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on Microeconomic European Issues |
| By: | David G. Blanchflower; Alex Bryson |
| Abstract: | Using Eurobarometer data for 21 Western European countries since 1973 we show the U-shape in life satisfaction by age, present for so long, has now vanished. In 13 northern European countries - Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the UK - the U-shape has been replaced by life satisfaction rising in age. We confirm these findings with evidence from the European Social Surveys, the Global Flourishing Survey and Global Minds. Evidence of change in the U-shape is mixed for Austria and France. In six southern European countries – Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Malta, Spain and Portugal - the U-shape was replaced by life satisfaction declining in age. In these southern European countries, life satisfaction of the young has been rising since around 2015. A contributory factor is the rapid decline in youth unemployment from its 2015 peak. |
| JEL: | I31 |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33950 |
| By: | Berlanda, Andrea (University of Padua); Lodigiani, Elisabetta (University of Padova); Rocco, Lorenzo (University of Padova) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we use the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), complemented with register data on the share of the foreign population in the European regions, to examine the effects of migration on the level of informal care provided by children to their senior parents. Our main results show that migration decreases informal care among daughters with a university degree, while it increases the provision of informal care among daughters with low-to-medium levels of education. Viceversa, migration has practically no effect on sons' care provision who remain little involved in care activities. These results depend on the combination of two supply effects. First, migration increases the supply of domestic and personal services, making formal care more affordable and available. Second, as immigrants compete with low-to-medium-educated native workers, while improve the labor market opportunities of the better educated, the supply of informal care can increase among the less educated daughters and decrease among the more educated. |
| Keywords: | immigration, home production, caregiving, Europe |
| JEL: | F22 J14 J22 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17984 |
| By: | Franzetti Enrico; Marques Santos Anabela (European Commission - JRC); Arlia Daniela (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This study uses Eurofoundâs European Restructuring Monitor (ERM) data to examine the spatial and sectoral distribution of large-scale restructuring events â such as company closures, bankruptcies, mergers and acquisition, business relocation and expansions â across EU regions between 2003 and 2023. A large-scale restructuring is defined as job losses or gains involving at least 100 jobs or more than 10% of the workforce at company sites with over 250 employees. The analysis focuses on the frequency and direct employment impact of these events at regional level and classifies them according to the 14 Industrial Ecosystems identified by the European Commission. During the period 2003-2023, job losses â approximately 4.8 million â significantly outnumber job gains, which total around 2.3 million, resulting in a net loss of over 2.4 million jobs. Among these, the âMobility-Transport-Automotiveâ sector and the âEnergy-Intensive Industryâ account for the largest share of announced job losses, with the former also recording the highest share of job gains, resulting in a limited net reduction in employment. The findings reveal substantial variation in restructuring patterns across EU regions: Central European countries, notably France and Germany, report the highest number of announced job losses, while Eastern European countries, along with Portugal and Ireland, record most job gains â leading to a positive overall net employment effect in these countries. |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:termod:202506 |
| By: | Schmitt, Maike |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the relation between air quality and individual life satisfaction in Germany. Life satisfaction data from the German socio-economic panel is connected with daily county pollution in terms of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone from 1998 to 2008. The assumed microeconometric happiness function is estimated considering individual fixed effects. Ozone has a significant negative impact on life satisfaction. The effect of carbon monoxide as well as nitrogen dioxide is not significant. Moreover, I found that people with environmental worries are more affected by ozone pollution. This was not the case for people with a bad health status. Using the marginal rate of substitution between income and air pollution, it is calculated that an increase of one µg/m³ in average county ozone has to be compensated by an increase of € 11.33 in monthly net household income to hold an average individual's life satisfaction constant. |
| Date: | 2025–06–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:155306 |
| By: | Jensen, Mathias Fjællegaard; Manning, Alan |
| Abstract: | In Europe, the children of migrants often have worse economic outcomes than those with local-born parents. This paper shows that children born in Denmark with immigrant parents (first-generation locals) have lower earnings, higher unemployment, less education, more welfare transfers, and more criminal convictions than children with local-born parents. However, when we condition on parental socioeconomic characteristics, first-generation locals generally perform as well or slightly better than the children of locals. While children of immigrants are more likely to come from deprived backgrounds, they do not experience substantially different outcomes conditional on parental background. |
| JEL: | I38 J13 J15 J31 J82 |
| Date: | 2025–07–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:126521 |
| By: | Dettmann, Eva |
| Abstract: | In this study, establishment-level employment effects of investment grants in Germany are estimated. In addition to the quantitative effects, I provide empirical evidence of funding effects on different aspects of employment quality (earnings, qualifications, and job security) for the period 2004 to 2020. The database combines project-level treatment data, establishment-level information on firm characteristics and employee structure, and regional information at the district-level. For the estimations, I combine the difference-in-differences approach of Callaway and Sant'Anna (2021) with ties matching at the cohort level. The estimations yield positive effects on the number of employees, but point to contradicting effects of investment grants on different aspects of employment quality. |
| Keywords: | causal inference, employment quality, place-based policy, staggered treatment adoption |
| JEL: | C14 D04 D61 H20 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwhdps:319915 |
| By: | Frattini, Federico Fabio |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how concurrent national and local elections affect the local political participation and competition. Leveraging a quasi-experimental framework provided by Italy’s staggered electoral timing, the paper employs a difference-in-differences design. Estimates reveal that municipalities holding concurrent elections exhibit lower levels of local participation and competition. Moreover, the concurrent election increases participation by candidates with nationally-established parties, while decreases participation with independent parties. This further translates into a higher votes share for nationally-established parties and a consequent higher probability of election. Elected mayors tend to have lower education and experience in office, while they are more likely to be from the municipality they were elected in. Further, elected mayors are able to attract more intergovernmental transfers, without substantially affecting local spending patterns. |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2025–07–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:359333 |
| By: | Angelaki, Marina; Carrera, Leandro Nicolas |
| Abstract: | Latin American and South European countries share a common policy legacy of public Pay-As-You-Go (PAYG) pension systems, yet reform paths taken over the past decades between and within the two regions have varied. Latin American countries opted for the full or partial privatization of their public pension systems, yet subsequent reforms have challenged the public–private mix. Meanwhile, countries in Southern Europe opted for a less radical path, entailing different degrees of reform of their public pillars and the introduction of supplementary private ones. Our analysis focuses on Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay – in Latin America – and Spain, Italy, and Greece – in Southern Europe – and the reforms implemented since 1990. In understanding reform variation, we argue that by focusing on the role of political institutions and policy legacies, it is possible to identify reform mechanisms. |
| Keywords: | Latin America; Southern Europe; institutions; policy legacies; pension reform |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–07–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128623 |
| By: | Boitier, Alvaro; Stracca, Livio |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of foreign exchange (FX) shocks on income inequality across 31 European countries from 2003 to 2021. Leveraging a unique database of household-level longitudinal data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) and exchange rate data from the Bank of International Settlements, we investigate how currency devaluations and appreciations influence income distribution. Our findings indicate that a 1% currency devaluation decreases income inequality by 15 basis points within one year, while appreciations have the reverse effect. Contrary to previous studies focused on Latin America, which credit reductions in inequality to both labor mobility and union influence, our analysis identifies labor mobility as the primary factor in Europe. Furthermore, we discover that income changes are predominantly driven by variations in income per hour rather than hours worked. JEL Classification: F31, F41, F44 |
| Keywords: | EU-SILC, foreign exchange, income inequality, labor mobility |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253067 |
| By: | Abatemarco, Antonio; Dell'Anno, Roberto; Lagomarsino, Elena |
| Abstract: | The implementation of environmental policies varies substantially across geographical areas. This paper proposes a conceptual and methodological framework—adapted from the health economics literature— to assess equity in the allocation of environmental policy effort. We define “environmental care” as the set of local policy interventions aimed at improving environmental quality within an area, and evaluate its distribution relative to environmental need. Using direct and indirect standardization techniques, we measure horizontal inequity (unequal care among areas with similar need) and vertical inequity (differential care in response to differing needs). Applying this framework to traffic-related air pollution policies in Italian municipalities from 2012 to 2021, we find that the observed reduction of overall inequality in environmental care is mostly driven by a decline in horizontal inequity. However, we find evidence of persistent socioeconomic disparities, with lower-income municipalities receiving disproportionately less policy effort relative to their environmental needs. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Health Economics and Policy, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2025–07–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:359332 |
| By: | Bisaschi Luca; Calderoni Paolo; Garces Inazio; Lechardoy Lucie; Nardoni Sara |
| Abstract: | This working paper provides an assessment of the impacts of algorithmic management (AM) tools on working conditions, job quality, and industrial relations in the logistics sector of France. It analyses the different ways algorithmic management technologies affect coordination, distribution and content of tasks, employee autonomy, job profiles, and industrial relations in logistics companies. The report presents a comprehensive study conducted through desk research, stakeholder consultation, and interviews with French start-ups, industry associations, public regulatory bodies, academia, and large companies. The French Strategy for Artificial Intelligence and the recent expansion of AI in French companies are discussed, along with some key applications of algorithmic tools. While algorithmic management tools offer several benefits for logistics companies, including optimizing operations and enhancing customer satisfaction, there are also concerns about the ethical and legal implications of rising technologies, particularly regarding worker privacy and the potential for bias or discrimination. Recent regulations and guidelines are presented to ensure the fair and transparent use of these tools. The paper concludes by discussing the need to balance the benefits of algorithmic tools with the potential risks and ethical concerns, and the role of the market and public policy in the coordination of economic activities in the logistics sector. |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:laedte:202504 |
| By: | Lidia Farre; Libertad Gonzalez; Claudia Hupkau; Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela |
| Abstract: | Between 2017 and 2021, Spain progressively extended paternity leave from 2 to 16 weeks, equalizing it with maternity leave and introducing mandatory weeks. A 2018 reform also allowed fathers to split their leave. Using administrative data on all leave permits since 2016, we analyze trends in paternity leave take-up. Following the introduction of mandatory leave, the share of fathers taking leave increased by around 20 percentage points, and most now use nearly the full entitlement. The share opting to split leave has steadily grown, surpassing 50% by 2023. However, this behavior shows marked heterogeneity: while overall uptake is uniform across groups, leave-splitting is far more common among higher-income fathers and more prevalent in certain sectors. Spain's experience illustrates how policy design can significantly increase paternity leave usage, though workplace flexibility and income-related constraints shape how fathers use that time. |
| Keywords: | paternity leave, reform, take-up, mandatory parental leave |
| Date: | 2025–07–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp2111 |
| By: | Giunti, Sara (University of Milan); Guariso, Andrea (University of Milan Bicocca); Mendola, Mariapia (University of Milan Bicocca); Solmone, Irene (Bocconi University) |
| Abstract: | In advanced economies, increasing population diversity often fuels hostile attitudes toward immigrants and political polarization. We study a short educational program for high-school students aimed at promoting cultural diversity and improving attitudes toward immigration through active learning. To identify the impact of the program, we designed a randomized controlled trial involving 4, 500 students from 252 classes across 40 schools in northern Italy. The program led to more positive attitudes and behaviors toward immigrants, especially in more mixed classes. In terms of mechanisms, the intervention reduced students’ misperception and changed their perceived norms toward immigration, while it had no impact on implicit bias, empathy, or social contacts. Our findings suggest that anti-immigrant attitudes are primarily driven by sociotropic concerns rather than individual intergroup experience, and that educational programs combining critical thinking with cross-group discussion can correct them. |
| Keywords: | social inclusion policy, ethnic stereotypes, immigration attitudes, impact evaluation |
| JEL: | F22 J15 F68 H53 |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17978 |
| By: | Guglielmo Maria Caporale; Luis Alberiko Gil-Alana; Carlos Poza; José L. Ruiz-Alba |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on Spanish hotel activity to establish whether it has had temporary or permanent effects. The empirical investigation is based on both quantitative and qualitative approaches. For the former, data from Google Trends and the Spanish Statistical Office (INE) are collected to create a Leading Hotel Activity (LHA) index and fractional integration and cointegration methods are applied. For the latter, online interviews of a focus group in the Spanish hotel sector are conducted. The analysis also distinguishes between the five main source countries for Spain and the main five tourists regions in Spain. The results show that the impact of the Covid-19 shock on Spanish hotel activity was temporary, and that it disappeared at a faster rate in the case of the Balearic Islands and of tourists from Germany. Moreover, the qualitative evidence indicates that there is a strong linkage between intentions and behaviour in the Spanish tourism sector. |
| Keywords: | tourism, Spain, fractional integration, Leading Hotel Activity (LHA) index |
| JEL: | Z30 C22 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11985 |
| By: | Winter, Richard (University of Mannheim); Doerrenberg, Philipp (University of Mannheim); Eble, Fabian (University of Mannheim); Rostam-Afschar, Davud (University of Mannheim); Voget, Johannes (University of Mannheim) |
| Abstract: | We provide novel evidence on the incidence of business taxes using comprehensive survey and experimental data from German firms. Leveraging randomized variation in hypothetical tax changes, we find that the incidence of profit taxes is highly asymmetric. Tax decreases are more likely to benefit workers and stimulate investment, whereas tax increases tend to be passed on to consumers through higher prices and absorbed by firm owners through reduced profit distributions. Moreover, by varying the magnitude of the tax changes, we demonstrate that worker incidence increases with the absolute size of the tax change, partially offsetting the burden on firm owners. |
| Keywords: | investment, firm behavior, tax incidence, corporate tax, payout, wages |
| JEL: | D22 H00 H22 H25 J23 J30 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17983 |
| By: | Pierre Boutros (Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France); Eliana Diodati (University of Torino, Italy); Michele Pezzoni (Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France; Observatoire des Sciences et Techniques, HCERES, Paris, France); Fabiana Visentin (UNU-MERIT, Maastricht University, the Netherlands) |
| Abstract: | The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) urges us to better understand its impact on the labor market. This paper is the first to analyze the supply of individuals with AI training facing the labor market. We estimate the relationship between AI training and individuals' careers for 35, 492 French PhD students in STEM who graduated between 2010 and 2018. To assess the unbiased effect of AI training, we compare the careers of PhD students trained in AI with those of a control sample of similar students with no AI training. We find that AI training is not associated with a higher probability of pursuing a research career after graduation. However, among students who have AI training during the PhD and pursue a research career after graduation, we observe a path dependence in continuing to publish on AI topics and a higher impact of their research. We also observe disciplinary heterogeneity. In Computer Science, AI-trained students are less likely to end up in private research organizations after graduation compared to their non-AI counterparts, while in disciplines other than Computer Science, AI training stimulates patenting activity and mobility abroad after graduation. |
| Keywords: | Artificial Intelligence, Training, PhD students'careers |
| JEL: | J24 O30 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2025-29 |
| By: | Silvia Vannutelli |
| Abstract: | Stimulus transfers are widely used during economic downturns, yet they are often poorly targeted from an economic perspective. I show that political incentives might help explain this discrepancy. I study one of the largest stimulus tax credits in Italy which excluded the poorest individuals and targeted middle-income earners. Leveraging quasi-random geographic variation in recipient shares and a difference-in-differences design, I find that the transfer raised the incumbent party’s vote share by 0.18 percentage points per 1 pp rise in recipients. These gains persist for at least five years. Political returns are stronger in areas with relatively richer beneficiaries, despite weaker consumption responses, and electoral punishment for exclusion is similarly asymmetric: higher-income excluded individuals reduce support for the incumbent, while poorer excluded individuals do not. Voters also punish incumbents when transfers are revoked, helping explain why temporary programs are rarely repealed. A counterfactual transfer targeting poorer households would have increased the consumption response by 30\% but reduced electoral returns by at least 15\%. These findings highlight a key political-economy trade-off in stimulus design, where electoral incentives skew transfers toward politically responsive recipients, as opposed to consumption responsive recipients. JEL: D72, H23, H53, I38, O15. |
| JEL: | D72 H23 H53 I38 |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33973 |
| By: | Larbi Hasrouri (UFR Sciences économiques [Poitiers] - Université de Poitiers – Faculté de Sciences économiques - UP - Université de Poitiers = University of Poitiers) |
| Abstract: | This research aims to compare the societal responsibility of public secondary schools in both France and England. To do so, we largely lean on the concept of accountability regarding the public educational policy in both countries. We compare the evaluation of public policies in both France and Great Britain through accountability and a stakeholders' approach. The paper analyses the impact of stakeholders' pressures and expectations that really account in terms of power and legitimacy on accountability from public secondary schools in France and Great Britain, completed by a new institutional approach whose legitimacy is at the heart. Concerning the methodology and the studied field, we analyse through a genealogy approach the managerial practices of school heads, in terms of isomorphism to accountability to stakeholders' who hold power or legitimacy to ask for account in both countries. We propose an accountability continuum as a new conceptual tool with the role of the stakeholders and the kind of isomorphism and mimicry and the function of accountability through a metaphoric approach. We conclude that accountability in France largely lays on a traditional Public Management whereas innovations emerge in England. |
| Abstract: | Cette recherche conceptuelle vise comparer la responsabilité sociétale des établissements publics d'enseignement en France et en Angleterre en termes de de reddition de compte (accountability) au regard de la politique éducative dans les deux pays. Il s'agit de comparer l'évaluation des politiques publiques d'éducation en France et en Grande Bretagne sous le prisme de la reddition de compte des chefs d'établissement en mobilisant une approche par les parties prenantes complétée par l'approche néo institutionnelle au coeur de laquelle se trouve la légitimité. L'article analyse l'impact des attentes et pressions des parties prenantes qui comptent, en termes de pouvoir et de légitimité, sur la reddition de compte des établissements d'enseignements publics en France et en Grande Bretagne. Sur le plan méthodologique, il s'agit d'analyser les pratiques managériales des chefs d'établissement par une approche généalogique en termes de reddition de compte auprès des parties prenantes ayant le pouvoir ou la légitimité à demander des comptes dans chacun des deux pays sur la base des pratiques relevées par les inspections dans les deux pays. Nous proposons un continuum de reddition de compte issu de l'évaluation des politiques éducatives dans les deux pays comme nouvel outil conceptuel avec le rôle des parties prenantes, le type d'isomorphisme et de mimétisme et les fonctions de la reddition de compte par une approche métaphorique. Notre conclusion est que la reddition de compte s'appuie largement sur un mimétisme d'imitation en France alors qu'en Grande Bretagne des innovations émergent par un mimétisme d'apprentissage au-delà du mimétisme colonisateur du secteur privé. Larbi HASROURI |
| Keywords: | Reddition de compte contrôle de gestion établissements d'enseignement management échelle parties prenantes, Reddition de compte, contrôle de gestion, établissements d'enseignement, management, échelle, parties prenantes |
| Date: | 2025–06–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05108184 |
| By: | Olivier Droulers (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sophie Lacoste-Badie (LUMEN - Lille University Management Lab - ULR 4999 - Université de Lille) |
| Abstract: | Objective: To explore the impact of online food shopping in France on the selection of products purchased and its potential impact on shoppers' dietary balance. Design: A qualitative study involving in-depth semi-structured individual interviews. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed through a reflexive thematic analysis approach. Setting: France. Participants: Thirty-four male and female respondents aged between 21 and 61 years old, residing in various regions of France, including urban, suburban and rural areas, with diverse profiles in terms of gender, age, location and number of children under 18. Results: Five key themes were identified as influencing decision-making with regard to the products purchased, namely 'less choice, especially for fresh produce', 'sense of security in buying the same products', 'convenience of online shopping through time-saving and product recommendation lists', 'avoiding unplanned purchases' and 'less fresh produce purchased, sometimes replaced by more processed items'. In turn, all of these factors potentially have an impact on the diet of online shoppers. Conclusions: With grocery e-commerce penetration expected to double in the next 5 years, the study underscores the consequences of online shopping on consumers' dietary balance. The findings have practical implications for online food retailers, inciting them to develop solutions that would encourage e-grocery shoppers to buy more fresh produce and sample a more varied diet. Additionally, they highlight the importance of monitoring the influence of technology on the consumer buying process, particularly with regard to food. |
| Keywords: | Balanced diet, Consumer decision-making, Food consumption, Online grocery shopping |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05068599 |
| By: | Arne Lilienkamp (Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne (EWI)); Nils Namockel (Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne (EWI)); Oliver Ruhnau (Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne (EWI)) |
| Abstract: | The ongoing transition of our energy systems implies a rise of distributed generators, batteries, and new consumers, including electric vehicles and heat pumps. Previous studies have found that distributed flexibility may substantially benefit wholesale electricity markets, but have neglected that these benefits maybe subject to distribution grid constraints. Here, we propose using a virtual storage approach to aggregate the net load and flexibility of individual consumers at the distribution grid level, subject to the corresponding grid constraints. We apply our approach to flexible electric vehicle charging scenarios in German distribution grids for the years 2030 and 2045. Our results suggest that distributed flexibility exacerbates distribution grid congestion if it only follows wholesale market prices. However, there may be the potential to alleviate local congestion with stable wholesale market benefits of distributed flexibility. Local coordination of distributed flexibility appears to be able to resolve distribution grid constraints at substantially lower costs than expanding transformer capacity. We conclude that local coordination mechanisms are key to unlocking the wholesale market benefits of distributed flexibility while mitigating hazards in the distribution grids. |
| Keywords: | Electric vehicles; Distribution grids; Energy system modeling; Flexibility; Grid expansion |
| Date: | 2025–07–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:ewikln:021403 |
| By: | Carolina Arteaga; Natalia Vigezzi; Pilar García-Gómez |
| Abstract: | In this paper we provide new evidence on the health spillover effects of health shocks within couples. Using administrative data from the Netherlands and a matching event-study framework, we estimate the causal effect of experiencing a health shock within a couple on the health of the initially unaffected partner. Our findings reveal a significant deterioration in the partner’s health outlook, characterized by substantial increases in hospital visits, overnight stays, and mortality. The health decline is broad in scope, encompassing higher risk of infections, accidents, and digestive and cardiovascular conditions. This deterioration is accompanied by substantial increases in stress, anxiety and depression for both men and women, as well as sleep disorders for women. These effects are not driven by a heavy caregiving load, financial distress or worsening of health behaviors. On the contrary, the adverse outcomes persist despite suggestive positive changes, including increased exercise for both men and women, and reduced alcohol consumption among women. |
| JEL: | I12 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33994 |
| By: | Gross, Christian; Kuntz, Laura-Chloé; Niederauer, Simon; Strobel, Lena; Zwanzger, Joachim |
| Abstract: | We develop a novel stress testing framework to quantify the risks to the German banking sector from the green transition. Our methodology combines a macro-level and a micro-level approach to calculate scenario-dependent probabilities of default and losses. The macro approach leverages traditional stress testing techniques in which aggregate scenario variables are translated into aggregate estimates of credit risk indicators. The micro approach uses firm- level balance sheet and carbon emissions data, allowing for the projection of heterogeneous effects across individual borrowers. Given that climate-related risks impact individual sectors and borrowers of the economy differently, exploring ways to quantify the distribution of potential effects is a key element of our framework. We find that potential losses over the near term from a green transition are non-negligible, highlighting that banks' loan portfolios are vulnerable to climate policy. Our estimates show that there are large differences across sectors and firms depending on their characteristics, most notably their carbon footprint, highlighting the importance of concentration risk in bank portfolios. |
| Keywords: | climate-related risks, climate scenarios, stress testing, credit risk |
| JEL: | C11 G21 G28 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bubdps:319621 |
| By: | Kosyakova, Yuliya (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Olbrich, Lukas (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Gallegos Torres, Katia (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Hammer, Luisa (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Koch, Theresa (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Wagner, Simon (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | "Temporary migration, return and onward migration have reached high levels in Germany. Between 2014 and 2023, the average emigration rate among foreign nationals ranged from 6 to 11 percent, depending on the data source. At the same time, Germany requires a net annual immigration of around 400, 000 people to stabilize its labor force potential. The high mobility propensity among immigrants can challenge this goal – with far-reaching consequences for securing skilled labor, integration, and the long-term viability of the welfare state. To gain robust insights into the causes, patterns, and effects of mobility, the International Mobility Panel of Migrants in Germany (IMPa) was established as a new longitudinal online survey. It includes first-time surveys every two years, complemented by annual follow-up surveys over a four-year period. In the first wave (December 2024 to April 2025), around 50, 000 immigrants participated. The first follow-up survey is scheduled for the second half of 2025. Using statistical weighting procedures, the data allow for representative statements about individuals in Germany who immigrated by April 2, 2024, are registered in the data of the Federal Employment Agency (e.g. via employment, benefit receipt, or participation in labor market programs), and are in working age (18 to 65 years). Key findings from the first wave indicate: A narrow majority of immigrants (57 percent, roughly 5.7 million people) plan to stay in Germany permanently. Around 1.2 million (12 percent) aim for a temporary stay, and roughly 3 million (30 percent) remain uncertain. About 2.6 million people (26 percent) reported having considered leaving Germany in the last 12 months; approximately 300, 000 (3 percent) already have concrete emigration plans – split roughly equally between return migration and onward migration. Given Germany’s structural need for skilled labor, the political priority in migration policy is shifting: not only immigration, but also the long-term retention of immigrants is becoming a key challenge. The data reveal that emigration intentions vary widely. Those intending to return primarily target European countries such as Poland or Romania, while onward migrants tend to prefer Switzerland, the United States, or Spain. Motivations also differ: family reasons dominate returns to the country of origin, while economic opportunities play a key role in onward migration. Main reasons for emigration considerations include political dissatisfaction, personal preferences, tax burdens, and bureaucracy. These motives are present among labor migrants, education- and family-based migrants alike; refugees also frequently cite discrimination as a major reason. Overall, the findings suggest that state measures such as reducing bureaucracy, simplifying administrative procedures, and offering tax incentives could help lower emigration intentions. Regarding sociodemographic and migration-specific factors, the IMPa results highlight their central role in shaping emigration intentions. Men report higher rates of temporary stay intentions, emigration considerations, and concrete migration plans than women. Region of origin and reason for migration significantly influence mobility patterns: refugees and individuals with family reunification backgrounds express considerably lower emigration tendencies, while migrants from EU countries and those who came for work or education show higher mobility. Moreover, immigrants with permanent residence status or EU/German citizenship are more likely to consider leaving – likely due to broader legal mobility options. The IMPa results highlight that labor market factors and economic integration also play a critical but nuanced role in shaping emigration intentions. Education emerges as a key predictor: highly educated individuals more frequently express thoughts of leaving or make concrete plans than those with lower educational levels. Qualifications obtained in Germany or third countries – as well as foreign qualifications recognized in Germany – are more strongly associated with emigration considerations, likely due to their higher international transferability. Employed individuals are more likely to report temporary stay intentions than those who are not employed or are in training. Sectors where the outmigration risk among immigrants is particularly high—such as IT and technical services—are also those facing significant skilled labour shortages. Moreover, it is notable that in other sectors vulnerable to labour shortages—such as healthcare, construction, public administration, or retail—, emigration tendencies are not above average, but they are still relevant. Higher incomes are also associated with stronger emigration considerations and plans, indicating a pattern of positive selection. Another important factor is job satisfaction: the less satisfied individuals are with their work, the more frequently they express temporary intentions to stay, thoughts of emigration, and concrete emigration plans. Job satisfaction thus acts as a stabilizing factor. Language skills show differentiated effects: while descriptive findings suggest that individuals with poor German skills have lower intentions to stay permanently and higher mobility plans, multivariate analyses indicate that good German skills are associated with increased mobility. Good English skills also tend to increase emigration intentions, likely due to better international labor market options. Social integration and societal participation are also crucial: family ties in Germany and regular contact with German nationals have a stabilizing effect. A strong emotional attachment to Germany stabilizes the intention to stay, whereas a strong connection to the country of origin increases the likelihood of emigration. A strong subjective sense of welcome and low perceptions of discrimination significantly reduce the probability of emigration considerations and plans. Conversely, perceptions of discrimination – especially in interactions with authorities, police, and at the workplace – greatly increases emigration tendencies. Political dissatisfaction also significantly raises the likelihood of emigration-related thoughts and plans. In summary, emigration intentions do not arise randomly but are the result of a complex interplay of individual characteristics, social integration, economic anchoring, and perceived societal acceptance. One of the central findings of the IMPa survey is that those who came to Germany for work or education, better educated, more economically successful, and more linguistically integrated are the ones most likely to consider leaving or already have concrete plans to do so. In other words: those most urgently needed to secure Germany’s future labou supply are also those most inclined to leave. This selective mobility endangers the country’s long-term ability to retain skilled labour. It is therefore essential to offer this group a meaningful perspective and to position Germany not only as a place of immigration but as a country in which people want to stay and build their future. This includes faster and more transparent recognition of qualifications, a determined reduction of bureaucratic hurdles, family-friendly integration policies, and targeted measures against everyday and workplace discrimination. Only when immigrants feel like fully included members of society – with real opportunities for participation and professional advancement – are they likely to choose Germany as their long-term home and pursue both personal and professional goals here. So far, only about one fifth of those with emigration plans have taken concrete steps toward leaving. At the same time, roughly one fifth express a long-term wish to return to Germany, one third rule it out, and about half remain undecided. This means that around two thirds of those considering emigration are potentially open to returning in the future. Activating and supporting this return potential could become a valuable component of Germany’s strategic labor policy. A forward-looking migration strategy must go beyond attracting newcomers: it must also ensure long-term perspectives for staying. The IMPa findings offer important insights in this regard and highlight the urgent need to remove structural barriers, accelerate and simplify migration and administrative processes, strengthen social integration, and foster openness and inclusion. Only then will Germany succeed not only in managing migration but in shaping it sustainably." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; Aufenthaltsdauer ; IAB-Open-Access-Publikation ; Auswanderung ; berufliche Integration ; EU-Bürger ; Drittstaatsangehörige ; Determinanten ; Einwanderer ; internationale Migration ; Lebensplanung ; Rückwanderung ; Rückwanderungsbereitschaft ; soziale Integration ; IAB-Befragung International Mobility Panel of Migrants in Germany ; Wanderungsmotivation ; Zielgebiet ; 2024-2025 |
| Date: | 2025–06–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabfob:202515(de) |
| By: | Noame Khaldi; Mehdi Guelmamen |
| Abstract: | The question of social mobility, particularly in deindustrialized regions, is a central issue in understanding contemporary economic and social dynamics. This article examines how regional contexts influence the social trajectories of workers. Using intergenerational mobility tables and an econometric strategy mobilizing a control function, we assess the impact of geographic and social origins on workers’ opportunities for upward social mobility. A combination of economic, geographic and social factors influences their upward social mobility. Geographic and crossborder mobility is a key factor in the upward social mobility of working-class people. These findings help to shed the light on the role of regional disparities and border mobility in structuring socioeconomic inequalities. |
| Keywords: | Social mobility, geographic mobility, social classes, cross-border work. |
| JEL: | A14 J21 J61 P51 Z13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2025-17 |
| By: | Riyad Manseri (CEET - Centre d'études de l'emploi et du travail - Cnam - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [Cnam] - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - Ministère du Travail, de l'Emploi et de la Santé) |
| Abstract: | Obligatoire depuis 2013 dans toutes les grandes entreprises françaises, la représentation des salarié·es au conseil d'administration a pour objectif de permettre aux salarié·es de prendre part à l'élaboration des décisions stratégiques de l'entreprise. Elle peut, de ce fait, apparaître comme un levier de démocratisation des organisations. À partir de données quantitatives et d'entretiens, ce numéro de Connaissance de l'emploi interroge la capacité des représentant·es des salarié·es à peser sur les orientations stratégiques de leur entreprise. Il montre que, malgré les ressources dont disposent les administrateur·trices salarié·es, le pouvoir de ces dernier·ères dans l'instance reste limité, en raison des règles de fonctionnement du conseil d'administration et de la division du travail qui s'instaure entre administrateur·trices salarié·es et administrateur·trices représentant les actionnaires. |
| Date: | 2025–06–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05114102 |
| By: | João Pereira dos Santos (Queen Mary University of London, ISEG – University of Lisbon, and IZA); Kristina Strohmaier (University Duisburg-Essen) |
| Abstract: | Residency by Investment programs have become integral to contemporary migration policies, providing a distinct pathway for individuals to acquire a new legal status through financial investments. In this paper, we study the extent to which “golden visas†impact real estate housing markets. Using the population of transactions records from 2007 to 2019, we analyse the introduction of the Golden Visa Program in Portugal in 2012. We first present descriptive bunching evidence around the €500, 000 threshold, revealing potential price distortions. Merging the transaction data to property tax records, we then conduct a difference-in-differences analysis assessing the golden visa impact on the discrepancy between transaction prices and fiscal values. This analysis uncovers a “Golden Visa Premium, †where transaction prices exceed fiscal values by an average of around €38, 000 at the investment threshold, indicating a more than 10% price increase in high-end housing prices. Finally, survey data from the Portuguese population indicates widespread support for ending the program, particularly among the elderly, educated residents in Lisbon. |
| Keywords: | Residency by Investment, Housing, Portugal |
| JEL: | R21 R38 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbp:wpaper:023 |
| By: | Sarah Wilson (ANTICIPE - Unité de recherche interdisciplinaire pour la prévention et le traitement des cancers - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - CHU Caen - NU - Normandie Université - TCBN - Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie - UNICANCER/CRLC - Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer François Baclesse [Caen] - NU - Normandie Université - UNICANCER - TCBN - Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale); Ophelie Merville (CERPOP - Centre d'Epidémiologie et de Recherche en santé des POPulations - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale); Olivier Dejardin (ANTICIPE - Unité de recherche interdisciplinaire pour la prévention et le traitement des cancers - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - CHU Caen - NU - Normandie Université - TCBN - Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie - UNICANCER/CRLC - Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer François Baclesse [Caen] - NU - Normandie Université - UNICANCER - TCBN - Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale); Josephine Gardy (ANTICIPE - Unité de recherche interdisciplinaire pour la prévention et le traitement des cancers - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - CHU Caen - NU - Normandie Université - TCBN - Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie - UNICANCER/CRLC - Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer François Baclesse [Caen] - NU - Normandie Université - UNICANCER - TCBN - Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UNICANCER/CRLC - Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer François Baclesse [Caen] - NU - Normandie Université - UNICANCER - TCBN - Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie); Quentin Rollet (ANTICIPE - Unité de recherche interdisciplinaire pour la prévention et le traitement des cancers - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - CHU Caen - NU - Normandie Université - TCBN - Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie - UNICANCER/CRLC - Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer François Baclesse [Caen] - NU - Normandie Université - UNICANCER - TCBN - Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale); Valerie Jooste (PADYS - Physiopathologie des Dyslipidémies : PADYS (CTM UMR 1231) - CTM - Center for Translational and Molecular medicine [Dijon - UMR1231] - EPHE - École Pratique des Hautes Études - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UBE - Université Bourgogne Europe); Florence Molinie (SIRIC-ILIAD - Site de Recherche Intégrée sur le Cancer - Imaging and Longitudinal Investigations to Ameliorate Decision-making - UA - Université d'Angers - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - Institut de Recherche Public - ARRONAX - (GIP) Groupement d'Intérêt Public [Saint-Herblain] - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Nantes Univ - ECN - NANTES UNIVERSITÉ - École Centrale de Nantes - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); Laure Tron (CHUGA - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [CHU Grenoble], IAB - Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) - CHUGA - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [CHU Grenoble] - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - EFS - Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, DIMAC - IAB - Dynamique cellulaire, Immunité, Métabolisme & Cancer/Cell Dynamics, Immunity, Metabolism & Cancer - IAB - Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) - CHUGA - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [CHU Grenoble] - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - EFS - Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Guy Launoy (ANTICIPE - Unité de recherche interdisciplinaire pour la prévention et le traitement des cancers - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - CHU Caen - NU - Normandie Université - TCBN - Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie - UNICANCER/CRLC - Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer François Baclesse [Caen] - NU - Normandie Université - UNICANCER - TCBN - Tumorothèque de Caen Basse-Normandie - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) |
| Abstract: | Background: Previous studies have reported lower net survival probabilities for socioeconomically deprived patients, using non-deprivation specific lifetables. Not accounting for the social gradient in background mortality could potentially overestimate the effect of deprivation on net survival. The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of taking into account the social gradient of expected mortality in the general population on the study of the social gradient of survival of people with cancer. Methods: French cancer registry data was analyzed, with 190, 902 incident cases of nineteen cancer sites between 2013 and 2015. Deprivation was measured using the European deprivation index (EDI). Net survival was estimated thanks to additive models with French lifetables stratified on deprivation level with the EDI, using the non-parametric Pohar-perme method and flexible excess hazard modelling with multidimensional penalized splines, firstly with non-specific lifetables then with the deprivation specific-lifetables. Results: A significant effect of EDI on excess mortality hazard (EMH) remained when using the deprivation-specific lifetables for colorectal, lung cancer and melanoma in both sexes, and esophagus, bladder, head and neck and liver cancer for men, and breast, cervix and uterine cancer for women. The only site where the effect of EDI on EMH was no longer significant when using deprivation-specific lifetables was prostate cancer. Conclusions: The use of deprivation-specific lifetables confirms the existence of a social gradient in cancer survival, indicating that these inequalities do not result from inequalities in background mortality. Development of such deprivation-specific lifetables for future years is crucial to understand mechanisms of social inequalities and work towards reducing the social burden. |
| Keywords: | Cancer, Net survival, Social deprivation, Mortality tables |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05008584 |
| By: | Sarah Clifford; Jakob Miethe; Camille Semelet |
| Abstract: | This paper characterizes profit shifting behavior across the size distribution of multinational enterprises (MNEs) to evaluate the targeting of the recently introduced Global Minimum Tax (GMT). Using German microeconomic administrative data with no reporting gaps for tax havens, we first document reductions in tax payments after tax haven subsidiaries are added to a group and confirm their outsized productivity. As group size increases, so does the likelihood of including tax haven subsidiaries. Second, we introduce a new methodology to estimate shifted profits at the group level and find an exponential group size gradient in profits shifted to tax havens. A total of EUR 19 billion was shifted to tax havens by German MNEs in 2022. Large groups targeted by the GMT account for 95% of this amount. While this is mainly a function of their size, we also document a positive gradient in profit shifting aggressiveness relative to employment. Third, we relate revenue potential from taxing excess profits in low-tax jurisdictions to compliance costs of the GMT, using a 15% benchmark rate. For groups currently covered by the GMT, revenue gains significantly dominate costs, while extending coverage to additional groups yields only modest net gains. Our results support policy consistency of the GMT in the face of recent unilateral challenges. |
| Keywords: | global minimum tax, multinational enterprises, profit shifting |
| JEL: | H26 G38 F34 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11975 |
| By: | Gu, Helena; Mu, David |
| Abstract: | In 2018, Minneapolis became the first U.S. city to eliminate single-family zoning through the Minneapolis 2040 Plan, with a central focus on improving housing affordability. Using a synthetic control approach, this paper finds that the reform reduced the growth of housing costs over the subsequent five years: home prices were 16-34% lower and rents 17.5-34% lower than a counterfactual Minneapolis. Placebo tests show these declines were the steepest among 83 donor cities (p=0.012). The effects are consistent across multiple robustness exercises and are not the result of new housing supply, but are likely due to weakened housing demand. |
| Keywords: | zoning reform, land use regulation, house prices, rental prices, synthetic control |
| JEL: | R52 R30 R58 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1629 |
| By: | Llorca, M.; Rodriguez-Alvarez, A. |
| Abstract: | Energy poverty refers to the inability of households to afford adequate energy services, connected to negative impacts on health, well-being, and economic opportunities. It is a social policy issue that exacerbates inequality and limits access to essential services, particularly among vulnerable populations. In Spain, energy poverty has become an increasing concern, with many low-income households struggling to meet their energy needs despite various social protection mechanisms. This paper analyses the effectiveness of the Bono Social Eléctrico (BSE), a Spanish social electricity voucher aimed at alleviating energy poverty among vulnerable households. Departing from a microeconomic theoretical framework and a applying a Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) approach, the study evaluates the gap between observed and potential energy poverty levels. The empirical analysis employs Spanish household panel data from 2021 to 2023, capturing key household characteristics and subsidy information. The findings indicate that, while the BSE contributes to reducing energy poverty, its effectiveness is constrained by insufficient coverage and lack of impact on the poorest households. Moreover, energy poverty has worsened over the years and there has been a decline in the mitigating effect of the BSE, while some regional disparities persist. Education and computer access play an important role in addressing energy poverty. The study suggests policy recommendations to enhance the voucher’s targeting mechanisms and explores strategies for more effective interventions to tackle energy poverty. |
| Keywords: | Energy Poverty, Policy Evaluation, Stochastic Frontier Analysis, Spain, Bono Social Eléctrico |
| JEL: | C23 D12 I38 Q48 |
| Date: | 2025–06–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2542 |
| By: | Hoffmann, Mathias; Mönch, Emanuel; Pavlova, Lora; Schultefrankenfeld, Guido |
| Abstract: | During the post-pandemic inflation surge, many central banks actively used communication about the inflation outlook as a policy tool to limit spillovers from realized to expected inflation. We present novel survey evidence showing that the ECB's guidance about the projected inflation path substantially lowers households' inflation expectations in times of unusually high inflation. A reassuring, positively framed non-quantitative communication style has the largest treatment effects on short-term expected inflation. Providing simple visualizations of the ECB's projected inflation path also significantly lowered inflation ex- pectations across horizons. We document substantial heterogeneity of these effects along key socio-demographic characteristics. Our findings suggest that, regarding their communication, central banks should 'keep it sophisticatedly simple (KISS)'. |
| Keywords: | Inflation projections, Central Bank Communication, Inflation Expectations, Randomized Control Trial, Survey Data |
| JEL: | E31 E52 E32 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bubdps:319626 |
| By: | Rachel Le Marois (CRIS - Centre de recherche sur les inégalités sociales (Sciences Po, CNRS) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EM - EMLyon Business School); Lisa Buchter (EM - EMLyon Business School) |
| Abstract: | While France has passed laws stating that companies need to have 6% of disabled workers in their workforce, few organizations meet this quota today. Our article seeks to explain this enforcement gap by showing the role of the state in managerializing the law. We show how the state has contributed to shifting attention away from a focus on anti-discrimination, stressing instead financial concerns for companies (penalties for non-compliance, accounting techniques to circumvent this quota). Drawing on a two-year qualitative fieldwork, we trace how this managerialization of the law by state actors led to a commodification of disability inclusion in France. |
| Keywords: | Disabilities, Disabled Workers, Anti-Discrimination Measures, Disability inclusion, Managerialization of disability laws, Commodification of disability |
| Date: | 2025–06–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05126557 |
| By: | Olivier P. Faugeras (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Compositional Data (CoDa) is usually viewed as data on the simplex and is studied via a log-ratio analysis, following the classical work of Aitchison (1986). We propose to bring to the fore an alternative view of CoDa as a stick breaking process, an approach which originates from Bayesian nonparametrics. The first stick-breaking approach gives rise to a view of CoDa as ordered statistics, from which we can derive "stick-ordered" distributions. The second approach is based on a rescaled stick-breaking transformation, and give rises to a geometric view of CoDa as a free unit cube. The latter allows to introduce copula and regression models, which are useful for studying the internal or external dependence of CoDa. These stick-breaking representations allow to effectively and simply deal with CoDa with zeroes. We establish connections with other topics of probability and statistics like i) spacings and order statistics, ii) Bayesian nonparametrics and Dirichlet distributions, iii) neutrality, iv) hazard rates and the product integral, v) mixability. |
| Keywords: | Compositional data analysis, Stick-breaking representation, Copula, Regression, Distribution |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05064979 |
| By: | Yves Crozet (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IEP Lyon - Sciences Po Lyon - Institut d'études politiques de Lyon - Université de Lyon) |
| Abstract: | [Extrait] Régulièrement publiés dans cette revue, les travaux de TDIE alimentent la réflexion collective sur le système autoroutier français. Nouvelle contribution, la rencontre du 28 janvier 2025 a permis à plusieurs acteurs (ministre, parlementaires, élus locaux, région et département, DGITM, ART, concessionnaire, DG MOVE, experts…) de tracer des perspectives. Au vu de l'actualité budgétaire contraignante, tous ont souligné la nécessité de maintenir une tarification de l'autoroute afin de ne pas alourdir les budgets publics des charges d'entretien et d'exploitation. Mais quel sera le niveau de ces péages ? Qui sera le gestionnaire ? Qui en seront les bénéficiaires ? Ces questions suscitent de nombreuses propositions, mais elles sont rarement évaluées en termes financiers. Voici quelques scénarios chiffrés qui doivent aussi aider à définir les priorités pour les infrastructures de transport. |
| Keywords: | Péage autoroutier, Système autoroutier, Concession autoroutière, Infrastructure de transport, Financement, Scénarios, France |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05094969 |
| By: | Davide Malacrino; Samuel Nocito; Raffaele Saggio |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of a reform aimed at expediting graduation times in Italian universities by reducing the number of exams students must pass to obtain the fixed number of credits required to graduate. Using event-study estimates that leverage the reform's staggered implementation, we find that this policy change led to an increase in on-time graduation rates but also resulted in a decreased probability of employment one-year post-graduation. However, this negative effect reverses into a positive one in the medium run. We show that these patterns are explained by students using the time gained from earlier graduation to pursue additional educational qualifications in the year following graduation. |
| Keywords: | higher education, policy evaluation, time to graduation, labor outcomes |
| JEL: | I23 I26 I28 J22 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11979 |
| By: | Larch, Mario; Meinen, Philipp; Nagengast, Arne J.; Yotov, Yoto |
| Abstract: | We develop and test a theory of efficient international trade. Efficiency gains arise through lower trade costs faced by 'trade specialists', whose superiority over 'common traders' manifests itself through lower trade costs. To test our theory, we construct and deploy a novel dataset based on firm-level merchanting data. Our estimates reveal that, on average, the trade costs for the 'trade specialists' are about four times lower than for non-specialists. The corresponding welfare effects from globally efficient trade amount to a remarkable gain of 80%, on average, which sends an encouraging message for the potential gains from trade that are missing in the existing literature. |
| Keywords: | Efficiency, International Trade, Trade Costs, Gains from Trade |
| JEL: | D60 D61 F14 F12 F10 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bubdps:319639 |
| By: | Nur Bilge (Université de Lille, LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IÉSEG School Of Management [Puteaux], IC Migrations - Institut Convergences Migrations [Aubervilliers]); Etienne Farvaque (LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Lille, CIRANO - Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en analyse des organisations [Montréal, Canada] = Center for Interuniversity Research and Analysis on Organizations [Montréal, Canada]); Jan Fidrmuc (Université de Lille, LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, The Bank of Finland Institute for Emerging Economies (BOFIT)) |
| Abstract: | Populist parties made spectacular gains between 2002 and 2022. While multiple factors can explain this, the deterioration or disappearance of public services in many rural or peripheral areas plays a significant role. This is shown by a study analyzing the relationship between the disappearance of public services and changes in voting behavior in France. |
| Keywords: | extremist parties, Public facilities, populism, extrême gauche, service public |
| Date: | 2025–06–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05122388 |
| By: | Lerva, Benedetta; Ferris, Denise; Fornasari, Margherita |
| Abstract: | Secondary school completion in sub-Saharan Africa is the lowest in the world. Given the multiple constraints households face, the scope of purely demand-side interventions to narrow the completion gap may be large. This paper quantifies this scope by studying how jointly relaxing key demand-side constraints affects learning, graduation, and the labor market entry of talented and economically disadvantaged students in Uganda. The study randomizes access to a “big push” scholarship program covering fees, school placement, school inputs, and a cash transfer equivalent to 50 percent of the adult wage. The program raises test scores and pushes completion rates to high-income country levels; it halves fertility and increases the share of women who work while studying. Students' families of origin also benefit by becoming wealthier and happier. Results show that relaxing demand-side constraints benefits students and doubles as an antipoverty intervention for their households. |
| Date: | 2025–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11165 |