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on Gender |
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Issue of 2024‒04‒08
four papers chosen by Jan Sauermann, Institutet för Arbetsmarknads- och Utbildningspolitisk Utvärdering |
| By: | Tim Mensinger; Christian Zimpelmann |
| Abstract: | We examine the influence of gender role attitudes, specifically views about the appropriate role of mothers, on post-childbirth employment decisions. German panel data reveals that mothers with traditional attitudes are 15% less likely to work during early motherhood than their egalitarian counterparts. Among working mothers, those with traditional attitudes work four hours less per week, and these differences persist for at least seven years. Fathers’ attitudes also predict maternal labor supply, highlighting joint decision-making within couples. Examining the interaction of attitudes with policies, we find that the introduction of a cash-for-care payment for parents who abstain from using public childcare substantially reduced the labor supply of traditional mothers, whereas egalitarian mothers’ labor supply remained unaffected. Moreover, a structural life-cycle model of female labor supply demonstrates that labor supply elasticities are substantially larger for traditional mothers, while a counterfactual policy facilitating full-time childcare access has a more pronounced effect on egalitarian mothers. Our findings stress that gender role attitudes moderate the impact of policies, which implies that measured average policy effects depend on the distribution of attitudes and cannot easily be transferred over time or to other countries. |
| Keywords: | Gender role attitudes, Parental labor supply, Gender gaps, Childcare costs, Life cycle |
| JEL: | Z1 J13 J16 J22 D15 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_513&r=gen |
| By: | Dariel, Aurelie (New York University, Abu Dhabi); Ham, John C. (New York University, Abu Dhabi); Nikiforakis, Nikos (New York University, Abu Dhabi); Stoop, Jan (Erasmus University Rotterdam) |
| Abstract: | There are pronounced racial, ethnic, and gender gaps in income in the U.S. We investigate whether these correspond with differences in competitiveness, risk tolerance, and confidence relative to performance in a large, stratified sample of the U.S. prime-age population. We find substantial differences in all three traits across Black, Hispanic, and White males and females. These traits predict individual income. Competitiveness and risk tolerance help explain the White gender income gap. Competitiveness also affects the Black-White income gap between men. Confidence about one's performance helps explain a substantial and significant portion of all five race-gender income gaps with White men. |
| Keywords: | racial/gender income gaps, overconfidence, competitiveness, risk tolerance |
| JEL: | C90 D03 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16818&r=gen |
| By: | Juan S. Mora-Sanguinetti; Laura Hospido; Andrés Atienza-Maeso |
| Abstract: | This article quantifies, through text analysis, when, at what rate and in what regions, Spanish administrations have adopted regulations aimed at achieving gender equality, improving work-life balance or combating harassment. The study covers the period 1996-2022, identifying both central government legislation and legislation in each of the regions. The analysis, therefore, organises the information in a panel format. The indicators reveal the high degree of heterogeneity in terms of the legislation in the various related areas, with non-discrimination legislation being the most developed and frequent. They also reveal differences between regions, with Andalusia and Catalonia being those in which most legislation has been adopted. The database is then used to investigate the relationship between legislative changes and labour market inflows for women in Spain. Our correlation analysis exhibits a positive relationship between the volume of legislation passed in the areas of interest, such as non-discrimination policies, and indicators of both employment and female labour force participation. |
| Keywords: | Regulation, Discrimination, Work-Life Balance, Labour Market |
| JEL: | K00 K36 K38 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:943&r=gen |
| By: | Rickne, Johanna (Swedish Institute for Social Research, Stockholm University); Folke, Olle (Department of Political Science, Uppsala University) |
| Abstract: | We study appreciation of one’s work using nationally representative survey data from Sweden linked with employer–employee data. The level of appreciation from colleagues rises sharply with the share of women in the workplace. This strong pattern holds for women and men workers, as well as for subordinates and managers. More appreciation from colleagues is associated with higher levels of job satisfaction and other indicators of worker well-being. These results demonstrate the benefits of workplace gender diversity and inclusion, and suggest new directions for research on gender inequality in the labor market. |
| Keywords: | gender equality; appreciation at work; diversity; work conditions |
| JEL: | J16 J32 |
| Date: | 2023–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:sofiwp:2023_005&r=gen |