poverty measures suffer from a selection bias: they do not count the missing poor (i.e., persons who would have been counted as poor provided they did not die prematurely). The Pre-Industrial period being characterized by an evolutionary advantage (i.e., a higher number of surviving children per household) of the non-poor over the poor, one may expect that the missing poor bias is substantial during that period. This paper quantifies the missing poor bias in Pre-Industrial societies, by computing the hypothetical headcount poverty rates that would have prevailed provided the non-poor did not benefit from an evolutionary advantage over the poor. Using data on Pre-Industrial England and France, we show that the sign and size of the missing poor bias are sensitive to the degree of downward social mobility. |
| Keywords: | Measurement, Selection effects, Missing poor, Poverty |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03620370&r=his |
| By: | Caparaz, Dean |
| Keywords: | Architecture, Arts and Humanities, 150w, UCB, Women's Tennis |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt3hc8p7vx&r=his |
| By: | Cal Women's Rowing History Project |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities, 150w Project, UCB, Women's athletics |
| Date: | 2024–04–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt6x33v88k&r=his |
| By: | Boeing, Philipp; Brandt, Loren; Dai, Ruochen; Lim, Kevin; Peters, Bettina |
| Abstract: | We study the evolution of patenting in China from 1985-2019. We use a Large Language Model to measure patent importance based on patent abstracts and classify patent ownership using a comprehensive business registry. We highlight four insights. First, average patent importance declined from 2000-2010 but has increased more recently. Second, private Chinese firms account for most of patenting growth whereas overseas patentees have played a diminishing role. Third, patentees have greatly reduced their dependence on foreign knowledge. Finally, Chinese and foreign patenting have become more similar in technological composition, but differences persist within technology classes as revealed by abstract similarities. |
| Keywords: | China, innovation, patents, large language model |
| JEL: | O30 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:289451&r=his |
| By: | Pablo Martinelli Lasheras (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, and Figuerola Institute); Dario Pellegrino (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the role of landownership distribution in shaping the Italian post-WWII long-run growth experience (1951-2001). By exploiting an extraordinarily high-quality sub-national dataset, we find a strong and robust negative relationship between private landownership inequality and different measures of economic development and structural change during the Economic Miracle. Our results show that a relatively egalitarian agrarian milieu was conducive to the most successful growth model in post-WWII Italy: the ‘industrial districts’, the flexible network of small and medium-sized enterprises whose origins can be traced back to the 1950s. Widespread access to property and family farming was key to accelerating structural transformation. We find the effect of land inequality to be driven by the compression of the resources available to the lower-middle rural class. The intensity of sharecropping and rent-paying tenancy among non-owning farmers is also associated with higher growth, mitigating the growth-depressing effects of land inequality. The growth-enhancing effects of access to property are limited by minimum asset value levels and fade above a certain threshold, consistent with the existence of credit constraints and poverty traps that shape structural transformation in the long run. |
| Keywords: | land inequality, wealth distribution, structural change, long-run economic growth |
| JEL: | O1 O4 N3 Q1 R1 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:workqs:qse_52&r=his |
| By: | Daiji Kawaguchi (Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo); Tetsuji Okazaki (Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo); Xuanli Zhu (Faculty of Economics, Keio University) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of a technological change on employment and wages, focusing on the adoption of power looms in the silk-weaving industry. Exploiting plant-level panel data from 20th century Japan, we demonstrate that at the plant level, the power loom adaption increased the employment and wages of adult male workers, who likely conducted engineering tasks, and moderately increased wages of female adults, who were simultaneously displaced and reinstated to more non-routine tasks. The wage hike of adult workers induced the exit of less efficient plants and decreased female adult employment by 28 percent at the area level. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tky:fseres:2024cf1225&r=his |
| By: | Mekki Sara (EPSYLON - Dynamique des capacités humaines et des conduites de santé - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3, University of Algiers 3 : Université d' Alger 3) |
| Abstract: | From the beginning of the industrial revolution, several economists such as J.B.Say, Schumpeter or Kenneth Arrow linked entrepreneurship and innovation. The entrepreneur is not only a source of wealth but a source of economic growth.The Algerian Government, aware of the importance of entrepreneurship, has established a new system and new national economic policy focused on innovation, now the priority subsidies were for the creation of businesses that demonstrate a form of innovation. This article aims to study the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and the role of female entrepreneurs in this new impetus for the national economy by studying a random of 100 companies working in the field of High Tech , start-up and innovation. |
| Keywords: | innovation female entrepreneurship economic growth national economic policy. JEL Classification Codes: J78 O32, innovation, female entrepreneurship, economic growth, national economic policy. JEL Classification Codes: J78, O32 |
| Date: | 2023–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04510952&r=his |
| By: | Boeing, Philipp (Goethe University Frankfurt); Brandt, Loren (University of Toronto); Dai, Ruochen (Central University of Finance and Economics); Lim, Kevin (University of Toronto); Peters, Bettina (ZEW Mannheim) |
| Abstract: | We study the evolution of patenting in China from 1985-2019. We use a Large Language Model to measure patent importance based on patent abstracts and classify patent ownership using a comprehensive business registry. We highlight four insights. First, average patent importance declined from 2000-2010 but has increased more recently. Second, private Chinese firms account for most of patenting growth whereas overseas patentees have played a diminishing role. Third, patentees have greatly reduced their dependence on foreign knowledge. Finally, Chinese and foreign patenting have become more similar in technological composition, but differences persist within technology classes as revealed by abstract similarities. |
| Keywords: | China, innovation, patents, Large Language Model |
| JEL: | O30 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16869&r=his |
| By: | Kawaguchi, Daiji (University of Tokyo); Okazaki, Tetsuji (CEPR); Zhu, Xuanli (Keio University) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of a technological change on employment and wages, focusing on the adoption of power looms in the silk-weaving industry. Exploiting plant-level panel data from 20th century Japan, we demonstrate that at the plant level, the power loom adaption increased the employment and wages of adult male workers, who likely conducted engineering tasks, and moderately increased wages of female adults, who were simultaneously displaced and reinstated to more non-routine tasks. The wage hike of adult workers induced the exit of less efficient plants and decreased female adult employment by 28 percent at the area level. |
| Keywords: | electrification, automation, employment, wage, second industrial revolution |
| JEL: | J23 J24 J31 N35 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16885&r=his |
| By: | Simon Hupfel (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar, BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Antoine Missemer (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The term "Lauderdale paradox" has been used by ecological economists since the late 1980s. It refers to the idea, developed by the Earl of Lauderdale in 1804, according to which private riches -- the sum-total of the exchangeable value of goods -- and public wealth -- the sum-total of the use value of goods -- vary in opposite directions. The Lauderdale paradox has been used in ecological economics in relation to the valuation of ecosystem services, and also in connection to some branches of political ecology, especially eco-Marxism. Based on a careful reading of Lauderdale's work, taking into account his political context, this article shows that some of the recent interpretations of the Lauderdale paradox, especially regarding wealth indicators, deserve to be qualified in the light of the original meaning of Lauderdale's words. Other aspects of Lauderdale's reflections that could be sources of inspiration for today's research programs in ecological economics are also emphasized: the extension of environmental accounting to human capital, the study of commodification and decommodification processes in a comprehensive anthropological perspective, and the specification of the characteristics of a steady-state economy. |
| Keywords: | Commodification, Environmental accounting, Steady state, Public good, Commons, Contrived scarcity, History of economic thought |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04213171&r=his |
| By: | Bellanca, Nicolo' |
| Abstract: | Maffeo Pantaleoni’s concepts of “political prices” and “economic prices” explore institutional change and the dynamics of rent-seeking society. He distinguishes between “objective” discriminations, which conform to the reproductive logic of an institution, and those that are entirely arbitrary. Additionally, he distinguishes between criteria of impartiality, which treat everyone the same way, and criteria of universalizability, which apply a rule regardless of whom it may benefit or harm. Through these concepts, he defines “economic prices” as characterized by proscriptive rules, which prohibit certain choices, rather than prescriptive rules, which allow certain options for some and not for others. They cannot eliminate privileges, but they eliminate privileged access to privileges. Their antithesis is “political prices, ” which emerge when groups compete with each other to grab rents and maintain privileges. The more the system of political prices generalizes across all institutions (private, public, commercial) of society, the less it is able to sustain itself, as every group desires to benefit from it, but no one wants to finance it. Here lies the historical resilience of economic prices. |
| Keywords: | Maffeo Pantaleoni, political prices, economic prices, institutional change, rent-seeking society, distributive coalitions |
| JEL: | B13 B15 O1 O10 P1 P16 |
| Date: | 2024–04–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120671&r=his |
| By: | Francisco J. Medina Albaladejo (Universitat de Valencia); Giacomo Alfonso Diez Minguela (Universitat de Valencia) |
| Abstract: | Las cooperativas de consumo españolas eran de tipo rochdaliano en su mayor parte, al igual que en el resto de Europa. Esto suponia que comercializaban productos basicos a precios similares a los de mercado y repartian los beneficios entre sus asociados en forma de dividendos o de servicios sociales y culturales. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la reaccion de estas entidades asociativas en epocas de dificultades, como durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, con una elevada inflacion que amenazo la capacidad de poder adquisitivo de la clase trabajadora. Para ello, se va a realizar un analisis comparativo de tipo cuantitativo, a partir de una encuesta de precios al por menor elaborada por el Instituto de Reformas Sociales entre 1910 y 1920. En dicha fuente se recoge una amplia muestra de precios de bienes de primera necesidad (alimentos, fuentes de energia domestica y productos del hogar) de distintas provincias españolas. La informacion era proporcionada por las instituciones locales y por los responsables de las cooperativas de consumo, lo que permite hacer una comparacion de los precios ofrecidos por el mercado y las cooperativas. Los resultados muestran que, efectivamente, las cooperativas de consumo españolas eran de tipo rochdaliano, con precios similares a los de mercado. Pero con la llegada de la inflacion esta situación cambio, y aplicaron políticas de precios de crecimiento moderado con el fin de amortiguar la caida del poder adquisitivo y ayudar a sostener el nivel de vida de sus asociados. |
| Keywords: | Cooperativas de consumo, modelo rochdaliano, bienes de primera necesidad, inflacion |
| JEL: | N14 N34 N84 P13 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bci:wpaper:2403&r=his |
| By: | Sonia Adam-Ledunois (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sébastien Damart (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Marie Roussie (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | If technology is a major theme in science fiction (SF), its treatment in movies is heterogeneous. Based on a comparative analysis of three artworks of science fiction, Star Trek, The Matrix and Black Mirror, the article proposes to build a continuum of analysis about the place and role of technology in works of science-fiction. At one end of the continuum, technology is a background that is not the subject of debate, but which, eventually, is a framework that facilitates a debate on a societal issue. At another extreme, technology is threatening and consubstantially opens the door to post-humanism. Between the two extremes, SF provides a critique of the perverse and cynical uses that our societies make of new technologies. |
| Abstract: | Si la technologie est un thème majeur de la science-fiction (SF), son traitement dans les oeuvres audiovisuelles est hétérogène. À partir d'une analyse comparée de trois oeuvres de science-fiction, Star Trek, The Matrix et Black Mirror, l'article propose de construire un continuum d'analyse de la place et du rôle de la technologie dans les oeuvres de science-fiction. A un extrême du continuum, la technologie est un arrière-plan qui n'est pas objet de débat, mais qui, éventuellement, est un cadre qui facilite un débat sur un enjeu de société. A un autre extrême, la technologie est menaçante et ouvre consubstantiellement la porte du post humanisme. Entre les deux extrêmes, la SF fournit une critique des utilisations perverses et cyniques que nos sociétés font des nouvelles technologies. |
| Keywords: | Science-fiction, technologie, dystopie, hard SF, exofiction, cyberpunk, Star Trek, The Matrix, Black Mirror |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04515297&r=his |
| By: | Christian Bidard |
| Abstract: | We consider the disturbances due to the introduction of a new machine in an economy moving on a regular path. Hicks names traverse the intertemporal path leading from the present to another regular path. The dynamics depend on the characteristics of the old and the modern techniques. We simplify and extend Hicks' analysis, which relies on a neo-Austrian model, and show that the conditions for the existence of a full employment traverse are restrictive. |
| Keywords: | Austran model, technical change, employment, traverse |
| JEL: | B25 E32 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2024-12&r=his |
| By: | Robles, Claudia |
| Date: | 2024–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col041:69049&r=his |
| By: | Werlang, Sérgio Ribeiro da Costa |
| Abstract: | Este artigo investiga a Semana de Arte Moderna de 1922 do ponto de vista da Economia da Arte. As definições formais de arte tendem a ser de dois tipos: funcionalistas e convencionalistas; com a definição convencionalista possuindo similaridades com o equilíbrio de Nash e seus múltiplos resultados. A Semana de 22 é coerente com a definição convencionalista, no sentido de que é possível ter interpretações distintas sobre seu valor artístico. E uma interpretação é que a Semana de 22 foi uma maneira de introduzir a visão modernista para a elite paulista – visão esta que já estava presente no Rio de Janeiro desde a primeira década do século XX. |
| Date: | 2024–04–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fgv:eesptd:570&r=his |
| By: | Bächmann, Ann-Christin (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Bellmann, Lisa (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Gensicke, Miriam (Kantar Public); Kohaut, Susanne (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Möller, Iris (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Schwengler, Barbara (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Tschersich, Nikolai (Kantar Public); Umkehrer, Matthias (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | "This data report describes the IAB Establishment Panel (IAB-BP) 1993-2022. The IAB Establishment Panel is an annual representative survey on various topics such as the determinants of labour demand. It has been conducted by the IAB since 1993 in West Germany and since 1996 in East Germany, too. The IAB Establishment Panel is the central basis for the analysis of labour demand in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; IAB-Open-Access-Publikation ; Gewichtung ; Betriebsbefragung ; Datenanalyse ; Datenaufbereitung ; Datengewinnung ; Datenorganisation ; Datenzugang ; IAB-Betriebspanel ; Datenanonymisierung ; Stichprobenverfahren ; 10.5164/IAB.IABBP9322.de.en.v1 ; 1993-2022 |
| Date: | 2024–03–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabfda:202316(en)&r=his |
| By: | Jonathan F. Cogliano (University of Massachusetts, Economics Department); Roberto Veneziani (Queen Mary University London, School of Economics & Finance) |
| Abstract: | In A Mathematical Formulation of the Ricardian System, Pasinetti (1960) lays out the foundations of what has been dubbed the canonical classical model. He proves the model to be logically consistent and determinate in all its macro-economic features, and derives the solutions for all key variables independently of demand conditions. The model thus provides macroeconomic foundations to the classical theory of dis-tribution. This paper examines the decentralised, competitive mechanism underlying the macroeconomic outcomes. First, we model a classical economy with capitalists, workers, and landlords and define the notion of a Classical Competitive Equilibrium (CCE). A unique CCE exists in a large class of concave classical economies and the resulting income distribution is proved to coincide with that of Pasinetti’s canonical classical model. Second, we use an agent-based model in order to examine more ex-plicitly the decentralised competitive mechanisms at play in the classical economy. We show that a realistic competitive interaction between boundedly rational agents with localised knowledge generates classical gravitational dynamics with the key distributive variables oscillating around their equilibrium values. |
| Keywords: | Luigi Pasinetti; Income distribution; Classical competition; Agent-based model. |
| JEL: | B51 C63 D50 |
| Date: | 2023–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qmw:qmwecw:977&r=his |