| By: |
Hongyu Sun (WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen], URZF - Zoologie forestière - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement);
Giuliana Spadaro (VU - Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam], Institute of Brain and Behavior Amsterdam);
Sofia Pelica (UMR ISEM - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - EPHE - École Pratique des Hautes Études - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford);
Roza G Kamiloğlu (UMR ISEM - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - EPHE - École Pratique des Hautes Études - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford);
Loes Abrahams;
Josh M Ackerman (UMich - Université du Michigan = University of Michigan [Ann Arbor]);
Derya Atamtürk Duyar;
Laith Al-Shawaf (University of Colorado [Colorado Springs]);
Alexandra Alvergne (UMR ISEM - Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - EPHE - École Pratique des Hautes Études - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier, School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford);
Benja Amponsah (University of Guelph [Guelf, Ontario, Canada]);
Njål Andersen;
Jan Antfolk (Åbo Akademi University [Turku]);
Dery Atamtürk Duyar;
Songshi Bai (UPM - Mackenzie Presbyterian University [São Paulo]);
Teresa Barbato;
Sergio Barbosa (Universidad del Rosario [Bogota]);
Pat Barclay (University of Guelph [Guelf, Ontario, Canada]);
D. Vaughn Becker (ASU - Arizona State University [Tempe]);
Beatriz B de Sou;
Paulo Sérgio Boggio;
Robert Böhm (Universität Wien = University of Vienna);
Watcharaporn Boonyasiri;
Andrea S Camperio Ciani;
Ali Rıza Can;
Trevor I Case;
Chan Aa;
Sebastian Luis;
Christian Elbæk (Aarhus University [Aarhus]);
Cora Chevallier (IJN - Institut Jean-Nicod - DEC - Département d'Etudes Cognitives - ENS-PSL - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CdF (institution) - Collège de France - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Département de Philosophie - ENS-PSL - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres);
Éloïse Côté;
Sam P Dal Gg;
Florencio Delg;
Florencio Delgado Espinoza;
Daniel Fessler;
Izzet Duyar;
Christian T Elbaek J;
Ana María Fernández;
C S Di;
Daniel M T Ferreira L;
Pablo Ezequiel Flore-Kant Pp;
Natalia Frankow;
Ana Luísa Freitas;
Márta Fülöp;
Marce Gallucci Uu;
Zachary H Garfield Vv;
Margar V Garrido Ww;
Macar González-Portilla Yy;
Dmitry Grigor Zz;
Mi-Tr Ha;
Brah Hamdaou;
Sahar Nadeem;
Hamid Ddd;
Lina S Hansson;
Yoel Inbar;
Benjamin E Hilbig Ii;
Ian Hohm;
Szilárd Holka;
Tingting Ji;
Yutaka Horita;
Hsin-Ping Hsu;
Šárka Kaňková;
Olivia M James;
Tomasz Jarmakowski;
Ting Ji Qqq;
Willia Jimén-Leal;
Shanmukh Kamble;
Šá Kaňková I;
Sonya Karabeliova;
Honnête-Nyandu Kasali (ULPGL - Université libre des pays des Grands Lacs, UDs - Université de Dschang [Cameroun] = University of Dschang [Cameroon], ULaval - Université Laval [Québec], CERVO - Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec [Canada] - Département de réadaptation (Faculté de médecine de l'Université Laval) [Canada] - ULaval - Faculté de médecine de l'Université Laval [Québec] - ULaval - Université Laval [Québec]);
Jinseok P Kim;
Toko Kiyonari;
John Manuel;
John Manuel R. Kliatchko;
Nils Köbis Aaaa, bbbb;
Fer Kocsor;
Tobias L Kordsmeyer;
Tom R Kupfer Ffff;
Lorena Lázaro;
Cuesta Gggg;
Christine Xiang;
Ru Leong;
David M G Lewis;
Debra Lieberman;
Hongtao Liu;
Urszula Marcinkowska;
Claudio Lópe-Call Lll;
Ingunn Olea Lund;
Fiorella Macchiavello Bb;
Ol Marchenk;
Ursz M Marcinkowska Pppp;
Gabriela Mariana Marcu;
Norbert Meskó;
Suyash Mishra;
Kalo Mitev;
Asako Miura;
Fredy S Monge Rodríg;
Leticia Morello;
Bruna E F Mota;
Damian R Murray;
Felix-Kingsley Obialo;
Oluyinka Ojedokun Yyyy, zzzz;
Mats J Olss Eee;
Gonzalo Palomo-Vél Aaaaa;
Folco Panizza Bbbbb;
Fernanda Naomi Pantale;
Lars Penke;
Daniel Penn;
Andrea Perinetti;
Gerasimos Prodromitis;
Ádám Putz Ddddd;
Ange Quiroga-Garza Eeeee;
Nagireddy Neelakantes;
Reddy Ffff;
Marc Eric S. Reyes;
Felipe Re Ggggg;
Rachel Rojas-Thomas Bb;
Theresia Julius Shavega;
Zubaida Shebani;
Sa Iiii;
Cécile Sarabian;
André Sarmento;
Sajjad Sojoudi;
Mich See Lllll;
Theresia Julius;
Francisco Leonardo Soler-Anguiano;
Zuba Shebani Nnnnn;
Agnes Sianipar;
Divita Singh;
Sajjad Sojo;
Francisco Leonardo Soler-Anguiano Rrrr;
Anna Soveri;
Richa J Stevenson;
Steve Stewart-Williams;
Suay Ferran;
Elahe Tavakoli-Berg;
Jean-Roger Syayipuma;
Kambere Sssss;
Ohad Szepsenwol;
Carmit T Tadmor Vvvvv;
Tair Tager-Shafrir Ttttt;
Elahe Tavak-Berg;
Shruti Tewari;
Alfio Ventura;
Antonia Tsitseli Ccccc;
Ignacio Leandro Uriarte;
Mar van Heel Yyyyy;
Florian van Leeuwen;
Alfio Ventura Zzzzz, aaaaaa;
Jin Wang;
X T Wan;
Joshua Tybur;
Junhui Wu;
Su-Ling Yeh;
Eric Kenson;
Yau Ffffff;
Victoria Wai;
Lan Yeung;
Janis H Zickfeld J;
Joshua M Tybur;
Megan R Gunnar;
Tingting Ji;
Šárka Kaňková;
A Putz;
Antonia Tsitseli;
Joseph Watts |
| Abstract: |
Interpersonal contact is essential for cooperation and care, but it also
provides a route for pathogen transmission between individuals. Hence, a key
challenge for social organisms involves maintaining beneficial social contact
while also limiting exposure to infection risks. Existing proposals suggest
that this trade-off is guided by the interpersonal value of specific social
targets. In addition, ecological and cultural factors, including historical
pathogen prevalence, individualism-collectivism, tightness–looseness, and
relational mobility, might also shape how people avoid pathogens. To test
whether and how infection-risky social contact varies with individual-level
interpersonal value and these societal-level factors, we collected data from
47, 756 participants across 61 societies. Participants were randomly assigned
to picture a social target - either a friend, acquaintance, stranger, or
enemy. They then rated their comfort with infection-risky contact with that
target (e.g., drinking from the same water bottle) and whether they would
touch the target when greeting them. In all societies, participants were more
comfortable with infection-risky contact and more likely to engage in physical
contact during greetings with targets of higher interpersonal value. Such
associations varied only modestly across societies. Notably, the associations
between infection-risky contact and societal-level factors depended on target
interpersonal value and were concentrated among high-value targets—contact was
lower where historical pathogen prevalence and tightness were greater and
higher where individualism and relational mobility were greater. These
findings suggest that infection-risky contact is primarily guided by the value
of social targets, with ecological and cultural factors playing a lesser role. |