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on Health Economics |
| By: | Bradley Setzler |
| Abstract: | Existing structural analyses of the harmful effects of market consolidation focus on either product or labor markets in isolation, ignoring that product market competitors often compete for workers as well. This paper develops a unified framework for merger evaluation, finding that firms' simultaneous exercise of oligopoly power in the product market and oligopsony power in the labor market amplifies the harm from mergers to both consumers and workers. The model also demonstrates how merger-induced gains in labor market power incentivize firms to reduce product quality, highlighting an additional channel for consumer harm. The model's predictions are tested and quantified in the context of the recent consolidation of the US hospital industry. Linking panel data from several sources on all US hospitals from 1996-2022, a difference-in-differences design is estimated for nearly 150 high-concentration within-market mergers. Hospital mergers significantly reduce patient volume, increase prices, reduce employment, lower wages, and deteriorate quality of care, resulting in higher patient mortality. After recovering the structural parameters, the estimated model replicates observed merger impacts. Counterfactual exercises reveal that ignoring increased labor (product) concentration would lead one to under-predict the harm of mergers to consumers (workers). |
| Keywords: | labor market power, endogenous quality, mergers and antitrust, hospital industry |
| JEL: | J42 L41 I11 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:2561 |
| By: | Pietro Biroli; Nicolau Martin-Bassols; Andries T. Marees; Hans van Kippersluis; Cornelius A. Rietveld; Pia Arce; Kevin Thom; Stephanie von Hinke; Jeremy Vollen; Titus Galama |
| Abstract: | The start of a human's life can be characterized by two lotteries: that of your genes (nature) and the family you were born into (nurture). These set in motion a trajectory, from birth onward, in health and human capital. Leveraging three longitudinal social-science data sets, we systematically analyze the relationship between an individual's genotype, the socioeconomic status (SES) of the families they grew up in, and their realized traits in adulthood. We proxy an individual's genetic predisposition by polygenic indexes (PGIs) and family SES by a latent factor of parental education and father's (former) occupational status. We then investigate how PGIs, parental SES, and their interaction contribute to later-life outcomes across a range of forty-five socioeconomic, anthropometric, health, behavioral, and personality traits. We find strong genetic and socioeconomic associations with these phenotypes, but no evidence of sizable gene-environment interactions. |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2604.25522 |
| By: | Mark Shepard; Jacob Wallace |
| Abstract: | Medicaid is one of the largest public programs in the United States — providing health insurance to over 75 million low-income Americans — and over three quarters of its enrollees receive care via private “managed care” insurers. In this summary article, we make three central points about the economics of contracting out Medicaid to private insurers. First, the empirical evidence on Medicaid privatization is mixed: contracting out has not meaningfully reduced public costs or improved quality of care. Second, we propose a framework, which we call “procured competition, ” to describe the unique structure of Medicaid managed care as a hybrid of public procurement and regulated competition. Third, we discuss the key policy levers across procurement, competition, and consumer choice in this model. Throughout, we highlight open research questions, arguing that the enormous variation in how states design these programs — combined with limited evidence on what works — represents a promising area for high-impact scholarship. |
| JEL: | H0 I11 I13 L0 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35146 |
| By: | Ram Sewak Dubey; Maysam Rabbani; Rodrigo Pinto |
| Abstract: | We evaluate subsidy mechanisms in the FCC's Rural Health Care program using administrative data covering the full population of participants. The original price-cap mechanism removes cost-containment incentives for health care providers. An ad valorem mechanism introduced in 2014 addresses this flaw by making providers bear 35% of costs. However, allowing consortium applications creates a new distortion: cross-subsidization from eligible to ineligible members. We develop theoretical models predicting these effects and estimate treatment effects using an extension of the two-way fixed effects framework with continuous treatments. We find that the ad valorem mechanism substantially reduces program spending relative to the price cap, while the consortium option significantly inflates it. Enforcement records and an inverted U-shaped relationship between cross-subsidization intensity and ineligible member share corroborate the findings. |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2604.22895 |
| By: | Meltem Daysal; Hui Ding; Maya Rossin-Slater; Hannes Schwandt |
| Abstract: | Preschool-aged children get sick frequently and spread disease to other family members. Despite the universality of this experience, there is limited causal evidence on the magnitudes and consequences of these externalities, especially for infant siblings with developing immune systems and brains. We use Danish administrative data to document that, before age one, younger siblings have 2-3 times higher hospitalization rates for respiratory conditions than older siblings. We combine birth order and within-municipality variation in respiratory disease prevalence among young children, and find lasting differential impacts of early-life respiratory disease exposure on younger siblings' earnings, educational attainment, chronic respiratory health and mental health-related outcomes. |
| Keywords: | respiratory illness, childhood sickness, externalities, long-term human capital impacts |
| JEL: | I1 J24 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:2556 |
| By: | Marques, Renan; Maciel, Mateus; Zuchowski, David |
| Abstract: | We study how Venezuelan refugee inflows affect healthcare outcomes and municipal public finances in Brazil's universal, decentralized public healthcare system. For identification, we exploit cross-municipality variation in refugee exposure and use distance to Brazil's only official border crossing with Venezuela as an instrument. A one-percentage-point increase in the local refugee share raises overall mortality by 4.2 percent and infant mortality by up to 9 percent. We show these effects operate through both the poorer baseline health of arriving refugees and congestion in local health facilities. Municipalities increase the share of spending on healthcare, but absent compensating federal transfers, they do so at the expense of education's budget share. These results highlight the limits of decentralized service provision in absorbing the health and fiscal costs of concentrated migration shocks. |
| Keywords: | Forced migration, refugees, public health, Brazil |
| JEL: | H75 J61 I10 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1748 |
| By: | Márta Bisztray (HUN-REN Centre for Economic and Regional Studies); Balázs Muraközy (HUN-REN Centre for Economic and Regional Studies; University of Liverpool Management School); Rita Pető (HUN-REN Centre for Economic and Regional Studies) |
| Abstract: | More than one-third of people in the EU report having a chronic health condition (CHC), and their share in the workforce is expected to rise. Using unique linked employer-employee administrative data from Hungary—combining detailed healthcare utilization with wage records—we identify workers with CHCs and analyze their labor market outcomes with a focus on the role of firms. Men and women with CHCs are 7 and 14 percentage points less likely to be employed, respectively. Among the employed, we find wage penalties of 5.8% for men and 13.9% for women. Differences in firm-specific pay premiums account for 12% of the penalty for men and 23% for women. Event-study models with worker fixed effects show persistent wage losses following CHC onset—4% for men and 1.5% for women—of which 0.2–0.5 percentage points are due to moving to lower-paying firms, with the rest likely reflecting missed promotions and raises. We then look at the role of firm ownership, foreign ownership being a strong proxy for technology, and find that 20% of the penalty is accounted for by this firm characteristic, 60-70% of which results from worker sorting and the remaining from CHC workers benefiting less from the higher wage premium of foreign-owned firms. These numbers imply that the fall in wages between the ages 40 and 60 would be 10-20% lower had there been no CHC penalty, about 20% of which is attributable to the presence of foreign-owned firms. |
| Keywords: | Chronic health conditions, firm heterogeneity, wage inequality, foreign-owned firms |
| JEL: | J14 J31 M52 F23 |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:has:discpr:2508 |
| By: | Mika Akesaka (Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry and Research Institute for Economics & Business Administration, Kobe University, JAPAN); Nobuyoshi Kikuchi (Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Tokyo Metropolitan University, JAPAN) |
| Abstract: | We study how husbands' weekday domestic work affects wives' labor supply among couples with children aged 9 or younger. To address endogenous selection, we use a control function approach that exploits bunching at zero in husbands' weekday domestic work hours. Using Japanese panel data, we find that the positive association between husbands' domestic work and wives' labor supply disappears after correcting for selection on unobservables. This suggests that the association is largely driven by selection. At the same time, husbands' domestic work increases wives' weekday domestic work, suggesting complementarities in couples' domestic work time. |
| Keywords: | Labor supply; Domestic work; Childcare; Time use; Control function |
| JEL: | J22 J13 J16 D13 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kob:dpaper:dp2026-15 |
| By: | Anne Katrine Borgbjerg; Hans Sigaard; Michael Svarer; Rune Vejlin |
| Abstract: | We estimate the impact of an increase in the early retirement age (ERA) on labor supply, health, and healthcare use using a regression discontinuity design. Raising the ERA increased employment and use of public transfers. Effects on GP visits and painkiller use are precisely estimated, small, and insignificant, while antidepressant and cardiovascular drug use increased slightly, but only borderline significantly. Those induced to work had lower pre-reform income and wealth, whereas those not working despite exposure had poorer pre-reform health. We argue that possibilities for exiting employment serve as a mitigating mechanism by sorting vulnerable individuals out of employment. |
| Keywords: | retirement reforms, health, healthcare utilization |
| JEL: | I18 J18 J26 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12628 |
| By: | Bertermann, Alexander; Schildberg-Hörisch, Hannah |
| Abstract: | This paper provides the first evidence that children's economic preferences vary systematically with parental mental health. Using experimentally elicited measures of economic preferences from more than 4, 500 children in Bangladesh, we document that children of parents with indications of mental illness are less prosocial but more patient than their peers with mentally healthy parents. Attitudes toward risk remain unchanged. We discuss potential pathways through which parental mental health may influence the formation of children's preferences, documenting that children of parents with indication of mental illness assume greater responsibilities within the family, experience less parental involvement, and are exposed to a more adverse home environment. |
| Keywords: | mental health, social preferences, risk preferences, patience, origins of preferences, experiments with children, Bangladesh |
| JEL: | C91 D01 D10 I10 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dicedp:340844 |
| By: | Peçanha, Vinícius (LEME); Rocha, Rudi (FGV São Paulo School of Business Administration); Szerman, Dimitri (Amazon) |
| Abstract: | If much of the variation in climate exposure occurs across short distances, then so too might the health consequences of heatwaves and the potential for place-based adaptation. We test this by combining high-resolution satellite data and administrative death records from Rio de Janeiro to estimate neighborhood-level heat effects. Nearly 60% of excess elderly mortality is driven by localized exposure differences. Yet as temperatures rise, spatial variation declines and city-wide shocks become more dominant. Preventive care and proximity to emergency services attenuate mortality, but only emergency access remains protective under localized exposure. Intervention points may thus lie hidden within city-level averages. |
| Keywords: | heat waves, mortality, mitigation policies, healthcare |
| JEL: | I14 I15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18601 |
| By: | CATTAN, SaRAH (IFS); Conti, Gabriella (University College London); Farquharson, Christine (IFS) |
| Abstract: | Early childhood programmes frequently lose effectiveness at scale, yet the role of the workforce remains poorly understood. We document substantial heterogeneity in workforce effectiveness in England's national home-visiting programme for first-time teenage mothers, despite a highly-structured curriculum and well-qualified staff. Exploiting quasi-random assignment of mothers to family nurses, we estimate that a one standard deviation increase in workforce effectiveness raises children's cognitive and socio-emotional development by 0.20-0.23 SD. Structural quality - observable worker characteristics - does not predict effectiveness, but process quality - how visits are delivered - does. Greater effectiveness is linked with improvements in maternal mental health and risk behaviours. |
| Keywords: | early childhood development, home visiting, workforce quality, process quality, scaling, Family Nurse Partnership |
| JEL: | I18 I38 J13 J24 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18584 |
| By: | Cristina Bellés-Obrero (Institut d’Anàlisi Economica (IAE-CSIC), BSE and IEB); Manuel Flores (Department of Applied Economics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona); Pilar García-Gómez (Erasmus University (Erasmus School of Economics)); Sergi Jiménez-Martín (Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Department of Economics), BSE and FEDEA); Judit Vall-Castelló (University of Barcelona (Department of Economics), IEB and CRES (UPF).) |
| Abstract: | Spain, with one of the highest life expectancies globally and a rapidly ageing population, faces growing challenges in sustaining its pension, healthcare, and long-term care systems. This study examines trends in health inequalities among retired Spaniards from 2004 to 2022, using eight waves of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). We analyse five health outcomes—limitations in daily and instrumental activities, number of chronic conditions, a composite health deficiency index, mental health (EURO-D scale), and cognitive performance—and use linear regression to assess income-related gradients, adjusted for age and sex. We also compute a catch-up time measure—the number of years a poorer individual would need to reach the same level of health as a richer individual—and concentration indices of bad health. We then examine how these inequalities change over time, allowing us to explore the potential influence of pension reforms within the context of Spain’s Beveridge-style healthcare system and tax-funded long-term care provision. Our results show no clear evidence that health inequality has increased from 2004 to 2022. These findings contribute to understanding how income disparities interact with social protection systems in ageing societies and inform the design of equitable health, long-term care, and pension policies. |
| Keywords: | transportation, housing prices, within cities |
| Date: | 2026–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uab:wprdea:wpdea2602 |
| By: | Qian, Yuting; Li, Fan; Chen, Xi |
| Abstract: | Racial and ethnic minorities with dementia are substantially less likely to receive timely diagnoses, yet the factors underlying these gaps remain poorly quantified. Using nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data linked to Medicare claims (1998-2021) and National Neighborhood Data Archive, we examine racial and ethnic disparities in timely dementia diagnosis among U.S. older adults and decompose these gaps using causal mediation analysis. Timely diagnosis is defined as a clinical dementia diagnosis recorded in Medicare claims within three years before or one year after the HRS survey wave at which dementia was first identified. After controlling for demographics and health conditions, non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic individuals are significantly less likely than non-Hispanic White individuals to receive a timely diagnosis. Educational attainment is the dominant mediator, explaining 48% of the Black-White disparity and 62% of the Hispanic-White disparity, followed by neighborhood affluence (27% and 18%, respectively) and the density of non-physician health practitioner offices (16% and 15%) and physician offices (10% and 12%). Dementia specialist evaluation accounts for a further 7% and 6%, respectively. These findings identify educational attainment and neighborhood-level healthcare infrastructure as the primary structural determinants of racial and ethnic gaps in dementia detection, pointing to targeted policy interventions to advance diagnostic equity. |
| Keywords: | timely dementia diagnosis, disparities, education, neighborhood socioeconomic factors, health care access |
| JEL: | I14 J15 J14 I11 I18 C35 R23 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1749 |
| By: | Bignon, Léa |
| Abstract: | Digital health technologies, such as Continuous Glucose Monitors (CGMs), are transforming the availability of patient-level data, potentially influencing other healthcare markets. This paper examines how CGMs influence the insulin market, shedding light on the impact of digital health technologies on phar maceutical demand, pricing, and innovation incentives. I develop and estimate a tractable model of supply and demand for insulin, embedding: (i) patient specific learning about treatment performance through CGMs, (ii) physician level learning about new insulin products from patient experiences, and (iii) price bargaining between pharmaceutical companies and the regulator. Using medical claims data from France, I find that CGMs’ patient-specific informa tion steered insulin demand toward newer products, with limited spillover to nonusers. Manufacturers of drugs that benefited from higher perceived qual ity could negotiate higher prices. My findings indicate that introducing these newly observable product attributes into pharmaceutical demand shifts the rel ative profitability of drug innovation strategies, thereby shaping the direction of future pharmaceutical innovation. |
| Date: | 2026–05–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:131698 |
| By: | Niklas Rott; Douglas Almond; Osea Giuntella |
| Abstract: | Rapid growth of wind energy plays a key role in global efforts to reduce carbon emissions, yet public concerns persist about its potential health effects, particularly through noise exposure. While some studies and media reports suggest that wind turbines may contribute to sleep disturbances, anxiety, and even suicide, existing evidence remains limited and inconclusive. This study combines geolocated data on turbines from the U.S. Wind Turbine Database with longitudinal survey data on over 120, 000 households (2011–2023) and consumer purchasing records to assess whether proximity to wind turbines affects mental and physical health. We examine a wide range of outcomes, including depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, headaches, and use of sleep aids and painkillers. Comparing households before and after nearby turbine installations, we find no detectable adverse health effects from turbine exposure at typical exposure distances. While we cannot rule out small effects, our confidence intervals exclude moderate-to-large impacts, suggesting that fears about substantial health impacts are not borne out in population-level data. Other disamenities such as noise, shadow flicker, and visual intrusion may still affect quality of life even absent measurable health impacts. |
| JEL: | I1 Q50 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35131 |
| By: | Marchesi, Daniele; Angelini, Viola; Nikolova, Milena; Popova, Olga |
| Abstract: | This paper is the first to examine how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) influence the support for income redistribution in adulthood. Using data from the 2022-2024 wave of the Global Flourishing Study on over 160, 000 individuals from 22 countries, we construct measures of ACEs based on retrospective information on parental relationships, abuse, health, and household finances while growing up. We document marked cross-country variation in both ACE prevalence and redistributive preferences between high-income and low- and middle-income countries. Specifically, exposure to ACEs is associated with stronger support for redistribution only in high-income countries, suggesting that the relationship between early-life adversity and economic preferences is context-dependent. We explore several mechanisms that could underpin our relationship. We find evidence for a material self-interest channel, whereby childhood adversity lowers adult income and increases demand for government support. Yet, this mechanism explains only a small fraction of the total association, suggesting that alternative pathways drive the relationship. Overall, the results show that earlylife adversity is a previously overlooked and context-dependent determinant of redistributive preferences. |
| Keywords: | Preferences for Redistribution, Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), Early-Life Conditions, Inequality Attitudes, Global Flourishing Study |
| JEL: | D31 D72 H23 J12 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1750 |
| By: | Liepmann, Hannah,; Hegewisch, Ariane, |
| Abstract: | This working paper revisits long-term trends in occupational segregation and pay to explore how women’s work is valued in the labour market, with a particular focus on care workers and the remuneration of their skills. |
| Keywords: | labour market segmentation., women workers., female occupation, wages |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995683471102676 |
| By: | Tessier, Lou,; Louis Dit Guérin, Olivier, |
| Abstract: | Social health protection systems are constantly evolving, offering a wide range of institutional, administrative, and financial arrangements. International standards in social health protection are outcome-based, and grant flexibility in the institutional and administrative arrangements chosen by each state to implement these guarantees, as long as certain fundamental principles are upheld. These principles include the establishment of state-guaranteed benefit entitlements, solidarity in financing, and broad risk pooling. The flagship Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No. 102), globally recognized as a reference for system design, is thus conceived around the idea that systems are adaptable and that no single model applies universally. At the global level, mutuals primarily focus on providing complementary or supplementary coverage to basic health schemes. Only a small number of countries incorporate mutuals and community-based health insurance (CBHI) into the architecture of their basic health coverage systems. This working paper explores various country experiences where mutuals and CBHI contribute to basic health coverage within national social protection systems. Despite a wealth of literature on mutuals and CBHI, little is known about the practical methods used to integrate them into national social health protection architectures. This work is based on a literature review (Niang et al., 2023) and seventeen case studies spanning countries in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. This comparative analysis highlights that the involvement of mutuals and AMBCs in national social health protection schemes is the result of a historical process unique to each country, evolves dynamically over time, and varies significantly in the conceptual and legal frameworks that govern them |
| Keywords: | health insurance., social security. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995641031302676 |
| By: | Bergthaller, Martina,; Tessier, Lou, |
| Abstract: | Universal health insurance (UHI) schemes are a key policy approach for advancing universal health coverage in low- and middle-income countries. This publication presents a comparative overview of UHI schemes in ten countries, highlighting common design features and implementation approaches. By examining similarities and differences across country experiences, the analysis aims to identify broad patterns, challenges, and considerations relevant to the development and expansion of UHI schemes. The findings are intended to inform policymakers and practitioners engaged in the design and implementation of health insurance reforms in diverse contexts. |
| Keywords: | universal benefit scheme, health insurance |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995683172102676 |
| By: | Dribe, Martin (Department of Economic History, Lund University); Hedefalk, Finn (Department of Economic History, Lund University) |
| Abstract: | At the turn of the twentieth century, infant- and child mortality declined rapidly in many industrializing societies. In Sweden, this decline coincided with industrialization and urbanization, as well as a period of growing social disparities in childhood mortality. The inequality in child survival was connected to a range of factors, including access to water- and sanitation, housing conditions, infant care, and possibly nutrition. We study the importance of socioeconomic neighborhood context for under-five mortality in an industrializing Swedish town (1892–1939). We use individual-level socioeconomic and demographic data from population registers that have been geocoded at the block level and measure neighborhood conditions by the share of white-collar workers in the block. Cox models with time-varying block-level covariates to estimate the association between cumulative social neighborhood variables and the risk of child death. Our findings indicate that the socioeconomic status of the neighborhood was important for the risk of child death even when controlling for social class and family context. The association was present for both boys and girls and got weaker over time in the period we analyze. Social neighborhoods mattered more for infant mortality than for child mortality. In terms of causes of death, the associations were similar for airborne infectious diseases and food/waterborne diseases, while there was no association at all for other causes of death. These findings point to the importance of neighborhoods for child survival during the urban mortality transition and likely reflect both cultural and material causal pathways. |
| Keywords: | Infant mortality; child mortality; neighborhoods; socioeconomic status; health inequality; urban mortality transition; historical demography; Sweden |
| JEL: | I14 J13 N33 N34 R23 |
| Date: | 2026–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:luekhi:0267 |
| By: | Gianluca Grimalda (University of Passau); Fabrice Murtin (OECD Statistics and Data Directorate); David Pipke (Kiel Institute for the World Economy); Louis Putterman (Brown University); Matthias Sutter (Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Economics, Bonn) |
| Abstract: | Pathogen-stress and terror-management theories predict that lethal epidemics heighten parochial cooperation. We test this prediction experimentally in two nationally representative U.S. samples surveyed before and at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We compare trust and expected trustworthiness across the two waves in monetarily incentivized trust games involving non-Hispanic Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics. We find significant ingroup favoritism in both waves. However, the aggregate ingroup premium fell by about one-half between waves. This decline was concentrated among left-leaning and White respondents. Conversely, both African Americans and Hispanics displayed significant ingroup bias in both waves. While non-Hispanic Whites tended to reduce their ingroup bias in expected trustworthiness, the opposite was found for African Americans. Respondents more exposed to COVID-19 displayed higher inter-group trust, altruism and expected trustworthiness than others. These results contradict the hypothesis that lethal epidemics intensify parochialism, also suggesting that the response may be diversified across groups. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Pandemic, Inter-group Relationships, Parochialism, Ingroup, Outgroup, Discrimination, Prosociality |
| JEL: | D01 D63 D91 I14 J15 |
| Date: | 2026–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpg:wpaper:2026_04 |