|
on Microeconomic European Issues |
| By: | Hamza Bennani (Nantes Université, LEMNA, 44300 Nantes, France); Noémi Berlin (CNRS, Université Paris Nanterre, EconomiX, F-92000 Nanterre, France); Pauline Gandré (CNRS, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Université Jean-Monnet Saint-Etienne, emlyon business school, GATE, 69007, Lyon, France) |
| Abstract: | Following the Covid-19 crisis, extreme macroeconomic risks in terms of both GDP and inflation have returned to the spotlight in Europe. Against this backdrop, we conducted a large-scale online survey experiment in five large European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK) to measure household expectations of future extreme macroeconomic risks and their transmission to personal expectations and planned financial decisions. Exploiting both a between and within-subject design, we provided half of the participants with information about past extreme macroeconomic events in Europe. Our findings indicate that European households have high expectations of future tail macroeconomic events shaped by personal experiences, and that the causal effect of information provision on expectations varies greatly depending on the country and the type of risk. We then find suggestive evidence that expectations of extreme macroeconomic disasters are causally transmitted to personal expectations about one’s future standard of living. However, small variations in expectations of extreme macroeconomic risk do not appear to have a systematic independent impact on planned saving, portfolio, and borrowing decisions. |
| Keywords: | Extreme macroeconomic risk; expectations; information experiment; household finance |
| JEL: | E70 D83 G11 G51 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gat:wpaper:2601 |
| By: | Álvarez, Inmaculada C.; Barbero, Javier; Orea, Luis; Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés |
| Abstract: | Most studies of institutional quality and regional growth assume uniform effects across territories. However, this may mask crucial regional heterogeneity, with direct policy implications. We use a latent class framework applied to 230 EU regions over 2009-2017 to identify institution-driven regional parameter groups, and to examine both average effects and catching-up effects associated with changes in the institutional environment. We demonstrate that institutional quality generates highly variable returns to investment in physical capital and innovation. Nordic and Central European regions show highest returns to physical capital and R&D investment, whereas less-developed regions benefit most from education spending. Crucially, we find that improving government quality not only raises average returns but also promotes territorial cohesion. By contrast, regional autonomy shows limited impact on returns. Our findings challenge the one-size-fits-all approach to cohesion policy and indicate that cohesion policy should explicitly promote institutional improvements in addition to capital deployment. |
| Keywords: | institutional quality; European funds; investment; regional development |
| JEL: | E61 H54 R11 |
| Date: | 2025–12–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:130747 |
| By: | Moslem Rashidi; Luke B. Connelly; Gianluca Fiorentini |
| Abstract: | We study how pandemic-related disruptions to preventive care affected severe health events among older Europeans. Using panel data from eight countries in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we exploit quasi-random variation in interview timing and COVID-19 restrictions to compare women who missed a routine mammogram with otherwise similar women who were screened. Our outcome (all-cause emergency overnight hospitalizations) captures severe acute episodes rather than cancer-specific events. Simple associations show no difference in these hospitalizations over the following year. In contrast, our instrumental-variables estimates suggest that screening reduces the probability of an emergency hospitalization by about 6 percentage points among women in the screening-eligible age range. We find no effect among women above the target age range, supporting our identification strategy. Overall, the results indicate that maintaining access to preventive services during crises can reduce avoidable acute events in ageing populations and strengthen health-system resilience to large shocks. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2512.18342 |
| By: | Evgenidis Anastasios; Fasianos Apostolos; Papapanagiotou George; Lazarou Nicholas Joseph (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the growing role of these technologies in enhancing productivity have attracted significant research and policy attention, yet the determinants of AI innovation remain relatively understudied. This study contributes to this emerging literature by examining the role of public R&D spending in fostering AI-related innovation across EU regions. Our analysis draws on bibliographic information from all patents registered at the European Patent Office (EPO) between 1980 and 2023. Using textual analysis of patent abstracts, we identify the share of AI patents among total patents and construct a novel dataset that allocates AI patents to NUTS-2 regions based on inventor addresses. This regional mapping enables us to assess the impact of public R&D funding on AI innovation while addressing endogeneity concerns by instrumenting regional public R&D spending with national defence-related R&D expenditure. The results show that public R&D plays a significant role in driving AI innovation: a 1% increase in public R&D spending raises AI patent output by approximately 0.27%. These findings speak directly to Europe’s innovation policy framework, providing evidence that public investment remains a powerful lever for stimulating AI development. They also reinforce the rationale for sustained funding under Horizon Europe, the Digital Europe Programme, and national innovation strategies aimed at building technological and reducing regional disparities in AI advancement. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:termod:202512 |
| By: | Matthes, Jürgen |
| Abstract: | Die deutschen Warenexporte in zwei wichtige deutsche Exportzielländer sind im Jahr 2025 deutlich gesunken. Im Fall der USA beträgt der nominale Ausfuhrrückgang in den ersten drei Quartalen dieses Jahres gegenüber dem gleichen Vorjahreszeitraum fast 8 Prozent, gegenüber China sogar über 12 Prozent. Bei den USA liegt das vor allem an der aggressiven Zollpolitik der Trump Administration. Bei China spielen viele Faktoren eine Rolle, unter anderem eine gestiegene Leistungsfähigkeit chinesischer Anbieter in einigen Sektoren, aber auch unfaire Wettbewerbsverzerrungen durch staatliche Subventionen und einen unterbewerteten Yuan-Wechselkurs gegenüber dem Euro. Die Exporteinbrüche in die USA und nach China ziehen für sich genommen die Veränderungsrate der gesamten deutschen Ausfuhren in den ersten drei Quartalen um über 1, 5 Prozentpunkte gegenüber dem gleichen Vorjahreszeitraum nach unten, die USA um minus 0, 81 Prozentpunkte und China um minus 0, 74 Prozentpunkte. Gleichwohl hat die nominale deutsche Gesamtausfuhr in alle Länder in dieser Zeit leicht um 0, 25 Prozent zugelegt. Das liegt vor allem daran, dass die deutschen Ausfuhren nach Europa (EU und Nachbarländer wie Schweiz, UK und Norwegen) gestiegen sind, wenn auch nur um weniger als 3 Prozent. Weil die europäischen Exportpartner aktuell für fast 70 Prozent der deutschen Ausfuhren stehen, zieht der nur moderate Ausfuhrzuwachs nach Europa die Veränderungsrate der gesamten deutschen Ausfuhr um fast 2 Prozentpunkte nach oben. Aus der EU allein kommt ein positiver Wachstumsbeitrag von über 1, 5 Prozentpunkten, der die summierten negativen Beiträge der USA und Chinas fast vollständig ausgleicht. Unter den europäischen Ländern sind es vor allem Polen, die Schweiz und Spanien, die jeweils für Wachstumsbeiträge von um die 0, 3 Prozentpunkte stehen, so dass sie zusammengenommen die jeweiligen negativen Wachstumsbeiträge der USA oder Chinas weit mehr als ausgleichen. Darüber hinaus wirken auch die stärker wachsenden deutschen Dienstleistungsexporte kompensierend. Das zeigt ein Blick auf die Außenhandelsdaten der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnungen. Die deutschen Gesamtexporte von Waren und Dienstleistungen haben sich daher etwas besser entwickelt als die Warenexporte. Das gilt in nominaler und ebenso in preisbereinigter realer Betrachtung. Doch trotz dieses kompensierenden Effekts gingen die realen Gesamtexporte (VGR-Basis) in den ersten drei Quartalen 2025 leicht um 0, 7 Prozent gegenüber dem gleichen Vorjahreszeitraum zurück, so dass die Exportentwicklung das Wirtschaftswachstum etwas dämpfte. |
| Abstract: | German merchandise goods exports to two important German export destinations fell significantly in 2025. In the case of the USA, goods exports fell by almost 8 per cent in the first three quarters of this year compared with the same period last year, and by more than 12 per cent in the case of China. Regarding the USA, this is mainly due to the aggressive tariff policy of the Trump administration. In the case of China, many factors play a role, including increased efficiency of Chinese suppliers in some sectors, but also unfair distortions of competition through state subsidies and an undervalued yuan exchange rate against the Euro. The slump in German goods exports to the USA and China alone dragged down the rate of change in total German goods exports in the first three quarters by more than 1.5 percentage points compared with the same period last year, with the USA accounting for minus 0.81 percentage points and China for minus 0.74 percentage points. Nevertheless, total German goods exports to all countries rose slightly by 0.25 per cent during this period. This is mainly due to the fact that German goods exports to Europe (the EU and neighbouring countries such as Switzerland, the UK and Norway) rose moderately, albeit by just under 3 per cent. Because European export partners currently account for almost 70 per cent of German goods exports, the only moderate growth in goods exports to Europe is pushing up the rate of change in total German goods exports by almost 2 percentage points. The EU alone is making a positive contribution to growth of over 1.5 percentage points, which almost completely offsets the combined negative contributions of the USA and China. Among the European countries, Poland, Switzerland and Spain are each contributing around 0.3 percentage points to the total export growth, meaning that together they more than offset the negative growth contributions of the USA or China, respectively. In addition, stronger growth in German services exports is also having a compensatory effect. This is evident from a look at the foreign trade data in the national accounts. Total German exports of goods and services have therefore performed better than German goods exports only. This applies in a nominal view, but also in real terms when adjusted for price changes, which is relevant for economic growth. However, despite the above-mentioned compensating effects of rising goods exports to EU countries and relatively dynamic services exports, German real exports of goods and services declined sightly be 0.7 percent in the first three quarters of 2025 compared to the first three quarters of 2024 - which implies a small drag on Germany's economic growth in 2025. |
| Keywords: | Export, Außenhandelsstatistik, Außenhandelsstruktur, Deutschland |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkrep:334500 |
| By: | Egshiglen Batbayar; Christoph Breunig; Peter Haan; Boryana Ilieva |
| Abstract: | We propose a new approach to estimate selection-corrected quantiles of the gender wage gap. Our method employs instrumental variables that explain variation in the latent variable but, conditional on the latent process, do not directly affect selection. We provide semiparametric identification of the quantile parameters without imposing parametric restrictions on the selection probability, derive the asymptotic distribution of the proposed estimator based on constrained selection probability weighting, and demonstrate how the approach applies to the Roy model of labor supply. Using German administrative data, we analyze the distribution of the gender gap in full-time earnings. We find pronounced positive selection among women at the lower end, especially those with less education, which widens the gender gap in this segment, and strong positive selection among highly educated men at the top, which narrows the gender wage gap at upper quantiles. |
| Keywords: | Quantile regression, sample selection, Roy model, rank invariance, semiparametric inference, gender wage gap, wage inequality |
| JEL: | C14 C31 C36 J16 J21 J31 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2151 |
| By: | Bojnec, Stefan; Ferto, Imre; Jambor, Attila; Toth, Jozsef |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates determinants of agricultural sector efficiency in ten new member states (NMS-10) of the European Union (EU) from Central and Eastern European countries by the non-parametric method Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the panel data analysis. The agricultural sector efficiency varies between the NMS-10. We have found positive and significant association of the agricultural sector efficiency with the natural agricultural factor endowments, average farm size, farm specialization, small-scale farms, and the EU integration process. The foreign direct investments have an ambiguous affect, while the nominal assistance rate is not found significant. Reform and institutional developments and liberalization are associated with the agricultural sector efficiency positively, and vice versa infrastructure development and agricultural policy reforms, which have caused job flows and agricultural employment adjustments. The urban-rural income gap with job flows and agricultural labour adjustments have caused the agricultural sector efficiency positively. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Political Economy |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iamo10:91032 |
| By: | Bhalotra, Sonia (University of Warwick); Daysal, N. Meltem (University of Copenhagen); Fréget, Louis (Paris-Dauphine PSL University); Cuzulan Hirani, Jonas (VIVE); Majumdar, Priyama (University of Warwick); Trandafir, Mircea (Rockwool Foundation); Wüst, Miriam (University of Copenhagen); Zohar, Tom (CEMFI) |
| Abstract: | Using Danish administrative data linked to two independent, validated postpartum depression screenings, we study how postpartum mental health shocks shape women’s labor market trajectories. Event-study estimates show no pre-birth differences in trends between depressed and non-depressed mothers, but persistent employment gaps that widen immediately after birth. Health-care utilization patterns indicate that these differences reflect acute mental health shocks rather than pre-existing trends. The penalties are concentrated among less educated mothers and those in less family-friendly jobs. Our results highlight postpartum depression as a meaningful and unequal contributor to the motherhood penalty. |
| Keywords: | Postpartum depression, motherhood penalty, labor market inequality JEL Classification: I12, J13, J16 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:786 |
| By: | Borsekova, Kamila; Korony, Samuel; Rodríguez-Pose, Andrés; Styk, Michal; Westlund, Hans |
| Abstract: | The importance of institutions and innovation for regional development is well established. How these two factors interact under different historical legacies and urban-regional contexts remains, however, insufficiently understood. This paper identifies which combinations of institutional and innovation indicators most effectively classify regions into distinct developmental archetypes, revealing critical thresholds that redirect regional trajectories. Employing decision-tree analysis on 233 EU NUTS-2 regions, we analyse 15 indicators spanning institutional quality, technological readiness, business sophistication, and innovation. This methodology uncovers non-linear relationships that traditional approaches cannot capture. The findings demonstrate that institutional quality acts as a necessary condition for innovation-led growth. High-performing regions, predominantly in Western and Northern Europe, benefit from robust institutions and strong innovation outputs. Many lower-performing regions, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe, exhibit innovation potential but are constrained by governance deficits. By integrating institutional and innovation indicators within a single analytical framework, we underscore how addressing governance and innovation in tandem can result in balanced and sustainable growth across Europe. |
| Keywords: | regional development; institutions; innovation; decision tree modelling; regional competitiveness |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2026–02–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:130741 |
| By: | Hormigos Feliu Clara (European Commission - JRC); Dijkstra Lewis (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | In this work, trends and drivers of rural trust in institutions are derived based on respondent-level data from the Standard Eurobarometer surveys. We find that, in terms of trust towards the EU, a considerable urban-rural gap exists, with 48% of rural residents declaring that they tend to trust the EU in 2024, 12 percentage points less than city residents (60%). Rural trust in the EU, however, can vary substantially between Member States, with lowest levels being found in France (35%). On the other hand, rural residents place high levels of trust in regional and local authorities (65%), independently of their opinions towards the EU. Less education, more financial difficulties and less qualified jobs, which are more common in rural areas, are all associated with a lower trust towards the EU. After controlling for socioeconomic and demographic factors, however, we find that living in a rural area is still significantly associated with lower trust in the EU, hinting at a connection between rural challenges and citizens’ opinions that goes beyond individual circumstances. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:termod:202511 |
| By: | Bornukova Kateryna (European Commission - JRC); Leventi Chrysa (European Commission - JRC); Mazzon Alberto (European Commission - JRC); Papini Andrea (European Commission - JRC); Picos Fidel (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effectiveness of Minimum Income Schemes (MIS) across EU-27 countries during the high inflation period of 2021-2024. Using microsimulation techniques, we analyse how well MIS parameters kept pace with inflation and assess their capacity to protect vulnerable households from monetary poverty. Our results suggest that countries with automatic indexation mechanisms demonstrate superior poverty outcomes with respect to those lacking formal indexation mechanisms or implementing insufficient adjustments. Moreover, in some countries MIS seem able to mitigate a large part of the increase in poverty rates, while in others they have a limited potential to do so, even with optimal indexation conditions. This work demonstrates that the interaction between indexation mechanisms and underlying design features, such as coverage, generosity and eligibility criteria, fundamentally shapes the schemes’ distributional outcomes. |
| Date: | 2025–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:taxref:202503 |
| By: | Stockhausen, Maximilian; Niehues, Judith; Engel, Henrik |
| Abstract: | Trotz Rezession und Inflation lag Deutschland auch im Jahr 2023 unter den fünf Ländern der Europäischen Union (EU) mit der höchsten mittleren Kaufkraft der Einkommen. Obwohl die subjektiven Bewertungen des Haushaltsnettoeinkommens gegenüber dem Beginn der Coronapandemie - wie in vielen der einkommensstarken Länder - etwas negativer ausfallen, gibt es innerhalb der EU weiterhin nur wenige Länder, in denen die Einschätzungen positiver sind als in Deutschland. Tatsächlich berichteten in der europäischen Erhebung über Einkommen und Lebensbedingungen (EU-SILC) im Jahr 2023 in keinem der EU-27-Staaten weniger Menschen, relativ schlecht, schlecht oder sehr schlecht mit ihrem Einkommen auszukommen - und nur in den Niederlanden, Luxemburg und Schweden gaben mehr Menschen an, finanziell gut oder sehr gut zurechtzukommen. Dies spiegelt sich auch in der Entwicklung der Einkommensungleichheit wider. So zeichnet sich nach 2020 sowohl auf Basis des EU-SILC als auch des Mikrozensus (MZ) eine im Wesentlichen stabile Einkommensverteilung auf einem Niveau des Gini-Koeffizienten von 0, 3 oder knapp darunter ab. Im europäischen Vergleich ein durchschnittliches Niveau, welches ähnlich zu Schweden ist, und das sich seit 2005 auf Basis der Mikrodaten der amtlichen Statistik in Deutschland kaum verändert hat. Das Einkommensarmutsrisiko (präziser: Niedrigeinkommensquote) ist im EU-27-Vergleich unterdurchschnittlich ausgeprägt und hat sich nach überwiegender Datenlage nach 2020 strukturell nicht verschlechtert. Bezüglich der langfristigen Entwicklung des Armutsrisikos gilt es zu beachten, dass unterschiedliche Datenquellen teilweise voneinander abweichende Trends aufweisen. Während im EU-SILC die Entwicklung des Armutsrisikos zwischen 2008 und 2023 weitestgehend unauffällig bleibt und sich im Bereich von 15 Prozent bis 16 Prozent bewegt, zeichnet sich im MZ zwischen 2005 und bis zum Zeitreihenbruch im Jahr 2019 zunächst ein ansteigender Trend ab, der sich in großen Teilen durch die erhöhte Zuwanderung seit 2010 erklären lässt. Nach dem Jahr 2020 ist die Niedrigeinkommensquote - bei gleichzeitig sinkender realer Niedrigeinkommensschwelle - auf Basis des MZ leicht rückläufig. Vor dem Hintergrund der krisengeprägten Entwicklungen der vergangenen Jahre kann die in der Gesamtschau weitestgehend stabile Verteilungssituation durchaus als positiv bewertet werden. |
| Abstract: | Despite the recession and inflation during the past years, Germany remained among the five European Union (EU) countries with the highest average purchasing power of median income in 2023. Although subjective assessments of net household income are somewhat more negative than at the start of the coronavirus pandemic - as in many high-income countries - there are still only a few countries within the EU where subjective income assessments are more favourable than in Germany. In fact, in the 2023 EU-SILC survey, no EU-27 country reported a lower share of people saying they found it relatively hard, hard, or very hard to get by on their income - and only in the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Sweden did a higher share of people report managing well or very well financially. This is also reflected in the development of income inequality. According to both the EU-SILC and the microcensus, the income distribution after 2020 appears to be essentially stable at a Gini coefficient of 0.3 or slightly below. This is an average level in European comparison, similar to Sweden, that has hardly changed since 2005 based on microdata from official surveys in Germany. The risk of income poverty (more precisely: low-income rate) is below average in a comparison of the EU-27 and, according to the majority of survey data, has not structurally deteriorated after 2020. Regarding the longterm development of the risk of poverty, it should be noted that different data sources show varying trends. While the EU-SILC shows that the risk of poverty rate remains largely unchanged between 2008 and 2023, ranging between 15 per cent and 16 per cent, the microcensus initially shows an upward trend between 2005 and the break in the time series in 2019, which can largely be explained by increased immigration since 2010. After 2020, the low-income rate is slightly declining based on the microcensus, with a simultaneous decline in the real low-income threshold. Against the backdrop of the recent crises, the largely stable income distribution can be considered positive overall. |
| JEL: | D31 I32 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkrep:334498 |
| By: | Oliver Schlenker |
| Abstract: | Healthcare systems worldwide face increasing nurse shortages, but the consequences remain poorly understood. This paper studies how nurse scarcity in hospitals affects care provision and patient health. I exploit the 2011 Swiss franc stabilization, which increased the salience to cross-border commute from Germany to Switzerland and led to an outflow of nurses in German hospitals depending on their distance to the border. Using rich universal patient-, hospital-, and county-level German and Swiss administrative data in a matched differencein-differences design, I show that border hospitals lose around 12 percent of their nursing staff. This leads to lower care intensity and a reallocation of services towards urgent cases (triage) while healthcare demand or supply outside hospitals remains unchanged. Consequently, in-hospital mortality rises by 4.4 percent – concentrated among emergency and older patients – and life expectancy decreases by 0.28 statistical life years, with no evidence of offsetting gains in Switzerland. These results highlight that nurse scarcity shapes hospital production and widens health disparities across patients and regions. |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ifowps:_11/2024 |
| By: | Kevin Michael Frick (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - Comue de Toulouse - Communauté d'universités et établissements de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Yagan Hazard (Collegio Carlo Alberto - UNITO - Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin, ESOMAS - Department of Economics and Statistics - UNITO - Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin); Damien Mayaux (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris); Thomas Zuber (Banque de France) |
| Abstract: | Does vocational training help correct structural imbalances in the labour market? We propose a new measure of the skills distance between occupations, obtained by fine-tuning a large language model on a sample of job offers. Using this method, we demonstrate that the "return to employment" differential between jobseekers with and without training is driven by a reallocation of workers towards occupations that are very different from their previous posts in terms of the skills required. From a purely reallocative perspective, however, the return to employment differential associated with vocational training does not appear to be driven by more jobseekers moving to occupations where employers are struggling to recruit. |
| Abstract: | La formation professionnelle contribue-t-elle à la résorption des déséquilibres structurels du marché du travail ? Nous construisons une nouvelle mesure d'écart de compétences entre métiers grâce à l'application d'un algorithme de traitement du langage à un échantillon d'offres d'emploi. En utilisant cette mesure, nous montrons que le différentiel de retour à l'emploi entre demandeurs d'emploi formés et non formés est tiré par les réallocations vers des métiers éloignés en termes de compétences par rapport à celui du dernier poste occupé. D'un point de vue purement réallocatif, le différentiel de retour à l'emploi lié à la formation professionnelle ne semble cependant pas être tiré par des redirections plus nombreuses vers des métiers en forte tension. |
| Keywords: | Skills, Training, Compétences structural imbalance, Formation, Déséquilibre structurel |
| Date: | 2025–12–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05415743 |