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on Gender |
| By: | Etheridge, Ben; Spantig, Lisa |
| Abstract: | We document a decline in mental well-being after the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in the UK. This decline is twice as large for women as for men. We seek to explain this gender gap by exploring gender differences in: family and caring responsibilities; financial and work situation; social engagement; health situation, and health behaviours, including exercise. Differences in family and caring responsibilities play some role, but the bulk of the gap is explained by social factors. Women reported more close friends before the pandemic than men, and increased loneliness after the pandemic's onset. Other factors are similarly distributed across genders and so play little role. Finally, we document larger declines in well-being for the young, of both genders, than the old. |
| Date: | 2020–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ese:iserwp:2020-08&r=all |
| By: | Bárcena‐Martín, Elena (University of Malaga, Dept. Applied Economics); Medina‐Claros, Samuel (University of Malaga, Dept. Applied Economics); Pérez‐Moreno, Salvador (UNU-MERIT, Maastricht University, and University of Malaga, Dept. Applied Economics) |
| Abstract: | One of the most challenging gender gaps in the Global South remains in the economic sphere. This paper examines how public institutional quality affects the gender gap in economic participation and opportunities in 74 developing and emerging countries during the period 2006-2016. We find that the quality of public institutions is closely associated with the economic gender gap. Specifically, the protection of property rights, security guarantees and government efficiency seem to be the main factors associated to lower values of the economic gender gap. Nevertheless, public institutions do not matter equally throughout economically backward countries. Whereas in emerging countries, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean, a broad variety of institutional aspects, including undue influence on judicial and government decisions, are closely related to the economic gender gap, in low-income developing countries, such as Sub-Saharan countries, the problems of ethics and corruption stand out as a key element against economic gender equality. Some significant policy implications are derived from our findings on the potential of public institutions reforms to reduce economic gender gap. |
| Keywords: | economic gender gap, economic participation, economic opportunities, public institutions, developing and emerging countries |
| JEL: | E02 J16 O34 |
| Date: | 2020–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2020025&r=all |
| By: | Piotr Lewandowski; Katarzyna Lipowska; Iga Magda |
| Abstract: | We study the gender dimension of occupational exposure to contagious diseases spread by the respiratory or close-contact route. We show that in Europe, women are more exposed to contagion, as they are more likely than men to work in occupations that require contact with diseases, frequent contact with clients, and high levels of physical proximity at work. Women are also more likely than men to be unable to work from home, which contributes to their increased exposure. Gender is a more important factor in workers’ exposure to contagion than their education or age. This gender difference in exposure can be largely attributed to patterns of sectoral segregation, and to the segregation of women within sectors into occupations that require more interpersonal interactions. While workers in Southern European countries are the most exposed to contagion, the gender differences in exposure are greatest in the Nordic and Continental European countries. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, contagion, exposure to disease, gender, occupations, working from home |
| JEL: | I10 J01 J44 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ibt:wpaper:wp052020&r=all |
| By: | Lins, Karl; Roth, Lukas; Servaes, Henri; Tamayo, Ane |
| Abstract: | During the revelation of the Weinstein scandal and the emergence of the #MeToo movement, firms with a culture of ethical behavior toward women, proxied by having women among their five highest paid executives, earned excess returns of close to 1.5% per highly-paid female executive. These returns were followed by positive revisions in analyst earnings forecasts. Firms in industries with more women executives, or headquartered in states with lower levels of sexism or gender pay gap, also earned excess returns of around 1.5% during these event windows. There is no relation between event returns and female board membership. |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:14703&r=all |
| By: | Richard V. Burkhauser (Cornell University); Nicolas Herault (University of Melbourne); Stephen P. Jenkins (London School of Economics); Roger Wilkins (University of Melbourne) |
| Abstract: | The share of women in the top 1\% of the UK's income distribution has been growing over the last two decades (as in several other countries). Our first contribution is to account for this secular change using regressions of the probability of being in the top 1\%, fitted separately for men and women, in order to contrast between the sexes the role of changes in characteristics and changes in returns to characteristics. We show that the rise of women in the top 1\% is primarily accounted for by their greater increases (relative to men) in the number of years spent in full-time education. Although most top income analysis uses tax return data, we derive our findings taking advantage of the much more extensive information about personal characteristics that is available in survey data. Our use of survey data requires justification given survey under-coverage of top incomes. Providing this justification is our second contribution. |
| Keywords: | Top 1%; top incomes; inequality; gender differences; survey under-coverage. |
| JEL: | D31 J16 C81 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inq:inqwps:ecineq2020-544&r=all |
| By: | Dario Cestau; Dennis Epple; Richard Romano; Holger Sieg; Carl Wojtaszek |
| Abstract: | Assessing the effectiveness of education by race and gender is as difficult as it is important. We investigate this question utilizing data for eleven cohorts at West Point, a distinguished military academy and highly ranked liberal arts college. Employing matching using entry scores on three comprehensive measures, we obtain exceptional matches of score distributions for black and matched white students. We find black students have lower graduating achievement scores than matched white students, but comparable rates of graduation, retention in the Army after graduation, and early promotion. Hispanic-white comparisons reveal no differences. Female-male comparisons reveal women have lower attainment and retention rates. |
| JEL: | I2 J15 J24 |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27162&r=all |
| By: | DENIA, ALFONSA (University of Alicante); Guilló, María Dolores (University of Alicante, D. Quantitative Methods and Economic Theory) |
| Abstract: | The high incidence of non-desired part-time jobs and temporary contracts after the Great Recession has become one of the most important drivers of the outstanding rise in income inequality in Spain during the last decade. We explore the determinants of involuntary part-time work in Spain over the period 2006-2014 and find that gender has a large, significant and robust positive effect on having that employment status, even after controlling for the type and duration of contracts, type of activity or occupation. A female worker is about 7.4 - 8.3 percent more likely to have a non-desired part-time job than a male worker with the same characteristics. Moreover, working in the Public Administration or having a temporary contract increases this probability over 10 percentage points. The results highlight the persistent precauriousness of the employment recovery in Spain and the need of a careful reflection on the next labor market reform. |
| Keywords: | Gender; Involuntary part-time; Temporary contracts; non-standard employment; Great Recession. |
| JEL: | C10 C25 J10 J20 J70 |
| Date: | 2020–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:qmetal:2020_002&r=all |
| By: | Daniela Del Boca (University of Turin and Collegio Carlo Alberto); Noemi Oggero; Paola Profeta; Maria Cristina Rossi |
| Abstract: | Evidence from past economic crises indicates that recessions often affect men’s and women’s employment differently, with a greater impact on male-dominated sectors. The current COVID-19 crisis presents novel characteristics that have affected economic, health and social phenomena over wide swaths of the economy. Social distancing measures to combat the spread of the virus, such as working from home and school closures, have placed an additional tremendous burden on families. Using new survey data collected in April 2020 from a representative sample of Italian women, we analyse jointly the effect of COVID-19 on the working arrangements, housework and childcare of couples where both partners work. Our results show that most of the additional workload associated to COVID-19 falls on women while childcare activities are more equally shared within the couple than housework activities. According to our empirical estimates, changes to the amount of housework done by women during the emergency do not seem to depend on their partners’ working arrangements. With the exception of those continuing to work at their usual place of work, all of the women surveyed spend more time on housework than before. In contrast, the amount of time men devote to housework does depend on their partners’ working arrangements: men whose partners continue to work at their usual workplace spend more time on housework than before. The link between time devoted to childcare and working arrangements is more symmetric, with both women and men spending less time with their children if they continue to work away from home. For home schooling, too, parents who continue to go to their usual workplace after the lockdown are less likely to spend greater amounts of time with their children than before. Finally, analysis of work-life balance satisfaction shows that working women with children aged 0-5 are those who say they find balancing work and family more difficult during COVID-19. The work-life balance is especially difficult to achieve for those with partners who continue to work outside the home during the emergency. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, work arrangements, housework, childcare |
| JEL: | J13 J16 J21 |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hka:wpaper:2020-043&r=all |
| By: | Alfonsa Denia; María Dolores Guillú |
| Abstract: | The high incidence of non-desired part-time jobs and temporary contracts after the Great Recession has become one of the most im- portant drivers of the outstanding rise in income inequality in Spain during the last decade. We explore the determinants of involuntary part-time work in Spain over the period 2006-2014 and find that gender has a large, significant and robust positive e§ect on having that employment status, even after controlling for the type and duration of contracts, type of activity or occupation. A female worker is about 7.4 - 8.3 percent more likely to have a non-desired part-time job than a male worker with the same characteristics. Moreover, working in the Public Administration or having a temporary contract increases this probability over 10 percentage points. The results highlight the per-sistent precauriousness of the employment recovery in Spain and the need of a careful reáection on the next labor market reform. |
| Date: | 2020–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fda:fdaeee:eee2020-17&r=all |