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on Microeconomic European Issues |
| By: | Giuliano, Romina (University of Mons); Mahy, Benoît (University of Mons); Rycx, François (Free University of Brussels); Vermeylen, Guillaume (University of Mons) |
| Abstract: | This paper is the first to examine whether and how overeducation and overskilling, considered separately and in interaction, influence workers' job satisfaction at European level. It also investigates the moderating role of employment contracts. Our results, based on a unique pan-European database covering 28 countries in 2014, show that overeducation and overskilling reduce the probability of workers being satisfied with their jobs, but also that the drop in job satisfaction is almost double for genuinely overeducated workers (i.e. workers that are both overeducated and overskilled). These adverse effects on job satisfaction are found to be more pronounced among mismatched workers (whether overeducated, overskilled or both) on fixed-term rather than indefinite contracts. |
| Keywords: | job satisfaction, overeducation, overskilling, labour contracts, Europe |
| JEL: | C21 J24 J28 J41 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16913&r=eur |
| By: | Andrea Berlanda (University of Padova); Elisabetta Lodigiani (University of Padova and LdA); Elisa Tosetti (University of Padova); Giorgio Vittadini (University of Milano Bicocca and LdA) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we explore the impact of the 2007 European Union enlargement on the mental health of documented immigrants. Using data from a unique Italian administrative data set and employing a difference-in-differences individual fixed effect estimator, we find that the enlargement causes a significant improvement in the mental health of young male immigrants. To shed light on the mechanisms behind these results, we use data from a unique survey and show that the enlargement mitigates sources of health concerns and increases income and employment stability through permanent job contracts for young male immigrants. Overall, these findings suggest that enhanced labor market conditions due to enlargement may lead to subsequent important decrease in psychological distress among immigrants. |
| Keywords: | Mental health; migration; drug prescriptions; EU enlargement. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pad:wpaper:0309&r=eur |
| By: | Hermes, Henning (Ifo Institute for Economic Research); Lergetporer, Philipp (Technical University of Munich); Peter, Frauke (DZHW-German Centre for Research on Higher Education and Science Studies); Wiederhold, Simon (IWH Halle) |
| Abstract: | Why are children with lower socioeconomic status (SES) substantially less likely to be enrolled in child care? We study whether barriers in the application process work against lower-SES children — the group known to benefit strongest from child care enrollment. In an RCT in Germany with highly subsidized child care (N = 607), we offer treated families information and personal assistance for applications. We find substantial, equity-enhancing effects of the treatment, closing half of the large SES gap in child care enrollment. Increased enrollment for lower-SES families is likely driven by altered application knowledge and behavior. We discuss scalability of our intervention and derive policy implications for the design of universal child care programs. |
| Keywords: | educational inequality, information, application barriers, early childhood, child care, randomized controlled trial |
| JEL: | I21 J13 J18 J24 C93 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16915&r=eur |
| By: | Hang Do (University of Southampton); Kiet Duong (University of York); Toan Huynh (Queen Mary University of London); Nam T. Vu (Miami University) |
| Abstract: | Using the most comprehensive longitudinal survey on small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in the United Kingdom to date, we study the extent to which the implementation of Brexit in 2020 impacts their labor demand in a difference-in-difference framework. Our identification strategy hinges on using firms’ distance to the Irish border as a novel instrument to isolate the effects of Brexit at the firm level. Specifically, after Brexit in effect, while firms located in Great Britain are subjected to higher costs of doing business with the European Union, their Northern Irish counterparts are not, following the provisions arising from the Northern Ireland Protocol. Leveraging the distance to the border as a plausibly exogenous proxy for Brexit exposure among firms that did not change their location before and after the 2016 referendum, we find that the 2020 implementation of Brexit caused exposed firms to cut their workforce by up to 13.59% on average. The exposed firms are also more likely to have lower growth expectations and more likely to increase their research and development (R&D) expenditure in response. These results highlight the expectation channel and support the hypothesis that firms prioritize innovations in response to Brexit. |
| Keywords: | Brexit; firm responses; technology; EU workers |
| JEL: | D25 D84 F16 O32 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgs:wpaper:117&r=eur |
| By: | Huebener, Mathias (Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung (BiB)); Waights, Sevrin (Humboldt University Berlin); Spieß, C. Katharina (Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung (BiB)) |
| Abstract: | In this chapter, we aim to improve the understanding of the well-being impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. We provide an overview of the existing literature and carry out empirical analysis aimed at addressing certain gaps in the knowledge. Specifically, we examine the evolution of parental well-being over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany and relate changes to the severity of restrictions on school and daycare facilities. Our analysis makes use of unique data from the COMPASS survey collected at 17 different point throughout the pandemic in Germany. We find that there is a large difference in retrospective stress-feelings between women and men that is present only for individuals living with children under the age of 12. We also show that the size of the gender gap in life satisfaction fluctuates over time in a way that is related to severity of restrictions to daycare and school operation. |
| Keywords: | well-being, gender inequality, COVID-19, school closures |
| JEL: | I31 I24 J1 I20 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16907&r=eur |
| By: | Bram Timmermans (Norges Handelshøyskole (NHH)); Joanna Tyrowicz (Group for Research in Applied Economics (GRAPE); University of Warsaw; Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)); Lucas van der Velde (Group for Research in Applied Economics (GRAPE); University of Warsaw) |
| Abstract: | We address the gender wage gap in Europe, focusing on the impact of female representation in executive and non-executive boards. We use a novel dataset to identify gender board diversity across European firms, which covers a comprehensive sample of private firms in addition to publicly listed ones. Our study spans three waves of the Structure of Earnings Survey, covering 26 countries and multiple industries. Despite low prevalence of female representation and the complex nature of gender wage inequality, our findings reveal a robust causal link: increased gender diversity significantly decreases the adjusted gender wage gap. We also demonstrate that to meaningfully impact gender wage gaps, the presence of a single female representative in leadership is insufficient. |
| Keywords: | gender inequality, gender wage gaps, board composition, corporate governance, women representation |
| JEL: | J31 J71 J16 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fme:wpaper:89&r=eur |
| By: | Altsitsiadis, E.; Kaiser, M.; Tsakas, A.; Kyriakidis, A.; Stamos, A. |
| Abstract: | Clean energy transition underpins the European Energy strategy with ambitious objectives for Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) deployment. Yet, social support remains a significant barrier to accelerating the energy transition. Existing studies have examined wide-ranging social-psychological factors that can affect support for RETs but have failed to address key local barriers. This study aims to illuminate regional characteristics that can influence social support for energy alternatives by assessing public support for two emerging renewables, hydrogen and biomethane, in three different EU countries, the Netherlands, Spain and Greece. We combine our micro-data with EU regional indicators to extend our model beyond known individual-level factors and test the effects of higher-scale antecedents covering regional development, poverty and social exclusion statistics. Our multilevel regression analysis reveals that severe material deprivation plays a key role in social support for RETs. In particular, our results suggest that people living in regions with elevated poverty levels are less likely to support such energy systems. This finding is consistent for both the renewables examined in the three EU countries studied. Our research offers significant and timely insights for accelerating the clean energy transition, while highlighting the need for better strategies to gain and increase social support for RETs. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy acceptance, just transition, energy poverty, regional factors |
| JEL: | I32 Q42 Q55 R58 |
| Date: | 2024–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2419&r=eur |
| By: | Alessia Lo Turco (Università Politecnica delle Marche); Daniela Maggioni (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Federico Trionfetti (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France) |
| Abstract: | Data on EU economies show no correlation between low-skilled immigration and the skill premium. We rationalise this evidence in a model where firms face search and screening costs. Low-skilled immigration diminishes the relative benefit of screening skilled workers, leading to a decline in their relative ability within the firm and an undetermined impact on the skill premium. On region-sector and firm level data from 2008 to 2013, we find that low-skilled immigration in Italian regions has reduced skill intensity without affecting the skill premium. Using proxies for workers’ ability and screening activity, we provide supporting evidence for the theorised mechanisms. |
| Keywords: | matching, screening, skill-intensity, factor relative ability |
| JEL: | F22 J61 F16 D24 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2414&r=eur |
| By: | Arrighetti, Alessandro; Costa, Stefano; De Santis, Stefano; Landini, Fabio |
| Abstract: | The drivers of firm success in hyper-competitive markets have received growing attention by economic and management scholars. While earlier works paid particular attention to the analysis of firm strategic positioning in markets, most recent approaches emphasized the importance of internal capabilities. This paper combines these two views in a unified approach through a new conceptual construct, strategic dynamism, that we consider as “antecedent” of performance and “descendant” of capabilities. By using a large and unique survey carried out by the Italian Institute of Statistics we document that a) strategic dynamism explains performance differentials among firms, as captured by labor productivity growth and b) internal capabilities, measured as organizational and personnel capabilities, are important drivers of strategic dynamism. Managerial and policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | strategy, capabilities, performance, , organizational capability, personnel capability |
| JEL: | D21 D22 J24 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:289628&r=eur |
| By: | BIANCHI Guia (European Commission - JRC); MATTI Cristian (European Commission - JRC); PONTIKAKIS Dimitrios (European Commission - JRC); REIMERIS Ramojus (European Commission - JRC); HAEGEMAN Karel Herman (European Commission - JRC); MIEDZINSKI Michal (European Commission - JRC); SILLERO ILLANES Carmen (European Commission - JRC); MIFSUD Solange (European Commission - JRC); SASSO Simone (European Commission - JRC); BOL Erica (European Commission - JRC); MARQUES SANTOS Anabela (European Commission - JRC); ANDREONI Antonio; JANSSEN Matthijs; SAUBLENS Christian; STEFANOV Ruslan; TOLIAS Yannis |
| Abstract: | Addressing complex challenges requires different tools, mindsets and approaches from those traditionally used, which contributed to create some of these challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, raising inequalities. Focusing on one is not sufficient and understanding their interlinkages and feedback effects is essential. Innovation policy alone cannot help us tackle such problems, nor to achieve the European Green Deal – Europe’s own socio-economic transformation strategy. For this, interterritorial collaboration, network governance and coordinated policy-action mixes enable efforts at the local, regional and national level to achieve long-term societal wellbeing and climate resilient development. Building partnerships is therefore not only a desired objective, but a necessary prerequisite to move towards long-term societal wellbeing and secure Europe’s open strategic autonomy. ‘Innovation for place-based transformations’ includes three operational documents. First, the ACTIONbook provides some activities to build strategic and purpose-driven partnerships within an institution, department, territory, and across boundaries. Then, a collection of practices from territories describes existing approaches to transformative innovation taking place in Europe. Finally, a collection of tools for ACTION is linked to activities described in the ACTIONbook and can be used to put them in practice. This document is published by the Joint Research Centre and the European Committee of the Regions and is the result of a co-creative effort with Partnerships for Regional Innovation (PRI) pilot participants, the PRI Scientific Committee, experts and policymakers. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135826&r=eur |
| By: | Heyen, Nils B.; Zenker, Andrea; Aichinger, Heike; Bratan, Tanja; Kaufmann, Tanja; Schnabl, Esther |
| Abstract: | For more than a decade, advocates of both green growth and degrowth have argued about the role of economic growth for the transformation towards a societal system that ensures social well-being on a global scale without transgressing planetary boundaries. Given that such a transformation needs innovations of various kinds, this article explores the question of how dependent innovation is on economic growth and what effects a potential long-term economic stagnation or decline may have on innovation processes and systems. We approach the subject from different angles using mixed methods. First, we present a quantitative analysis of the linkages between economic growth and innovation activities on a sectoral level, based on data of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) for Germany. Here, we find two sectors (petroleum and advertising industries) showing negative growth rates but still a higher than average share of innovative enterprises. Subsequently, we present an in-depth qualitative case study of the international pharmaceutical sector, which allows us to include a qualitative evaluation dimension. Here, we investigate different innovation approaches and find that both the amount of capital needed to finance research and development activities and the added health benefit of novel drugs vary greatly. We finally conclude that economic growth is not a necessary condition for all kinds of innovation and reflect on some implications for innovation policy. If in a post-growth era financial resources are limited, a shift to less capital-intensive types of innovation and a concentration on innovations which address prioritised societal or ecological needs seem feasible. |
| Keywords: | (in)dependency, innovation, economic growth |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisidp:289610&r=eur |
| By: | Schoppengerd, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Industrial trade unions in Europe and North America often struggle to develop a coherent strategy on climate change and overcoming fossil fuel production patterns. Trade union policy in the German steel industry is an interesting example of this: the "green" restructuring is firmly in favour, as it is easily compatible with positions on maintaining production sites. However, the hydrogen technology required for this brings with it new contradictions. At the same time, the IG Metall trade union recently held a collective bargaining round on reducing working hours in the socio-ecological transformation. This working paper analyses this situation by reconstructing the fundamental structures of industrial relations, the coming hydrogen economy and working time policy. |
| Keywords: | Steel, Hydrogen, Working Time Policy, Just Transition, Socio-Ecological Transformation |
| JEL: | J51 J59 L50 L61 O14 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ipewps:290386&r=eur |
| By: | Mahajan, Parag (University of Delaware); Patki, Dhiren (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston); Stüber, Heiko (Hochschule der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (HdBA)) |
| Abstract: | Workers who enter the labor market during recessions experience lasting earnings losses, but the role of non-pay amenities in exacerbating or counteracting these losses remains unknown. Using population-scale data from Germany, we find that labor market entry during recessions generates a 5 percent reduction in earnings cumulated over the first decade of experience. Implementing a revealed-preference estimator of employer quality that aggregates information from the universe of worker moves across employers, we find that 17 percent of recession-induced earnings losses are compensated by non-pay amenities. Purely pecuniary estimates can therefore overstate the welfare costs of labor market entry during recessions. |
| Keywords: | earnings inequality, recessions, non-pay amenities |
| JEL: | E32 J24 J31 J32 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16898&r=eur |
| By: | Maruseva, Valeria; Kroll, Henning |
| Abstract: | Large and economically diverse countries often face a problem of regional imbalances which goes beyond a simple division between a core and a periphery. In large countries regions "out of the core" demonstrate substantial variety in economic, social and cultural terms, they have difference resource and technological base. These local specifics determine to large extent new their path development and ability to grasp the opportunities provided by ongoing socio-technological transformation. This paper suggests classification of non-core regions of Germany under relational perspective, taking into account not only geographical remoteness of these regions, but also their social, economic and demographic characteristics. Breaking down the periphery of Germany to several more homogeneous groups allows us to evaluate their resilience and potential in a more precise manner, providing thus a base for policy implications and future research. |
| Keywords: | regional development, non-core regions, regional classification, structural change, lock-in |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisidp:289596&r=eur |
| By: | François Facchini (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sophie Massin (LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IÉSEG School Of Management [Puteaux]); Kevin Brookes (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | This paper draws on macroeconomics, the economics of institutions and the economics of trust to explain private savings at the national level for 33 OECD (mostly European) countries from 2002 to 2012. More specifically, it raises two questions: (i) is it the quality of institutions or trust in institutions that drives private savings? (ii) if trust matters, what is the appropriate institutional level at which it operates? To answer these questions, we add to the usual explanatory variables of private savings three measures of institutional quality and six measures of institutional trust, distributed between the following institutional levels, presented in assumed hierarchical order: political, legal, financial and social. We find that trust in political institutions is the most significant driver of private savings. This contributes to the literature underlining the importance of subjectivity in social and economic phenomena and suggests, for private bank savings in countries having highly regulated banking systems, the existence of a hierarchy of trust in which trust in the highest-ranking institutions (political – and to a lesser extent legal – institutions) acts as a substitute for trust in every lower-ranking institution (financial institutions and social trust). |
| Abstract: | Cet article s'appuie sur la macroéconomie, l'économie des institutions et l'économie de la confiance pour expliquer l'épargne privée au niveau national dans 33 pays de l'OCDE (pour la plupart européens) de 2002 à 2012. Plus précisément, il soulève deux questions : (i) est-ce la qualité des institutions ou confiance dans les institutions qui stimulent l'épargne privée ? (ii) si la confiance est importante, quel est le niveau institutionnel approprié auquel elle opère ? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous ajoutons aux variables explicatives habituelles de l'épargne privée trois mesures de qualité institutionnelle et six mesures de confiance institutionnelle, réparties entre les niveaux institutionnels suivants, présentés dans un ordre hiérarchique supposé : politique, juridique, financier et social. Nous constatons que la confiance dans les institutions politiques est le moteur le plus important de l'épargne privée. Ceci contribue à la littérature soulignant l'importance de la subjectivité dans les phénomènes sociaux et économiques et suggère, pour l'épargne des banques privées dans les pays dotés de systèmes bancaires très réglementés, l'existence d'une hiérarchie de confiance dans laquelle la confiance dans les institutions les plus hautes (politiques – et dans une moindre mesure, les institutions juridiques) se substituent à la confiance dans toutes les institutions de rang inférieur (institutions financières et confiance sociale). |
| Keywords: | belief, institutional quality, social trust, private saving, subjectivity, institutional trust, property right |
| Date: | 2024–01–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04379761&r=eur |
| By: | Gasparini, Matteo; Ives, Matthew C.; Carr, Ben; Fry, Sophie; Beinhocker, Eric |
| Abstract: | Investments via the financial system are essential for fostering the green transition. However, the role of existing financial regulations in influencing investment decisions is understudied. Here we analyse data from the European Banking Authority to show that existing financial accounting frameworks might inadvertently be creating disincentives for investments in low-carbon assets. We find that differences in the provision coverage ratio indicate that banks must account for nearly double the loan loss provisions for lending to low-carbon sectors as compared with high-carbon sectors. This bias is probably the result of basing risk estimates on historical data. We show that the average historical financial risk of the oil and gas sector has been consistently estimated to be lower than that of renewable energy. These results indicate that this bias could be present in other model-based regulations, such as capital requirements, and possibly impact the ability of banks to fund green investments. |
| JEL: | N0 R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122630&r=eur |
| By: | Ioanna Mouratiadou (ZALF - Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung = Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, LER - Laboratoire d'Études Rurales - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2, Isara); Alexander Wezel (AGE - Agroécologie et Environnement - Isara, Isara); Kintan Kamilia (Isara); Angelica Marchetti (SSSUP - Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant'Anna [Pisa]); Maria Luisa Paracchini (JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra]); Paolo Bàrberi (SSSUP - Scuola Universitaria Superiore Sant'Anna [Pisa]) |
| Abstract: | Abstract Agroecology is identified as an important solution to increase the sustainability of agricultural and food systems. Despite the increasing number of publications assessing the socio-economic outcomes of agroecology, very few studies have consolidated the scattered results obtained on various case studies. This paper provides new insights by consolidating evidence on the varied socio-economic effects of agroecology across a large number of cases at a global level. To this purpose, we used a rapid review methodology, screening more than 13, 000 publications to retrieve evidence on the socio-economic outcomes of the implementation of agroecological practices. The results of the review indicate that (1) agroecological practices are associated more often with positive socio-economic outcomes across the broad range of evaluated metrics (51% positive, 30% negative, 10% neutral, and 9% inconclusive outcomes); (2) the socio-economic metrics associated with financial capital represent the vast majority of evaluated metrics (83% of total) and are affected positively in a large share of cases (53%), due to favourable outcomes on income, revenues, productivity and efficiency; (3) human capital metrics (16%) are associated with a larger number of negative outcomes (46% versus 38% positive), due to higher labour requirements and costs that are however partly compensated by an overall greater number of positive outcomes on labour productivity (55%); and (4) the results vary depending on the agroecological practice assessed; e.g. for agroforestry, we identify 53% positive outcomes while for cropping system diversification 35%. These results indicate an overall favourable potential for farms to benefit from a positive socio-economic performance with the use of agroecological practices. Yet, the magnitude, temporal aspects, and success factors related to these outcomes, as well as the trade-offs between them, and the system-level effects of an agroecological transition are to be further assessed, since they can have an important influence on the performance of individual farms. |
| Keywords: | Agroecological practices, Socio-economic indicators, Sustainable livelihoods, Farm economic performance, Agroforestry, Intercropping |
| Date: | 2024–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04527200&r=eur |
| By: | Richard Fedorko (University of Prešov in Prešov, Faculty of Management and Business, Konstantinova 16, 080 01, Prešov, Slovakia Author-2-Name: Mikuláš Kizák Author-2-Workplace-Name: University of Prešov in Prešov, Faculty of Management and Business, Konstantinova 16, 080 01, Prešov, Slovakia Author-3-Name: Dárius Župina Author-3-Workplace-Name: University of Prešov in Prešov, Faculty of Management and Business, Konstantinova 16, 080 01, Prešov, Slovakia Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - The global surge in internet purchases drives economic growth and contributes significantly to developed countries' improved living standards. Methodology/Technique - This unprecedented e-commerce boom, facilitated by the convenience of round-the-clock online shopping, has reshaped consumer behavior. Within this landscape, educational level emerges as a prominent demographic determinant influencing online purchasing patterns. The Slovak Republic has experienced an upward trajectory in internet purchases across various educational segments, highlighting a growing preference for online shopping experiences. Findings - However, it is important to note that a discernible gap in online shopping behavior persists between these educational strata. Moreover, Slovakia's achievement of its convergence goal, aligning with the European Union's admission average, underscores its commitment to growth and development. This accomplishment highlights the nation's progress and reflects the pivotal role of e-commerce in shaping economic trajectories. Novelty - We analyze the trend of online shopping in Slovakia compared to the EU 27 average and top-performing countries, finding that Slovakia exhibits a steeper trend, especially among highly educated individuals. In an era where online interactions and transactions have become integral to daily life, the nexus between educational attainment, online purchasing behavior, and economic advancement demands continued research and analysis. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | E-commerce, Education level, Slovak Republic, Internet purchases, Convergence |
| JEL: | D12 L81 |
| Date: | 2024–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr330&r=eur |
| By: | Montacer Ben Cheikh Larbi; Sina Belkhiria |
| Abstract: | Technical efficiency indices (TEIs) can be estimated using the traditional stochastic frontier analysis approach, which yields relative indices that do not allow self-interpretations. In this paper, we introduce a single-step estimation procedure for TEIs that eliminates the need to identify best practices and avoids imposing restrictive hypotheses on the error term. The resulting indices are absolute and allow for individual interpretation. In our model, we estimate a distance function using the inverse coefficient of resource utilization, rather than treating it as unobservable. We employ a Tobit model with a translog distance function as our econometric framework. Applying this model to a sample of 19 airline companies from 2012 to 2021, we find that: (1) Absolute technical efficiency varies considerably between companies with medium-haul European airlines being technically the most efficient, while Asian airlines are the least efficient; (2) Our estimated TEIs are consistent with the observed data with a decline in efficiency especially during the Covid-19 crisis and Brexit period; (3) All airlines contained in our sample would be able to increase their average technical efficiency by 0.209% if they reduced their average kerosene consumption by 1%; (4) Total factor productivity (TFP) growth slowed between 2013 and 2019 due to a decrease in Disembodied Technical Change (DTC) and a small effect from Scale Economies (SE). Toward the end of our study period, TFP growth seemed increasingly driven by the SE effect, with a sharp decline in 2020 followed by an equally sharp recovery in 2021 for most airlines. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.04590&r=eur |
| By: | RADOVANOVIC Nikola (European Commission - JRC); BOLE Domen |
| Abstract: | The Western Balkan region and Türkiye demonstrated a strong progress in the Smart Specialisation process in the last several years. In this process, the economies were following the Smart Specialisation design and implementation frameworks for the EU Enlargement and Neighbourhood Region. The nominated working groups for managing Smart Specialisation in the region accumulated significant experience in the utilisation of the mentioned frameworks that is very important for the upcoming efforts in implementing not only innovation policies based on Smart Specialisation but also other related policies that are facing common modern-day challenges. The experiences presented in this report can contribute to the elaboration of future directions of developing innovation policy approaches and methodologies in the entire European continent. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc136309&r=eur |
| By: | Kofi Aaron A-O Agyei-Henaku; Charlotte Badu-Prah; Akua Agyeiwaa-Afrane; Ferguson K. Gidiglo; Francis Y. Srofenyoh; Justice G. Djokoto |
| Abstract: | Eastern Europe experienced a surge in trade and capital movements after the introduction of the market economy. We investigate the substitution and complementary effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade in the agricultural sector in Eastern Europe. We employed panel data from 1995 to 2020 for the 23 countries and fitted these to fixed and random effects estimators. We found that inward FDI did not influence trade. Outward FDI substituted exports and trade openness in the transition countries of Eastern Europe. However, outward FDI complemented imports and trade openness in Eastern Europe. |
| Keywords: | Complement, Eastern Europe, foreign direct investment, substitute, transition economies. |
| JEL: | F12 F14 |
| Date: | 2024–04–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eei:rpaper:eeri_rp_2024_04&r=eur |
| By: | Christophe Schmitt (CEREFIGE - Centre Européen de Recherche en Economie Financière et Gestion des Entreprises - UL - Université de Lorraine) |
| Abstract: | This article presents an encounter with the works of Jean-Louis Le Moigne, which influenced the author's reflection on entrepreneurship. Jean-Louis Le Moigne's works, connected with systemic thinking, have led to the development of an original approach based on the 3M model (Myself, My project, My ecosystem). The article explores three key dimensions of Le Moigne's works : modeling, design, and constructivist epistemologies. These dimensions contribute to entrepreneurial action, in other words, the ability to undertake by anticipating the future and making decisions. The article also highlights the importance of a holistic approach in understanding complex phenomena. |
| Abstract: | Cet article présente une rencontre avec les travaux de Jean-Louis Le Moigne, qui ont influencé la réflexion sur l'entrepreneuriat de l'auteur. Les travaux de Jean-Louis Le Moigne, en lien avec la systémique, ont permis de développer une approche originale basée sur le modèle des 3M (Moi, Mon projet, Mon écosystème). L'article explore trois dimensions clés des travaux de Le Moigne : la modélisation, la conception et les épistémologies constructivistes. Ces dimensions contribuent à l'agir entrepreneurial, c'est-à-dire à la faculté d'entreprendre en anticipant un futur et en prenant des décisions. L'article met également en évidence l'importance de l'approche holistique dans la compréhension des phénomènes complexes. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurship, systemics, epistemology, entrepreneurial action, entrepreneuriat, systémique, épistémologie, agir entrepreneurial |
| Date: | 2024–04–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04543057&r=eur |
| By: | CURTALE Riccardo (European Commission - JRC); SCHIAVONE Matteo; DEUSTER Christoph (European Commission - JRC); ALESSANDRINI Alfredo; UEFFING Philipp (European Commission - JRC); NATALE Fabrizio (European Commission - JRC); DIJKSTRA Lewis (European Commission - JRC); BATISTA E SILVA Filipe (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Demographic and economic projections are valuable analytical tools for policy-making, but these are typically produced at country-level aggregations. In this report, we propose a new model that allows to regionalise socioeconomic and demographic projections from the country level to the NUTS3 regional level: the Demography-Economy-Land use interaction (DELi) model. DELi relies on a set of linked equations that integrate empirically-derived assumptions regarding future regional growth, and estimate regional levels of GDP, employment, population and land use recursively and in an integrated manner, thus capturing demography-economy feedbacks as well as ongoing, expected or assumed processes of divergence and convergence across regions. The model can be configured to generate different regionalisation scenarios based on the same or different input country-level projections. DELi was built as a modular, flexible structure that allows to expand or substitute any of its components by alternative methodological approaches or assumptions. To the best of our knowledge, a comprehensive, integrated, transparent and flexible framework to regionalise socioeconomic projections like DELi was still lacking for EU policy support. DELi can be used to quantify scenarios of regional socioeconomic trends for anticipatory policy support on domains with a strong regional or territorial dimension. Concretely, DELi can be used to explore scenarios of regional convergence or divergence, demographic change, land use policies, and their territorial implications at NUTS3 level. DELi is still an exploratory tool, with substantial room for future improvement. As it stands, the model presents some limitations such as the lack of sectoral detail, and limited degrees of freedom to deviate from given country-level projections. However, DELi offers already a valuable template to regionalise or even generate socio-economic projections and can be subject to further methodological improvement and expanded in its scope, functionality and applications. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc136498&r=eur |
| By: | Rim Berahab |
| Abstract: | The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) has emerged as an important policy tool in the European Union's (EU) efforts to combat climate change and prevent carbon leakage. By putting a price on carbon emissions embedded in certain goods imported into the EU, the CBAM has the potential to impact economies worldwide, including Morocco. This policy brief examines recent CBAM developments and assesses their implications for Morocco's economy and climate change efforts. It analyzes the challenges that the Moroccan economy may face, including implications for costs, competitiveness, compliance requirements, supply chain adjustments, and increased risk exposure. The brief also highlights the opportunities available to Morocco, and the importance of implementing targeted policies, strengthening the regulatory framework, promoting capacity-building initiatives, and fostering cooperation to navigate the CBAM transition period effectively. By understanding the complexities of CBAM and adopting proactive strategies, Morocco can position itself to capitalize on the opportunities and overcome the challenges presented by this transformative policy. |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:ppaper:pb29-23&r=eur |
| By: | PERPIÑA CASTILLO Carolina; HORMIGOS FELIU Clara (European Commission - JRC); DORATI Chiara (European Commission - JRC); KAKOULAKI Georgia (European Commission - JRC); PEETERS Leen; QUARANTA Emanuele (European Commission - JRC); TAYLOR Nigel (European Commission - JRC); UIHLEIN Andreas (European Commission - JRC); AUTERI Davide (European Commission - JRC); DIJKSTRA Lewis (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The green energy transition and its boost to the deployment of renewable energy can offer a unique opportunity for rural areas to benefit from their natural resources. The present study aims to provide a quantitative assessment of the technical potential of renewable energy sources in the EU’s rural areas, focusing on solar, wind and hydropower. This will help to provide relevant insights into how rural areas and communities can contribute to and benefit from the EU’s green energy transition, without undermining natural areas, key biodiversity and bird areas, high-value natural arms and food production. Moreover, a comparative analysis between current renewable energy production and potential in rural areas identifies which sustainable development trajectories for the future deployment of renewables are the most suitable in each specific territory. The report shows that solar photovoltaic systems in rural areas generate 136TWh a year but have the potential to generate 60 times more (8600TWh/year). Rural areas produce 280TWh a year through onshore wind but have the potential to produce four times more (1200TWh/year). Hydropower production in rural areas yields 280TWh a year, but it could potentially be 25% higher (350TWh/year). This work also addresses the concept of energy communities, as an emerging framework intended to foster a just green transition for rural communities, where generated values and benefits can be retained locally, while also promoting democratic participation and citizen engagement. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135612&r=eur |
| By: | Sarah Nandnaba (Department of Economics, Ecole normale superieure (ENS) Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.); Abebe Hailemariam (Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre, Faculty of Business and law, Curtin University Perth, 6102, Australia); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Xin Sheng (Lord Ashcroft International Business School, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom.) |
| Abstract: | The paper empirically examines the role of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) emissions on the oil consumption-growth nexus of sixteen OECD countries. Using a nonlinear local projection approach and a long historical dataset from 1890 to 2022, we find that the impact of oil consumption on economic growth is conditional on the categorization of the countries based on the level of GHGs emissions. More specifically, we find that economies under the high-emission category face a slowdown in growth, while those in low-emission group can benefit from a positive shock in oil consumption, especially in the post World War II era. The results have important policy implications for sustainable growth. |
| Keywords: | Oil consumption, economic growth, sustainability, climate change, greenhouse gases emissions, nonlinear local projection |
| JEL: | Q43 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202417&r=eur |
| By: | Mr. Serhan Cevik; Gyowon Gwon |
| Abstract: | As climate change accelerates, the frequency and severity of extreme weather events are expected to worsen and have greater adverse consequences for ecosystems, physical infrastructure, and economic activity across the world. This paper investigates how weather anomalies affect global supply chains and inflation dynamics. Using monthly data for six large and well-diversified economies (China, the Euro area, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States) over the period 1997-2021, we implement a structural vector autoregressive model and document that weather anomalies could disrupt supply chains and subsequently lead to inflationary pressures. Our results—based on high-frequency data and robust to alternative estimation methodologies—show that these effects vary across countries, depending on the severity of weather shocks and vulnerability to supply chain disruptions. The impact of weather shocks on supply chains and inflation dynamics is likely to become more pronounced with accelerating climate change that can have non-linear effects. These findings have important policy implications. Central bankers should consider the impact of weather anomalies on supply chains and inflation dynamics to prevent entrenching second-round effects and de-anchoring of inflation expectations. More directly, however, governments can invest more for climate change adaptation to strengthen critical infrastructure and thereby minimize supply chain disruptions. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; weather anomalies; temperature; supply chain pressures; inflation; structural VAR |
| Date: | 2024–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/079&r=eur |