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on Health Economics |
| By: | Gould, Eric D. (Hebrew University, Jerusalem); Lichtinger, Guy (Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes how the "child penalty" associated with career interruptions for women after becoming a mother is influenced by preferences absorbed during childhood, and how the child penalty, in turn, is related to the quantity and quality (education) of her own children. Using linked administrative data on Israeli parents and children, the analysis shows that mothers who grew up in larger and more traditional families marry men from larger families, and together they have more children. Growing up with more siblings is also associated with a larger child penalty for a mother in earnings and employment, as well as in terms of commuting less and moving to "mother friendly" firms at the expense of higher wage firms. The results also indicate that the child penalty produces two opposing effects on child human capital – a negative impact due to the loss of parental income, and a positive influence of increased maternal time away from work. Overall, the evidence suggests that the family preferences and norms absorbed during childhood significantly influence a woman's choices of spouse, fertility, and child penalty later in life – but with little overall impact on her children's high school achievements. |
| Keywords: | child penalties, child outcomes, family culture |
| JEL: | J12 J13 J16 J22 J24 J31 J62 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17455 |
| By: | Schmieder, Julia; Weichselbaumer, Doris (University of Linz); Welteke, Clara (Bundesministerium der Finanzen); Wrohlich, Katharina (DIW Berlin) |
| Abstract: | Promoting fathers to take parental leave is seen as a promising way to advance gender equality. However, there is still a very limited understanding of its impact on fathers' labor market outcomes. We conducted a correspondence study to analyze whether fathers who take parental leave face discrimination during the hiring process in three different occupations. Fathers who took parental leave in a female-dominated or gender-neutral occupation are not less likely to be invited to a job interview compared to fathers who did not take leave. However, in the male-dominated occupation, fathers who have taken long parental leave are penalized. Regardless of leave-taking, fathers are treated less favorably than mothers in the female-dominated and the gender-neutral occupation, while the opposite is true for the male-dominated occupation. This suggests the presence of strong gender norms concerning the perception of ideal employees in different occupations. |
| Keywords: | discrimination, parental leave, gender, hiring, experiment |
| JEL: | C93 J13 J71 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17451 |
| By: | Braakmann, Nils |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the relationship between temperature variations, crime and policing in the UK. Using geocoded administrative data on reported crime, stops and searches and police use of force incidents, combined with daily temperature data at 1km grid-level, results show the same temperature-crime link found in other countries. Against this background, I find evidence for changes in police priorities and search outcomes. While there is no decrease in police effectiveness in searches, there is evidence for ethnic differences, especially affecting Black subjects. Additionally, police use-of-force incidents increase in intensity during hotter periods, leading to higher civilian resistance and injuries. |
| Date: | 2024–11–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ubf7m |
| By: | Drago, Carlo; Leogrande, Angelo |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the implications of high HI35 days, which increase the demand for water and energy supplies, overconsumption, and higher emissions induced by cooling demand. Socially, HI35 is associated with health morbidity and loss in labor productivity; hence, policies directed at protection of the well-being of the poor, such as improved access to health care and good working conditions, become increasingly relevant. Extreme heat, besides, accelerates resource competition that may further develop into a civil instability, which affects governance structures. The nation will be assisted in addressing the impacts brought forward by HI35 through resilient infrastructure policy, good governance practice, and sustainable resource management. This paper, therefore, concludes that integrated policy action in ESG will be urgently needed to address the risk from extreme heat and calls for adaptive strategies that move toward environmental sustainability, social equity, and effective governance. Finally, HI35 is helpful to guide policy responses against different and interwoven challenges of extreme heat on sustainable development. |
| Keywords: | ESG, Heat Index 35, Panel Data, Sustainability, Extreme Events |
| JEL: | Q50 Q51 Q56 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:122697 |
| By: | Cullen, Claire (University of Oxford); Joshi, Sarthak (University of Warwick); Vecci, Joseph (University of Gothenburg); Talbot-Jones, Julia (Victoria University of Wellington) |
| Abstract: | Public spending on gender equality and women's empowerment is rising rapidly in many countries. However, the unintended consequences of women's empowerment is rarely measured and remains poorly understood. We study the impact of female empowerment programs on male backlash through a series of experiments involving 1, 007 households in rural India. The paper has four key parts. First, we use an experiment to measure backlash, observing men's decisions to financially penalize women who participated in empowerment programs. We find that men pay to punish empowered women at double the rate of women in an otherwise identical control group (17 percent versus 8 percent). We also show that men engaging in backlash tend to hold more conservative gender attitudes and are more likely to accept or commit intimate partner violence. Second, we test multiple theories on the conditions that trigger backlash and find that backlash occurs regardless of how women become empowered. Third, we examine social image concerns as a potential behavioral mechanism and find that 18 percent of men are willing to pay to conceal their household's involvement in empowerment programs. Those who choose to conceal are more likely to engage in backlash, suggesting that reputational concerns play a key role in driving this behavior. Finally, we test several policies to reduce backlash and find that reframing empowerment programs to emphasize broader community benefits can help mitigate backlash. |
| Keywords: | male backlash, female empowerment, social image, norms, experiments |
| JEL: | C93 J12 J16 O12 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17450 |