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on Economic Geography |
| By: | Pierre-Philippe Combes; Gilles Duranton; Henry G. Overman |
| Abstract: | We consider the literatures on urban systems and New Economic Geography to examinequestions concerning agglomeration and how areas respond to shocks to the economicenvironment. We first propose a diagrammatic framework to compare the two approaches.We then use this framework to study a number of extensions and to consider several policyrelevant issues. |
| Keywords: | Urban systems, New Economic Geography, Urban and regional policy, diagrammatic exposition |
| JEL: | R00 R58 |
| Date: | 2005–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp0689&r=geo |
| By: | Gilles Duranton; Michael Storper |
| Abstract: | While transport costs have fallen, the empirical evidence also points at rising total trade costs.In a model of industry location with endogenous transaction costs, we show how and underwhich conditions a decline in transport costs can lead to an increase in the total cost of trade. |
| Keywords: | Transaction costs, trade costs, transport costs, agglomeration, vertically linkedindustries |
| JEL: | D23 D24 R12 |
| Date: | 2005–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp0683&r=geo |
| By: | Jordan Rappaport (Economic Research Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City) |
| Keywords: | Population Density, Productivity, Quality-of-Life, Compensating Differentials, Economic Growth |
| JEL: | O40 O51 R11 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed005:131&r=geo |
| By: | Wen-Chi Liao |
| Keywords: | Outsourcing; Inequality; Segregation; |
| JEL: | F0 R12 R13 R23 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed005:904&r=geo |
| By: | Sedef Akgüngör (Department of Economics, Faculty of Business, Dokuz Eylül University); Pýnar Falcýoðlu (Department of Management, Iþýk University) |
| Abstract: | The dynamics of industrial agglomeration across the regions and the reasons for such agglomeration have been the focus of interest particularly in exploring the effects of economic integration of regions on the spatial distribution of economic activity. In this context, following the predictions of the literature on economic geography, Turkey’s integration with the European Union as a candidate member is a likely cause of changes in economic dispersion of the economic activity over the years. The major objective of the study is to complement the findings of the studies on industrial agglomeration in Turkey’s manufacturing industry by exploring whether specialization and concentration patterns have changed over time and to expose the driving forces of geographic concentration in Turkey’s manufacturing industry, particularly during Turkey’s economic integration process with the European Union under the customs union established in 1996. Industrial concentration and regional specialization are measured by GINI index for NUTS 2 regions at the 2-digit level for the years between 1992 and 2001. To investigate which variables determine industry concentration, the systematic relation between the characteristics of the industry and geographical concentration is tested. A regression equation is estimated, where the dependent variable is GINI concentration index and the independent variables are the variables that represent the characteristics of the sectors. The major finding of the study is that Turkey’s manufacturing industry has a tendency for regional specialization. Increase in the average value for regional specialization supports the prediction developed by Krugman that regions become more specialized with regional integration. But there is no evidence for increased industrial concentration in Turkish manufacturing industry, contrary to the expectations. As for the answer to which variables determine industry concentration, the analysis supports the hypothesis that the firms tend to cluster in regions where there are economies of scale and there are significant linkages between firms, supporting the predictions of new trade theory and economic geography. |
| Keywords: | Regional specialization, geographical concentration, economic integration, geographical economics |
| JEL: | L60 R10 R11 R12 R15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:deu:dpaper:0105&r=geo |
| By: | Alexandre Porsse; Eduardo Haddad; Eduardo Ribeiro |
| Abstract: | Tax incentives are common instruments in regional policies used to attract new investments and promote increase in employment and income, but the impact on regional public finances is very controversial. This paper uses an interregional computable general equilibrium model for the Brazilian economy to evaluate the net effects of tax incentives on the regional government revenues. The model takes into account the structural relationships between two regions and the specific characteristics of the Brazilian federalism that affects regional public finances. The theoretical specification allows capturing indirect and induced effects of the new investments and the net output of such incentive policies for the regional government revenues. |
| JEL: | C68 R13 H73 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:124&r=geo |
| By: | Rummaya (Faculty of Economics, Airlangga University); Wirya Wardaya (Faculty of Economics, Airlangga University); Erlangga Agustino Landiyanto (Faculty of Economics, Airlangga University) |
| Abstract: | This study try to identify the â-convergence process among regions in East Java using panel data of 37 regencies & municipalities between 1983-2002, taking into account the presence of spatial heterogeneity and spillover effects. Detection of spatial regimes using G-I* statistics (Getis & Ord, 1995) on regional per capita GDP values in 1983 found cluster of high income regions (group of “rich”) in central & eastern part of East Java, and cluster of low income regions (group of “poor”) in western part. The result of OLS & GLS regression on absolute convergence model found the existence of â-divergence process of East Java in overall period (1983-2003), consistent with the ó convergence which showing upward trend (divergence). Meanwhile, the same divergence process is also found in absolute convergence equation estimated for each club, even though in slower rate than East Java divergence rate. Using the methodology proposed by Burn, Combes, & Renard (2002) this study founds the existence of negative spillover effects between regions in “rich” clubs and from “rich” clubs to the “poor” one, where the magnitude is greater in the latter case. The club of “poor” regions is diverging faster than the “rich”. This finding is robust in every convergence equation (with or without the spillover effects). The lack of diversity on East Java’s manufacturing industries (Santosa & Michael, 2005 and Landiyanto, 2005) seems contribute to its divergence process by engaging a competitive mode between regions. |
| Keywords: | â-convergence, divergence, spatial regimes, spillover effects |
| JEL: | C6 D5 D9 |
| Date: | 2005–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wpa:wuwpge:0511008&r=geo |
| By: | Andrew B. Bernard; Stephen Redding; Peter K. Schott |
| Abstract: | We develop a methodology for identifying departures from relative factor price equalityacross regions that is valid under general assumptions about production, markets and factors.Application of this methodology to the United States reveals substantial and increasingdeviations in relative skilled wages across labor markets in both 1972 and 1992. Thesedeviations vary systematically with labor markets industry structure both in cross section andover time. |
| Keywords: | Factor Price Equality, Regional Wages, Neoclassical Trade Theory, Labor Market Areas |
| JEL: | F16 J30 R23 C14 |
| Date: | 2005–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp0696&r=geo |
| By: | Sven Rady; Francois Ortalo-Magne |
| Keywords: | Housing Markets, Dynamic Sorting, Tenure Choice |
| JEL: | R23 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:red:sed005:113&r=geo |
| By: | Raven E. Saks |
| Abstract: | Differences in the supply of housing generate substantial variation in housing prices across the United States. Because housing prices influence migration, the elasticity of housing supply also has an important impact on local labor markets. Specifically, an increase in labor demand will translate into less employment growth and higher wages in places where it is relatively difficult to build new houses. To identify metropolitan areas where the supply of housing is constrained, I assemble evidence on housing supply regulations from a variety of sources. In places with relatively few barriers to construction, an increase in housing demand leads to a large number of new housing units and only a moderate increase in housing prices. In contrast, for an equal demand shock, places with more regulation experience a 17 percent smaller expansion of the housing stock and almost double the increase in housing prices. Furthermore, I find that housing supply regulations have a significant effect on local labor market dynamics. Whereas a 1 percent increase in labor demand generally leads to a 1 percent increase in the long-run level of employment, the employment response is less than 0.8 percent in places where the housing supply is highly constrained. |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2005-49&r=geo |
| By: | Henry G. Overman; Anthony J. Venables |
| Abstract: | Rapid urbanisation is a major feature of developing countries. Some 2 billion more people arelikely to become city residents in the next 30 years, yet urbanisation has received littleattention in the modern development economics literature. This paper reviews theoretical andempirical work on the determinants and effects of urbanisation. This suggests that there aresubstantial productivity benefits from cities, although unregulated outcomes may well lead toexcessive primacy as externalities and coordination failures inhibit decentralisation ofeconomic activity. Policy should operate both by identifying and addressing these marketfailures, and by seeking to remove institutional obstacles to decentralisation. |
| Keywords: | Urbanisation, economic development |
| JEL: | O18 R0 |
| Date: | 2005–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp0695&r=geo |
| By: | Zenou, Yves (The Research Institute of Industrial Economics) |
| Abstract: | We highlight the role of commuting cost, location and housing market in crime decision. By assuming that all crimes are committed in the central business district and that criminals create both positive and negative externalities to each other, we find that high wages or large levels of police resources are a natural way to reduce crime. We also find that bigger cities experience higher levels of crime because of the fiercer competition in the housing market. Finally, we show that reducing commuting costs can also reduce crime because the resulting decrease in housing prices is lower for workers than for criminals. |
| Keywords: | Localized Crime; Housing Market; Commuting Cost |
| JEL: | J15 K42 R14 |
| Date: | 2005–11–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:0651&r=geo |
| By: | Claire Dujardin; Harris Selod; Isabelle Thomas |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the causal effects of the spatial organization of Brussels on unemployment propensities. Using 1991 Census data, we estimate the unemployment probability of young adults while taking into account personal, household and neighborhood characteristics. We solve the endogeneity of residential locations by restricting our sample to young adults residing with their parents, and evaluate the potential remaining bias by conducting a sensitivity analysis. Our results suggest that the neighborhood of residence significantly increases a youngster probability of being unemployed, a result which is quite robust to the presence of both observed and unobserved parental covariates. |
| Keywords: | Neighborhood effects, residential segregation, endogeneity bias,sensitivity analysis |
| JEL: | O18 R1 R12 |
| Date: | 2005–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lea:leawpi:0511&r=geo |
| By: | Florence Goffette-Nagot (GATE CNRS); Claire Dujardin |
| Abstract: | This paper is aimed to examine how individual unemployment is influenced both by location in a deprived neighborhood and public housing. Our identification strategy is twofold. First, because we estimate a simultaneous probit model of public housing accommodation, type of neighborhood, and unemployment, the formal identification of the model relies on non-linearities. Second, we take advantage of the location of the public housing sector in France, which allows us to use public housing accommodation as a powerful determinant of neighborhood choices. Our results show that public housing does not have any direct effect on unemployment. However, living within the 35% more deprived neighborhoods does increase the unemployment probability significantly. As expected, the effect of neighborhood substantially decreases when dealing with the endogeneity of neighborhood and when using public housing as a determinant of neighborhood choice. |
| Keywords: | Neighborhood effects, Public housing, Unemployment, Simultaneous probit models, Simulated maximum likehood |
| JEL: | J64 R2 |
| Date: | 2005–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gat:wpaper:0505&r=geo |
| By: | Zhang Jun (China Center for Economic Studies, Fudan University); Yu Jin (Department of Economics, Nanyang Technological University) |
| Abstract: | It becomes apparent that growing disparity in China is highly associated with regional variation of productivity, and that productivity is significantly impacted by financial deepening process. After identifying and estimating the share of bank lending to non-state sector, this paper finds a significant variation in the level of financial deepening between regions. Then this paper examines why financial development process turns out to be divergent between coastal and inland regions. Such analysis places the issue of enlarging regional imbalance in China in a context specific to the weakness of re-centralization process of intergovernmental fiscal relations in 1994. |
| JEL: | O |
| Date: | 2005–11–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wpa:wuwpeh:0511003&r=geo |
| By: | Giorgio Fagiolo; Marco Valente; Nicolaas J. Vriend |
| Abstract: | Schelling (1969, 1971, 1971, 1978) considered a simple model with individual agents who only care about the types of people living in their own local neighborhood. The spatial structure was represented by a one- or two-dimensional lattice. Schelling showed that an integrated society will generally unravel into a rather segregated one even though no individual agent strictly prefers this. We make a first step to generalize the spatial proximity model to a proximity model of segregation. That is, we examine models with individual agents who interact 'locally' in a range of network structures with topological properties that are different from those of regular lattices. Assuming mild preferences about with whom they interact, we study best-response dynamics in random and regular non-directed graphs as well as in small-world and scale-free networks. Our main result is that the system attains levels of segregation that are in line with those reached in the lattice-based spatial proximity model. In other words, mild proximity preferences can explain segregation not just in regular spatial networks but also in more general social networks. Furthermore, segregation levels do not dramatically vary across different network structures. That is, Schelling's original results seem to be robust also to the structural properties of the network. |
| Keywords: | Spatial proximity model, Social segregation, Schelling, Proximity preferences, Social networks, Undirected graphs, Best-response dynamics. |
| Date: | 2005–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2005/22&r=geo |
| By: | Stephen Redding; Daniel M. Sturm |
| Abstract: | This paper exploits the division of Germany after the Second World War and thereunification of East and West Germany in 1990 as a natural experiment to provide evidenceof the importance of market access for economic development. In line with a standard neweconomic geography model, we find that following division cities in West Germany that wereclose to the new border between East and West Germany experienced a substantial decline inpopulation growth relative to other West German cities. We provide several pieces ofevidence that the decline of the border cities can be entirely accounted for by their loss inmarket access and is neither driven by differences in industrial structure nor differences in thedegree of warrelated destruction. Finally, we also find some first evidence of a recovery ofthe border cities after the re-unification of East and West Germany. |
| Keywords: | Market Access, Economic Geography, German Division, German Reunification |
| JEL: | F15 N94 O18 |
| Date: | 2005–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp0688&r=geo |
| By: | Patrick Bayer; Robert McMillan |
| Abstract: | Prompted by widespread concerns about public school quality, a growing empirical literature has measured the effects of greater choice on school performance. This paper contributes to that literature in three ways. First, it makes the observation that the overall effect of greater choice, which has been the focus of prior research, can be decomposed into demand and supply components: knowing the relative sizes of the two is very relevant for policy. Second, using rich data from a large metropolitan area, it provides a direct and intuitive measure of the competition each school faces. This takes the form of a school-specific elasticity that measures the extent to which reductions in school quality would lead to reductions in demand. Third, the paper provides evidence that these elasticity measures are strongly related to school performance: a one-standard deviation increase in the competitiveness of a school's local environment within the Bay Area leads to a 0.15 standard deviation increase in average test scores. This positive correlation is robust and is consistent with strong supply responsiveness on the part of public schools, of relevance to the broader school choice debate. |
| JEL: | I20 H41 R21 |
| Date: | 2005–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:11802&r=geo |
| By: | David J. Moscoso |
| Abstract: | This article is based on the study Public Opinion and Rural Development. The Intermediate Evaluation of the European Union Initiative Leader Plus in Andalusia, carried out between the end of 2003 and the beginning of 2004 by the Institute of Social Studies of Andalusia (IESA-CSIC). In these pages the matter of the rural development of the Andalusian mountain zones is raised, with the empirical framework of the analysis focused on the specific case of the situation in the Sierra Nevada. Through this analysis, the intention is to show which are the difficulties and hindrances that in modern times slow down the development process for the mountainous population of the domain of the Sierra Nevada, as well as the perceived changes and the opportunities for improvement detected by this population within the framework of the European Union Initiative LEADER (Links between Actions for the Development of the Rural Economy). |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esa:iesawp:0507&r=geo |
| By: | Michael J. Hicks (Air Force Institute of Technology); Kristy Wilburn (Marshall University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the retail trade sector in 14 West Virginia counties from 1989 through 1996. A series of random effects models are tested on these panel data to measure the effect of the entrance of Wal- Mart stores in the county and in adjacent counties, and business cycle effects. This paper differs from earlier research in that it controls for endogeneity in the entrance decision of Wal-Mart in faster growing counties. This research finds a dramatic net increase in employment and wages in the Retail Trade sector (SIC 52) and a mild increase in the number of firms. The study finds a per capita wage increase in this industry, which is surprising but small. The paper concludes with further research recommendations. |
| JEL: | R |
| Date: | 2005–11–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wpa:wuwpur:0511011&r=geo |
| By: | David Neumark; Junfu Zhang; Stephen Ciccarella |
| Abstract: | We estimate the effects of Wal-Mart stores on county-level employment and earnings, accounting for endogeneity of the location and timing of Wal-Mart openings that most likely biases the evidence against finding adverse effects of Wal-Mart stores. We address the endogeneity problem using a natural instrumental variable that arises from the geographic and time pattern of the opening of Wal-Mart stores, which slowly spread out from the first stores in Arkansas. In the retail sector, on average, Wal-Mart stores reduce employment by two to four percent. There is some evidence that payrolls per worker also decline, by about 3.5 percent, but this conclusion is less robust. Either way, though, retail earnings fall. Overall, there is some evidence that Wal-Mart stores increase total employment on the order of two percent, although not all of the evidence supports this conclusion. There is stronger evidence that total payrolls per person decline, by about five percent in the aggregate, implying that residents of local labor markets earn less following the opening of Wal-Mart stores. And in the South, where Wal-Mart stores are most prevalent and have been open the longest, the evidence indicates that Wal-Mart reduces retail employment, total employment, and total payrolls per person. |
| JEL: | J2 J3 R1 |
| Date: | 2005–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:11782&r=geo |
| By: | Ricardo Machado Ruiz; Edson Paulo Domingues; Sueli Moro |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to identify the Brazilian industrial cores and peripheries. The study is based on two sets of data: the first describes 35600 industrial firms, and the second has information on the economic, social and urban structure of 5507 cities (2000). The conclusions are: (1) 84% of the industrial value-added (IVA) is concentrated in some type of industrial cluster; (2) 75% is in 15 spatial industrial agglomerations, which are industrial clusters with industrialized peripheries; (3) the are other 23 industrial cluster (local industrial agglomerations and industrial enclaves) with 9% of IVA; (4) the remaining 16% is geographically dispersed. Our main conclusion is: the Brazilian economic space is a mixed case. It is not a set of disconnected or isolated industrial islands, but it is still behind a full regional economic integration. |
| JEL: | R11 R12 R23 R30 R58 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:118&r=geo |
| By: | Pedro Jucá Maciel; Joaquim Andrade; Vladimir Kuhl Teles |
| Abstract: | This article aims to apply a dynamic general-equilibrium model to Brazilian regional economics based on a version of "augmented" neoclassical economic growth model of Mankiw, Romer and Weil [QJE, 1992] using computational simulation. The results reach a trend of spatial concentration and formation of two steady states of incomes of the Brazilians regions: poor and rich. The South and Center-West regions tend to get the per capita income of the richest region, the Southeast. On the other hand, the poorest regions, Northeast and North, do not tend to change substantially their per capita income dynamic. The Northeast and North remains at an inferior level of per capita income 3,2 and 2,4 times respectively of the others regions. Subsequently, the article conducts a sensibility analysis of the dynamic to technological shock on the poorest regions, detecting a possible reversion of that tendency. |
| JEL: | R10 R11 R12 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:127&r=geo |
| By: | Héder Carlos de Oliveira; Edson Paulo Domingues |
| Abstract: | There is considerable evidence to demonstrate that the regional development in developing countries shows high level of spatial concentration. The aim of this paper is to analyze the Brazilian case to identify if the Brazilian constitutional funds (FNO and FCO) have a positive impact on the regional inequality. These funds have been created in 1989 in order to finance economic activities in the North and Northeast regions. Our results show that regional growth in Brazil over the last 10 years has not been affected by these constitutional funds. On the other way, public infra-structure, education and health have a positive relation with regional growth, which suggests that the public expending on those funds should be directed to these regional attributes. |
| JEL: | R11 R58 O18 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:122&r=geo |
| By: | Wilson Suzigan; João Furtado; Renato Garcia |
| Abstract: | Using a previously developed methodology for identifying, classifying and characterizing local production systems (LPS) in Brazil, and evidence produced by a number of case studies, the paper suggests that policies aimed at LPS (or industrial clusters) should be tailored according to a typology of clusters. This typology must take into account the cluster importance for local or regional development, its share in the respective industry, and its characteristics in terms of production structure, trading schemes, institutional infrastructure, governance structures, and social contexts. The paper starts by reviewing, from the point of view of policy-making, the theories that support industrial cluster analyses, namely those that explain clusters as: outcomes of plain agglomeration economies and increasing returns; the result of spatial dynamic processes; knowledge systems emerging from the geography of innovation and agglomeration; governance structures, and as evolving complex systems. Next, the results from an application of the methodology to Brazilian data and information and from a number of case studies are summarized. Finally, the paper suggests policy guidelines with some measures of general application, aimed at problems observed in all LPS, and some specific measures differentiated according to a typology of local production systems that resulted from the application of the methodology. |
| JEL: | L52 R11 O18 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:129&r=geo |
| By: | Vladimir Fernandes Maciel; Mônica Yukie Kuwahara; Roseli da Silva; Kleber Oliveira |
| Abstract: | The main purpose of the present article is to reflect on the relations between urban infrastructure, housing and environment through the analysis of intracity indicators georefered according to districts of the city of São Paulo. The selected variables to identify these aspects of the quality of life of the city will be expressed in two synthetic pointers: one treating the Housing Vulnerability (IVH) and another one occupying of the Vulnerability of Infrastructure and Environment (IVIMA). The data source used was the 2000 sample research of the Demographic indicates the different conditions of housing, access to the urban infrastructure and exposition the environmental risks for the districts. The hypothesis is that the process of Brazilian economic development between the 1930's and 1980's, caused intense migratory movement country-city and the supply increase of urban infrastructure and housing was not given in the same magnitude, resulting in precarious nestings and with environmental and social impacts. The result of the research allows to identify the different necessities of the city of São Paulo in terms of environmental quality, identifying the factors (habitation and urban infrastructure) that can minimize the regional inequalities of the city. This article is divided in three parts, besides the introduction and the conclusion. |
| JEL: | O18 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:131&r=geo |
| By: | Magno Vamberto Batista da Silva; Raul da Mota Silveira Neto |
| Abstract: | This work deals with the determinants of the industrial location, estimating the effects of the external economies on the growth of the employment of the manufacturing for the states of Brazil in the period from 1994 to 2002. It uses agglomeration's measures of the same industry - specialization - and among different industries - diversity - that reflect technological spillovers and considers the variables transport costs and backward and forward linkages associated to the New Economic Geography. The main idea is that firms benefit from the proximity and concentration of activities both in the same or different industries. The work uses regression cross-section and focus on the dynamic externalities. The principal results point out to the positive association between the growth of the employment and the market linkages and the industrial diversity, do not favor specialization. So, they are consistent with the models of the New Economic Geography, of Jacobs' theories and part of the predictions of Porter, but not with the MAR's theories (Marshall, Arrow and Romer). |
| JEL: | R11 R12 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:116&r=geo |
| By: | Danilo Camargo Igliori |
| Abstract: | The determinants of technical efficiency in agriculture and cattle ranching are closely related with the debate involving the conservation-development trade-off in the Brazilian Amazon. Concerned with balancing development and environmental conservation, policy makers and academics have emphasized the importance of choosing ways of selecting areas where land use restrictions would be established. In order to understand the relationship between spatial patterns of deforestation and the associated distribution and characteristics of economic activity, issues regarding technical efficiency are clearly important. This paper aims to identify the socio-economic and environmental determinants of technical efficiency in agriculture and cattle ranching in the Brazilian Amazon emphasizing their relationship with spatial processes of deforestation and development. The study is structured in two parts. The first part is concerned with measuring technical efficiency for agriculture and cattle ranching in each geographical unit focusing on the production relationship between inputs and outputs. The second one focuses on the variation in the efficiency measure explained by exogenous factors and includes the spatial analysis. We adopt the model proposed by Battese and Coelli (1995) where the production function and the exogenous effects influencing technical efficiency are estimated simultaneously. |
| JEL: | Q10 Q24 R12 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:137&r=geo |
| By: | Anderson Cavalcante; Marco Crocco; Matheus Alves de Brito |
| Abstract: | This article is part of a research agenda in the financial aspects of regional development. Although this is not a new agenda, it is possible to say that it is not consolidate yet. The paper aims to analyze how distinct macroeconomic environment could affect the variation of credit among regions. Two very distinct periods of the brazilain economy are analyzed: the year of 1994, which could characterized by the monetary stabilization and by the economic growth based on the internal market performance; and the year of 2004, which is characterized by the economic growth based on the performance of external market. Thought the shif-share analyzes of the regional distribution of the variation of credit, it is showed that the economic growth based on the internal market is more favorable to the redistribution of the regional credit if it is compared with the economic growth based on the external market. This outcome shad lights on the debate over what is the best type of economic growth to tackle the regional imbalances. |
| JEL: | R11 R12 R51 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:121&r=geo |
| By: | Rute Imanishi Rodrigues |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the relationship between poverty and urban violence, taking São Paulo Municipality as example. It is argued that the local of residence, and not the income, is the most adequate variable to evaluate the association between poverty and violence in the city. The spatial cut allows to observe the inter-relations among social, economic and law dimensions of the violence dynamic, which could not be understood through the observation of the income dimension only. The local of residence serves to identify where the law enforcement agencies fail and also to identify the environment that, due to its socio-economic characteristics are favorable to violence diffusion. The paper focuses on the life conditions of poor communities, highlighting slums areas. It stress that is precisely in these localities where the law enforcement agencies action is more problematical. Besides that, it reasons that precarious housing conditions are fundamental to explain the context of low socio-economic mobility, since the precarious space constrain the access to the resources which could help to overcome the community's disadvantages with respect to other social groups within the city. Finally, it shows the results of an exercise checking the correlation between, from on side, bad housing conditions and other socio-economical variables and, from the other side, the levels of violence in the city districts. |
| JEL: | I32 I12 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:154&r=geo |
| By: | Flávia Chein; Mauro Borges Lemos; Juliano Junqueira Assunção |
| Abstract: | The uneven development, or either, why growth rates differ between countries or regions, is still the main question of development economics, no matter which theory one follows: the convergence, coordination failure or market imperfection approach. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the process of Brazilian economy development over the 1970-2000 period, using Demographic Census data, in order to find signs of convergence or regional inequalities. The data analysis shows a uneven development among regions, that goes beyond the idea of differences between North/Northeast and the remainder of the country. |
| JEL: | R00 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:117&r=geo |
| By: | Mario Marcos Sampaio Rodarte; Marcelo Magalhães Godoy |
| Abstract: | This study focuses the commerce, economical activity that carried out the function of still controlling the global production in an economy without the domain of the industrial section. The principal objective of the work is to define, through statistical model, the relationships among number of houses of businesses, and several aspects of the places, like the population size, the wealth of the families, the level of regional development and the position of the place in the system of cities. In that study it was used the censuses population and economical of the decade of 1830, and the fiscal document of Relationship of Houses of Businesses of 1836. |
| JEL: | N36 R21 R31 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:022&r=geo |
| By: | Erlangga Agustino Agustino (Faculty of Economics, Airlangga University) |
| Abstract: | Konsentrasi dari aktivitas ekonomi secara spasial, terutama pada industri manufaktur, telah menjadi fenomena menarik untuk dianalisis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dimana dan pada subsektor apa industri manufaktur di Jawa Timur Terkonsentrasi serta bagaimana keterkaitan dengan spesialisasi industri pada masing-masing wilayah di Jawa Timur. sehingga dapat dianalisis mengenai kebijakan dalam mengembangkan industri manufaktur kota Surabaya. Dangan menggunakan menggunakan Location Quotient, Herfindahl Indeks, Elison-Glaeser Indeks, indeks spesialisasi regional and indeks spasialisasi bilateral, diketahui Berdasarkan SWP Industri Manufaktur di Provinsi Jawa Timur terkonsentrasi pada tiga SWP yaitu SWP 1 Gerbang Kertasusila, SWP 6 Malang – Pasuruan dan SWP 7 Kediri dan sekitarnya. Sedangkan apabila berdasarkan kabupaten kota, industri manufaktur kota Surabaya terkonsentrasi di kota Surabaya, kabupaten Gresik, kabupaten Sidoarjo, kota Kediri kabupaten Pasuruan dan kota Malang. Subsektor andalan provinsi Jawa Timur berdasarkan spesialisasi tingkat propinsi adalah subsektor makanan, minuman dan tembakau (ISIC 3.1), subsektor industri tekstil, pakaian jadi dan kulit (ISIC 3.2) dan subsektor industri barang galian non logam, kecuali minyak bumi dan batu bara (ISIC 3.6). Perkembangan subsektor tersebut didorong oleh terjadinya agglomerasi yang disebabkan oleh natural advantages maupun eksternalitas berupa knowledge spillover dan tenaga kerja yang terspesialisasi. Selain itu perkembangan subsektor tersebut juga didorong oleh akses pasar, baik berupa jumlah penduduk maupun sarana transportasi. |
| Keywords: | Konsentrasi spasial, Spesialisasi. Industri Manufaktur |
| JEL: | R |
| Date: | 2005–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wpa:wuwpur:0511009&r=geo |
| By: | Daniel Reichstul; Gilberto Tadeu Lima |
| Abstract: | This study contributes to the understanding of the causality between different credit measures and indicators of economic activity in the State of São Paulo. Questions have been raised as to the prevailing Granger-causality for national economies, and a regional approach that has not yet been followed in the empirical literature is pursued here. More precisely, it is dealt with the relationship between different credit modalities and diverse aspects of São Paulo´s industrial output over the period from January 1995 to December 2003, by using both a multivariate and a bivariate Autoregressive Vector model (VAR). The results show that such a dimension of the the local financial development has followed industrial development. |
| JEL: | R11 R12 G21 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:119&r=geo |
| By: | João Carlos Ramos Magalhães; Rogério Boueri Miranda |
| Abstract: | This work analyses the evolution of relative Per Capita Income distribution, Literacy Rates, Years of Study and Longevity of Brazilian municipalities. The estimation of transition matrices, methodology developed in Quah (1993b), modeled the national, regional and intra-regional convergence pattern for the period 1970 to 2000. The changes in the Brazilian municipality structure demanded the grouping of Municipalities into Minimal Comparable Areas (MCA). The results revealed convergence for the variables related to education, but convergence in clubs for the Per Capita Income and Longevity. The low income club is formed by the North and Northeast MCA, that presented approximately one third of the long term Per Capita Income in the high income club, formed by the Center- West, South and Southeast. The longevity is converging to three clubs: a subtle higher level in the South and Southeast MCA, an intermediary level in the Center-West and North MCA and a low level in the Northeast MCA. |
| JEL: | R11 R15 C14 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:132&r=geo |
| By: | Frederico G. Jayme Jr; Marco Crocco |
| Abstract: | This paper aims at analyzing regional development in Brazil regarding its financial conditions. It departs from the features of the federalism and decentralization in Brazil, as well as the state and local expenditures. We intends to investigate the role of the federalism and decentralization after the recentralization of taxes and budget in the Brazilian economy. Conclusions highlight the importance of financial sector as one of the influential aspect of the regional disequilibrium in Brazil. |
| JEL: | R11 H70 H77 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:123&r=geo |
| By: | Raul Antonio Cristóvão dos Santos; Eduardo Amaral Haddad |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to apply the Leontief-Miyazawa Model to the Brazilian economy and analyze the intra and inter-states flow of income that occur as a consequence of the production to attend the final demand of each state. Using this model, we will be able to see how the interdependence among the productive structure of the Brazilian states influences the determination of state income. We will also consider the results found in the perspective of the theory of economic development by Rosenstein-Rodan and Nurkse and the reduction of the regional inequalities. |
| JEL: | R12 R15 O18 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:126&r=geo |
| By: | Harley Silva; Anderson Resende; Carlos Rosa; Rodrigo Simões |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to describe and analyse the connection between urbanization processes of and the modernization of Agricultural and Cattle Raising in Minas Gerais - Brazil, during the second half of last decade. Furthermore, we use microregional database and apply multivariate analysis (PCA and Cluster Analysis) to identify the existent regional patterns for the State of Minas Gerais - Brazil. |
| JEL: | Q10 R11 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:140&r=geo |
| By: | Ciro Biderman |
| Abstract: | This paper attempts to forecast the impact of a large transport infra-structure implementation (the outer ring in São Paulo Metropolitan Area) on firms location decision (i.e. the number of jobs by industry) and on households location decision by income class and origin-destination zones. Using the variation in commuting time given by the new infrastructure we can estimate the change in location decision by firms or households. The simulation results show that the south part of the outer ring does not have any significant impact on firm or households location decision if initial conditions are kept relatively constants. However, if there is an employment bubble in a site close to the new infrastructure the outer ring may work as a catalyst to induce more occupation in its surrounding areas. |
| JEL: | R4 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:128&r=geo |
| By: | Vladimir Kühl Teles; Mauro Miranda |
| Abstract: | The main purpose of this paper is the empirical investigation of the business cycles responses of each of the five Brazilian regions to monetary policy innovations and other shocks. We applied a methodology integrating unobserved components and vector auto-regressions (VAR). We identified not only common and idiosyncratic sources of innovation, but also common and idiosyncratic responses to common shocks. We concluded that the Brazilian regions present asymmetric effects to common monetary shocks. |
| JEL: | R11 E32 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:120&r=geo |
| By: | Rodrigo Valente Serra |
| Abstract: | In 2004 the National Tresury Secretary received approximately R$ 11,1 billion under the designation of oil public revenues, classified according to the legislation in force as governmental participation (PGs) in the final economic results of oil and gas exploratory and production activities. In order to better understand the significance of these economic resources it's worth noting that that figure was higher than the federal government's investments in 2004, which summed up R$ 10,87 billion. That ammount was ditributed in the following way: 38,7% to federal government, 32,9% to provincial governments and 28,4% to local administrations.The magnitude of such revenues per si would justify an assessment of how they have been distributed and apllied thoughtout the years. Its limited sources turn its assessment even more urgent. The present study has two aims: i) to show that it's been created an artificial atmosphere that favours overinvestment and spacial concentration of public revenues in regions oil production due to a strong physical determinism of the rules used to guide the income distribution (such determinism, it ought to be said, is based on the oil fields proximity to states and cities); ii) to offer tools with which an alternative distribution and apllication regime could be designed, so that inequalities regarding the income spacial distribution as well as the inappropriate use of these valuable public funds could be minimized. |
| JEL: | R58 Q32 H77 |
| Date: | 2005 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anp:en2005:130&r=geo |