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on Gender |
| By: | Mengel, Friederike (University of Essex); Sauermann, Jan (SOFI, Stockholm University); Zölitz, Ulf (briq) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides new evidence on gender bias in teaching evaluations. We exploit a quasi-experimental dataset of 19,952 student evaluations of university faculty in a context where students are randomly allocated to female or male instructors. Despite the fact that neither students' grades nor self-study hours are affected by the instructor's gender, we find that women receive systematically lower teaching evaluations than their male colleagues. This bias is driven by male students' evaluations, is larger for mathematical courses and particularly pronounced for junior women. The gender bias in teaching evaluations we document may have direct as well as indirect effects on the career progression of women by affecting junior women's confidence and through the reallocation of instructor resources away from research and towards teaching. |
| Keywords: | gender bias, teaching evaluations, female faculty |
| JEL: | J16 J71 I23 J45 |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp11000&r=gen |
| By: | Jelena Badjanova (Daugavpils University, Latvia Author-2-Name: Dzintra Iliško Author-2-Workplace-Name: Daugavpils University, Latvia Author-3-Name: Vitalijs Rašcevskis Author-3-Workplace-Name: Daugavpils University, Latvia) |
| Abstract: | "Objective – In this research, gender differences of Latvian males and females in the stage of adulthood are determined and distinguished on the grounds of a theoretical analysis of socio-psychological, scientific and methodological literature and legislative documents as well as empirical findings. Methodology/Technique – A survey by Bem (1974) has been adapted in this study for measuring how an adult individual sees him-/herself from the gender perspective. This was done with an aim of determining the place of gender in the cultural context rather than in the personality of a separate individual. 109 women and men from different regions of Latvia aged 20 to 64 took part in the study. The data were processed with the 23.0 version of SPSS, the data processing program. Findings – The obtained results indicate that the gender patterns on male and female behavior are similar. No differences in male or female behaviour were established. The behavioral peculiarities of male and female gender are determined not by age, but by sex. It can also be concluded that research of Latvian male and female gender behavior led to Bem’s androgyny theory, which argues for the ability of men and women to execute both – male and female behavioral patterns in ontogenesis. Novelty – The understanding of gender as a discursive construction caused a confusion between these notions. This study contributes in literature of gender psychology with its original data. " |
| Keywords: | Identity; Gender; Stage of Adulthood; Gender Differences, Latvian Males, Latvian Females. |
| JEL: | J16 J21 |
| Date: | 2017–07–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr148&r=gen |
| By: | Valeria Maggian (Univ Lyon, CNRS, GATE L-SE UMR 5824, F-69130 Ecully, France); Natalia Montinari (Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Piazza Scaravilli 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy); Antonio Nicolò (Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche e Manageriali, Università degli Studi di Padova, via del Santo 33, 35123 Padova, Italy; School of Social Sciences University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK) |
| Abstract: | Women are underrepresented in leadership positions in business, politics, and in the academic and scientific community. Not taking advantage of the skills of highly qualified women constitutes a waste of talent and, consequently, a loss of economic growth potential. To design effective policy interventions that empower women to reach leadership positions, it is crucial to identify at which levels of the career ladder they should be introduced. In a laboratory experiment, we run a two-stage tournament to evaluate the impact of three different interventions on women’s willingness to compete for top positions. We find that, compared with no intervention, a gender quota introduced at the initial stage is ineffective in encouraging women to compete for the top, while quotas introduced in the final stage of competition or in both stages increase women’s willingness to compete for the top, without distorting the performance of the winners. |
| Keywords: | Gender quotas, affirmative action, gender gap, competition, multi-stage tournament, laboratory experiment |
| JEL: | C91 D91 J16 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gat:wpaper:1724&r=gen |
| By: | Zohal Hessami (Department of Economics, University of Konstanz); Thushyanthan Baskaran (Department of Economics, University of Siegen) |
| Abstract: | Women remain underrepresented in politics and it remains unclear how this might change. In this paper, we investigate whether female council candidates receive more preferential votes when a female mayor has been recently elected into office. We hand-collect data for 109,017 candidates in four open-list local council elections (2001-2016) in all 426 municipalities of a German state. Based on RDD estimations for close mixed-gender races, we show that female council candidates advance more from their initial list rank when the mayor is female. This effect spreads to neighboring municipalities and leads to a rising share of female council members. |
| Keywords: | Female leaders, gender, political labor market, discrimination, preferential voting |
| Date: | 2017–09–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:knz:dpteco:1709&r=gen |
| By: | Seo-Young Cho (Philipps-Universität Marburg) |
| Abstract: | Gender-matching school environments may provide benefits for girls to enhance their performance. By using PISA data from South Korea, this paper suggests that the effects of single-sex schooling and a student-teacher’s gender matching are heterogeneous across different student groups. The gender-matching school environments are most positive to non-cognitive outcomes of girls at the highest tail of cognitive performance levels. By attending an all-girls school and being taught by a female teacher, high performing girls are as motivated and interested in pursuing careers in STEM fields as boys. However, single-sex schooling and female teachers do not produce positive effects on girls in lower performing groups. For median girls, single-sex schooling can even be detrimental to their non-cognitive performance. These results corroborate that gender-matching school environments can be a useful tool to promote female talent in STEM fields, but the effect cannot be generalized for public education for all students. |
| Keywords: | gender-matching effects; student-teacher’s gender-matching; single-sex schooling; cognitive performance; non-cognitive performance; education production functions; propensity-score matching; South Korea |
| JEL: | C31 I21 I24 J16 O53 |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mar:magkse:201738&r=gen |
| By: | Valeria Maggian (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Etienne] - Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Natalia Montinari (Université de Bologne - UNIBO - Università di Bologna [Bologna]); Antonio Nicolò (Universita degli Studi di Padova, The University of Manchester [Manchester]) |
| Abstract: | Women are underrepresented in leadership positions in business, politics, and in the academic and scientific community. Not taking advantage of the skills of highly qualified women constitutes a waste of talent and, consequently, a loss of economic growth potential. To design effective policy interventions that empower women to reach leadership positions, it is crucial to identify at which levels of the career ladder they should be introduced. In a laboratory experiment, we run a two-stage tournament to evaluate the impact of three different interventions on women's willingness to compete for top positions. We find that, compared with no intervention, a gender quota introduced at the initial stage is ineffective in encouraging women to compete for the top, while quotas introduced in the final stage of competition or in both stages increase women's willingness to compete for the top, without distorting the performance of the winners. |
| Keywords: | Gender quotas, affirmative action, gender gap, competition, multi-stage tournament, laboratory experiment |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01590379&r=gen |
| By: | Cools, Angela (Cornell University); Patacchini, Eleonora (Cornell University) |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of sibling gender composition on women's adult earnings. Using data from Add Health, we find that women with any brothers earn roughly 10 percent less than women with no brothers in their late 20s and early 30s. This effect is primarily due to lower earnings within broadly defined education and occupation groups. We then explore mechanisms that may explain this result. We do not find strong evidence that differences in parental investment, cognitive ability, self-reported personality traits, or parental expectations drive our results. However, we find that more family-centered behavior (including family responsibilities, being in a committed relationship, and intention to have children) among those with brothers partially explains the result. We then confirm our results with data from the NLSY-CYA. |
| Keywords: | sibling sex composition, gender gap, gender roles, earnings |
| JEL: | J12 J13 J16 J31 |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp11001&r=gen |
| By: | Duval Hernández, Robert (University of Cyprus); Fang, Lei (Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta); Ngai, L. Rachel (London School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Cross-country differences of market hours in 17 OECD countries are mainly due to the hours of women, especially low-skilled women. This paper develops a model to account for the gender-skill differences in market hours across countries. The model explains a substantial fraction of the differences in hours by taxes, which reduce market hours in favor of leisure and home production, and by subsidized care, which frees (mostly) women from home care in favor of their market hours. Low-skilled women are more responsive to policy because of their low market returns and their comparative advantage in home activities. |
| Keywords: | cross-country differences in market hours, home production, subsidies on family care |
| JEL: | E24 E62 J22 |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp11002&r=gen |
| By: | Isabelle Vidali (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12); Abdelmajid Amine (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12) |
| Abstract: | In a context of strong oppositions regarding gender issues in France and, for the last few years, a greater public attention to the issue of gendered marketing to children, this research aims at adding more understanding on the effects on mothers' consumption of gender norms conveyed in children's retail. Drawing from interviews conducted with mothers who self identify as " resistant to gender stereotypes " , this research tries to capture how these mothers go (or do not go) against gendered marketing for their sons. |
| Keywords: | gendered marketing,Mothers’ cross gender consumption, children, gender norms, gender stereotypes, resistance |
| Date: | 2015–11–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01403138&r=gen |
| By: | Ashley C. Craig; Roland G. Fryer, Jr |
| Abstract: | We introduce a model of two-sided statistical discrimination in which worker and firm beliefs are complementary. Firms try to infer whether workers have made investments required for them to be productive, and simultaneously, workers try to deduce whether firms have made investments necessary for them to thrive. When multiple equilibria exist, group differences can be generated and sustained by either side of the interaction – workers or firms. Strategic complementarity complicates both empirical analysis designed to detect discrimination and policy meant to alleviate it. Affirmative action is much less effective than in traditional statistical discrimination models. More generally, we demonstrate the futility of one-sided policies to correct gender and racial disparities. We analyze a two-sided version of “investment insurance” – a policy in which the government (after observing a noisy version of the employer’s signal) offers to hire any worker who it believes to be qualified and whom the employer does not offer a job – and show that in our model it (weakly) dominates any alternative. The paper concludes by proposing a way to identify statistical discrimination when beliefs are complements. |
| JEL: | D0 D21 J0 J15 J16 J24 J7 |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:23811&r=gen |
| By: | Christine Naschberger (Audencia Recherche - Audencia Business School); Krista Finstad-Milion (ICN Business School) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to investigate how French managers picture their careers, specifically female careers. The sample was composed of 93 women and 5 men attending a professional women’s networking event in France. Participants answered a questionnaire, including images to choose from to best describe how they perceived their own career development. The results indicate that a female career is closely associated with work-life balance by both women and men. Also, women acknowledge three times more than men, the existence of a glass ceiling in their organisation. Women and men choose both traditional and contemporary images of career. As the sample was taken from a women’s network event, the male sample size is small. Despite the small sample of men, giving voice to male participants leads to rich insights which challenge gendered and non-gendered career models. On an individual level, reflection on one’s career path fosters awareness and ownership of career choices. Further, working with career images enhances discussion and experience sharing about personal career choices, and offers opportunities to organisations concerned with developing female talent. The study contributes to the career literature by providing insights into how female and male managers perceive female careers. The study’s originality lies in the methodology, based on using images of careers to better understand how managers picture their own careers. |
| Keywords: | Images, France,Gender, Managers, Career development, Careers |
| Date: | 2017–06–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01586621&r=gen |
| By: | Stephan E. Maurer (Department of Economics, University of Konstanz and Centre for Economic Performance); Andrei V. Potlogea (University of Edinburgh) |
| Abstract: | Do male-biased demand shocks affect women’s labor force participation? To study this question, we examine large oil field discoveries in the US South from 1900-1940. We find that oil wealth has a zero net effect on female labor force participation due to two opposing channels. Oil discoveries increase demand for male labor in oil mining and manufacturing and consequentially raise male wages. This leads to an increased marriage rate of young women, which could have depressed female labor force participation. But at the same time, oil wealth also increases demand for women in services, which counterbalances the marriage effect and leaves women’s overall labor force participation rate unchanged. Our findings demonstrate that when the nontradable sector is open to women, male-biased de-mand shocks in the tradable sector need not reduce female labor force participation. |
| Keywords: | oil, structural transformation, female labor force participation, gen-der pay gap |
| JEL: | R11 N50 J12 J16 |
| Date: | 2017–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:knz:dpteco:1708&r=gen |