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on Microeconomic European Issues |
| By: | Nikolova, Milena; Angelini, Viola |
| Abstract: | As populations age, longer working careers become more essential, and technological advancements may prolong or shorten career spans. We examine how exposure to industrial robots, information and communication technology (ICT), and artificial intelligence (AI) relate to retirement expectations among workers in 20 European countries. To this end, we link individual-level data from the European Working Conditions Survey (2005-2024) with lagged technology-exposure measures. Technology exposure shows li[le systematic association with preferred retirement timing. Nevertheless, robots and especially AI are linked to the perception of being able to work until age 60. These associations vary across workers and tasks, suggesting that job design and worker adaptation determine whether technology supports longer working lives. |
| Keywords: | retirement, expectations, technological change, robots, ICT, AI |
| JEL: | I31 J26 O33 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1813 |
| By: | Van Herck Kristine; Princen Savina; Serruys Hannes (European Commission - JRC); Depoortere Arne (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The employment rate in Belgium remains low, partly reflecting features of the tax and benefit system that weaken work incentives. More specifically, the benefit system in Belgium provided – until 1 January 2026 – unemployment benefits of unlimited duration, which made Belgium the only EU Member State in which unemployment benefits were not limited in time. As this feature may have discouraged benefit recipients from taking up work, the federal government adopted in 2025 a long-awaited reform introducing a maximum duration for unemployment benefits. Unemployment benefit recipients affected by the reform are expected to re–enter employment, while the most vulnerable long–term unemployed people can rely on minimum income support. Based on micro-simulations using the EUROMOD model, this economic brief analyses the budgetary and distributional effects of the unemployment benefit reform under different labour supply assumptions, taking into account the interaction with the minimum income support system. The analysis finds that, even in the absence of labour supply effects, the reform is expected to generate net budgetary savings. However, when potential labour supply effects are taken into account, the net budgetary savings are significantly higher (up to EUR 2.1 billion). The overall impact on poverty and inequality is expected to be limited due to the cushioning effect of the minimum income support system and the potential increase in employment. |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc147863 |
| By: | Lea-Karla Matic; Johanna Luise Reuter |
| Abstract: | Part-time work is a policy margin through which governments seek to reconcile employment and family responsibilities, yet its broader effects remain poorly understood. We estimate the effects of Austria’s 2004 introduction of a legal right to parental part-time work for mothers in firms with more than 20 employees. Using administrative data and a triple-differencein-differences design, we find large, persistent increases in part-time employment but only modest, short-lived gains in labor market attachment. Adjustment instead occurs through greater retention with the pre-birth employer and higher subsequent fertility, alongside persistent earnings losses and adverse short-run effects on maternal mental health. |
| Keywords: | Parental part-time, part-time trap, greedy jobs, child penalty |
| JEL: | D1 D63 J13 I10 J12 J16 J22 |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jku:econwp:2026-06 |
| By: | Dijkstra Lewis (European Commission - JRC); Kompil Mert; Proietti Paola; Dorati Chiara (European Commission - JRC); Jacobs-crisioni Chris |
| Abstract: | This study examines examines the key characteristics of EU settlements with growing populations, focusing on villages and towns and analysing the influence of local characteristics and broader area-based factors on population trends. Comparing the 2021 and 2011 censuses, the study identifies patterns of population change related to key settlement dimensions, including: I) spatial characteristics and functional ranking, II) demographic characteristics, III) quality of infrastructure, spatial and digital accessibility, IV) public and private service provision and tourism capacity, and V) geographical and climate-related characteristics. Results indicate that villages, towns and cities with or near to a beach, school, hospital or train station tend to grow faster. Having good road transport performance and fast download speeds also helps. Settlements with a higher employment rate, a higher share of working-age population and a higher share of people born outside the country or the EU are more likely to grow. Regional centres, i.e. the largest settlement in a wider area, and settlements close to cities tend to exhibit higher growth rates, as do those that are part of a functional urban area (FUA), and especially the capital city FUA. |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc147421 |
| By: | Koetter, Michael; Noth, Felix; Wöbbeking, Carl Fabian |
| Abstract: | Real estate is a capstone connection between various economic agents and markets. It is the main store of household wealth, serves as collateral for mortgage loans in the banking system, aids the transmission of monetary policy, and can propagate financial crises when overvalued. Yet comparable house-price data across the European Union (EU) and the euro area is unavailable, which hinders the design and evaluation of common monetary and economic policy that operates across heterogeneous housing markets. We derive monthly subnational European Real Estate Indicators (EREI) from online residential property advertisements in 16 European countries. The release covers April 2024 to June 2026 and contains 48, 168 region-month-segment observations for 1, 154 NUTS 3 regions, aggregating more than 43 million listing observations across the monthly sale and rental cross-sections. Each region-month segment reports the number of advertisements and summary statistics for asking prices per square meter and listing durations. The release also includes sale-segment indices for Europe, the euro area, and individual countries. Thirteen covered countries are EU members, which represented 85% of EU-27 gross domestic product in 2024. EREI data support research on a wide range of socio-economic phenomena associated with real estate dynamics, such as the evaluation of monetary policy or macroprudential policy effects on financial stability. |
| Keywords: | European Real Estate Index, EREI, house prices |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwhtrp:343585 |
| By: | Andrea Weber; David Card; Wolfgang Dauth; Wolfgang Frimmel; Julia Schmieder; Rudolf Winter-Ebmer |
| Abstract: | How big are the gains to international migration? How do they vary across mi- grants? We study these questions using linked administrative data for Austria and Germany, focusing on migrants who were steadily employed 2-4 years be- fore their move and using their previous co-workers as a comparison group for a difference-in-differences design. We combine data from the origin and desti- nation countries for 5 years after the move, allowing us to assess the gains for those who remain in the destination and those who return. On average, mi- grants from Austria to Germany experience an immediate and persistent rise of around 13% in their daily wage relative to their matched co-workers, while migrants from Germany to Austria gain about 4%. The higher returns for Aus- trians are mainly driven by higher average wages in Germany, rather than by differential selection of migrants. Consistent with a dynamic learning model, the returns to migration are largest for migrants who remain in the destination country, smaller for those who return after 1-4 years, and zero or even slightly negative for those who return in less than a year. They are also larger for mi- grants who follow established cross-border networks between workplaces. To help interpret our findings we conduct a parallel analysis of domestic migrants who move to a larger city (Vienna or one of the 5 largest cities in Germany). “Big city†movers experience gains in wages of about 5% for Austrians and 10% for Germans. Again the gains are largest for those who remain in the des- tination city, with smaller effects for those who move on. |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jku:econwp:2026-07 |
| By: | Koetter, Michael; Noth, Felix; Wöbbeking, Carl Fabian |
| Abstract: | We show that online listing prices closely approximate transaction prices across Europe. Our validation uses the IWH European Real Estate Index (EREI), a near-real-time database of monthly purchase prices, rents, listing counts, and time on market for 1, 154 NUTS-3 regions in 16 countries since April 2024. With publication lags as short as one month, validated listing prices offer a timely, comparable complement to official house price statistics. Purchase price levels correlate between 0.94 and 0.97 with transaction prices in the five most populous markets, while calibration slopes range from 0.95 to 1.00. Asking prices exceed transaction prices by 13% to 22%. |
| Keywords: | asking prices, Europe, house prices, listing data, regional data |
| JEL: | C81 R12 R31 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwhdps:343544 |
| By: | Hanika, Sebastian; Focacci, Chiara Natalie |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how occupational restructuring within local labour markets shapes the employment opportunities of older workers. Using longitudinal Swedish register data covering workers across 69 functional local labour markets between 2017 and 2023, we show that greater occupational restructuring is associated with greater occupational narrowing among older workers. This relationship is moderated by local labour market characteristics. Thicker and more dynamic labour markets, with greater occupational diversity and job churning, provide broader opportunities for occupational adjustment. The findings highlight the importance of regional opportunity structures for old-age employment in ageing economies. |
| Date: | 2026–09–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ws57n_v1 |
| By: | Canipek, Aras |
| Abstract: | A large theoretical literature suggests that bankruptcy law penalties can reduce agency problems, yet evidence remains scarce. To provide evidence, I examine whether firms implement independent directors as a substitute when penalties are eliminated. For identification, I exploit that penalties are relevant only for risky firms. Across countries, board independence is negatively related to penalties, but only among risky firms. Comparing board independence of risky and safe firms around bankruptcy reforms in Germany, Italy, and the US confirms the results. Economically, risky firms increase the number of independent directors by 21% relative to safe firms following the elimination of penalties. |
| Keywords: | bankruptcy law, board independence, debt, corporate governance |
| JEL: | G32 G33 G34 G38 K22 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:343059 |
| By: | Herrero Cesar (European Commission - JRC); Portillo Berasaluce Javier; Arce Alonso Ander; Te Hennepe Elisabeth; Wisniewski Daniel; Gil Sanchez Sandra; Petanovitsch Alexander; Dapcevic Zan |
| Abstract: | Artificial Intelligence (AI) is entering Vocational Education and Training (VET) systems at a time of important structural reform, tightening EU level regulation, and heightened digital investment. This JRC technical report examines AI integration across five Member States – Austria, Belgium, Slovenia, Spain and the Netherlands – as a multilevel ecosystem process rather than the mere diffusion of isolated tools. The analysis draws on (i) an extensive desk review of policy and academic literature, (ii) semi structured interviews conducted at macro (policy), meso (intermediary networks and VET institutions) and micro (classroom) levels, and (iii) a synthesis of selected initiatives presented in good practice fiches, subsequently validated through a stakeholder roundtable or similar approaches. Findings reveal that AI uptake in VET is condition driven: adoption occurs when a specific constellation of enabling factors is present. Key determinants include robust governance capacity, systematic teacher competence development, trusted digital infrastructures, and stable support from intermediary networks and centre-industry agreements. Critical prerequisites for scaling AI-enabled VET are (a) formal teacher accreditation in AI related competences, (b) protected release time for educators to experiment with innovative practices, and (c) the deployment of “sovereign” technical stacks – exemplified by the Dutch EduGenAI platform – that guarantee data protection, algorithmic transparency and alignment with public values. The report links EU and national frameworks (e.g., the EU AI Act and ongoing VET reforms) with concrete, actionable conditions for responsible, scalable adoption. A notable shift toward process-oriented assessment – oral defences, reflective portfolios and continuous feedback loops – is observed, aiming to safeguard academic integrity where educational AI is classified as “high risk”. While AI promises personalised tutoring and reduced administrative load, persistent barriers remain, such as vendor lock in, volatile token-based pricing, and heterogeneous AI literacy among staff. By analysing the five case studies through a high maturity lens, the report elucidates transfer mechanisms and argues that sustainable AI integration requires a strategic move from technology-centric inputs to human-centred ecosystem outcomes, ultimately empowering the VET workforce and reinforcing the European digital education agenda. |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc146918 |
| By: | Krüger, Jacqueline; Dinger, Valeriya |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how inflation expectations relate to household saving behavior across saving categories. We apply a generalized ordered logit model to survey data from 4, 824 German households during a high inflation period (March 2023). We find that income and precautionary motives dominate substitution effects: higher inflation expectations are associated with maintaining or increasing overall savings. Our disaggregated analysis reveals a non-linear threshold effect - only households with strongly elevated inflation expectations exhibit economically significant be- havioral responses, consistent with flight-to-liquidity behavior toward cash. De- composing saving shifts by inflation expectation level reveals further heterogeneity: the cash-bond substitution documented in the full sample is driven exclusively by low inflation expectation households, while high inflation expectation households accumulate both instruments simultaneously, reflecting broad portfolio expansion rather than reallocation. We further find that only dynamic - not static - infla- tion expectation formation is associated with behavioral responses. These findings have ambiguous implications for bank funding stability. |
| Keywords: | Saving behavior, Households, Deposits, Saving shifts, Financial Stability |
| JEL: | E31 G21 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bubdps:343043 |
| By: | Pasquale Della Corte; Robert Kosowski; Dimitris Papadimitriou; Nikolaos P. Rapanos |
| Abstract: | We develop a theoretical model that endogenizes the regulator's decision to impose short-selling bans to prevent large stock price declines. Empirically, we test the model's predictions using the cross-sectional variation in short-selling restrictions implemented across European countries in 2020. Consistent with our model, we find that bans had a detrimental effect on liquidity and failed to support the average price levels, but were effective in limiting large price drawdowns. Finally, we show that the effectiveness of the bans depends on the share of informed stockholders, a central variable in our framework, thus informing the design of more effective regulatory responses. |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2609.08881 |
| By: | Luca Bargna (Department of Economics, Insubria University, Varese, Italy); Davide La Torre (SKEMA Business School, Université Côte d'Azur, France); Benjamin Montmartin (SKEMA Business School, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France); Lionel Nesta (Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France; OFCE, Sciences Po, France; SKEMA Business School, France) |
| Abstract: | We develop a spatial optimal-control model in which air pollution and climate-mitigation innovation evolve jointly through a coupled reaction–diffusion system. We characterize stability and optimal policy, derive closed-form controls under spatial homogeneity, and obtain bounds for nonlinear dynamics. Using data from 1, 181 European NUTS 3 regions over 2005–2020, we estimate the reaction–diffusion dynamics and simulate the optimal policy mix under alternative welfare valuations of pollution-generating activities. Pollution exhibits strong spatial diffusion, whereas innovation diffusion is limited. Innovation is associated with lower subsequent pollution growth, while higher pollution is followed by stronger innovation growth. The optimal policy mix combines environmental regulation and innovation support, but their timing and persistence differ. Abatement may be immediate or delayed depending on the net welfare contribution of pollution-generating activities, while sustained innovation support depends on the value assigned to the terminal innovation stock. |
| Keywords: | Optimal control; Reaction–diffusion systems; Pollution; Innovation; Spatial econometrics |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2026-21 |
| By: | Leogrande, Angelo; Di Molfetta, Mauro; Nortarnicola, Valeria; Trotta, Maria Giovanna; Plantamura, Antonio Volpe |
| Abstract: | Research on small-firm profitability has organised itself around capital structure, leaving the operating model largely unexamined. This paper places both in one specification and estimates it three times — by panel methods, unsupervised partitioning and machine-learning regression — on 14, 913 Italian firms observed between 2014 and 2025 across three regulatory regimes. Three findings emerge. The operating model dominates: the labour share of value added is stable across specifications, invariant across four clusters recovered from accounting data alone, and carries most of the out-of-sample predictive content. The capitalisation coefficient is not identified, changing sign across specifications; instrument failure traces to profit persistence. And the structure of profitability determination differs across the three populations, contradicting the common-mechanism premise underlying certification schemes. |
| Date: | 2026–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:mr86c_v1 |
| By: | Vazquez Torres Estefania; Magliozzi Chiara (European Commission - JRC); Caivano Arnaldo (European Commission - JRC); Cardoso Ana Cristina (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The introduction and spread of invasive alien species (IAS) have become a significant concern worldwide, disrupting environmental balance, economic stability, and human health across various activity domains. Effective management of IAS requires a cross-sectoral approach and identification of direct and indirect effects on multiple activity domains. This study explores the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to support automatic literature reviews and to evaluate IAS impacts. The study analysed 498 IAS impacting 27 activity domains and demonstrated the potential for semi-automation to enhance efficiency, the importance of expert involvement, and the value of AI in extracting contextualized information. The study highlights the feasibility of replicating the assessment on IAS using AI-powered approaches but also emphasizes the need for careful consideration of data quality, algorithmic bias, and the role of subject matter experts in validation and refinement. While we were able to successfully replicate the analysis, the process also revealed technical limitations that should be considered when applying this approach in practice. |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc146630 |
| By: | Sascha O. Becker; Ana Fernandes; Nurlan Lalayev; Doris Weichselbaumer; Ana Margarida Fernandes |
| Abstract: | We study gender differences in employers' responses to commuting distance using data from a large-scale correspondence test in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. A 10 km increase in driving distance reduces women’s probability of receiving an interview invitation by 1.8 percentage points, around 9 percent of the mean female invitation rate, while commuting distance has no corresponding effect for men. The gender difference is statistically significant and robust to alternative distance measures and thresholds, firms’ rural or urban location, and local labor-market tightness. The female distance penalty does not vary detectably with applicants' reported marital status or the presence of children, providing no support for screening based on these observed indicators of household responsibilities. |
| Keywords: | gender discrimination, commuting, labor market, field experiment, Germany, Switzerland, Austria |
| JEL: | C93 J16 J61 J71 R41 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12989 |
| By: | David Card; Ana Rute Cardoso; Pedro Luis Silva |
| Abstract: | In the depths of the 2010 financial crisis the Portuguese government enacted a series of reforms in its prescription drug reimbursement system. Over the next three years value added per pharmacist in retail pharmacies fell by a third, reflecting a rise in generic substitution and reductions in the markups allowed for prescription drugs. This massive shock led to pay cuts for incumbent pharmacists and the introduction of a two-tier pay system for new hires, with little or no reduction in the growth of employment. We use detailed longitudinal records from the Quadros de Pessoal data base, merged with information on collective bargaining settlements and firm financial records, to study the impacts of the reforms. We estimate that between 2009 and 2022 average wages of pharmacists fell by a third; most of this reduction was due to lower wages for newly entering cohorts. The implied responsiveness of wages to productivity is substantially above most estimates in the rent-sharing literature, arguably reflecting the strong attachment of workers to the sector and the steady inflow of newly graduating pharmacists. Stepping back, we then consider how wages of pharmacists have diverged relative to wages of other health care professionals in Portugal, and the decisions of recent college applicants to enter the profession. |
| Keywords: | collective bargaining, pharmacists, retail pharmacy, wages |
| JEL: | J52 J31 J24 J33 I26 J44 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1591 |
| By: | Coates, Dermot; McIndoe-Calder, Tara; O'Toole, Conor; O'Shea, Dónal; Tran, Chi |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp833 |
| By: | Gaudillat Pierre (European Commission - JRC); Marschinski Robert (European Commission - JRC); Saveyn Hans (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Chemical recycling refers to a family of processes that breaks down waste such as plastics into its chemical building blocks, which may then be used to produce new plastics. The report provides an overview of the current (2025) state of the economic viability of chemical recycling of plastics in the European Union, highlighting the key challenges and opportunities in this field. The report discusses different types of chemical recycling technologies and focusses on the economic viability of solvolysis and pyrolysis, currently the most prominent chemical recycling pathways. It considers production and investment costs, as well as the maturity and limitations of these technologies. The report concludes that although chemical recycling in the EU does not achieve cost parity with virgin plastics, it could have a significant role to play in supplying markets with recycled plastics that are required for compliance with the Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation and Single Use Plastics Directive recycled content requirements, and potential future regulation of a similar nature. |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc147061 |
| By: | Kren, Janez; Slaymaker, Rachel |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp821 |
| By: | Dentico, A.;; Di Novi, C.; |
| Abstract: | Fiscal consolidation in decentralised public-service systems may produce uneven territorial consequences. In Italy’s National Health Service, regional governments are responsible for organising healthcare but differ substantially in fiscal capacity and service provision. Between 2007 and 2010, ten of the country’s twenty regions entered negotiated recovery plans combining stricter budget constraints with organisational reforms and, in some cases, recruitment restrictions. Using annual regional data spanning 1994-2023, this article examines how public healthcare staffing and patient out-migration evolved following the introduction of these plans. The two outcomes capture, respectively, an essential input into regional service capacity and residents’ reliance on hospital care outside their region of residence. We construct a separate synthetic control for each treated region using regions that never entered the programme. Public healthcare personnel per 1, 000 residents fell persistently below the estimated counterfactual in several regions but showed no systematic divergence in others. Patient out-migration followed a less uniform pattern, with a clear persistent increase in only one region and period -specific increases elsewhere. The findings show that a common national framework of fiscal discipline was associated with markedly different trajectories across regional healthcare systems. Evaluations of fiscal recovery should therefore consider its territorial distribution and implications for service capacity, rather than financial outcomes alone. |
| Keywords: | fiscal consolidation; regional healthcare; synthetic control method; healthcare personnel; patient mobility; Italy; |
| JEL: | H51 H77 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yor:hectdg:26/19 |
| By: | Joan Costa-Font; Sergi Jiménez-Martín; Cristina Vilaplana Prieto |
| Abstract: | We estimate the health and wellbeing effects of subsidized access to long-term care (LTC). Our analysis exploits the staggered implementation of Spain's 2007 System of Autonomy and Care for Dependent People (SAAD), which expanded publicly funded and universal LTC subsidies and supports, as well as its subsequent reform. Using two decades worth of administrative and survey data and leveraging exogenous regional and individual-level variation in program exposure, we find that access to SAAD benefits reduces the care receiver's depressive symptoms by about 1 percentage point, increases its survival probability by 2.6–3 percentage points, and raises its life satisfaction by 0.24–0.50 scale points. Cost-effectiveness estimates indicate that the implied cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained lies below commonly accepted efficiency thresholds for public health spending in Europe. These findings document sizeable health returns and efficiency gains from publicly subsidized LTC provision. |
| Keywords: | cost per QALY, life satisfaction, long-term care, long-term care subsidies, long-term care supports, mental health, mortality, old age care, Spain, survival |
| JEL: | I18 J14 J16 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1593 |
| By: | Felix Kersting; Iris Wohnsiedler |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how collective bargaining institutions emerged from competition within the labor movement. We draw on newly assembled data on strikes, union membership, and bargaining agreements at the county-occupation level in Imperial Germany around 1900. Three rival factions competed for control of the labor movement: the social-democratic Free Trade Unions, the radical unions, and the moderate unions, divided over whether to confront employers, negotiate with them, or both. The Free Trade Unions struck more effectively than the radical unions and bargained far more than the moderate ones. Instrumenting Free Trade Union strength with distance to their headquarters, we show that stronger organization raised the likelihood that agreements emerged. Strike activity rose ahead of first agreements and fell thereafter. The effect is concentrated in multi-employer agreements with peace obligations, the bargaining form that later defined the German model. Organized employers played little part in this process. Durable bargaining institutions emerged where a movement could both sustain conflict and commit to settling it. |
| Date: | 2026–09–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdp:dpaper:0108 |
| By: | Krüger, Ulrich; Wong, Lui Hsian |
| Abstract: | The introduction of a digital euro (D€) would allow euro area residents to exchange bank deposits for digital currency, thus offering an efficient addition to the European payment sector. It is currently being discussed how the D€ impacts liquidity outflows from banks and financial stability. To mitigate these risks, the European Commission's legislative proposal permits the ECB to impose limits on the use of the D€ as a store of value. This study contributes to the calibration of appropriate holding limits for a D€. We examine how banks adjust their liquidity buffers and funding structures in response to the D€. We explore banks' potential strategies to minimise funding costs, including raising deposit rates and expanding wholesale funding, and approximate a market equilibrium. Applying our model to the German banking system, we find that imposing a holding limit of €3, 000 would reduce the return on equity by approximately 0.2 percentage points and the Liquidity Coverage Ratio by about 7 percentage points in the most adverse scenario. These findings suggest that the long-term impact remains relatively contained. |
| Keywords: | Central Bank Digital Currency, Digital Euro, Holding Limit, Liquidity, Funding Costs, Financial Stability |
| JEL: | G21 G32 G38 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bubdps:343079 |
| By: | Pedro S. Martins (Nova School of Business and Economics, Portugal & IZA@LISER.); Pedro Luis Silva (Departament d'Economia Aplicada, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain & CIPES & IZA@LISER); Madalena Temudo (Nova School of Business and Economics, Portugal); Ana Pinho (Centre for Research in Higher Education Policies (CIPES), Portugal) |
| Abstract: | Vocational education and training (VET) may accelerate employment transitions at the cost of reducing further education participation. We quantify this trade-off in a school-based VET system, drawing on linked administrative and survey data in Portugal. We use the share of lower-secondary classmates who subsequently choose upper-secondary VET as an instrument for individual VET enrollment. We find a pronounced trade-off in early post-school transitions: vocational enrollment increases employment by 26-34 percentage points and improves several job quality indicators; however, VET reduces further education participation by 30-40 percentage points and is associated with higher unemployment. |
| Keywords: | school-based vocational education, peer choices, school-to-work transition, NEET, job quality. |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uab:wprdea:wpdea2608 |
| By: | Berzi Matteo (European Commission - JRC); Herrmann Benedikt (European Commission - JRC); Albertini Mattia; Attardo Carmelo (European Commission - JRC); Auteri Davide (European Commission - JRC); Barranco Ricardo; Brunet-jailly Emmanuel; Chilla Tobias; Dijkstra Lewis (European Commission - JRC); Duvernet Claire; Finnsdottir Maria Sigridur; Galic Aleksandra; Gareis Philipp; Gaugitsch Roland; Günther Elias; Hallgrimsdottir Helga Kristin; Hippe Stefan; Jacobs-crisioni Chris; Jánosi Viktória; Järv Olle; Kompil Mert; Kucas Andrius; Paszto Vit; Poorthuis Ate; Rowe Francisco; Rubio Jean; Van De Weghe Nico; Van Der Valk Johan; Ferreira Ricardo |
| Abstract: | Knowing where, how, and for what purposes people frequently cross borders has significant policy implications. However, limited data availability often hinders effective decision-making. This contribution highlights key issues related to cross-border flows in EU border regions and their spatial implications. The lack of granular, reliable, and comparable data frequently leads to an underestimation of the true scale of cross-border movements within the EU. Additionally, the assessment of the socioeconomic potential of border regions typically does not consider the hypothetical elimination of obstacles, be they legal, administrative, infrastructural, or linguistic. This study addresses two research questions: can methodological innovations help accurately quantify existing and potential cross-border interactions, thereby overcoming current limitations in data availability and accessibility? And how can a data-driven approach support the definition and delimitation of cross-border functional areas? The contribution begins by defining cross-border areas as living spaces. It then examines conventional data sources such as administrative records, surveys, and transport data to enhance understanding of existing cross-border interactions. Following this, the study explores non-conventional data sources and methods, including mobile big data, web scraping and geospatial artificial intelligence. Lastly, new methodologies for defining cross-border functional areas are presented, along with interoperability challenges to enhance the integration of global data. |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc145104 |
| By: | Barreiro Hurle Jesus (European Commission - JRC); Beber Caetano (European Commission - JRC); Vazquez Torres Estefania; Bertolozzi Caredio Daniele (European Commission - JRC); Areal Francisco José (European Commission - JRC); Fellmann Thomas (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This study assesses potential implications for EU trade, producers and consumers of lowering maximum residue levels (MRLs) for imported food and feed to the limit of quantification (LOQ) for the most hazardous pesticides banned in the EU. Drawing on a new dataset linking EU approval status, residue monitoring, authorisation for use in third countries and trade flows, it identifies 18 most hazardous active substances not approved in the EU with MRLs above the LOQ affecting 235 commodities and 86 exporting countries, and models three scenarios differing in assumed exporter adaptation. Across all scenarios, the direction of effects resulting from lowering the MRLs to the LOQ is similar — imports decline, EU production rises and consumer prices increase — but magnitude depends strongly on exporters’ adaptation assumptions, ranging from negligible to substantial impacts. When the reduction of MRLs to the LOQ leads to complete halt in the affected trade flows, we see a 41 % reduction in total EU agricultural imports. As producers in third countries are assumed to respond to this reduction by adjusting their practices, this reduction declines to 8 % and then to 0.4 % depending on the cost of adaptation and the extent of assumed use of the active substances in third countries. EU production partly substitutes this reduction in imports as crop output expands while livestock output contracts. Price impacts depend on the scenarios: sizeable at world and EU levels under the no adaptation bound, but small once adaptation is taken into account. Results differ strongly across active substances, commodities and countries, so no uniform assumption about exporter behaviour holds. A targeted analysis of the active substance cyproconazole, undertaken to assess the representativeness of the substitution costs assumed in the scenarios, indicates that EU-approved alternative active substances are available but could raise production costs by 20–40 %. The study offers evidence on potential market impacts for the objective that pesticides banned in the EU should not return through imports. However, it faces limitations notable from the lack of available evidence at active substance–commodity–country level on use and substitution cost. This points to the need for further assessment. The study is not an impact assessment, as it does not cover either environmental nor social dimensions, and its results should be considered as a range bounding plausible outcomes rather than predicting them. |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc147659 |
| By: | Varela Garcia, Nicolas |
| Abstract: | The development of a modern interbank money market in Spain as a mechanism of liquidity redistribution and a channel of monetary policy transmission dates back to the monetary reforms of the early 1970s. However, Spanish banks recorded traditionally substantial interbank positions. Did the system of interbank relationships play any role in liquidity management before the creation of a proper market? To answer this question, I assembled monthly data about interbank assets and liabilities of Spanish private banks, both at aggregate and bank level, from primary sources from the mid-1950s to the early 1970s. Aggregate data are based on the Statistical Bulletin of theBank of Spain, published since March 1960. Bank-level data have been hand-collected from monthly balance sheets reported by individual banks to the Bank of Spain. These balance sheets, available at the Historical Archive of the Bank of Spain, are used here for the first time for historical research. In the paper I analyze the rising relevance of interbank positions, both domestic and international, between the 1960s and theearly 1970s. I also explore the characteristics and use of interbank positions in a sam-ple of private banks for the period 1954-1969. For that purpose I calculate a set ofindicators that re ect di erences across banks in terms of net position, the share of interbank over total assets, the relevance of interbank liabilities as a source of funding, and the existence of dominant positions in interbank relationships. Finally I test empirically the response of interbank positions to contractionary monetary policy shocks in a cross-section of private banks. The results suggest differential effects depending on the monetary instrument used for policy purposes, the type of banks and their liquiditysituation. |
| Keywords: | Interbank market; Monetary policy; Bank liquidity; Francoist Spain |
| JEL: | E51 E52 G21 N14 |
| Date: | 2026–09–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:whrepe:50765 |
| By: | Armin A. Bolouri; Tim Lohse; Salmai Qari |
| Abstract: | Crises rarely arrive alone: pandemics overlap with wars, financial shocks with climate risks, personal hardship with collective upheaval. When one risk becomes salient, does worry about the others recede or spread? We provide a multi-domain, multi-shock field test using the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), which elicits worries across eight domains from 1999 to 2022, and exploit quasi-random survey timing around major societal crises and within-person variation around idiosyncratic personal life events. Risk perceptions are not separable: a shock in one domain moves worries in others, even when the underlying risks are unrelated. The direction depends on the shock's proximity to the individual. Distant societal crises crowd out competing worries (Finite Pool of Worry); proximal personal events amplify worry across domains (Affect Generalization). Combining imputation-based difference-in-differences with latent profile analysis, we find the population splits into qualitatively distinct types: 27% generalize worry, 62% reallocate it, 11% suppress it. Profile membership is organized above all by neuroticism, revealing that personality shapes not only the level of worry, but the structure of belief updating itself. Interdependent worries imply that crises generate externalities in the mental economy of risk perception: displacing concern from persistent risks for some individuals, diffusing pessimism for others. |
| Keywords: | risk perception, finite pool of worry, affect generalization, belief updating, crisis response |
| JEL: | D81 D91 D01 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12976 |
| By: | Brazzola, Nicoletta |
| Abstract: | Der Iran-Krieg hatte zur Folge, dass sich die Kerosinpreise etwa verdoppelten und Fluggesellschaften tausende Flüge streichen mussten. Aus der Branche sind Stimmen mit dem Ansinnen zu vernehmen, klimapolitische Auflagen zu lockern. Doch sie verkennen, was die Krise tatsächlich zeigt: Nicht zu viel Klimapolitik treibt die Kosten, sondern die Abhängigkeit von fossilen Energien selbst. 2026/27 entscheidet die EU, ob sie die seit 2013 geltende Ausnahmeregelung ("Stop the clock") für internationale Flüge beendet und das Emissionshandelssystem auf alle Abflüge aus dem Europäischen Wirtschaftsraum ausweitet oder ob diese weiterhin unter internationalen Kompensationsmechanismen bleiben. Die Entscheidung hat Konsequenzen weit über die Luftfahrt hinaus: für das 2040-Klimaziel, für die Nachfrage nach dauerhafter CO2-Entnahme und für die Glaubwürdigkeit europäischer Klimaarchitektur. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Off-setting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), EU-Luftfahrt, Iran-Krieg, Klimapolitik, nachhaltige Luftfahrttreibstoffe, Sustainable Aviation Fuels, SAF, EU-Emissionshandelssystem, ETS, Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation, CORSIA, Artikel-6.4-Gutschriften, ReFuelEU-Verordnung, UN-Zivilluftfahrtorganisation, ICAO, CO2-Entnahme, CDR, direkte Luftabscheidung mit Speicherung, DACCS |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpakt:343115 |
| By: | Lundborg, Petter (Lund University); Nieto Castro, Adrian (Lund University) |
| Abstract: | We examine how early exposure to STEM professionals in the local neighborhood shapes children's long run educational and labor market outcomes. To identify causal effects, we use Swedish register data and several sources of variation in exposure to STEM qualified neighbors measured at the 100 by 100 meter grid. Exposure during compulsory education raises children's math performance, and evidence points to social ties as the main channel. It also increases the presence of boys and girls in science programs in high school and university, but mainly boys are more likely to complete a STEM bachelor degree. This gender gap persists into adulthood: STEM employment and earnings rise predominantly for boys. The results show that high skill professionals can serve as community based informal role models and that neighbors can shape long run educational and labor market trajectories. |
| Keywords: | STEM, science, neighbors, role model, human capital, labor trajectory |
| JEL: | I2 J2 J3 O3 |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18889 |
| By: | Dupuy, Arnaud (University of Luxembourg); Raux, Morgan (Aix-Marseille School of Economics); Signorelli, Sara (CREST) |
| Abstract: | Technological change requires workers to reallocate across occupations, but it may also reshape how easily they can do so by changing occupational skill requirements. We exploit digitalization during the 2010s to study this mechanism. We measure occupational accessibility by comparing occupational skill requirements in job-posting data. Combining these measures with French matched employer–employee data, we find that occupations becoming more similar in their digital skill profiles experience greater worker mobility. Counterfactual simulations based on a structural two-sided matching model indicate that changes in occupational accessibility generate worker reallocation amounting to 21 percent of that generated by observed labor-demand shifts. |
| Keywords: | occupation mobility, technological change, matching |
| JEL: | J23 J24 J62 |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18881 |
| By: | Hinz, Sarah; Scheier, Franziska; Holst, Gregor; Jahn, Anja |
| Abstract: | Als hochgradig verflochtene Schlüsselbranche bildet die Halbleiterindustrie das technologische Rückgrat der digitalen und ökologischen Transformation. Europas Stärke liegt in spezialisierten Segmenten wie Leistungselektronik, Sensorik und Ausrüstungstechnologien. Zugleich bestehen erhebliche Abhängigkeiten von globalen Lieferketten, die geopolitische Risiken verschärfen. Mit dem European Chips Act verfolgt die EU einen industriepolitischen Strategiewechsel hin zu mehr Resilienz und Diversifizierung. Diese Neuausrichtung trifft auf Verschiebungen in der Fachkräftebasis und auf Herausforderungen für Arbeitsbedingungen, Tarifbindung und Mitbestimmung. Das Zusammenspiel von Innovation, nachhaltiger Produktion und qualifizierter Arbeit ist daher entscheidend für die Zukunftsfähigkeit der Branche. |
| Keywords: | European Chips Act, Mikroelektronik, Silicon Saxony, Chip-Krise, Foundries |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hbsfof:343084 |
| By: | Elise Petit; Nadin WN Woergoetter; Peeyush SP Sahu; Nicolas van Zeebroeck |
| Abstract: | When a patent application is pending, it is uncertain whether a patent will be granted and, if so, what protection it will confer. If the validity of the patent is then challenged, uncertainty continues until a final decision in opposition is obtained. This uncertainty extends when multiple applications surround a single innovation, a phenomenon that is common in life sciences and can therefore have a great impact on healthcare systems and patients. This article examines whether examination duration, and therefore the period of uncertainty, at the European Patent Office (EPO) varies systematically with parent and divisional applications, secondary patenting, and the economic value of the associated drug. Using bulk EPO Register data and IQVIA Ark5/MIDAS®6 data, 15, 737 patent applications filed at the EPO between 1978 and 2026 Q1 are linked to a drug. Cox proportional hazards models show that parent applications and secondary patents are associated with significantly longer pendency than single applications, particularly for high-value drugs. Additional indicators trace where and how these delays arise. The findings suggest that delays are connected to the combined use of several procedural rights, both across a patent family and within individual applications, and are not limited to multi-generation families. |
| Keywords: | life sciences; pharmaceutical patent;; divisional application;; secondary patent; patent family; European patent office; survival analysis |
| JEL: | O34 O38 L65 I18 K11 C41 |
| Date: | 2026–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eca:wpaper:2013/413551 |
| By: | Xulia González; María J. Moral |
| Abstract: | In response to the sharp rise in fuel prices following Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, many governments introduced temporary fuel subsidies to shield households from higher energy costs. This paper evaluates the distributional and environmental effects of Spain’s fuel subsidy policy. We combine household-level estimates of gasoline price elasticities from the Household Budget Survey with weekly retail fuel price data to estimate the pass-through of the subsidy to consumers. We find an average short-run gasoline price elasticity of 0.55 and incomplete pass-through, with only 89% of the subsidy reflected in retail prices. As a result, part of the fiscal transfer was captured by fuel retailers, while the benefits accrued disproportionately to higher-income households: the lowest income quartile received 12.4% of total benefits compared with 28.4% for the highest quartile. We also identify substantial regional heterogeneity in this distribution. The subsidy also increased fuel consumption and carbon emissions. Overall, the findings suggest that uniform fuel subsidies are poorly targeted and can conflict with both equity and environmental policy objectives. |
| Keywords: | Fuel subsidy, price elasticity, gasoline prices, distributional equity, emissions |
| JEL: | H22 H23 L11 Q41 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vig:wpaper:2603 |
| By: | Lion Hirth |
| Abstract: | In many power systems, wind and solar generation increasingly often exceeds electricity demand. Curtailing renewable generation in those hours matters both for prices and for the physical stability of the grid. Turning off wind turbines and solar panels is technically easier than ramping down a large power station, yet support schemes often give renewables an economic incentive to keep producing at negative prices. This paper studies wind and solar energy in Germany. For each cohort of generators it estimates, hour by hour, the incentive implied by two decades of support policy. It then sets those incentives against observed behavior, using a new estimate of market-based curtailment built from reanalysis weather data. I find that in 2025, at prices below -50 EUR/MWh, almost all wind generators had an incentive to stop producing, but only half of them did. Solar is the opposite case: nearly two thirds of the potential had no incentive to curtail at all, mostly because it receives a feed-in tariff that shields it from wholesale prices. Of the exposed remainder, just over a fifth cut production. Low exposure and response rates inflate subsidy payments and make the power system harder to operate safely. I conclude that a further expansion of wind and solar requires them to respond to price signals. |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2609.10053 |
| By: | Christine Sevilla-Dedieu (FESP MGEN - Fondation d’entreprise MGEN pour la santé publique); Morgane Le Guern (FESP MGEN - Fondation d’entreprise MGEN pour la santé publique); Nathalie Billaudeau (FESP MGEN - Fondation d’entreprise MGEN pour la santé publique); Alain Paraponaris (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The literature shows that the adoption of good health behaviours is positively linked to individual factors, such as educational or socioeconomic levels. In this study, we aim to explore the link between an individual's attitude towards risk and the adoption of positive health habits (e.g., being sporty, not smoking or having a normal Body Mass Index – BMI –). Methods We analysed survey data collected by phone from 2, 666 individuals selected at random from a population of French health insurees. In addition to the individual's socioeconomic characteristics (age, gender, marital status, number of children, level of education, financial difficulties) and health status, we specifically analysed the role of his/her score for risk taking, measured using the 30-item self-report DOSPERT scale, in the adoption of each good health behaviour, using logistic models. Results Among the 2, 666 respondents, 58.0% reported participating in sports regularly, 71.6% did not smoke, and 61.8% reported having a normal BMI. The logistic models show a strong significant association ( p < 0.01) between the respondent's DOSPERT risk score and his/her health habits; however, the sign depends on the behaviour considered. Conclusion Our results reveal the complexity of the relationship, which is not unequivocal, between an individual's attitude towards risk and the adoption of these good health behaviours. Health-conscious individuals do not exhibit a uniform pattern of behaviour: their choices regarding diet, physical activity and smoking, reflect distinct and sometimes inconsistent trade-offs. |
| Keywords: | Health behaviours, Sports, Tobacco, Weight, Attitude towards risk |
| Date: | 2026–06–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05746334 |
| By: | Stenkula, Mikael (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Wykman, Niklas (Örebro University School of Business and) |
| Abstract: | Sweden’s dual income tax (DIT) system, introduced through the 1990–1991 tax reform, relies on income-splitting rules for active owners of closely held corporations to limit income shifting. This article quantifies how the tax system has shaped investment incentives and tax neutrality since the reform. Using an extended King–Fullerton framework, we construct annual marginal effective tax rate (METR) series for a marginal investment, distinguishing financing through new equity, retained earnings, and debt, and allowing for different rates of return and owner income positions. The results show substantial non-neutrality and pronounced time variation, especially for new equity. Debt is typically tax-favored, while new equity can be favored over retained earnings at low returns but becomes less favorable at higher returns as more surplus is taxed as labor income. Inflation materially affects long-run comparisons and short-run fluctuations. The analysis is relevant for other DIT countries designing anti-shifting regimes for owner-managed firms. |
| Keywords: | Cost of capital; Marginal effective tax rates; Dual income tax; Income splitting rules |
| JEL: | G35 H24 H25 H26 |
| Date: | 2026–09–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1565 |
| By: | Becker, Annette; Dransfeld, Marvin; Genswein, Fabian; Kormanyos, Emily; Krischak, Paolo; Schlam, Carina; Thomas, Julia |
| Abstract: | This study examines the dependency of the banking sector in Germany on ecosystem services through its corporate lending. Ecosystem services are derived from nature's capacity to provide inputs for economic activity. We analyze how banks overall and categories of banks in Germany depend on ecosystem services, both directly and indirectly. Our findings indicate that banks are particularly reliant on a number of ecosystem services that relate either to water resources, or to water-regulating aspects. Additionally, indirect dependencies from supply chain connections frequently outweigh direct ones, and regionally focused banks show higher dependencies on ecosystem services compared to other categories of banks. These results underscore the importance of a better comprehension of nature-related risks and their implications for banks. |
| Keywords: | Banks, Biodiversity, Corporate loans, Dependency on ecosystem services, Germany, Nature-related risk, Supply chains, Water |
| JEL: | C67 G21 G38 Q25 Q57 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bubtps:343576 |
| By: | Dispan, Jürgen |
| Abstract: | Die Pharma- und Biotech-Industrie mit ihren 133.000 Beschäftigten ist Innovationsmotor und tragende Säule der industriellen Gesundheitswirtschaft. In den 2020er Jahren steht die Branche vor großen, vielschichtigen Herausforderungen, wie geopolitischen Unsicherheiten, Fachkräfteengpässen und zunehmendem Wettbewerbs-, Preis- und Regulierungsdruck. Gleichzeitig befindet sie sich inmitten eines tiefgreifenden Wandels, geprägt von den drei zentralen, miteinander verknüpften Transformationsfeldern "Biotechnologie und neue Modalitäten", "Digitalisierung und Künstliche Intelligenz" und "neue Geschäftsmodelle und Kooperationen". Aktives Handeln von Unternehmen, Politik und Mitbestimmung ist erforderlich, damit Deutschlands Pharma- und Biotech-Standort wettbewerbsfähig und sozial nachhaltig bleibt. |
| Keywords: | Big Pharma, Innovation, Pharmaunternehmen, European Biotech Act, AMNOG |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hbsfof:343068 |
| By: | Joan Costa-i-Font; Juan David Garcia Corchero |
| Abstract: | We examine the effect of the expansion of patient choice of health care provider on measures of process delivery and clinical outcomes central to the functioning of a health system, using a quasi-natural experiment in Spain over 2002–2019. We draw on a staggered adoption of provider choice reforms across Spanish regional health services and a heterogeneity-robust difference-in-differences estimator applied to regionyear panel data alongside individual-level survey data. We estimate that the availability of provider choice reduced specialist waiting times by approximately 17 days (19% of the pre-reform mean) and the use of private specialist visits, without increasing public health spending. The waiting-time and private-utilisation results are robust to excluding the region where the 2009 reform bundled choice with new hospitals, public–private partnerships, and a budget increase. Although we cannot reject zero effects on some clinical outcomes, the evidence is consistent with the thesis that provider choice improves the “quality needle”, namely it improves observable process quality without affecting less-visible clinical dimensions. |
| Keywords: | provider choice, difference-in-differences, waiting times, health outcomes, Spain, public–private substitution |
| JEL: | I11 I18 D82 H75 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12966 |
| By: | Galanakis Yannis (European Commission - JRC); Vergote Wouter (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report maps the data sources and indicators available for measuring skills demand, supply and mismatch across the European Union. It assesses which of them can support regular monitoring by the European Skills Intelligence Observatory (ESIO). Each instrument is profiled on a common template covering description, methodology, published indicators, granularity, coverage, update frequency, microdata access, strengths and limitations. The mapping spans Eurostat surveys and online job advertisement data, the skills intelligence system of Cedefop, shortage and surplus reporting by the European Labour Authority, Eurofound surveys, sectoral partnerships, the OECD adult skills programmes, and private vacancy analytics. Three results follow. First, qualification mismatch, measured through credentials, and skills mismatch, measured through assessed or reported competencies, overlap only modestly. Hence, household, employer and vacancy sources are complementary rather than substitutable. Second, measured incidence depends on the instrument, because wording and thresholds differ even among sources asking about the same concept. Third, many of the instruments are also interdependent, each inheriting the constraints of the sources it draws on. The report converts this mapping into a scoring framework in which candidate indicators are rated on seven criteria. Scoring is comparative rather than threshold based, and records fitness for the ESIO dashboard use rather than quality |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc147896 |
| By: | Doorley, Karina; Gubello, Michele |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp829 |