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on Health Economics |
| By: | Xesfingi, Sofia; Vozikis, Athanassios |
| Abstract: | Priority setting and resource allocation across various health care functions is a critical issue in health policy and strategic decision making. As health resources are limited while there are so many health challenges to resolve, consumers and payers have to make difficult decisions about expenditure allocation. Our research focus on the (dis)agreement between citizens’ preferences and actual public health expenditure across broad health care functions, on whether this (dis)agreement is persistent, on whether various demographic factors amplify this (dis)agreement and to derive useful implications for public health policies. Using survey data of 3,029 citizens in Greece for the year 2012 and employing logit estimation techniques, we analyzed the effect of demographic and other factors in shaping citizens’ (dis)agreement with public health expenditure allocation. Our results demonstrate the important role of income, family members and residence in shaping citizens’ preferences regarding health expenditure priorities in almost all health care functions, while other demographic factors such as job, age, gender and marital status do partly associate and play a significant role. |
| Keywords: | citizen's preferences, health expenditure, health care allocation, priorities' setting |
| JEL: | I10 I11 I12 I18 J10 J18 |
| Date: | 2014–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:63419&r=hea |
| By: | Yvonne Wang?i Machira |
| Keywords: | Communities and Human Settlements - Housing & Human Habitats Governance - Governance Indicators Governance - Local Government Governance - National Governance Governance - Politics and Government Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Economics & Finance Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Monitoring & Evaluation Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Systems Development & Reform Public Sector Development - Decentralization Social Development - Social Accountability |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:21666&r=hea |
| By: | Jonathan Rose; Tracey M. Lane; Tashmina Rahman |
| Keywords: | Governance - Governance Indicators Governance - National Governance Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Monitoring & Evaluation Health, Nutrition and Population - Health Systems Development & Reform Public Sector Development |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:21661&r=hea |
| By: | Jacob Denne; George Kettner; Yonatan Ben-Shalom |
| Keywords: | Return to Work, Physician, Disability, RTW |
| JEL: | I J |
| Date: | 2015–03–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:80307ff4a2d9465c871244b770e76e94&r=hea |
| By: | Jacob Denne; George Kettner; Yonatan Ben-Shalom |
| Keywords: | Return to Work, Health Care, Practices, Disability, RTW |
| JEL: | I J |
| Date: | 2015–03–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:8f6a0bc8267942a5bd2b0a336f8ef5d3&r=hea |
| By: | Rosalie Liccardo Pacula; David Powell; Erin Taylor |
| Abstract: | Opioid abuse, as measured by deaths involving opioid analgesics and substance abuse treatment admissions, has increased dramatically since 1999, including a 20% increase in opioid-related mortality between 2005 and 2006. This paper examines whether the introduction of the Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit Program (Part D) in 2006 may have contributed to the increase in prescription drug abuse by expanding access to prescription drug benefits among the elderly. We test whether opioid abuse increased not only for the population directly affected by Part D (ages 65+) but also for younger ages. We compare growth in opioid prescriptions and abuse in states with relatively large ages 65+ population shares to states with smaller elderly population shares. Using data from the Drug Enforcement Agency’s Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS), we find opioid distribution increased faster in states with a larger fraction of its population impacted by Part D. We also find that this relative increase in opioids resulted in increases in opioid-related substance abuse treatment admissions. Interestingly, these states experienced significant growth in opioid abuse among both the 65+ population and the under 65 population, though the latter was not directly impacted by the implementation of Medicare Part D. We also find that opioid-related mortality increased disproportionately in the high elderly share states, though this relationship is not statistically different from zero. |
| JEL: | I13 I18 K42 |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:21072&r=hea |
| By: | Dora L. Costa; Matthew E. Kahn |
| Abstract: | In the late 19th Century, cities in Western Europe and the United States suffered from high levels of infectious disease. Over a 40 year period, there was a dramatic decline in infectious disease deaths in cities. As such objective progress in urban quality of life took place, how did the media report this trend? At that time newspapers were the major source of information educating urban households about the risks they faced. By constructing a unique panel data base, we find that news reports were positively associated with government announced typhoid mortality counts and the size of this effect actually grew after the local governments made large investments in public goods intended to reduce typhoid rates. News coverage was more responsive to unexpected increases in death rates than to unexpected decreases in death rates. Together, these facts suggest that consumers find bad news is more useful than good news. |
| JEL: | I19 L82 N31 |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:21073&r=hea |
| By: | Sameh El-Saharty; Naoko Ohno; Intissar Sarker; Federica Secci; Somil Nagpal |
| Abstract: | Bhutan is a small landlocked country in the Himalayas between China and India. Poverty reduction has been rapid from about 23 percent in 2007 to 12-13 percent in 2012. Gender equality and women's empowerment are important determinants of reproductive health. Contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) is higher among the poorest quintile than the richest. Large disparities in access to skilled birth attendant remain by geography and wealth quintile. Poor nutrition is a serious issue for pregnant mothers, since 55 percent of women are anemic. Bhutan will need to focus on increasing the focus on quality along the continuum of care; improving access and equity; and ensuring sustainability of health financing. |
| Keywords: | adolescent fertility, adolescents, agriculture, antenatal care, birth attendant, child survival, Chronic malnutrition, civil society organizations, contraceptive prevalence ... See More + contraceptives, diets, diseases, Early childbearing, epidemiology, Female, Female labor, female sterilization, Fertility, fertility rate, gender, Gender equality, Gender Inequality, gender parity, health facilities, health sector, healthcare providers, human development, Immunization, isolation, Lack of knowledge, Life expectancy, lifestyles, live birth, live births, malnutrition among children, married women, maternal deaths, maternal health, maternal health outcomes, Maternal Health Services, Maternal Mortality, measles, Migration, Ministry of Health, mother, mothers, nongovernmental organizations, Nutrition, pill, Poor nutrition, Pregnancy, private sector, progress, proportion of girls, public health, purchasing power, purchasing power parity, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, rural infrastructure, rural women, secondary education, secondary school, secondary schools, Skilled birth attendance, social marketing, sterilization, tertiary education, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, urban women, World Health Organization |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hnpkbs:93556&r=hea |
| By: | Ahmed Al-Sabir; Bushra Binte Alam; Sameh El-Saharty |
| Abstract: | The key actors in Bangladesh's Health, Population and Nutrition Sector Development Program (HPNSDP) are the public sector, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), the non-profit private sector, and the for-profit private sector. The public health infrastructure is considered one of the largest in the health sector; RH providers and facilities are available at all levels. Several NGOs are active in Bangladesh's health sector, including international organizations such as CARE, Save the Children and World Vision. Also involved in health delivery are large national NGOs, including BRAC, Concerned Women for Family Planning, and the Grameen Kalyan Health Program, and hundreds of small and local NGOs (Perry 2000). The nongovernmental, the non-profit, and the for-profit private sectors are also engaged in the procurement and distribution of selected drugs and healthcare products targeting beneficiary groups in Bangladesh. For example, the Social Marketing Company (SMC) of Bangladesh is a pioneer in manufacturing oral rehydration solution (ORS), in distributing and marketing public health products such as oral contraceptives, condoms, and injectable, and in using for-profit channels to market its own brand of products in Bangladesh. The private health sector in Bangladesh includes large and small for-profit companies, professionals such as doctors and individual providers, and informal unqualified health providers, including shopkeepers. The private sector provides health services at hospitals, nursing and maternity homes, at clinics run by doctors, nurses, midwives, and paramedical workers, and at diagnostic facilities, for example laboratories and radiology units. The private sector also sells drugs from pharmacies and unqualified static and itinerant drug sellers, including from general stores (Bangladesh Health Watch, 2008). |
| Keywords: | antenatal care, Bulletin, Child Health, clinics, condoms, Developing Countries, drugs, educated women, Epidemiology, family planning, Family Planning Health, family planning ... See More + methods, Family Welfare, health care, health care providers, health facilities, health infrastructure, Health Outcomes, health providers, health sector, HEALTH SERVICES, health system, homes, hospitals, international organizations, interventions, laboratories, levels of education, Married women, mass media, Maternal Mortality, midwives, Ministry of Health, modern contraceptives, Mortality, NGOs, nongovernmental organizations, number of women, nurses, nursing, Nutrition, oral contraceptives, oral rehydration solution, pharmacies, pill, Population Knowledge, Population Research, PRIVATE SECTOR, public health, radio, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES, rural areas, service delivery, service provision, shops, Social Marketing, socioeconomic status, TV, uneducated women, urban areas, workers, World Health Organization |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hnpkbs:93547&r=hea |
| By: | Sameh El-Saharty; Naoko Ohno; Intissar Sarker; Federica Secci; Somil Nagpal |
| Abstract: | Maldives, a middle income country, is on track to meet most of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), while gender gap requires attention. Maldives has made great progress in improving maternal health and has achieved MDG. The total fertility rate has declined to 2.3 in 2012. Contraceptive use has increased but high unmet need of 28.1 percent is of concern. Skilled birth attendance is high at 95 percent. Access to maternal health services is fairly equitable by residence and wealth quintile, while geographical access to services remains challenging. Also, unwanted pregnancies among young women are on the rise. Maldives has initiated a number of interventions to increase adolescents? needs for sexual and reproductive health services, improve quality of RMNCH services, and increase utilization of health services at local level. |
| Keywords: | access to health services, access to information, access to resources, access to services, adolescent, adolescent fertility, Adolescent Friendly Health Services, adolescents ... See More + antenatal care, babies, behavior change, blood pressure, child mortality, complications, Contraceptive use, contraceptives, counseling, diseases, drugs, Early childbearing, Equity in Access, family health, Female, females, fertility, fertility decline, fertility rate, first birth, first marriage, friendly health services, gender, gender gap, Gender Inequality, Gender parity, girls, government agencies, health care utilization, health facilities, health facility, health needs, Health Strategy, health system, HIV/AIDS, Hospital, hospitals, Human Development, human resources, hunger, income, Isolation, life skills, life skills education, live births, malaria, male condoms, male youth, married women, maternal deaths, maternal health, maternal health care, maternal health outcomes, maternal health services, Maternal Mortality, medicines, Millennium Development Goals, Ministry of Health, mothers, Nutrition, opportunities for women, pill, Postnatal care, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcomes, progress, ratio of women, religious leaders, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, Reproductive Health Knowledge, Reproductive Health Outcomes, reproductive health services, rural areas, schools, Sexual Health, sexual intercourse, sexuality, Skilled birth attendance, sterilization, unemployment, UNFPA, universal primary education, unmarried men, unmarried women, unwanted pregnancies, World Health Organization, young women, Youth, Youth Health |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hnpkbs:93604&r=hea |
| By: | Sameh El-Saharty; Naoko Ohno; Intissar Sarker; Federica Secci; Kumari Vinodhani Navaratne |
| Abstract: | Sri Lanka is an island nation with a population of 20 million. In 2012, per capita income was US $2,923. From 2003 to 2012, the economy grew at 6.4 percent annually. Post-conflict, growth increased to 8 percent in May 2009. The private sector drove growth together with public reconstruction in the North and Eastern Provinces. Nearly two million Sri Lankans sent remittances in 2013, about 10 percent of GDP. Twenty-five percent of Sri Lanka?s population is under 15. Declining fertility and increased longevity has resulted in rapid population aging. By 2036, more than 22 percent of the population will be over 60 with 61 dependents per 100 adults. |
| Keywords: | adolescent, adolescent fertility, adolescents, Adult literacy, aging, antenatal care, behavior change, blood pressure, cancer, cervical cancer, child health, child mortality ... See More + contraceptive method, contraceptive prevalence, contraceptives, counseling, delivery complications, Early childbearing, Equity in Access, Female, Female sterilization, fertility, fertility rate, first birth, first marriage, gender, gender equality, Gender Inequality, government hospitals, health care utilization, health facility, health workers, HIV/AIDS, hospitals, Human Development, income, interventions for adolescents, live births, male participation, married women, maternal death, maternal deaths, maternal health, maternal health care, maternal health outcomes, maternal health services, maternal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, maternal nutrition, mothers, newborn, newborn care, Nutrition, pill, Postnatal care, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcomes, primary education, Progress, Quality Assurance, religious leaders, remittances, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, Reproductive Health Outcomes, reproductive health services, rural areas, screening, sexually active, sexually active youth, skilled birth attendance, training centers, UNFPA, universal primary education, urban areas, vocational training, World Health Organization, youth |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hnpkbs:93553&r=hea |
| By: | Sameh El-Saharty; Naoko Ohno; Intissar Sarker; Federica Secci; Inaam Ul Haq; Aliya Kashif |
| Abstract: | Pakistan remains one of the region's poorest performers against MDG targets. Progress toward education, gender, and health MDGs are off track. Despite slow progress, maternal health indicators have improved: maternal mortality has declined by over half in 20 years. A half of deliveries has been provided by skilled health personnel. Disparities exist in access to maternal care by residence and wealth quintiles. Moreover fertility reduction has been slow at 3.3 in 2012 and contraceptive use is low. Nutritional deficiencies among pregnant women and children are prominent as half of them were moderately anemic. A number of key interventions have been adopted, including increasing accessibility of services at local level through the introduction of community midwives and setting target for improving EmONC services; setting the Minimum Service Delivery Standard for quality services; and improving maternal and child nutrition. Fertility reduction has been slow at 3.3 in 2012 and contraceptive use is low. Nutritional deficiencies among pregnant women and children are prominent as half of them were moderately anemic. |
| Keywords: | access to education, adolescent, adolescent fertility, ambulance, ambulance services, anesthesia, blood pressure, child health, Child mortality, child nutrition, childbearing ... See More + cognitive development, complications, Condoms, contraception, contraceptive prevalence, contraceptive use, contraceptives, disease, doctors, economic reform, Employment, Equity in Access, female, female sterilization, Fertility, fertility rate, first birth, first marriage, folic acid, gender, Gender disparities, Gender Inequality, girls, health care, Health Centers, health indicators, Health Outcomes, health workers, hospitals, Human Development, income, infant, iron, live births, married women, maternal care, maternal deaths, maternal health, Maternal Health Services, maternal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, Medical Research, micronutrients, midwives, Ministry of Health, mortality rates, Nutrition, nutrition programs, Nutritional deficiencies, physical work, Population Knowledge, Population Studies, populous country, Postnatal care, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcomes, pregnant women, Progress, quality services, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, Reproductive Health Outcomes, rural areas, rural women, safe delivery, Service Delivery, Skilled birth attendance, skilled health personnel, specialist, under-five mortality, UNFPA, urban areas, urban women, World Health Organization |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hnpkbs:93607&r=hea |
| By: | Sameh El-Saharty; Naoko Ohno; Intissar Sarker; Federica Secci |
| Abstract: | The South Asia Region (SAR) includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. With over 1.6 billion people, it is the most densely populated region in the world. The populations vary from 400,000 in the Maldives to 1.2 billion in India. The economies range from fragile and low-income to middle-income countries. SAR experienced 20 years of robust economic growth, averaging 6 percent a year. Growth resulted in declining poverty and impressive improvements in human development. More than 42 percent of the developing world?s poor live in SAR, where about 500 million people survive on less than $1.25 a day. |
| Keywords: | absolute terms, access to reproductive health services, adolescent, adolescent fertility, adult literacy, antenatal care, basic education, basic health, child mortality ... See More + contraception, contraceptive prevalence, deaths, Early marriage, economic growth, Family Health, fertility, fertility rate, first birth, first marriage, Gender inequality, Health Management, human development, income, live births, malnutrition, maternal health, maternal health outcomes, maternal health services, maternal mortality, Ministry of Health, National Family Health Survey, Nutrition, Population Research, Population Studies, pregnancy, pregnancy rates, progress, Public Health, reducing maternal mortality, Regional Context, Regional Office, Remittances, replacement level, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, rural access, Skilled birth attendance, UNFPA, working-age population, World Health Organization |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hnpkbs:93552&r=hea |
| By: | Sameh El-Saharty; Naoko Ohno; Intissar Sarker; Federica Secci; Bushra Binte Alam |
| Abstract: | Bangladesh is among the most densely populated countries in the world. Poverty remains high at 43 percent of the population subsist on less than United States (U.S.) $1.25 per day (2010). Bangladesh achieved several millennium development goal (MDG) targets in education, health, and poverty reduction. Gender equality and women's empowerment are important determinants of reproductive health. While fertility and contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) are evenly distributed, wide gaps in access to maternal health services remain. Bangladesh will need to focus on increasing political commitment to adolescent health; focusing interventions on high-fertility and high maternal mortality ratio (MMR) areas; addressing human resources constraints; and harnessing the use of technology. |
| Keywords: | access to food, adolescent, adolescent fertility, adolescent health, adolescent health programs, adolescents, age at marriage, antenatal care, birth spacing, birth weight ... See More + child birth, child marriage, Child mortality, contraceptive prevalence, contraceptives, current Population, delivery complications, Early childbearing, economic growth, empowering women, essential health services, family planning, family planning program, female, female education, female sterilization, fertility, fertility decline, fertility rate, fertility rates, first birth, first child, first marriage, Gender, Gender equality, Gender Inequality, gender inequity, gender parity, girls, health care, human development, human resources, live births, male condoms, married women, maternal death, maternal deaths, maternal health, maternal health outcomes, maternal health services, Maternal mortality, mother, mothers, neonatal tetanus, nurses, Nutrition, nutritional status, pace of decline, pill, Population Policy, Population Research, Postnatal care, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcomes, progress, remittances, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, Reproductive Health Outcomes, rural women, sanitation, secondary education, Skilled birth attendance, social norms, social sectors, Social Welfare, Tetanus, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, urban areas, urban women, vaccination, World Health Organization, youth |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hnpkbs:93555&r=hea |
| By: | Sameh El-Saharty; Naoko Ohno; Intissar Sarker; Federica Secci; Sayed Ghulam |
| Abstract: | Afghanistan suffers from poverty and low human development aggravated by 23 years of conflict. In 2012, the population was 29 million and per capita income US $268. Economic growth was estimated at 3.6 percent in 2013, down from 14.4 percent in 2012. The transition led to investor and consumer wariness. Poverty reduction has stagnated at about 36 percent since 2007-08, while inequality increased (NRVA 2011-12). The Gini coefficient rose from 29.7 in 2007-08 to 31.6 in 2011-12. The large youth population ? 47 percent is under 15 ? is an opportunity to benefit from the demographic dividend through high growth and poverty reduction.The country ranks 175 out of 187 countries in the human development index. |
| Keywords: | access to resources, adolescent, adolescent fertility, antenatal care, basic health services, blood pressure, child health, child mortality, complications, contraceptive ... See More + prevalence, contraceptives, Early childbearing, Economic growth, economic opportunities, family planning, Female, Female literacy, Fertility, fertility rate, first birth, first marriage, Gender, Gender equality, gender gaps, Gender Inequality, girls, health facility, Health Management, human development, Iron, Iron Deficiency, Iron Deficiency Anemia, LAM, live births, married women, maternal death, maternal deaths, maternal health, maternal health outcomes, maternal health services, Maternal mortality, Maternal mortality rate, Midwifery, Midwifery Education, Ministry of Health, mothers, Nutrition, pill, Postnatal care, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcomes, progress, public awareness, Public Health, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, Reproductive Health Outcomes, rural areas, rural women, schools, service quality, Skilled birth attendance, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, urban areas, urban women, woman, World Health Organization, youth |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hnpkbs:93616&r=hea |
| By: | Sameh El-Saharty; Naoko Ohno; Intissar Sarker; Federica Secci; Manav Bhattarai |
| Abstract: | Nepal has made a remarkable progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), especially in extreme poverty and education. Nepal has achieved MDG 5 but only one in three births is attended by skilled medical personnel. Disparities exist in access to maternal care by residence and wealth quintiles. The total fertility rate has declined to 2.4 in 2012, along with increased contraceptive use at 50 percent. High unmet need of 27 percent still remains. Nutritional deficiencies for pregnant and lactating women remain a challenge. Nepal has initiated a number of key interventions to respond to increased adolescents? needs for health services, improve accessibility and quality of services at local level, and enhance equitable access to services through micro-planning exercise and provision of financial protection. |
| Keywords: | access to services, adolescent, adolescent fertility, adolescent populations, adolescents, adult literacy, antenatal care, behavior change, blood pressure, childbearing ... See More + complications, contraceptive prevalence, contraceptive use, contraceptives, drugs, Economic growth, equitable access, exercises, Female, Female sterilization, females, fertility, fertility rate, first birth, first marriage, gender, gender disparities, gender gap, Gender Inequality, girls, girls in school, health facility, Health Outcomes, health services, household income, Human Development, human resources, live births, low contraceptive prevalence, males, married women, maternal care, maternal deaths, maternal health, Maternal Health Services, Maternal Mortality, medical personnel, micronutrients, Ministry of Health, Mother, Nutrition, Nutritional deficiencies, parliamentary seats, peer educators, Postnatal care, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcomes, primary education, progress, quality of services, referral services, Remittances, reproductive age, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, Reproductive Health Outcomes, rural women, Safe Motherhood, secondary education, sexuality, sexuality education, sexuality education in schools, Skilled birth attendance, subsistence agriculture, teenage pregnancy, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, urban areas, urban women, World Health Organization, young mothers, youth |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hnpkbs:93605&r=hea |
| By: | Sameh El-Saharty; Naoko Ohno; Intissar Sarker; Federica Secci; Vikram Rajan |
| Abstract: | India is the third largest economy and has the second largest population in the world. It achieved millennium development goal (MDG) on poverty reduction; however, gender inequality still persists. Maternal mortality rate is 190 deaths per 100,000 live births, representing a 65 percent decline from 1990. Fertility fell to 2.5, while contraceptive prevalence rate increased to nearly 55 percent. Seventy-four percent of women sought antenatal care (ANC) from a qualified provider and 52 percent of births were attended by qualified providers. Wide gaps in contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) and access to skilled-birth attendance remain by geography and wealth quintile. India will focus on preventing unwanted pregnancies especially among adolescents; improving demand-side strategies; strengthening access and quality in public and private sectors; improving antenatal, intranatal, and postnatal care; strengthening monitoring and evaluation (M and E) systems and reducing inequities; and improving nutrition. |
| Keywords: | adolescent, adolescent fertility, adolescents, age at marriage, antenatal care, behavior change, blood pressure, child nutrition, Child survival, childbearing, complications ... See More + condoms, contraception, contraceptive prevalence, contraceptive use, education of girls, Family Health, Female, Female sterilization, females, Fertility, fertility rate, first birth, first marriage, first pregnancy, friendly clinics, gender, Gender equality, gender inequality, heterosexual intercourse, high-risk, high-risk pregnancies, HIV, HIV infections, HIV/AIDS, Human Development, inequities, live births, male contraception, married women, maternal death, maternal deaths, maternal health, Maternal Health Services, Maternal mortality, Maternal mortality rate, maternal nutrition, mothers, National Family Health Survey, Nutrition, nutritional status, postnatal care, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcomes, pregnant women, primary education, primary school, progress, purchasing power, purchasing power parity, quality of care, referral system, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, Reproductive Health Outcomes, rural areas, rural women, safe abortion, Safe Motherhood, screening, secondary education, service providers, service utilization, sex, sex workers, Skilled birth attendance, social mobility, UNDP, UNFPA, UNICEF, unwanted pregnancies, urban areas, urban women, World Health Organization, youth |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hnpkbs:93603&r=hea |
| By: | Paul Collier; Olivier Sterck; Richard Manning |
| Abstract: | Thanks to anti-retroviral therapies, people living with HIV in developing countries can now have a near-normal life at a cost of a few hundred dollars per year. We postulate that given this newly low cost of maintaining lives, there is a moral duty to rescue those who are infected. The core of the paper quantifies a reasonable lower bound for the fiscal consequences of this duty, which we show creates a financial quasi-liability which for some African countries is comparable to their debt-to-GDP ratios. Expenditures on prevention can pre-empt some of these liabilities. We construct a model to show that in some countries expenditure on prevention would be cost-effective, reducing liabilities by more than its cost. In principle, prevention should be pursued at least up to the point at which expenditure on it reduces the quasi-liability sufficiently to minimize the overall cost of accepting the duty to rescue. However, we show that even with optimal prevention the quasi-liability is likely to remain too high to be affordable for a significant number of African countries. Extending the model to two players, we show that if the international community accepts part of the quasi-liability, (as it does), it should finance an equal share of prevention and treatment efforts. Any imbalance in this distribution would introduce moral hazard and lead to a sub-optimal level of prevention. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csa:wpaper:2015-05&r=hea |
| By: | Albanesi, Stefania (Federal Reserve Bank of New York); Olivetti, Claudia |
| Abstract: | Maternal mortality was the second-leading cause of death for women in childbearing years up until the mid-1930s in the United States. For each death, twenty times as many mothers were estimated to suffer pregnancy-related conditions, often leading to severe and prolonged disablement. Poor maternal health made it particularly hard for mothers to engage in market work. Between 1930 and 1960, there was a remarkable reduction in maternal mortality and morbidity, thanks to medical advances. We argue that these medical advances, by enabling women to reconcile work and motherhood, were essential for the joint rise in married women’s labor force participation and fertility over this period. We also show that the diffusion of infant formula played an important auxiliary role. |
| Keywords: | maternal health; labor force participation |
| JEL: | I00 J00 J19 J21 |
| Date: | 2015–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:720&r=hea |
| By: | Matthew N. White (Department of Economics, University of Delaware) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how investments in health, through spending on preventive care, affect subsequent spending on medical care among the retired population.Augmenting a traditional dynamic consumption-savings model with two medical care goods, I estimate a structural life cycle model using data on single retired Americans from the Health and Retirement Study; I then conduct policy counterfactuals to ascertain the effect of a subsidy on preventive care on health and fiscal outcomes. A narrowly targeted subsidy improves longevity by 0.76 months at a public cost of $760 per capita, but does not reduce lifetime demand for medical care. |
| Keywords: | Consumption, dynamic optimization, health insurance, health investment |
| JEL: | D14 D91 I13 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dlw:wpaper:15-06&r=hea |
| By: | CANTA, Chiara (Norwegian School of Economics); PESTIEAU, Pierre (University of Liège, CREPP, Belgium; Universit√© catholique de Louvain, CORE, Belgium; Toulouse School of Economics, France and CEPR); THIBAULT, Emmanuel (Toulouse School of Economics (IDEI and University of Perpignan), France) |
| Abstract: | The rising level of long-term care (LTC) expenditures and their financing sources are likely to impact savings and capital accumulation and henceforth the pattern of growth. This paper studies how the joint interaction of the family, the market and the State influences capital accumulation in a society in which the assistance the children give to dependent parents is triggered by a family norm. We find that, with a family norm in place, the dynamics of capital accumulation differ from the ones of a standard Diamond (1965) model with dependence. For instance, if the family help is sizeably more productive than the other LTC financing sources, a pay-as-you-go social insurance might be a complement to private insurance and foster capital accumulation. |
| Date: | 2014–11–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cor:louvco:2014041&r=hea |
| By: | Fatema Khatun (Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST)); Mst. Rokshana Khanam Sima (Shahjalal University of Science and Technology (SUST)) |
| Abstract: | Using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is a key strategy to meet the demand for health services in the 21st century. ICT in health services can provide services to the door steps of the people. It helps to meet increasing demands, rising costs, limited resources, workforce shortages and the national and international dissemination of best practices. ICT health service can also ensure efficiency and effectiveness in the health management system. In this study, the simple random sampling method has been applied to primary data collected from Hobiganj Adhunik Zila Sadar Hospital. The study finds that the existing ICT health services do not meet the demand of the people. Traditional and insufficient equipment is one of the main problems. The study also finds some other challenges, including unskilled manpower, inadequacy of ICT infrastructure, and a lack of financial support from the government. Despite these deficits, the study finds that the use of ICT has a positive impact on the provision of health services in Bangladesh. The Government should take additional steps with regards to improving the health policy, legal framework and training to further strengthen ICT in Bangladesh’s health sector. |
| Keywords: | health services, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Sadar Hospital, Bangladesh, development |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bnr:wpaper:26&r=hea |
| By: | Tang, Chor Foon |
| Abstract: | Policymakers in the developed and developing countries already heading toward medical tourism to stimulate economic growth. Nonetheless, the actual impact of medical tourism on economic growth remains ambiguous. Although medical tourism may spur economic growth via its impact on foreign currency earnings, investments, tax revenue, and employment opportunities, it may also leave numerous negative externalities that either direct or indirectly harmful the process of economic growth. Undeniably, the effectiveness of relying on medical tourism to ignite long-term economic growth is remains as a vital research question. Therefore, this study attempts to address the question by assessing the effectiveness of medical tourism in stimulating long-term Malaysia’s economic growth through a well-established neoclassical growth model and a set of advanced time series econometric approaches. The key findings of this study are that medical tourism has significant positive impact on Malaysia’s economic growth in the long-run. Furthermore, we find that medical tourism Granger-cause economic growth and it is also relatively the most important factor in explaining the variation of Malaysia’s economic growth, especially in the long-run. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth; Malaysia; Medical tourism |
| JEL: | C32 O11 |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:63365&r=hea |
| By: | Giampiero Marra; Rosalba Radice; Bärnighausen, Till; Simon N. Wood; Mark McGovern |
| Abstract: | Estimates of HIV prevalence are important for policy in order to establish the health status of a country's population, to evaluate the effectiveness of population-based interventions and campaigns, to identify the most at risk members of the population, and to target those most in need of treatment. However, data in low and middle income countries are often derived from HIV testing conducted as part of household surveys, where participation rates in testing can be low. Low participation rates may be attributed to HIV positive individuals being less likely to participate because they fear disclosure, in which case, estimates obtained using conventional approaches to deal with non-participation, such as imputation-based methods, will be biased. In addition, establishing which population sub-groups are most in need of intervention requires modeling of both spatial dependence and the predictors of HIV status, which is complicated by data censoring due to this non-participation. We develop a Heckman-type selection model framework which accounts for non-ignorable selection, but allows for heterogeneous selection behavior by incorporating a flexible linear predictor structure for modeling copula dependence. The utilization of penalized regression splines and Gaussian Markov random fields allows us to account for non-linear covariate effects and for geographic clustering of HIV. A ridge penalty avoids convergence failures, even when the parameters of the selection variable are not fully identified. We provide the software for straightforward implementation of this approach, and apply our methodology to estimating national and sub-national HIV prevalence in three sub-Saharan African countries. |
| Date: | 2015–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qsh:wpaper:247261&r=hea |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Health Monitoring and Evaluation Public Sector Expenditure Policy Health Economics and Finance Health Systems Development and Reform Health, Nutrition and Population - Population Policies Public Sector Development |
| Date: | 2014–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:21508&r=hea |
| By: | Alice Sanwald; Engelbert Theurl |
| Abstract: | Introduction: Out-of-pocket spending is an important source of healthcare financing even in countries with established prepaid financing of healthcare. However, out-of-pocket payments (OOPP) may have undesirable effects from an equity perspective. In this study, we analyse the distributive effects of OOPP in Austria based on cross-sectional information from the Austrian Household Budget Survey 2009/10. Methods: We combine evidence from disaggregated measures (concentration curve and Lorenz curve) and summary indices (Gini coefficient, Kakwani index, and Reynolds-Smolensky index) to demonstrate the distributive effects of total OOPP and their subcomponents. Thereby, we use different specifications of household ability to pay. We follow the Aronson-Johnson-Lampert approach and split the distributive effect into its three components: progressivity, horizontal equity, and reranking. Results: OOPP in Austria have regressive effects on income distribution. These regressive effects are especially pronounced for the OOPP category prescription fees and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals. Dis- aggregated evidence shows that the effects differ between income groups. The decomposition analysis reveals a high degree of reranking and horizontal inequity for total OOPP, and particularly, for therapeutic aids and physician services. Conclusions: The results - especially those for prescription fees and therapeutic aids - are of high relevance for the recent and on-going discussion on the reform of benefit catalogues and cost-sharing schemes in the public health insurance system in Austria. |
| Keywords: | out-of-pocket health expenditure, healthcare financing inequalities, Kakwani index, vertical equity, horizontal equity, reranking |
| JEL: | H22 H23 H51 I14 |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inn:wpaper:2015-05&r=hea |
| By: | Gilad Sorek |
| Abstract: | I study duopolistic market for differentiated medical products. Medical providers decide whether to sell on the spot market to sick consumers or to sell through competitive insurance market to healthy consumers. While shopping for insurance consumers know only the distribution of possible medical needs they may have if they get sick. Only when getting sick their actual medical need reveals and diagnosed. Hence consumers on the insurance market have lower taste differentiation than the sick consumers who are shopping on the spot market. I find that in equilibrium providers sell only on the insurance market, even though this intensifies competition because of lower taste differentiation. Competition between providers under insurance sales brings premiums low enough to motivate consumers buying insurance for both products. Insurance sales generate efficient horizontal product differentiation, lower prices, and efficiently higher quality. |
| Keywords: | Insurance; Non-linear Pricing; Option Demand; Differentiation |
| JEL: | I11 I13 L1 |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abn:wpaper:auwp2015-03&r=hea |
| By: | Rafael Cortez; Seemeen Saadat; Edmore Marinda; Odutolu Oluwole |
| Keywords: | Health Monitoring and Evaluation Health, Nutrition and Population - Adolescent Health Gender - Gender and Health Disease Control and Prevention Health, Nutrition and Population - Population Policies |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:21626&r=hea |
| By: | Rafael Cortez; Diana Bowser; Meaghen Quinlan-Davidson |
| Keywords: | Health Monitoring and Evaluation Health, Nutrition and Population - Adolescent Health Gender - Gender and Health Health, Nutrition and Population - Population Policies Gender - Gender and Development |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:21627&r=hea |