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on Health Economics |
| By: | Robert Metcalfe; Sefi Roth |
| Abstract: | Exposure to ambient air pollution has been shown to be detrimental to human health and productivity, and has motivated many policies to reduce such pollution. However, given that humans spend 90% of their time indoors, it is important to understand the degree of exposure to Indoor Air Pollution (IAP), and, if high, ways to reduce it. We design and implement a field experiment in London that monitors households' IAP and then randomly reveals their IAP in real-time. At baseline, we find that IAP is worse than ambient air pollution when residents are at home and that for 38% of the time, IAP is above World Health Organization standards. Additionally, we observe a large household income-IAP gradient, larger than the income-ambient pollution gradient, highlighting large income disparities in IAP exposure. During our field experiment, we find that the randomized revelation reduces IAP by 17% (1.9 ug/m3) overall and 34% (5 ug/m3) during occupancy time. We show that the mechanism is households using more natural ventilation as a result of the feedback (i.e., opening up doors and windows). Finally, in terms of welfare, we find that: (i) households have a willingness to pay of 4.8 pounds (6 dollars) for every 1 ug/m3 reduction in indoor PM2.5; (ii) households have a higher willingness to pay for mitigation than for full information; (iii) households have a price elasticity of IAP monitor demand around -0.75; and (iv) a 1 pound subsidy for an IAP monitor or an air purifier has an infinite marginal value of public funds, i.e., a Pareto improvement. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feb:framed:00819 |
| By: | Clarke, Damian (University of Chile); Bhalotra, Sonia R. (University of Warwick); Nazarova, Angelina (ISER, University of Essex) |
| Abstract: | Looking at the earnings profiles of men and women after their first child is born, a number of studies establish that women suffer a larger penalty in earnings than men—a child penalty. Leveraging randomness in the sex of the first birth, we show that the child penalty in the UK is larger when the first born child is a girl. We label this the daughter penalty. Exploiting rich longitudinal survey data, we examine behavioural responses to the birth of a daughter vs. a son to illuminate the underpinnings of the daughter penalty. We find that the birth of a daughter triggers more household specialisation than the birth of a son, with mothers taking on a larger share of household chores and childcare. Mothers suffer a daughter penalty in mental health, while fathers report more satisfaction with their relationship. Our findings imply that girls and boys in the UK are, on average, growing up in different home environments, with girls growing up in households that, by multiple markers, are more gender-regressive. This is potentially a mechanism for the inter-generational transmission of gendered norms. |
| Keywords: | parental involvement, mental health, gender wage gap, child penalty, gender |
| JEL: | J2 J7 I3 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17817 |
| By: | Bertoni Eleonora (European Commission - JRC); Centeno Clara (European Commission - JRC); Cachia Romina (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | In 2022, 96% of 15-year-olds in the EU used social media daily, with 37% spending over three hours per day on these platforms. Results from a representative sample of over 40, 000 adolescents from four EU countries show that excessive social media usage is associated with negative mental health outcomes, including depression and anxiety. Policy interventions and future research should consider both the intensity of social media use and specific vulnerabilities of different demographic groups, especially young females. Gender-sensitive and context-specific policies are essential to address disparities and challenges across Member States. |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc141047 |
| By: | Andlib, Zubaria |
| Abstract: | This study examines the causal impact of addictive patterns of social media use on mental health outcomes through a randomized controlled trial conducted among young individuals (18 to 24 years) in Pakistan. Participants in the treatment group received an intervention designed to limit their social media use, while the control group maintained their usual usage patterns. The findings indicate that limiting social media use leads to significant improvements in mental health, including reductions in depression and anxiety, alongside notable increases in self-esteem and overall well-being among young adults. The intervention improves sleep quality and reduces perceived stress, demonstrating that excessive use of social media apps significantly affects psychological and behavioural health. The findings highlight the potential for policy interventions, including behavioural nudges, youth-targeted awareness campaigns, and regulatory actions, to decrease the negative externalities associated with unregulated social media use. Future research should evaluate the long-term effects of addictive patterns of social media use and the differential impacts across diverse socio-demographic groups, considering the increasing integration of digital platforms into everyday life. |
| Keywords: | Social Media, Mental Health, Randomized Controlled Trial, Digital Well-being, Behavioural Nudges |
| JEL: | I12 I31 D91 O33 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1603 |
| By: | Mari Rege; Edvin Bru; Ingeborg F. Solli; Maximiliaan W. P. T. Thijssen; Kjersti B. Tharaldsen; Lene Vestad; Sigrun K. Ertesvåg; Terje Ogden; Paul N. Stallard |
| Abstract: | Effective and scalable strategies for promoting youth mental health are urgently needed. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of school-based, teacher-led coping skills instruction on youth mental health and academic achievement. The trial included 84 classes and 1, 879 ninth-grade students (ages 14–15) in Norway. Findings indicate improved mental well-being and reduced emotional distress at a one-year follow-up, particularly among students with low baseline well-being. The intervention also enhanced academic motivation and increased the likelihood of choosing an academic high school track. Additionally, it had a positive effect on math performance among students with initially low academic motivation, but no significant effects on performance in English or Norwegian. |
| Keywords: | social and emotional skills, preventive mental health policy, school-based intervention, teacher led intervention, education policy |
| JEL: | I20 J00 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11742 |
| By: | Matteucci, Nicola (Marche Polytechnic University); Picchio, Matteo (Marche Polytechnic University); Santolini, Raffaella (Marche Polytechnic University); Yebetchou Tchounkeu, Rostand Arland (University of Eastern Piedmont) |
| Abstract: | The growing ageing of the population in developed economies has necessitated the progressive use of advanced information and communication technologies (ICTs) for the home care of elderly individuals. The effect of these technologies on elderly health outcomes remains an open issue. In this study, we analyze the impact of telecare on the mortality rate of elderly people in Italy using data at the municipal level and a doubly robust difference-in-differences design. Our results show that telecare services significantly reduced the mortality rate of the elderly aged 65 and over by 1.7 individuals per 1, 000 inhabitants. This effect was sizeable, since it was a 4% decrease in the elderly mortality rate relatively to the average elderly mortality rate in the treated municipalities. The reduction in the elderly mortality rate was greater in municipalities with a large proportion of childless elderly people, suggesting that telecare may be particularly useful for the elderly who find it more difficult to rely on strong family ties. Moreover, it was stronger in small municipalities, indicating that telecare may be more effective where there is a greater need to compensate for a lower level of traditional social and health care services. |
| Keywords: | telecare, elderly, health, mortality rate, municipalities |
| JEL: | I10 I18 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17827 |
| By: | Lester Lusher; Tim Ruberg |
| Abstract: | We utilize region-day variation in actual vs. forecasted weather conditions (i.e. forecasting errors) to comprehensively investigate the effects of the first heat-health warning system in Japan. We find that heat alerts led to a 17% increase in heat stroke counts. An analysis of mechanisms suggests this is primarily driven by increased reporting, as opposed to potential “adverse” behavioral responses or substitution in health diagnoses. Four times as many heat strokes are detected in low-income neighborhoods compared to high-income neighborhoods. We further document evidence of avoidance behaviors (e.g. electricity usage), but find no evidence of improved (or worsened) mortality outcomes. |
| Keywords: | heat stroke, climate change, warning effectiveness, avoidance behavior |
| JEL: | D90 I12 I18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11772 |
| By: | David Bardey; Philippe De Donder; Marie-Louise Leroux |
| Abstract: | We study a situation where physicians differing in their degree of altruism exert a diagnostic effort before deciding whether to test patients to determine the most appropriate treatment. The diagnostic effort generates an imperfect private signal of the patient’s type, while the test is perfect. At the laissez-faire, physicians exert insufficient diagnostic effort and rely excessively on testing. We show that the first-best allocation (where the degree of altruism is observable) can be decentralized by a payment scheme composed of i) a pay-for-performance (P4P) part based on the number of correctly treated patients to ensure the provision of the optimal diagnostic effort, and of ii) a capitation part to ensure both the optimal testing decision and the participation of physicians. When physicians differ in their (non-observable) degree of altruism, the optimal contract is pooling rather than separating, an instance of non-responsiveness. Its uniform P4P component induces more altruistic physicians to exert a larger diagnostic effort while, to incentivize the second-best optimal testing decision, its capitation component must be contingent on the test cost. |
| Keywords: | diagnostic risk, personalized medicine, non-responsiveness, capitation payment, pay-for-performance, hidden action and hidden information |
| JEL: | D82 D86 I18 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11686 |
| By: | Blanchard, Pablo (IECON-UdelaR); Burdin, Gabriel (University of Siena); Dean, Andres (IECON, Universidad de la República) |
| Abstract: | Direct evidence on variations in work incentives across different property rights systems remains scarce. This paper examines absenteeism among individuals employed in worker cooperatives—firms that are ultimately controlled by their workforce. By leveraging employment data matched with sick leave records and reform-induced variation in the generosity of Uruguay's statutory sick pay, we find that absenteeism differentially increased for individuals affected by the policy change and employed in cooperatives. The effect is driven by co-op members, hard-to-diagnose (and, hence, more prone to moral hazard reporting problems) musculoskeletal conditions and large cooperatives. Conventional firms used dismissals more intensely than cooperatives as a threat to keep absenteeism in check after the reform. |
| Keywords: | property rights, cooperatives, sick pay, absenteeism, effort, teams, moral hazard |
| JEL: | I18 J22 J54 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17811 |
| By: | Donata Stonkute (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Angelo Lorenti (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Jo M. Hale (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Variations in the accumulation and decline of cognitive reserve across different cultural and institutional contexts, as well as selective survival processes that influence which population groups remain at risk for cognitive impairment, may contribute to the heterogeneity of educational disparities in cognitive health across European countries and between genders. We explore how educational disparities in Cognitive Health Expectancies (CHE) for men and women vary across different contextual settings in Europe, with a particular focus on Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Applying multivariate life table approach and the Sullivan methods to the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data, we estimated CHE by gender and education at age 50 and the proportion of CHE relative to remaining life expectancy, across 10 European countries. We found that educational inequalities in cognitive health are significantly influenced by national context, with some of the most pronounced effects in CEE countries, particularly for women. Despite higher overall educational attainment in CEE countries, the benefits typically associated with education did not translate equally across groups. The key divergence, which is most pronounced for women, occurs among those with low educational attainment, who appear to be highly disadvantaged. Substantially smaller disparities, such as observed in Northern European countries, suggest untapped potential for mitigating educational inequalities in cognitive ageing. |
| Keywords: | Europe |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2025-009 |
| By: | Alessandra Casarico; Edoardo Di Porto; Joanna Kopinska; Salvatore Lattanzio |
| Abstract: | Relying on a reform that increased parental leave generosity, we estimate workplace peer effects in the use of leave, with a focus on fathers. Coworker fathers are more likely to take parental leave when exposed to a higher share of peer fathers, who are exogenously affected by the reform. This effect is stronger in larger establishments, those with higher levels of social capital and higher use of parental leave before the reform. We also document that own-gender peer effects are larger than cross-gender influences, and show the absence of career costs for fathers exposed to the reform, which provides an explanation for our findings. Peer effects extend to coworker fathers' partners, who experience an increase in earnings and labor supply. Peer effects are observed also for mothers, but the response of their partners is less pronounced. |
| Keywords: | parental leave, peer effects, career costs, female labor market participation. |
| JEL: | J13 J16 J18 K31 M52 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11795 |
| By: | Björn Bos; Moritz A. Drupp; Lutz Sager |
| Abstract: | Low emission zones (LEZ) represent a key environmental policy instrument to address air pollution in cities. LEZs have reduced air pollution and associated health damages in regulated areas, but it remains unclear who has benefited from cleaner air. To examine the distributional effects of LEZs, we combine gridded data on resident characteristics, including income and a proxy for ethnicity, with high-resolution estimates of fine particle (PM2.5) concentrations in Germany, the country with the highest number of LEZs. We estimate heterogeneous treatment effects with a difference-in-differences approach and show that PM2.5 pollution reductions are distributed unequally across society. While residents with German name origins experience larger improvements within LEZs, residents with foreign names disproportionately live in LEZs and thus benefit more when assessed at a nationwide scale. Monetizing air quality benefits following governmental guidance, we find that they are distributed pro-poor within LEZs, disproportionately benefiting lower-income residents. From a nationwide perspective, benefits are distributed almost proportionally although the sign is sensitive to how benefits from cleaner air scale with income. Overall, our results suggest that LEZs have nuanced distributional implications that differ sharply between a national perspective and local assessments that focus on effects within LEZs. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, distributional effects, low emission zones, traffic regulation |
| JEL: | J15 Q52 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11739 |
| By: | Breen, Casey; Rahman, Saeed; Kay, Christina; Smits, Joeri; Azar, Abraham; Ahuka-Mundeke, Steve; Feehan, Dennis |
| Abstract: | Reliable estimates of death rates in complex humanitarian emergencies are critical for assessing the severity of a crisis and for effectively allocating resources. However, in many humanitarian settings, logistical and security concerns make conventional methods for estimating death rates infeasible. We develop and test a new method for estimating death rates in humanitarian emergencies using reports of deaths in survey respondents’ social networks. To test our method, we collected original data in Tanganyika Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a setting where reliable estimates of death rates are in high demand. Qualitative fieldwork suggested testing two different types of personal networks as the basis for death rate estimates: deaths among immediate neighbors and deaths among kin. We benchmarked our network estimates against a standard retrospective household mortality survey, which estimated a crude death rate nearly twice as high as our network-based methods. Given both methods are equally plausible, our findings underscore the need for further validation and development of both methods. |
| Date: | 2025–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:4efdt_v2 |
| By: | Berman, Yonatan (King's College London); Hovland, Tora (London School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of austerity measures implemented by the UK government after 2010 on life expectancy and mortality. We combine administrative data sources to create a panel dataset spanning from 2002 to 2019. Using a difference-in-differences strategy, we estimate the effect of cuts to welfare benefits and changes in health expenditure on life expectancy and mortality rates. Our findings indicate that these austerity measures reduced life expectancy by 2.5 to 5 months by 2019. Women were nearly twice as affected as men. The primary driver of this trend is cuts to welfare benefits, although healthcare spending changes have a larger effect per pound spent. The results suggest that austerity policies caused a three-year setback in life expectancy progress between 2010 and 2019. This is equivalent to about 190, 000 excess deaths, or 3 percent of all deaths. Taking into account the years of life lost, we conclude that the costs of austerity significantly exceeded the benefits derived from reduced public expenditure. |
| Keywords: | public health, public economics, political economy, austerity, welfare programs |
| JEL: | H53 I18 I38 P16 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17853 |
| By: | Simone Schüller |
| Abstract: | This study investigates whether (and how) working from home (WFH) affects the gender division of parental unpaid labor. I use the recent COVID-19 pandemic that brought an unanticipated yet lasting shift to WFH combined with a measure of occupational WFH feasibility (Alipour et al. 2023) as a quasi-experiment to employ an instrumental variable (IV) approach and estimate causal effects. I use unique longitudinal data from the “Growing up in Germany” (AID:A) panel study, which administered a pre-pandemic wave in 2019, and a post-pandemic wave in 2023. AID:A contains rich information on mothers’ and fathers’ time use for work, commuting, childcare, and housework. I find that the most robust effects emerge for paternal WFH intensity (at least weekly WFH) on parental division of housework: families in which fathers start weekly WFH in the period 2019 to 2023—due to their occupational WFH capacity in combination with the pandemic WFH-boost—experience a significant decrease in the maternal share of parental housework. Interestingly, this shift appears to be mainly driven by a reduction of maternal time use for housework (combined with an increase of her work hours) and less by an increase in paternal time use for housework suggesting cross-parent effects of WFH. |
| Keywords: | working from home, childcare, housework, time use, gender equality, Covid-19, AID:A panel survey |
| JEL: | D13 I31 J13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11689 |
| By: | Cuong Viet Nguyen; Quynh Thien Thi Pham; Tung Duc Phung |
| Abstract: | In this study, we examine whether a nudging intervention increases eyeglass use among primary and lower-secondary students in Vietnam through a randomized controlled trial. Students with refractive errors in 34 schools in one province were provided with free eyeglasses. Half of the schools were randomly selected, allowing students in these schools to choose from 10 available eyeglass frames. Six months after receiving their eyeglasses, we assessed the impact of frame choice. We find no significant effect of frame choice on students' eyeglass-wearing behavior. |
| Keywords: | Education, Health, Randomized Control Trial, Nudge, Vietnam |
| JEL: | I12 I20 C93 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1605 |
| By: | Müller, Helena M.; Reuter-Oppermann, Melanie |
| Abstract: | While blood is crucial for many surgeries and patient treatments worldwide, it cannot be produced artificially. Fulfilling the demand for blood products on average days is already a major challenge in countries like South Africa and Ghana. In these countries, less than 1 % of the population donates blood and most of the donations come from first-time donors who do not return. Sufficient new, first-time and even lapsed donors must be motivated to donate regularly. This study argues that blood donation behavior change support systems (BDBCSS) can be beneficially applied to support blood donor management in African countries. In this study, the design science research (DSR) approach is applied in order to derive generic design principles for BDBCSS and instantiate the design knowledge in prototypes for a blood donation app and a chatbot. The design principles were evaluated in a field study in South Africa. The results demonstrate the positive effects of BDBCSS on users’ intentional and developmental blood donation behavior. This study contributes to research and practice by proposing a new conceptualization of blood donation information systems support and a nascent design theory for BDBCSS that builds on behavioral theories as well as related work on blood donation information systems. Thus, the study provides valuable implications for designing preventive health BCSS by stating three design principles for a concrete application context in healthcare. |
| Date: | 2025–04–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:154100 |
| By: | Benjamin Montmartin (SKEMA Business School, Université Côte d'Azur (GREDEG)); Mathieu Lambotte (Université de Rennes, CNRS, CREM, France) |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a structural econometric approach to examine how individual decisions are influenced by various sources of interaction, modeled through a multiplex network. Specifically, we develop a binary choice model under incomplete information that captures two distinct micro-founded interaction mechanisms: spatial competition and conformity to social norms. We apply our game theoretical framework to analyze the choices made by private physicians regarding the adoption of a new pricing scheme in France, designed to enhance patient access to care while being economically beneficial for most physicians. Our analysis utilizes a unique geolocalized dataset that covers the entire population of physicians across three medical specialties. We find compelling evidence of a significant preference for conformity, while competitive interactions in physician decision appear minimal. These findings largely explain the low adoption rates of the new pricing scheme, as simulations and counterfactual analyses suggest that a substantially higher uptake rate would occur if physicians operated in isolation or were indifferent to conformity. Lastly, we discuss the implications of neglecting relevant sources of interaction in a structural model, which can lead to ineffective policy design. |
| Keywords: | binary choice, competition, social interactions, pricing scheme, physicians |
| JEL: | D04 I11 I18 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2025-17 |
| By: | Arrazola, Maria; Campos, Raquel; de Hevia, Jose |
| Abstract: | Despite women outnumbering men in higher education, significant gender segregation persists in the choice of field of study. In the 2020/2021 academic year, only 8% of Spanish female students were enrolled in Engineering, compared to 29.5% of male students. This paper investigates the determinants of the underrepresentation of women in Engineering in Spain by examining whether differences in future labour market outcomes influence this anomaly. Using data from the 2019 University Graduate Employment Outcomes Survey, we find significantly worse labour outcomes for female Engineering graduates than for those in Health. Within fields, we find a larger gender gap in labour outcomes in Engineering than in Health. Our results suggest that gender segregation in higher education can be partly driven by differences in labour market expectations by field of study and gender. Many women who could pursue Engineering based on their pre-university track and accomplishments may opt instead for other fields like Health due to better career prospects: higher probability of finding a job and higher earnings, and lower likelihood of experiencing vertical and horizontal mismatches. |
| Keywords: | engineering; field of study; gender differences; gender segregation; higher education; labour market entry |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–04–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127944 |
| By: | Raquel Fonseca; Ana I. Moro-Egido |
| Abstract: | The study investigates how proximity influences social income comparisons and their impact on well-being, using data from the Spanish Survey of Household Finances (2002-2017). It finds that static comparisons with significantly richer individuals negatively affect well-being, while dynamic comparisons improve well-being when individuals surpass previously wealthier peers. The effects are moderated by the degree of proximity, with significant impacts only observed when income differences are substantial. The research highlights the complex interplay between envy, pride, and signaling effects in shaping subjective well-being. L'étude examine comment la proximité influence les comparaisons de revenus sociaux et leur impact sur le bien-être, en utilisant les données de l'enquête espagnole sur les finances des ménages : Spanish Survey of Household Finances (2002-2017). Elle constate que les comparaisons statiques avec des individus significativement plus riches affectent négativement le bien-être, tandis que les comparaisons dynamiques améliorent le bien-être lorsque les individus dépassent des pairs auparavant plus riches. Les effets sont modérés par le degré de proximité, avec des impacts significatifs uniquement observés lorsque les différences de revenus sont substantielles. La recherche met en lumière l'interaction complexe entre l'envie, la fierté et les effets de signalisation dans la formation du bien-être subjectif. |
| Keywords: | static and dynamic relative hypotheses, income, proximity, well-being, hypothèses relatives statiques et dynamiques, revenu, proximité, bien-être |
| JEL: | C29 D31 I31 |
| Date: | 2025–04–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2025s-10 |
| By: | Alexis Dzokom (UMa - University of Maroua); Ezechiel Kodji (UMa - University of Maroua) |
| Abstract: | The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has long been a key player in funding of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Africa, particularly in Cameroon. However, the reduction or cessation of grants from this agency has had significant consequences for local NGOs operating in the Far North of Cameroon, a region facing numerous socio-economic and environmental challenges. This study analyzes the impacts of the cessation of USAID funding on the financial viability, operational capacities, and sustainability of NGO interventions in this region. Analysis of the budgets of 15 local NGOs between 2015 and 2023 reveals an average decrease of 40 to 70% in external funding following the cessation of USAID grants. The number of households receiving food assistance decreased, by 55% between 2018 and 2023. In 2025, the reduction in funding caused a significant drop in NGO employment, from an average of 50 to 15 employees while the reduction in NGO interventions directly affected beneficiary populations, decreasing from 20, 000 to 7, 500 individuals receiving aid. Community health programs funded by USAIDsupported NGOs saw a 35% drop in the number of patients served at mobile health centers. NGO-funded education initiatives were particularly hard hit, with a 60% reduction in school scholarships for vulnerable children. |
| Keywords: | USAID, NGOs, funding, Far North Cameroon, organizational resilience |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05004043 |
| By: | Francesco Chiocchio (Centro de Estudios Monetarios y Financieros (CEMFI)); Jeremy Greenwood (University of Pennsylvania); Nezih Guner (Centro de Estudios Monetarios y Financieros (CEMFI)); Karen A. Kopecky (Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland) |
| Abstract: | At the onset of COVID-19, U.S. labor-force participation dropped by about 3 percentage points and remained below pre-pandemic levels three years later. Recovery varied across states, with slower rebounds in those more affected by the pre-pandemic opioid crisis, as measured by age- adjusted opioid overdose death rates. An event study shows that a one-standard-deviation increase in pre-COVID opioid death rates corresponds to a 0.9 percentage point decline in post- COVID labor participation. The result is not driven by differences in overall health between states. The effect of prior opioid exposure had a more significant impact on individuals without a college degree. The slow recovery in states with more opioid exposure was characterized by an increase in individuals who are not in the labor force due to disability. |
| Keywords: | Covid, opioids, labor-force participation |
| JEL: | I14 J11 J12 J21 |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eag:rereps:41 |