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on Gender |
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Issue of 2023‒12‒11
seven papers chosen by Jan Sauermann, Institutet för Arbetsmarknads- och Utbildningspolitisk Utvärdering |
| By: | Bredtmann, Julia; Otten, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | Using data from the European Social Survey 2002-2020 covering immigrants in 25 European countries, this paper investigates the role of natives' gender norms in the labor market integration of female immigrants. To analyze the role of natives' gender norms, we exploit intertemporal, interregional, and age-specific variation in female-to-male labor force participation ratios. We find a positive and robust association between immigrant women's labor supply and the femaleto-male labor force participation ratio in their region of residence. No similar association is found among immigrant men. We provide evidence that our finding is due to the cultural assimilation of female immigrants to native women's gender norms, and not the result of exposure to similar institutions and economic conditions. Based on a gravity model of female immigrants' regional location choice, we further provide supportive evidence that the association between natives' gender norms and immigrant women's labor supply is not driven by a selective location choice of female immigrants. |
| Keywords: | Female labor force participation, immigration, gender norms |
| JEL: | J16 J22 J61 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:279542&r=gen |
| By: | McGee, Andrew (University of Alberta); McGee, Peter (University of Arkansas, Fayetteville) |
| Abstract: | Women report setting lower reservation wages than men in survey data. We show that women set reservation wages that are 14 to 18 percent lower than men's in laboratory search experiments that control for factors not fully observed in surveys such as offer distributions and outside options. This gender gap—which exists even controlling for overconfidence, preferences, personality, and intelligence—leads women to spend less time searching than men while accepting lower wages. Women—but not men—set reservation wages that are too low relative to theoretically optimal values given their risk preferences early in search, reducing their earnings. |
| Keywords: | reservation wages, gender wage gaps, search experiments |
| JEL: | J16 J64 C91 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16577&r=gen |
| By: | Carlsson Hauff, Jeanette (Department of Marketing, Gothenburg School of Business, Economics and Law, Gothenburg, Sweden); Hermansson, Cecilia (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates gender roles in children’s savings. It uses a sample of more than 58, 000 children to investigate the overall gender roles, specified as differences pertaining to age, capital invested, financial activity, and portfolio composition. We conclude that there are gender differences between young female and male account holders. Boys in the sample are significantly older and are also more active savers, while girls hold more capital on their accounts. We find that these gender differences increase with age, capital and activity. Focusing on the level of activity, mirroring financial interest, we note that activity interacts significantly with both gender, age and capital, and that activity is decisive in explaining financial behavior, especially of boys. Somewhat surprisingly, we conclude that girls have a significantly lower share of saving in direct owned stock compared to boys, already at age 0. This difference linger on throughout childhood, and peak for children aged 15-17. We discuss our findings with the realms of socialization theory, proposing that our sample enables us to distinguish between the mixture of implicit and explicit parental financial behavior that prevails among adolescents, and the case where parents take care of saving for their very young children. For policymakers and managers, the awareness that substantial gender differences regarding financial behavior still prevail is an important insight. |
| Keywords: | saving; children; parents; gender; portfolio composition; activity; socialization theory |
| JEL: | D14 G11 G51 |
| Date: | 2023–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:kthrec:2023_012&r=gen |
| By: | Kosyakova, Yuliya (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany ; Univ. Bamberg); Salikutluk, Zerrin (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) |
| Abstract: | "In the last years, the labor market integration of immigrant women has received much attention in the migration literature. We examine gender differences in labor market integration among refugees and other new immigrants who came to Germany during a similar period from a dynamic perspective. We compare their pathways throughout the early period after arrival and study a range of conditions suggested to be relevant for gendered labor market outcomes. Using two panel data sources, which include recently arrived refugees (the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Sample of Refugees) and other immigrants (the IAB-SOEP Migration Sample) in Germany, we compare the dynamics and sources of employment gender gap among refugees and other immigrants. The results uncover narrow initial gender differences among refugees that grow over time and a reversed pattern among other immigrants. However, female refugees’ initial disadvantaged starting position maintains five years after arrival. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the explanations offered in the literature cannot fully explain the hurdles female refugees and other immigrants face when entering the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | IAB-Open-Access-Publikation ; IAB-SOEP-Migrationsstichprobe ; IAB-BAMF-SOEP-Befragung von Geflüchteten |
| Date: | 2023–11–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabdpa:202311&r=gen |
| By: | Elice, Paola; Martínez Flores, Fernanda; Reichert, Arndt R. |
| Abstract: | We examine the link between violent attacks of the Islamic extremist group Boko Haram, forced migration, and the empowerment of women in host communities. We find positive effects of distant attacks on the economic well-being of women, their use of modern contraceptive methods, and rejection of traditional gender views. At the same time, however, the findings show an increase in the risk that women experience domestic violence. We then examine forced displacement as a channel and its importance relative to other possible channels for the spatial effect dispersion. The results are different for Fulani pastoralist-farmer clashes over natural resources. |
| Keywords: | Boko Haram, Fulani, conflict, forced displacement, female labor force participation, employment, fertility, social norms, gender norms |
| JEL: | D74 J22 O12 O15 R23 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:279543&r=gen |
| By: | Francesca Barigozzi; José J. Domínguez; Natalia Montinari |
| Abstract: | Although women often outperform men in school and college, they still face higher unemployment rates and lower wages when employed. Are prospective workers aware of these inequalities, or do they expect to enter a gender-neutral workplace? This paper investigates college students’ expectations and the effect of information provision about gender gaps in academic performance and early labor market outcomes on the two sides of the labor market. Our lab experiment comprises a questionnaire to elicit students’ beliefs about academic performance and labor market inequalities, a demand-side game, and a supply-side game. In the demand-side game, subjects act as employers and are asked to hire three candidates and assign them to tasks that differ in complexity and profitability. In the supply-side game, we elicit individual willingness to compete. Information provision takes the form of feedback on the elicited beliefs. Our treatments vary the timing of the feedback: subjects in the feedback treatment received feedback before facing the other two games, while subjects in the priming and the control treatments only received feedback at the end of the experiment. First, our findings indicate that participants are largely unaware of gender gaps. Second, while information provision doesn't substantially alter employers’ hiring decisions, it increases the likelihood of assigning women to challenging tasks. Third, while feedback enhances willingness to compete among job market candidates, it does not significantly alter the gender gap in competitiveness. Overall, our experiment suggests potential positive effects of information provision on women’s labor market outcomes. |
| JEL: | D03 C91 J71 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp1188&r=gen |
| By: | Bates, Lillian (Williams College); Hall, Oliver (Brookings Institution); Jakiela, Pamela (Williams College) |
| Abstract: | All OECD countries except the United States offer at least four months of paid maternity leave, and the average duration of mandated paid maternity leave has increased steadily from 1970 to the present. There is some evidence that paid leave policies above a certain duration negatively impact women's labor market outcomes. In order to estimate the effects of paid leave, we link data on 40 years of paid leave policy across 24 European countries to survey data using a birth-cohort panel. Following previous work, we show that conventional fixed effects estimation suggests a non-monotonic relationship between leave length and women's labor force attachment, with leaves of three months or less increasing women's labor force attachment while longer leaves reduce it. However, in our context, the putative positive impacts of short-duration maternity leaves on women's employment appear to be driven by negative weighting in fixed effects estimation, which is explained by the fact that all countries in our sample eventually adopt short-duration leave policies. Using a robust imputation-based estimator, we find that maternity leaves longer than three months negatively affect female employment and increase women's domestic work burden. Leaves longer than six months also reduce women's educational attainment and their propensity to raise children. |
| Keywords: | European social policy, women's labor force participation, parental leave, gender, fertility, two-way fixed effects |
| JEL: | D13 J16 J22 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16565&r=gen |