|
on Gender |
|
Issue of 2024‒01‒01
six papers chosen by Jan Sauermann, Institutet för Arbetsmarknads- och Utbildningspolitisk Utvärdering |
| By: | Alfonso Expósito ((University of Málaga, Spain). ORCID number: 0000-0002-9248-4879); Juan A. Amparo Sanchis-Llopis ((University of Valencia and ERICES, Spain). ORCID number: 0000-0002-0872-7859); Juan A. Juan A. Sanchis-Llopis ((University of Valencia and ERICES, Spain). ORCID number: 0000-0001-9664-4668) |
| Abstract: | This study explores whether there are significant differences between female- and male-led businesses in terms of the performance results they obtain from innovating. We use a sample of 1, 376 Spanish small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to analyze the impact of entrepreneur gender on business performance considering the mediating effect of innovations, that is, the possibility that gender indirectly influences business performance by affecting the introduction of innovations. Using econometric techniques, we estimate discrete choice models to explore the relationship among gender, innovations and business’ performance. Our analysis is multidimensional in that we consider two types of performance indicators, financial and operational, and three types of innovations: product, process and organisational innovations. Our empirical findings show that, after controlling for other entrepreneurial and business characteristics, menled SMEs are more likely to obtain better performance from their innovations, and in particular, from their higher propensity to introduce process innovations, as compared to women-led SMEs. We extend existing empirical literature in the gender and entrepreneur research fields regarding the role of entrepreneur gender in the innovation-performance relationship, and contribute to the understanding of the role of gender in SMEs performance. Our study suggests the need to incorporate a gender perspective in those policies dealing with enhancing SMEs innovativeness and performance. |
| Keywords: | Gender of entrepreneur; small and medium-enterprises; innovations; financial performance; operational performance; bivariate probit model. |
| JEL: | C35 J16 F14 M21 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eec:wpaper:2308&r=gen |
| By: | Zając, Tomasz (University of Queensland); Magda, Iga (Warsaw School of Economics); Bożykowski, M. (University of Warsaw); Chłoń-Domińczak, Agnieszka (Warsaw School of Economics); Jasiński, M. (University of Warsaw) |
| Abstract: | Gender pay gaps in earnings are well-documented in the literature. However, new factors contributing to women's lower earnings have emerged and remain under-researched. Educational choices are among them. We use a rich administrative dataset from Poland, a Central Eastern European country with high tertiary education enrolment and high female employment rates among young women, to study gender pay gaps among tertiary education graduates with degrees in different fields of study while paying particular attention to STEM fields graduates (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). We find that already in the first year after graduation, women earn over 20% less than men. This gap widens over time. We also find significant variation across different STEM fields both in the size of the gender pay gap and in how it changes over time. The gap is largest among mathematics graduates, at over 25%; while it does not exceed 3% among chemical and Earth sciences graduates. As these differences narrow only slightly within the first four years of graduates' working careers, policymakers' efforts to increase the number of women earning STEM degrees may not be enough to achieve gender pay equality. |
| Keywords: | STEM, labor market, higher education, gender pay gap, field of study, Poland |
| JEL: | J16 J24 J3 J71 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16613&r=gen |
| By: | Gentile, Elisabetta (Asian Development Bank); Kohli , Nikita (Duke University); Subramanian, Nivedhitha (Bates College); Tirmazee, Zunia (Lahore School of Economics); Vyborny, Kate (Duke University) |
| Abstract: | Gender gaps in labor market outcomes persist in South Asia. An open question is whether supply or demand side constraints play a larger role. We investigate this using matched data from three sources in Lahore, Pakistan: representative samples of jobseekers and employers; administrative data from a job matching platform; and an incentivized resume rating experiment. Employers’ gender restrictions are a larger constraint on women’s job opportunities than supply-side decisions. At higher levels of education, demand-side barriers relax, allowing women to qualify for more jobs but at lower salaries. On the supply side, educated women become more selective in their search. |
| Keywords: | gender; discrimination; job search; jobs platform; vacancies; applications |
| JEL: | J16 J22 J23 R23 |
| Date: | 2023–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0707&r=gen |
| By: | Bateman, Victoria; Hengel, Erin |
| Abstract: | This article reports on women’s representation in UK economics over the last quarter century. While progress has been made, women in 2018 were only 32 percent of economics undergraduate students and 26 percent of academic economists. Our data also suggest several areas of stagnation and retreat. First, the percentage of female UK nationals studying economics is low and falling over time. Second, female economists are substantially more likely to be employed at lower academic ranks and in fixed-term—and generally lower status—teaching- and research-only positions. Third, the representation of women is especially low among ethnic minorities studying for an economics PhD. And finally, the percentage of economics professors with Asian ethnicity who are women has been falling over time, and at no point between 2012-2018 was a Black female professor of economics employed anywhere in the UK. |
| Keywords: | gender; diversity; labour market equality; women in the economics profession; gender gap |
| JEL: | J24 I23 J44 A11 |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:118205&r=gen |
| By: | Stefania Albanesi |
| Abstract: | Employment and participation rates for US prime age women rose steadily during the second half of the 20th century. In the last 30 years, however, those rates stagnated, even as employment and participation rates for women in other industrialized countries continued to rise. I discuss the role of changes in the earnings structure and persistent institutional barriers, such as limited investment in family policies, that may be holding back employment among American women today. The COVID-19 pandemic reduced employment more for women than for men and raised the barriers to female participation due to the increase in childcare responsibilities during this period. Yet, the diffusion of remote and hybrid work arrangements in its aftermath may be beneficial for women's participation in the long run, even if both men's and women's post-pandemic employment growth so far are strongly associated with access to remote work options. |
| JEL: | E20 E6 H2 H31 H4 H52 J16 J21 J22 J30 J31 J33 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31916&r=gen |
| By: | Eckstein, Zvi (Reichman University); Keane, Michael P. (Johns Hopkins University); Lifshitz, Osnat (Reichman University) |
| Abstract: | In the 1960 cohort, American men and women graduated from college at the same rate, and this was true for Whites, Blacks and Hispanics. But in more recent cohorts, women graduate at much higher rates than men. To understand the emerging gender education gap, we formulate and estimate a model of individual and family decision-making where education, labor supply, marriage and fertility are all endogenous. Assuming preferences that are common across ethnic groups and fixed over cohorts, our model explains differences in all endogenous variables by gender/ethnicity for the '60-'80 cohorts based on three exogenous factors: family background, labor market and marriage market constraints. Changes in parental background are a key factor driving the growing gender education gap: Women with college educated mothers get greater utility from college, and are much more likely to graduate themselves. The marriage market also contributes: Women's chance of getting marriage offers at older ages has increased, enabling them to defer marriage. The labor market is the largest factor: Improvement in women's labor market return to college in recent cohorts accounts for 50% of the increase in their graduation rate. But the labor market returns to college are still greater for men. Women go to college more because their overall return is greater, after factoring in marriage market returns and their greater utility from college attendance. We predict the recent large increases in women's graduation rates will cause their children's graduation rates to increase further. But growth in the aggregate graduation rate will slow substantially, due to significant increases in the share of Hispanics – a group with a low graduation rate – in recent birth cohorts. |
| Keywords: | returns to college, parental background, college graduation, education, gender wage gap, assortative mating, labor supply, marriage, fertility |
| JEL: | J08 J12 J21 E24 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16612&r=gen |