|
on Microeconomic European Issues |
| By: | Pauline Charousset (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Julien Grenet (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris, IPP - Institut des politiques publiques) |
| Abstract: | Depuis 2010, la France connaît une baisse marquée de la natalité. Celle-ci entraîne une diminution des effectifs scolaires dans l'élémentaire depuis 2016 et dans le secondaire depuis 2021. Particulièrement prononcé à Paris, ce choc démographique touche aussi le reste du territoire et soulève des enjeux majeurs de répartition des ressources éducatives. Dans les grandes villes, où l'enseignement privé sous contrat – financé à près de 75% par l'État et les collectivités territoriales – est fortement implanté, la baisse des effectifs tend à déséquilibrer la répartition des élèves entre secteurs public et privé. Faute d'ajustement symétrique des capacités d'accueil, le privé maintient globalement ses effectifs, tandis que le public absorbe l'essentiel de la baisse, ce qui augmente mécaniquement la part du privé. À Paris, le secteur privé sous contrat scolarisait 35, 4% des élèves de 6e à la rentrée 2020 (contre 21, 7% dans l'ensemble de la France) : sous l'hypothèse que l'évolution des effectifs du privé prolongera la tendance observée depuis le début de la baisse démographique, cette part pourraient atteindre près de 50% à l'horizon 2035. En l'absence de mécanismes de régulation, ces évolutions amplifieront la ségrégation sociale entre établissements scolaires, l'enseignement privé scolarisant majoritairement des élèves issus des catégories sociales les plus favorisées. |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ipppap:halshs-05543749 |
| By: | Haotian Deng (Department of Economics, Ghent University, Belgium); Sam Desiere (Department of Economics, Ghent University, Belgium; IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Germany); Bart Cockx (Department of Economics, Ghent University, Belgium; IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Germany; IRES/LIDAM, UCLouvain, Belgium; CESIfo, Germany; ROA, Maastricht University, the Netherlands); Gert Bijnens (National Bank of Belgium) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how employment subsidies for start-ups shape their performance. We exploit an unexpected policy reform in Belgium that permanently exempted start-ups hiring their first employee from payroll taxes for that employee. Using firm-level administrative data and a regression-discontinuity-in-time design, we find that subsidized post-reform startups employed fewer workers and generated lower output, value added, and profits compared to pre-reform start-ups. However, post-reform start-ups were more likely to survive as employers. These effects emerged within the first year after hiring and remained stable over a medium horizon of three years. Our findings indicate a compositional shift: the subsidy primarily induced low-productivity firms to enter the market. As most firms nowadays are nonemployers, our results meaningfully generalize the theoretical implications of standard neoclassical entrepreneurship models (employee–employer margin) and fill the important gap of the nonemployer–employer margin. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurship; start-up; employment subsidy; tax reduction; labor demand; small firms |
| JEL: | H25 J23 J24 J38 L25 L26 M51 |
| Date: | 2026–02–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctl:louvir:2026004 |
| By: | Thomas Breda (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris, IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Camille Ciriez (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Maddalena Conte (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Audrey Rain (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Éléonore Richard (DREES - Centre de Recherche du DREES - Ministère de l'Emploi et de la Solidarité, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Joyce Sultan Parraud (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Anaïs Tavanti (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques) |
| Abstract: | L'expérimentation « Territoires zéro chômeur de longue durée » vise en priorité à proposer des emplois adaptés aux personnes durablement privées d'emploi résidant sur les territoires concernés par l'expérimentation. Ce rapport est composé de deux chapitres qui étudient deux aspects différents du programme « Territoires zéro chômeur de longue durée » (TZCLD). Le premier chapitre est centré sur le fonctionnement des entreprises à but d'emploi (EBE), en particulier en ce qui concerne leurs résultats économiques et l'impact qu'elles ont sur le tissu productif local. Le deuxième chapitre présente les résultats d'une enquête menée auprès des salariés en EBE, portant principalement sur leur état de santé et leur bien-être. Les réponses collectées sont comparées à celles d'un groupe témoin comparable. |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-05545805 |
| By: | Sarah Flèche (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEP - LSE - Centre for Economic Performance - LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science); Eva Moreno‐galbis (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Ariell Reshef (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Claudia Senik (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris) |
| Abstract: | We study how the widespread diffusion of ICT affects wages, working conditions, and job satisfaction. We frame our empirical investigation with a model in which ICT can improve both wages and working conditions by increasing firms' output. Using French matched employer-employee data and an instrumental variable approach that is motivated by the model, we find that ICT diffusion in 2013-2019 has been beneficial to workers, who experienced both higher wages and better working conditions, particularly through greater flexibility, physical comfort, and safety. In contrast, ICT use has also increased psychological stress and work intensity. These effects vary across workers, firms, occupations and sectors, depending on their characteristics. Despite overall improvements in wages and working conditions, we estimate only modest positive effects of ICT use on job satisfaction. We discuss potential explanations for this finding. |
| Keywords: | ICT diffusion, Wages, Working conditions, Job satisfaction |
| Date: | 2026–03–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:hal-05538315 |
| By: | Gabriele Letta; Mario Cesare Nurchis; Luca Salmasi; Gilberto Turati (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) |
| Abstract: | Vaccine hesitancy is a crucial public health issue worldwide. In this paper, we evaluate the causal impact of a vaccination-based access restriction policy on vaccine uptake by exploiting the introduction of the EU Digital COVID-19 Certificate at the country level. We compare two countries, Italy and Spain, which despite using the Certificate as a prerequisite for many daily activities—experienced different adoption patterns. In Spain, the Certificate was introduced regionally, temporarily suspended by the Courts, and later reintroduced in several regions. In Italy, it was introduced in June 2021 and progressively expanded, culminating in mandatory vaccination for individuals aged over 50. We test the impact of the Certificate on vaccination rates using a Sharp Regression Kink Design, identifying changes in the slope of vaccination rates around the announcements by the two governments relative to the introduction of the Certificate. We find that the digital COVID-19 Certificate increased vaccinations in Italy in a range spanning from 3 to 11 percent. In Spain, by contrast, only the reintroduction seems to have been able to affect vaccinations. This result for Spain is also supported by a Difference-in-Differences model, exploiting the staggered reintroduction of the Certificate at the regional level. |
| Keywords: | vaccine hesitancy; Digital COVID-19 Certificate, Sharp Regression Kink Design. |
| JEL: | I12 I18 |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctc:serie1:def153 |
| By: | Márta Bisztray (ELTE Centre for Economic and Regional Studies); Gábor Békés (CEU; ELTE Centre for Economic and Regional Studies; CEPR); Alexandros Charos (WIFO); Klaus Friesenbichler (WIFO; ASCII); Miklós Koren (CEU; ELTE Centre for Economic and Regional Studies; CEPR; CESifo); Agnes Kügler (WIFO; ASCII); Balázs Lengyel (ELTE Centre for Economic and Regional Studies; Corvinus University Budapest); Amanda De Pirro (USI); Birgit Meyer (WIFO; ASCII) |
| Abstract: | Recent events have posed considerable challenges to supply chain, as demonstrated by trade data. Yet, firm-level information on the recent challenges remains scarce. The Supply Chain Disruption Survey addresses this gap by generating insights into firms’ experiences and expectations regarding their supplier relationships, with a special focus on the role of intangibles and changes over time. Conducted as part of the RETHINK-GSC Horizon research project, the survey was carried out in Austria, Denmark, Germany, and Hungary between mid-2023 and spring 2024. The survey focused on medium-sized and large firms operating in various manufacturing industries. This paper has two main objectives: first, it provides information about the survey's background, design, questionnaire, and implementation; and second, it presents the key patterns visible in the survey. The results indicate that sourcing remains anchored in Europe but is diversified. Experiencing disruption was nearly universal between 2020 and 2023, mostly due to COVID-19, but also due to the war in Ukraine and trade policy changes. Despite the perception of the disruptions being of temporary nature, the anticipation of risk increased. Firms adopted different risk mitigation strategies, including diversifying their supplier portfolio and information sharing with suppliers. |
| Keywords: | survey, questionnaire, supply chain, empirical research |
| JEL: | F14 D22 |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:has:discpr:2517 |
| By: | Lea Best; Benjamin Born; Manuel Menkhof |
| Abstract: | We study how firms’ investment responds to interest rate changes based on a German firm survey, combining hypothetical vignettes, open-ended questions, and rich firm data. We estimate a 7 percent semi-elasticity of investment to loan rates—about half the total corporate investment response to monetary policy shocks. Adjustment is heterogeneous: many firms do not react, citing cash buffers or a lack of opportunities, while adjusters revise sharply. Managers’ narratives about monetary policy transmission to investment emphasize direct borrowing-cost effects and rarely mention general-equilibrium channels. Local projections show this direct channel is central to output dynamics after monetary policy shocks. |
| Keywords: | Interest rates, firm investment, survey experiment, monetary policy, narratives, hurdle rates, aggregate investment |
| JEL: | D25 E43 E52 G31 |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2025_737 |
| By: | Sergio Leo Vargas Aranda (TECH ECO (ex-ITESE) - Institut Technico-Economie - CEA-DES (ex-DEN) - CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Université Paris-Saclay, LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Erica Ramirez (TECH ECO (ex-ITESE) - Institut Technico-Economie - CEA-DES (ex-DEN) - CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Université Paris-Saclay); Bertrand Charmaison (TECH ECO (ex-ITESE) - Institut Technico-Economie - CEA-DES (ex-DEN) - CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Université Paris-Saclay); Maxence Cordiez (Université Paris-Saclay); Emma Moulan (TECH ECO (ex-ITESE) - Institut Technico-Economie - CEA-DES (ex-DEN) - CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | The European power system plays a strategic role in reducing dependence on fossil fuels while contributing to reaching Europe's CO2 emissions targets. The energy crisis triggered by Russia's war against Ukraine has revived interest in the role of nuclear energy in the European power system. We examine how postponing nuclear phaseout affects optimal dispatch and environmental performance of the interconnected European power system. We use ESMOD, a unit commitment model of the European electric system at the 2030 horizon, built with Antares Simulator, to assess the impact of nuclear phase-out policies in Germany and Belgium. The model accounts for 36 European countries and focuses on cross-border effects and country-level impacts. The model shows that not decommissioning 4 GW of nuclear capacity in these two countries would have reduced European CO2 emissions by 16 million tons in 2030. Strikingly, about 45% of such reductions would have occurred in other European countries and keeping nuclear power plants in operation would have increased the total European surplus by 3 billion euros heterogeneously affecting across countries. To interpret these heterogeneous effects, we analysed the load size, power mix, trader status and interconnections to explain cross-border sensitivities. Finally, we assessed the countries' sensitivity to weather variation across 34 climate years by classifying them using the Kmeans clustering method. The results underscore the central role of European energy policy coordination in shaping future energy strategies that prioritize climate goals and efficient system integration while challenging the economic efficiency and environmental effectiveness of solely national plans. |
| Keywords: | European coordination, Cross-border effects, Energy Policy, Power system modelling, Nuclear energy |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05548319 |
| By: | Adrian Fernandez-Perez (Department of Banking and Finance, Michael Smurfit Graduate Business School, University College of Dublin, Ireland.); Marta Gómez-Puig (Department of Economics and Riskcenter, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.); Simón Sosvilla-Rivero (Complutense Institute for Economic Analysis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain.) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of extreme temperatures on housing price dynamics in Spain, considering both direct and indirect effects across geographic space. Using panel data at the provincial level and a spatial econometric model, we find that an increase in the number of days with maximum temperatures exceeding 35 °C (95ºF) over the past year is significantly associated with a decline in both sale and rental prices within the affected province. However, we also identify a positive indirect effect on housing markets in more distant provinces, particularly in the rental sector, consistent with a pattern of temperature-induced house price premium in cooler regions. A central methodological contribution of this paper is the use of spatial econometric techniques to detect and quantify these spillover effects. By explicitly modelling spatial dependence, we can disentangle local impacts from broader geographic transmission mechanisms, revealing how climate stressors reshape housing demand across regions. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating climate-related factors into real estate market analysis and the design of adaptation policies. |
| Keywords: | Extreme Heat Temperature; Housing Prices; Spatial Econometrics; Environmental Economics. JEL classification: C23; Q54; R14; R21; R31. |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ira:wpaper:202516 |
| By: | Muter, Magda |
| Abstract: | This paper explores fatherhood in Poland among dual-earner couples, having already at least one young child. The birth of a child usually results in more traditional division of labour among partners, including strongly gendered division of newly created childcare labour. However, there is visible intergenerational change, with new fathers expressing a desire to be more involved with their children (in comparison to their own fathers). Mothers support them, and they prioritise fathers building relationship with children over them doing more housework. The paper focuses on the results of 74 semi-structured individual interviews with 37 couples, conducted in 2019 in Poland. I explore how the concept of involved fatherhood is understood, and practiced, where there are a lot of contradictions. For example, despite generous, and seemingly gender-neutral social policies, like long parental leave available for both mothers and fathers, there is a strongly gendered uptake, with women using the vast majority of all leaves. For many of the fathers in my sample, fatherhood was a lifechanging experience. However, it is important to mention that even when a father is an active caregiver, it does not always transfer to more gender-equal division of labour. Through the experiences of my respondents, I argue that despite increasing cultural support for involved fatherhood, there are still challenges with practicing it. |
| Keywords: | involved fatherhood; Poland; equality; gender; division of labour |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2026–03–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:137586 |
| By: | Olympia Bover; Alessandro Ruggieri; Carlos Sanz; Yuliya Kulikova; Nezih Guner |
| Abstract: | Family-friendly policies aim to help women balance work and family life, encouraging them to participate in the labor market. How effective are such policies in increasing fertility? We answer this question using a search model of the labor market where firms make hiring, promotion, and firing decisions, taking into account how these decisions affect workers' fertility incentives and labor force participation decisions. We estimate the model using administrative data from Spain, a country with very low fertility and a highly regulated labor market. We use the model to study family-friendly policies and demonstrate that firms' reactions result in a trade-off: policies that increase fertility reduce women's participation in the labor market and lower their lifetime earnings. |
| Keywords: | family-friendly policies, fertility, flexibility, gender gaps, Human Capital Accumulation, search and matching, welfare |
| JEL: | E24 J08 J13 J18 |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1568 |
| By: | Gero Stiepelmann |
| Abstract: | Short-time work (STW) is a subsidy program linked to a reduction in working hours that has been widely used across Europe and partly used in some US states to combat job losses in the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic. Although typically used alongside an unemployment insurance (UI) system, the interaction between STW and UI remains conceptually unclear. To close this gap in the literature, I develop a search and matching model of the labor market with risk-averse workers, flexible hours choice, endogenous separations, and generalized Nash bargaining. Deriving closed-form expressions for the optimal policy mix, I demonstrate that while the UI system provides income insurance to workers, the STW system mitigates the fiscal externality of UI-induced separations. Notably, STW only exists due to the UI system. Consistent with often observed policy practice, I allow the STW system to adjust over the business cycle while keeping the UI system constant. In line with the actual policy, my findings indicate that optimal STW benefits have to increase in recessions, while in contrast to the actual policy, optimal eligibility criteria have to be tightened. Using UI with an optimal STW system is fiscally less expensive than the UI system on its own. |
| Keywords: | Short-time work; unemployment insurance; optimal policy; labor markets; search and matching; business cycles |
| JEL: | E24 E32 H21 J63 J64 J65 |
| Date: | 2026–03–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedcwq:102917 |
| By: | Oscar Claveria (AQR-IREA, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.); Petar Soric (Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagreb, Croatia.) |
| Abstract: | Recent energy tensions caused by conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East have added to the pressure that global warming exerts for an energy transition towards low-carbon energy sources. This study combines two time series approaches with the aim of delving deeper into the relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth and to test the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, using information from 20 European countries between 2007 and 2021. Overall, the obtained results suggest the existence of a N-shaped nexus between emissions and income per capita. Additionally, we evaluated stability of this nexus and the potential existence of an asymmetric adjustment. In most countries we find asymmetries in the adjustment of emissions to positive and negative changes in income, but not so much in economic complexity. However, notable differences are observed between countries, which could be indicating their differentiated phase in the EKC curve. |
| Keywords: | Economic Growth; Economic Complexity; Environmental Degradation; Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Europe. JEL classification: C38; C55; O44; Q20; Q50. |
| Date: | 2025–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ira:wpaper:202519 |
| By: | Anna Sznajderska; Andrzej Torój; Rafał Chmura |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the role of fiscal rules in shaping the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy. We compare the fiscal multipliers across the European Union members and search for the drivers of their heterogeneity. To this aim we apply interacted panel vector autoregressive models to data from 27 EU countries over the period 1999-2022. Our results show that government spending multipliers are higher for countries with a relatively higher fiscal rule index compared to those with a lower index. |
| Keywords: | fiscal multipliers, fiscal rules, debt, interacted panel VAR model, European Union |
| JEL: | C33 E62 H50 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sgh:kaewps:2025108 |
| By: | Isaak Mengesha; Debraj Roy |
| Abstract: | The persistence of poverty is not well explained by who is poor. We argue the relevant object of measurement is trappedness--expected escape time from deprivation--which varies systematically across institutional environments and is invisible to standard poverty indices. Using Markov chains estimated on twenty years of longitudinal data from 27 European countries, we show that countries with identical deprivation rates differ in escape times by up to fourfold. These differences are not explained by household characteristics alone: exogenous shocks reshape welfare landscapes differently across countries, with divergence tracking welfare regime architecture rather than household composition. The mechanism is behavioural: health constrains a household's capacity to convert income gains into durable welfare improvement. Income transfers without health improvement fail to reduce poverty-return risk; combined interventions are super-additive across 28 countries, and the gap widens with transfer size. These findings dissolve the long-running poverty trap debate--studies that rejected traps measured the wrong dimension; studies that found them captured one projection of a multidimensional dynamic process. Trappedness is continuous, multidimensional, and institutionally shaped. |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2603.18716 |
| By: | Costa-Font, Joan; Nicińska, Anna; Rosello-Roig, Melcior |
| Abstract: | We compare inequality and social mobility trends in European countries exposed to Soviet Communist (SC) regimes with those not exposed, using similar welfare measures. We draw upon a rich retrospective dataset that collects relevant welfare measures across regimes including information on living space and self-reported health, and relevant inequality and mobility indices for ordinal and categorical data. Our results suggest evidence of comparable welfare inequality trends in countries exposed to SC and those unexposed. Although individuals exposed to SC enjoyed higher levels of social mobility, differences in inequality across countries exposed to different regimes were negligible. A plausible explanation lies in the countervailing role of the welfare state in countries not exposed to SC and the inefficiency of the bureaucratic allocation of private goods aimed at reducing inequality in countries exposed to SC. |
| Keywords: | bureaucracy; education; European Communist Regimes;; health inequality; living space; self-reported health; social mobility; Soviet Communism; welfare |
| JEL: | H53 I38 N34 P20 P29 P36 P46 |
| Date: | 2026–03–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128960 |
| By: | István Boza (ELTE Centre for Economic and Regional Studies); Dániel Horn (Corvinus University Budapest; ELTE Centre for Economic and Regional Studies) |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces a framework that combines a traditional Mincer wage equation with an Abowd–Kramarz–Margolis (AKM) decomposition in a unified linear framework. The approach allows pre-labor market entry group-level factors to be mapped transparently onto the underlying channels of wage determination, including individual earning capacity, firm sorting, and occupational allocation. Applying the method to linked employer–employee administrative data from Hungary, we study how secondary schools are related to early-career wage inequality. Secondary school affiliation explains about 15% of wage variation among young workers, with a substantial share operating through sorting into firms and occupations. Controlling for completed educational attainment reduces school effects. However, these effects do not disappear completely and persist even after controlling for pre-existing differences in student pools measured around the age of 14-15. More broadly, the framework provides a general tool for studying how institutions shape labor-market outcomes through multiple economic channels. |
| Keywords: | wage inequality, school effects, AKM decomposition, Mincer equation, employer–employee linked data, labor market outcomes |
| JEL: | J31 J24 I26 C32 |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:has:discpr:2604 |
| By: | Arielle Cohen Tanugi |
| Abstract: | This study examines whether providing financial transfers influences depressive symptoms among older European adults and explores whether income or wealth shocks moderate this relationship. Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and a staggered dynamic Difference-in-Differences approach, this work assesses the psychological consequences of financial giving across diverse socioeconomic contexts. Results indicate that while giving initially leads to a decline in mental well-being, this effect diminishes over time, suggesting an adjustment process rather than lasting distress. The negative impact is strongest among women and those still employed, while retirees experience weaker effects. Contrary to expectations, negative income and wealth shocks do not significantly amplify depressive symptoms, implying that financial strain alone does not drive the relationship between giving and mental health. Instead, financial giving appear to be shaped by long-term social commitments, moral obligations, and ingrained norms rather than short-term economic considerations. These findings remain robust when combining propensity score matching with the staggered dynamic Difference-in-Differences estimation. |
| Keywords: | Intergenerational Transfers, Financial Transfers, Mental Health, Wealth Shocks, Income Shocks |
| JEL: | J14 I31 D64 C23 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2026-6 |
| By: | Salomé Baslandze; Zach Edwards; John Graham; Ty McClure; Brent Meyer; Michael Sparks; Sonya Ravindranath Waddell; Daniel J. Weitz |
| Abstract: | We use novel data from a survey of nearly 750 corporate executives to study the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) on productivity and the workforce. We document substantial heterogeneity in AI adoption across firms, with more than half having already invested, though many smaller firms are only beginning to do so. Labor productivity gains are positive, vary across sectors, and are expected to strengthen in 2026, with the largest effects concentrated in high-skill services and finance. These gains are not primarily driven by firms' capital deepening but instead reflect increases in revenue-based total factor productivity, closely associated with innovation- and demand-oriented channels. We document a productivity paradox, in which perceived productivity gains are larger than measured productivity gains, likely reflecting a delay in revenue realizations. In labor markets, we find little evidence of near-term aggregate employment declines due to AI, though larger companies anticipate AI-driven workforce reductions, while smaller firms expect modest gains. We also find evidence of compositional reallocation of labor both within and across firms, with routine clerical roles declining and a relative demand for skilled technical roles increasing. We develop an index that ranks job functions most negatively affected by AI. |
| Keywords: | artificial intelligence; productivity; technological change; labor markets; occupations |
| JEL: | O33 D22 J24 |
| Date: | 2026–03–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedawp:102936 |
| By: | Cyprien Batut; Caroline Coly; Sarah Schneider-Strawczynski |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of the #MeToo movement in the workplace, drawing on French survey data on harassment behaviours and administrative data on worker flows. Using a difference-in-differences strategy, we find that, following the #MeToo movement, women began leaving high-risk workplaces at a significantly higher rate. This increase is mainly driven by women who quit their jobs. Both men and women who exit high-risk plants subsequently adjust their job search strategies toward less toxic workplaces. |
| Keywords: | sexual harassment, occupational gender inequality, workflows |
| JEL: | J16 D7 J81 J52 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12551 |