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on Health Economics |
| By: | Patrick K. Krause; Elizabeth Rhodes; Sarah Miller; Alexander W. Bartik; David E. Broockman; Eva Vivalt |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of a large, randomized cash transfer on parental behaviors, investment in children, children's social, behavioral, and educational outcomes, and pregnancy and childbearing. We find that parents who were randomly selected to receive a $1, 000 per month unconditional cash transfer for three years spent more on their children each month and reported better parenting behaviors (such as supervising their children more closely) compared to those randomized to receive $50 per month over the same period. However, possibly due to this closer monitoring, parents in the treatment group also reported that their child was experiencing more developmental difficulties and stress. Parents with the lowest incomes at baseline experienced the largest improvements in parenting; among these parents, the transfer also increased the use and quality of non-parental child care. The transfer did not have a meaningful effect on most educational outcomes measured in school administrative records, nor did it affect characteristics of the home environment, child food security, exposure to homelessness, or parental satisfaction. Although treated families were more likely to move, we did not detect changes in most measures of neighborhood quality, though proximity to child-focused amenities such as daycares appeared to increase in the treatment group relative to the control group. The transfer did not affect childbearing, pregnancy, or outcomes related to contraception. While the transfer reduced parents' stress and mental distress in the first year of the program, these effects were short-lived and dissipated by the second year of the transfer, analogous to what was documented previously in the full population of participants. |
| JEL: | H0 I28 I3 J13 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34040 |
| By: | Abdel-Hamid Bello; Maripier Isabelle; Guy Lacroix |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that poor health at birth can act as a barrier to upward economic mobility, reinforcing inequality across generations. Using linked administrative data for two Canadian birth cohorts, we find that mothers born with low birth weight (LBW) are significantly more likely to have LBW children. Sibling comparisons reveal that LBW reduces the probability of surpassing parental income rank by 4 percent. We show that ongoing childhood health shocks partly—but not fully—explain this effect, suggesting both direct and indirect pathways. Our findings highlight how policies targeting prenatal and early-life health could help break persistent cycles of disadvantage. Cet article montre que la mauvaise santé à la naissance constitue un facteur limitant de la mobilité économique ascendante, contribuant ainsi à la perpétuation des inégalités intergénérationnelles. À partir de données administratives appariées portant sur deux cohortes de naissance canadiennes, nous montrons que les femmes nées avec un faible poids à la naissance (FPN) présentent une probabilité significativement plus élevée de donner naissance à des enfants également affectés par un FPN. Des comparaisons intra-familiales entre sœurs indiquent qu’un FPN réduit de 4 % la probabilité pour un individu de dépasser le rang de revenu de ses parents. Nos analyses suggèrent que cette relation est partiellement expliquée par des chocs de santé survenant durant l’enfance, sans toutefois l’expliquer entièrement, ce qui révèle l’existence de canaux à la fois directs et indirects. Ces résultats soulignent le rôle potentiel des politiques de santé ciblant la période prénatale et la petite enfance dans la lutte contre la transmission intergénérationnelle du désavantage socioéconomique. |
| Keywords: | Low birth weight, intergenerational mobility, health at birth, Faible poids à la naissance, santé à la naissance, mobilité intergénérationnelle |
| Date: | 2025–07–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2025s-19 |
| By: | Zack Cooper; Stuart V. Craig; Aristotelis Epanomeritakis; Matthew Grennan; Joseph R. Martinez; Fiona Scott Morton; Ashley T. Swanson |
| Abstract: | This paper empirically analyzes the effects of mergers between complementary firms on competition and pricing. As these non-horizontal mergers have become more common, there is increasing interest in evaluating both potential efficiencies such as eliminating double marginalization and potential anticompetitive effects such as foreclosure and recapture. The mergers we study – hospital acquisitions of physician practices – have reshaped the $1 trillion US physician industry, nearly doubling the share of physicians working for hospitals between 2008 and 2016. We combine novel data and machine learning algorithms to identify a large number of integration events, spanning a wide range of markets with different competitive circumstances. We merge the integration events with claims data from a large national insurer to study their effects on prices. Focusing on childbirths, the most ubiquitous admission among the privately insured, we find that, on average, these mergers led to price increases for hospitals and physicians of 3.3% and 15.1%, respectively, with no discernible effects on quality measures. Using demand estimation to characterize substitution patterns for both physicians and hospitals, we construct tests that demonstrate price increases are larger among transactions with greater scope for foreclosure and recapture. Our estimates suggest that the costs of these mergers of hospitals and physicians have been substantial, and our mechanism tests offer guidance in predicting where the anticompetitive effects of non-horizontal mergers are likely to be strongest. |
| JEL: | D4 I11 L1 L4 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34039 |
| By: | Karamik, Yasemin; Reif, Simon |
| Abstract: | Maternity unit closures are increasingly common in areas with low birth rates, resulting in diminished competition between units. We examine how competition affects the quality and amenities of the remaining maternity units in Germany. To address potential endogeneity in the level of competition, we exploit the unpopularity of maternity unit closures and instrument competition with the tightness of past regional elections. Our findings indicate that while low competition does not significantly affect the quality of care, it leads to reduced availability of additional services potentially used to attract patients in the higher competitive market. |
| Keywords: | Maternity unis, hospital competition, healthcare quality, non-price amenities |
| JEL: | I11 I18 L13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:319895 |
| By: | Emma LaGuardia; Leslie McGranahan; Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach |
| Abstract: | The Earned Income Tax Credit is unique among social programs in that benefits are not paid out evenly across the calendar year but are received in a lump-sum cash payment. We exploit this feature of the EITC to investigate how receiving this influx of cash affects food expenditure patterns of eligible households. We find consistent evidence that households increase their spending on healthy foods such as fresh fruit and vegetables, meat and poultry, and dairy products when they receive their tax credit. Causal estimates of the spending response to this lump-sum payment are about twice as large as the cross-section variation in spending by income implies. By contrast, there is no measurable increase in spending on soft drinks including sodas and sports drinks, and evidence suggests that spending on soft drinks is relatively inelastic with regard to income. |
| JEL: | H3 I38 Q18 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34007 |
| By: | Odhiambo, Frank; Günther, Isabel; Harttgen, Kenneth |
| Abstract: | In many parts of the world, children with disabilities continue to face exclusion from education. This educational disparity is particularly pronounced in African countries, where disability legislation is often absent. In our sample, disability emerges as the strongest predictor of low educational attainment among children-more influential than severe poverty or low parental education. Despite increasing international attention to inclusive education, evidence on the impact of anti-discrimination legislation remains limited, and particularly for low-income settings. Existing literature has primarily focused on labor market outcomes in high-income countries, where the effects on employment have been mixed at best. Using individual-level data from ten African countries, we apply various difference-in-differences approaches to assess the impact of disability legislation on educational attainment. Our analysis shows that such legislation significantly increases school enrollment, attendance rates, and years of schooling. In most countries, anti-discrimination laws close at least half of the 30% disability gap in education observed in contexts lacking such protections. Furthermore, we find no adverse spillover effects on the schooling of younger, non-disabled siblings in countries that enacted the legislation. These findings highlight the transformative potential of legal protections in advancing educational equity for children with disabilities. |
| Keywords: | educational attainment, school attendance, legislation, disability |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cegedp:323228 |
| By: | Kwasniok, Sascha |
| Abstract: | Loss of the ability to work is a risk that threatens financial existence, which is often not adequately covered by state benefits. Although in many countries exists a market for occupational disability insurance, private provision is moderate. This study uses Germany as an example to examine the factors that influence consumer demand for private disability insurance from a behavioral perspective. A qualitative-quantitative approach is employed. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, semi-structured interviews among insurance sales people are conducted to identify additional factors that are relevant to insurance demand in practice. These factors include perceived usefulness and perceived risk of purchasing private disability insurance, as well as knowledge of disability insurance. The developed research model is then tested quantitatively using a structural equation model. Therefore, data from 323 consumer were collected through an online questionnaire. The results confirm the suitability of the Theory of Planned Behavior for explaining demand for private disability insurance. Of the extended factors derived from the qualitative part, disability insurance knowledge is highly relevant to the consumer purchase decision. These findings can be used to further theorizing in the field of insurance demand behavior. Furthermore, they also provide practical recommendations for increasing demand for disability insurance and thus improving coverage of existential risks. |
| Keywords: | Theory of planned behavior, insurance literacy, SmartPLS, Importance-performance map analysis (IPMA), expert interview, mixed method |
| JEL: | G22 G52 G53 G41 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:321819 |
| By: | Diego Ascarza-Mendoza (School of Government and Public Transformation, Tecnológico de Monterrey); Christian Velasquez (Central Reserve Bank of Peru) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the dynamics of mental health over the life cycle and introduces a parsimonious statistical model suitable for structural economic applications. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we document new facts on mental health dynamics: mental health generally improves with age, though it has worsened in more recent cohorts. Recovery rates are high and increase with age, and individuals are likely to remain in good mental health, with transitions depending on duration in the current state. Mental health is strongly correlated with fixed labor productivity and with the presence of depression early in life, suggesting that ex-ante conditions play a key role in shaping its evolution. Inequality in mental health remains stable across age. We estimate the model using the Simulated Method of Moments and show it replicates key empirical patterns. We then incorporate the statistical model into a life-cycle framework with endogenous labor supply decisions, calibrated to match observed differences in labor supply—both at the extensive and intensive margins—by mental health status. We find large monetary and welfare losses from depression symptoms, with significant heterogeneity by ex-ante conditions |
| Keywords: | Mental health, recovery, depression, physical health |
| JEL: | D91 E21 I13 I18 J22 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gnt:wpaper:7 |
| By: | Yiqun Chen; Marcus Dillender |
| Abstract: | In contracting out, monitoring is an important policy tool to extract information on firm quality and incentivize quality provision. This paper examines a central quality inspection of nursing homes, a sector with significant welfare implications but widespread public concerns about its quality of care. Using data on nursing homes across the US, we find that nursing homes exhibit strategic responses to the inspection. Nursing homes increase the quantity and quality of labor inputs, reduce admissions, increase temporary discharges, and improve patient care in response to the inspection. However, nearly all responses described above drop immediately once the inspection is completed. While inspection rating is unlikely to reflect nursing homes’ absolute quality given the strategic responses, using a quasi-experimental research design we find that inspection rating predicts nursing homes’ relative quality. Finally, we examine the effects of quality deficiency citations issued by the inspection on incentivizing nursing homes to improve quality of care, finding mixed impacts. |
| JEL: | D22 I11 I18 L21 L23 L51 L88 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34037 |
| By: | Sana Jmari (Université Mohammed 5 RABAT, Faculté des Sciences Juridiques Economiques et Sociales - Souissi, Rabat); Khaddouj Karim (Université Mohamed V de rabat-Maroc, ENSAM - École Nationale Supérieure des Arts et Métiers) |
| Abstract: | Digitalization and artificial intelligence (AI) are central to the transformation of healthcare systems, offering innovative solutions to improve efficiency, accessibility, and quality of care. This study adopts a bibliometric approach, analyzing academic publications indexed in Scopus and Web of Science between 2010 and 2025. The sample includes over 150 articles focused on the application of digitalization and AI in healthcare systems, particularly in developing countries. Using VOSviewer software, the study maps scientific collaborations, identifies emerging themes, and evaluates the influence of key publications. The results reveal increasing integration of digital and AI technologies, notably in telemedicine, hospital management, and AI-assisted diagnostics. The study concludes that these technologies have significant potential to address structural challenges in African healthcare systems, provided that investments are made in infrastructure, training, and governance. Recommendations are proposed to support inclusive and sustainable digital transformation in healthcare policy. Keywords: Bibliometric analysis, Digitalization, Artificial intelligence, Healthcare system, Innovative technologies, African development. |
| Abstract: | La digitalisation et l'intelligence artificielle (IA) jouent un rôle central dans la transformation des systèmes de santé, en proposant des solutions innovantes pour améliorer l'efficacité, l'accessibilité et la qualité des soins. Cette étude adopte une approche bibliométrique fondée sur l'analyse de publications scientifiques indexées dans les bases de données Scopus et Web of Science entre 2010 et 2025. L'échantillon se compose de plus de 150 articles portant sur la digitalisation et l'IA appliquées aux systèmes de santé, en particulier dans les pays en développement. L'analyse, conduite à l'aide du logiciel VOSviewer, a permis de cartographier les collaborations scientifiques, d'identifier les thématiques émergentes et d'évaluer l'impact des publications. Les résultats montrent que les technologies numériques et l'IA sont de plus en plus intégrées aux systèmes de santé, avec des applications marquées dans la télémédecine, la gestion hospitalière et le diagnostic assisté. En conclusion, l'étude met en évidence le potentiel de ces technologies pour répondre aux défis structurels des systèmes de santé africains, à condition d'investir dans l'infrastructure, la formation et la gouvernance. Des recommandations sont formulées pour guider les politiques publiques en faveur d'une transformation digitale inclusive et durable. Mots-clés : Analyse bibliométrique, Digitalisation, Intelligence artificielle, Système de santé, Technologies innovantes, Développement africain. |
| Keywords: | Bibliometric analysis, Digitalization, Artificial intelligence, Healthcare system, Innovative technologies, African development, Analyse bibliométrique, Digitalisation, Intelligence artificielle, Système de santé, Technologies innovantes, Développement africain |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05146266 |
| By: | Gary Charness; Ramon Cobo-Reyes; Nicola Lacetera; Juan A. Lacomba; Francisco Lagos; Mario Macis; Juliette Milgram-Baleix; María José Ruiz-Martos |
| Abstract: | We conducted a large-scale field experiment in Granada, Spain, to assess the motivating effect on blood donation of matching each attempt to donate with a charitable contribution pledge for children in developing countries. The intervention involved 344 blood drives and 21, 888 participants. Compared to a control condition with no pledges, the pro-social incentives significantly increased blood donation rates by approximately 5% on average. Offering a day or a week’s worth of food for vulnerable populations led to the largest and most robust increases in donations, and repeated exposure to incentives had a reinforcing effect on subsequent donation behavior, especially for individuals who previously donated when incentivized. An auxiliary survey examining the perceived importance and motivational impact of food-related incentives corroborates our findings. Our results suggest that coordination between blood donation campaigns and humanitarian aid programs could enhance the blood supply at minimal additional cost. More broadly, policymakers and nonprofit organizations can align global and local altruism by linking humanitarian assistance with initiatives promoting civic engagement and public health. |
| JEL: | C93 D90 I12 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34038 |
| By: | Philipp Warum (WIFO); Fabrizio Culotta (University of Milano-Bicocca); Ulrike Famira-Mühlberger (WIFO); Thomas Horvath; Thomas Leoni (University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt); Pauline Pohl (WIFO); Martin Spielauer (WIFO) |
| Abstract: | As populations age, the sustainability of long-term care systems increasingly depends on the availability of informal care, particularly from partners. This paper addresses the question of how much care we may expect partners to provide in the future by projecting demand for long-term care (LTC), the care supply mix based on current patterns, and the resulting care gaps up to 2070. Using a comparative dynamic microsimulation model, we contrast the results for Austria and Italy, two countries at very different stages in the ageing process and with pronounced institutional differences. Our results suggest that delayed widowhood due to improvements in mortality is a mitigating factor for the increased need for formal care in ageing societies, although it can only offset this increase to a limited extent. Even under optimistic assumptions, potential care gaps substantially increase in both countries, primarily due to demographic change. The size of these gaps is influenced by institutional settings, partnership patterns and gains in longevity, but no scenario reverses the overall upward trend. These findings emphasize the need for comprehensive LTC reforms that extend beyond merely promoting informal care and highlight the necessity for substantial investment in formal care infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | Population ageing, Long-term care, Spousal caregiving, Care gap, Projections, Dynamic microsimulation |
| Date: | 2025–07–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2025:i:709 |
| By: | Matthew Collins; Eleonora Guarnieri; Helmut Rainer |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the causal impact of free primary education (FPE) on fertility decisions among parents in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on the interplay between the policy, intra-household bargaining, and cultural norms. Using Demographic and Health Survey data and exploiting the staggered rollout of FPE across 17 countries, we find that FPE reduces fertility by 0.1 children per woman and improves child survival and school enrollment. Linking these data with ethnic-level cultural norms of male dominance, we find that these effects are concentrated among ethnic groups with low male dominance, while high male-dominance groups experience minimal or opposing effects. We further show that FPE strengthens women’s bargaining power in low male-dominance settings, as evidenced by increased contraceptive use, greater influence over reproductive decisions, and higher participation in household decision-making. These changes are accompanied by higher labor force participation, increased media engagement, a higher probability of divorce, and reduced tolerance for intimate partner violence. Such shifts are largely absent in high-male dominance cultures. These findings are consistent with a simple theoretical framework that integrates the canonical quantity–quality trade-off into a household bargaining model with limited commitment, where cultural norms are captured by the extent of women’s veto power over fertility decisions. Our results highlight the critical role of cultural norms in shaping the effects of policy interventions on fertility behavior and broader development outcomes. |
| Keywords: | fertility, gender norms, free primary education |
| JEL: | J13 I25 N37 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11994 |
| By: | Yun taek Oh; Morris M. Kleiner |
| Abstract: | Optimizing state and regional physician labor supply has been an important policy issue in healthcare in the United States. One of the proposed solutions has been the universal licensing recognition (ULR), which allows out-of-state physicians to provide healthcare services without relicensing and increases the local labor supply of physicians. There has been no empirical analysis of the effect of such regulatory relaxation on the local labor supply and subsequent improvements of consumer welfare. In this study, we use the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to investigate the effect of universal reciprocity of physician licenses on healthcare utilization, and use data from IPUMS-USA, IPUMS-CPS, and the Doctors and Clinicians National Downloadable File from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to examine the changes in the local labor supply of physicians through interstate migration and out-of-state practices. Our results show that adopting the ULR significantly raises the proportion of individuals accessing healthcare, particularly among older individuals, and reduces the proportion of individuals not getting healthcare services because of costs. We provide empirical evidence that these effects are from the universal reciprocity of physician licenses, instead of unknown factors related to the ULR. We also show that the positive effect of the ULR on healthcare utilization is closely related to the increase in out-of-state practitioners to include temporary and telehealth physicians, by showing no changes in interstate migration of physicians and an increase in out-of-state practices. The adoption of ULR may allow for a more efficient regional distribution of physicians and result in greater access to healthcare. |
| JEL: | I31 J08 J22 J40 J44 J48 J68 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34030 |
| By: | Costa-Font, Joan; Salmasi, Luca; Zaccagni, Sarah |
| Abstract: | We study the potential behavioural spillover effects of a workplace smoking ban (WSB) on a variety of health-related behaviours as well as on people who are not directly impacted by the bans. Drawing on quasi-experimental evidence comparing employed and unemployed individuals in Russia, we document that individuals who give up smoking are less likely to drink or cut back on alcohol consumption. Furthermore, we show that as expected the WSB exerts an impact on the health behaviours of those who aren’t directly exposed to the reform, such as never smokers. Finally, the effects of the WSB are driven by changes among men, 60 percent of whom were smoking before the ban. |
| Keywords: | joint formation of behaviours; workplace smoking bans; behavioural spillovers; smoking; drinking; physical activity; health identity; Russia |
| JEL: | I18 H75 L51 |
| Date: | 2025–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128606 |
| By: | Dumas, Christelle (University of Fribourg, Switzerland); JÃ tiva, Ximena (UNICEF Innocenti); Baumgartner, Stefanie (University of Fribourg, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | The number of deaths from antibiotic resistance is steadily rising and has become a global public health issue. Children in low- and middle-income countries are disproportionately affected, as last-line antibiotics are usually unavailable to them. Pollution of riverways due to pharmaceutical products is one driver of resistance. We assess whether this channel con-tributes significantly to infant mortality in India. We show that living downstream of a producer increases the risk of infant mortality by 16% and that antibiotic production explains 17, 000 infant deaths in India per year. This suggests that better monitoring, new regulations, improved production processes, and strategic considerations on the location of antibiotic producers are needed to ensure that production does not induce negative externalities on the local population. |
| Keywords: | Pollution; Health; Antibiotic production; Antibiotic resistance; India |
| JEL: | O15 I15 Q53 |
| Date: | 2025–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fri:fribow:fribow00543 |
| By: | Patrick Mellacher (University of Graz, Austria); Simon Plakolb (University of Oslo, Norway) |
| Abstract: | We develop an agent-based model to study the economic and public health impact of global vaccine inequality. Our model contains two world regions (higher-income vs. lower-income) and captures the co-evolution between economic activity, the spread and evolution of a hypothetical novel pandemic virus, and public health responses. We calibrate the model empirically with data from the COVID-19 pandemic to capture the economic and social response to pandemic viruses in both regions. Our simulations suggest that vaccine inequality can drastically exacerbate inequality in mortality in the two regions. This is due to the fact that higher-income regions experience small decreases in mortality in a majority of simulations, while lower-income regions suffer from drastically increased mortality. However, vaccine inequality economically damages both regions. This is driven by the fact that strong vaccine inequality evaporates all hopes to eradicate a mutating virus. Increasing the production of vaccine doses can mitigate and sometimes even erase the trade-off between mortality in higher- and lower income regions. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that higher-income countries benefit economically from paying for increased vaccine production. |
| Keywords: | agent-based model, vaccine inequality, economic epidemiology |
| JEL: | C63 E17 I14 I18 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2025-12 |
| By: | Maysam Rabbani; Zahra Akbari |
| Abstract: | The literature documents the effects of the pandemic on birthrate, birthweight, and pregnancy complications. This study contributes to this growing body of research by examining multiple facets of the phenomenon. Using the 2012-2022 hospital inpatient discharge data of New York, we implemented fixed-effects regression models and reported three key findings. First, birthrate was declining pre-pandemic by 1.11% annually. Second, we documented an additional 7.61% decline in birthrate with the onset of the pandemic in 2020. Notably, birthrate did not return to the pre-pandemic trajectory in subsequent years, indicating a persistent decline. Third, this post-pandemic decline was greater in vaginal delivery, with weak evidence of a drop in C-section. In our sample, C-section generates 61% more revenue than vaginal delivery. This raises the possibility that, in response to declining birthrate, healthcare providers have increased C-section rates to make up for lost revenues. While this hinted at upselling in the delivery room, further research is needed to draw definitive conclusions. |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2505.14736 |
| By: | Stephen Gibbons; Sandra McNally; Piero Montebruno |
| Abstract: | A high level of school absence has persisted across many countries since the Covid-19 pandemic. We use English data to investigate how local health and social regulations affected pupil absence rates during the pandemic and whether this pupil absence had a causal impact on school attendance and academic progress in future years. We find that more stringent regulations caused higher rates of school absence at that time, with bigger impacts in more disadvantaged areas and for lower socio-economic groups. Absenteeism during the pandemic caused lower attendance and rates of achievement in subsequent years. Our evidence suggests that the persistent effect is caused by changes in parents' and pupils' attitudes to attendance and not because of rules forcing students to stay at home when they had been in contact with others who had Covid-19. |
| Keywords: | Schools, Covid-19, Absenteeism, education |
| Date: | 2025–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepsps:52 |