|
on Microeconomic European Issues |
| By: | Popova, Daria; Gasior, Katrin; Avram, Silvia |
| Abstract: | Social policy debates as early as the 1950s have focused on the activation of individuals into employment. This assumes jobs with good work-ing conditions and fair pay; ignores women’s reality of part-time work, unpaid care work and the gender pay gap; and has often resulted in the weakening of traditional social protection. We study the individual poverty risk of women under the adult worker paradigm across the EU using the tax-beneï¬ t model EUROMOD and EU-SILC data. Comparing the individual poverty risk of working-age women to the benchmark of typical male workers, we highlight heterogeneity driven by women’s economic situation and job characteristics and analyse the role of the tax-beneï¬ t system in reducing the gap. The analysis shows that only slightly more than one third of women ï¬ t the adult worker model, while this is the case for almost two thirds of men. Inactive and unemployed women are particularly likely to be vulnerable to poverty, but even women with the same characteristics as male reference workers experience a higher poverty risk, highlighting the role of the gender pay gap. Beneï¬ ts cush-ion some of the gendered labour market differences but are often not generous enough for unemployed and inactive women or not sufficiently available for self-employed women. Women in atypical employment are furthermore disproportionally affected by taxes and social insurance contributions as they lead to a higher poverty rate, contributing to a larger gap compared to typical male workers. |
| Date: | 2024–03–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ese:iserwp:2024-02&r=eur |
| By: | Odran Bonnet (Insee); Etienne Fize (Institut des Politiques Publiques, Paris School of Economics); Tristan Loisel (Insee, Crest); Lionel Wilner (Insee, Crest) |
| Abstract: | This paper exploits the introduction of the German carbon tax in 2021 as well as excise tax rebates on fuel in both France and Germany, consecutive to the 2022 oil crisis, to infer how fuel tourism responds to changes in relative prices. Based on French high-frequency transaction-level data issued from individual banking accounts, we find substantial displacement between foreign and domestic consumption. When relative prices increase by 1%, the relative cross-border demand decreases by 7.7%. In border areas, the elasticity of tax revenue with respect to foreign prices is as high as 0.5. Moreover, there is no substantial difference in demand response to either carbon or excise tax. Such empirical evidence illustrates the importance of coordinating tax policy within EU. |
| Keywords: | Commodity taxation; Tax coordination; Carbon pricing; Fuel tourism; Transaction-level data. |
| JEL: | H20 H23 H77 R48 |
| Date: | 2024–03–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crs:wpaper:2024-06&r=eur |
| By: | Wagner, Joachim |
| Abstract: | The use of cloud computing by firms can be expected to go hand in hand with higher productivity, more innovations, and lower costs, and, therefore, should be positively related to export activities. Empirical evidence on the link between cloud computing and exports, however, is missing. This paper uses firm level data for manufacturing enterprises from the 27 member countries of the European Union taken from the Flash Eurobarometer 486 survey conducted in February - May 2020 to investigate this link. Applying standard parametric econometric models and a new machine-learning estimator, Kernel-Regularized Least Squares (KRLS), we find that firms which use cloud computing do more often export, do more often export to various destinations all over the world, and do export to more different destinations. The estimated cloud computing premium for extensive margins of exports is statistically highly significant after controlling for firm size, firm age, patents, and country. Furthermore, the size of this premium can be considered to be large. Extensive margins of exports and the use of cloud computing are positively related. |
| Keywords: | Cloud computing, exports, firm level data, Flash Eurobarometer 486, kernel-regularized least squares (KRLS) |
| JEL: | D22 F14 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kcgwps:285359&r=eur |
| By: | D.Babet (Insee); O.Godechot (Sciences Po, CRIS-CNRS and AxPo); M.G. Palladino (Banque de France; Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | We use a newly built and quasi-exhaustive matched employer-employee database to study firms contribution towage inequalities in France. We employ the Abowd, Kramarz, and Margolis (1999) model (hereafter AKM) to decompose log-wage variance into between- and within-firm components. Our analysis covering the period from 2002 to 2019 reveals a significant increase in between-firm inequalities, driven by a growing tendency of high-wage workers to cluster together in high premium firms. These phenomena are directly associated with changes in firms demographics and workforce composition. Over the same period, bottom earnings percentiles increased more than the rest of the distribution, in line with the rise in the legal minimum wage. As a result, within-firm inequalities decreased, almost offsetting the rising between-firm inequalities. |
| Keywords: | Wage inequality, firm wage premium, AKM decomposition |
| JEL: | E24 J31 C33 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nse:doctra:2023-20&r=eur |
| By: | Cesarini, David (New York University); Lindqvist, Erik (Swedish Institute for Social Research, Stockholm University); Östling, Robert (Stockholm School of Economics); Schroeder, Christofer (European Central Bank) |
| Abstract: | There is a well-established negative gradient between economic status and crime, but its underlying causal mechanisms are not well understood. We use data on four Swedish lotteries matched to data on criminal convictions to gauge the causal effect of financial windfalls on player`s own crime and their children`s delinquency. We estimate a positive but statistically insignificant effect of lottery wealth on players`own conviction risk. Our estimates allows us to rule out effects one fifth as large as the cross-sectional gradient between income and crime. We also estimate a less precise null effect of parental lottery wealth on child delinquency. |
| Keywords: | economics of crime; juvenile crime; income and wealth inequality |
| JEL: | J13 K42 |
| Date: | 2023–11–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:sofiwp:2023_016&r=eur |
| By: | Rodepeter, Elisa; Gschnaidtner, Christoph; Hottenrott, Hanna |
| Abstract: | Big Data (BD) is becoming widely available and manageable. This raises the question of whether Big Data Analytics (BDA) in companies leads to better decision-making andhence performance. Based on a large, representative set of start-ups in Germany, we study the adoption of BDA among small and young ventures and analyze its economic effects using various short- and longer-term performance measures. We investigate the effect of adopting BDA on the new ventures' cost structure, sales, profits, survival rate, growth, and their probability of receiving Venture Capital (VC) financing while taking into account fac tors that drive BDA adoption. Our findings, however, show that using BDA does not lead to an immediate competitive advantage in terms of the classical short-term performance measures. BDA adoption is rather associated with greater sales/profit uncertainty, higher (personnel) costs, and a higher probability of failure. Yet, the increased risk of adopting BDA is compensated by a prospect of higher long-term performance conditional on survival. BDA-adopting start-ups perform better than comparable ones when considering longer-term performance measures such as their growth and their ability to secure VC. |
| Keywords: | Big data, Innovation, Productivity, Start-ups, Survival, Venture capital |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:283582&r=eur |
| By: | Yvonne Giesing; Björn Kauder; Lukas Mergele; Niklas Potrafke; Panu Poutvaara |
| Abstract: | We examine how cultural norms shape attitudes toward immigration. Our causal identification relies on comparing students who moved across the East-West border after German reunification with students who moved within former East Germany. Students who moved from East to West became more positive toward immigration. Results are confirmed among students whose move was plausibly exogenous due to national study place allocation mechanisms. Evidence supports horizontal transmission as the difference between East-West movers and East-East movers increases over time and is driven by East German students who often interacted with fellow students. Effects are stronger in less xenophobic West German regions. |
| Keywords: | cultural transmission, migration, attitudes toward immigration, German division and unification, political socialization |
| JEL: | D72 D91 J15 J20 P20 P51 Z10 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10985&r=eur |
| By: | Karaulova, Maria; Kroll, Henning; Garcia Chavez, Cecilia; Berghäuser, Hendrik |
| Abstract: | This study covers two topics: (1) the analysis of international inventor mobility and cooperation with the focus on Germany; (2) a mobility analysis for researchers in critical career positions in the German research system (professors in German universities, directors of non-university public research organisations, European Research Council and Emmy Noether grant holders). The study of inventor mobility was informed by a literature review. Transnational patent applications in the database PATSTAT in the period of 2000-2020 were analysed. The findings indicate that more inventors leave Germany than come here, however, Germany is an important connecting hub in the international inventor mobility network. The mobility analysis for researchers in critical career positions uses scientific publications in the Scopus database during the years 2005-2021. The results show that international researchers are represented among the critical groups and constitute an important source of talent in the German science system. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:efisdi:284387&r=eur |
| By: | Florencia Jaccoud; Fabien Petit; Tommaso Ciarli; Maria Savona |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the labor market implications of investment in automation over the life cycle of ICT and robot technologies from 1995 to 2017 in 163 European regions. We first identify major technological breakthroughs during this period for these automation technologies and identify the phases of acceleration and deceleration in investment. We then examine how exposure to these automation technologies affects employment and wages across these different phases of their life cycle. We find that the negligible long term impact of automation on employment conceals significant short term positive and negative effects within phases of the technology life cycle. We also find that the negative impact of ICT investment on employment is driven by the phase of the cycle when investment decelerates (and the technology is more mature). The phases of the technology life cycles are more relevant than differences in regions’ structural characteristics, such as productivity and sector specialization in explaining the impact of automation on regional employment. |
| Keywords: | automation, technology life cycle, employment, wages, ICT, robot |
| JEL: | J21 O33 J31 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10987&r=eur |
| By: | Chen, Natalie (University of Warwick, CEPR and CESifo); Novy, Dennis (University of Warwick, CEPR, CEP/LSE and CESifo); Perroni, Carlo (University of Warwick and CEFiso); Chern Wong, Horng (Stockholm University) |
| Abstract: | Using firm-level data from France, we document that the shift of economic activity from manufacturing to services over the last few decades has been urban-biased: structural change has been more pronounced in areas with higher population density. This bias can be accounted for by the location choices of large services firms that sort into big cities and large manufacturing firms that increasingly locate in suburban and rural areas. Motivated by these findings, we estimate a structural model of city formation with heterogeneous firms and international trade. We find that agglomeration economies have strengthened for services but weakened for manufacturing. This divergence is a key driver of the urban bias but it dampens aggregate structural change. Rising manufacturing productivity and falling international trade costs further contribute to the growth of large services firms in the densest urban areas, boosting services productivity and services exports, but also land prices. |
| Keywords: | Agglomeration, Cities, Export, Firm Sorting, Manufacturing, Productivity, Services, Trade Costs JEL Classification: F15, F61, R12, R14 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:694&r=eur |
| By: | Verena Löffler |
| Abstract: | The debate on the effects of child care policies on household and individual behavior is substantial but lacks a discussion of the unintended consequences of rising wages in the child care work sector. To address this gap in the debate, the relation between rising pay and formal child care hours, informal child care hours, and employment hours is analyzed empirically with a case study on child care in Germany between 2012 and 2019. Among other findings, the evidence demonstrates that the consumption of formal child care hours of middle- and high-income households in eastern Germany correlates negatively with child care work wages, indicating price elasticity. |
| Keywords: | care work wage, early childhood education and care, informal child care, employment hours |
| JEL: | J13 J22 J38 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwsop:diw_sp1205&r=eur |
| By: | T. LOISIEL (Insee et Crest); M. SICSIC (Insee et CRED) |
| Abstract: | How do individual positions in the income distribution change over life ? So far, it has proven difficult to answer this question in the absence of a long-term income panel, but new longitudinal income tax records from 2003 to 2020 now enable to analyze the long-term income mobility, as well as its impact on inequality measurement over the whole period. We find a high rank-rank correlation of 0.71 between 2003-2004 and 2019-2020 for those age 25-49 in 2003. Inertia is particularly strong at the top and the bottom of the distribution: among the top 20% and the bottom 20% of the income distribution, almost two-thirds remain in the same quintile 16 years later. Mobility appears to be lower in France than in the United States. However, mobility is higher for the self-employed than for employees, and the young are also more mobile. Inhabitants of the largest areas persist more at the top of the distribution and experience more upward mobility. These results are robust to the income definition considered. Moreover, taking individual mobility into account when measuring income inequality hardly differs from income inequality as conventionally measured: a Gini index based on average individual income over the period is 7% lower than the Gini index based on annual income. |
| Keywords: | Income mobility ; inequality ; rank-rank correlation ; tax data ; spatial variations ; France. |
| JEL: | D31 J60 J61 H0 R1 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nse:doctra:2023-19&r=eur |
| By: | Alessandro Nardo;; Sarah Marchal;; Ive Marx; |
| Abstract: | Today, nearly all EU Member States have a national Minimum Income Scheme (MIS) providing a social safety net to their citizens. This study explores MIS coverage among people of working age that find themselves to be at risk of poverty in the EU. We show that the share of poor individuals effectively covered by meanstested income support varies a lot, with coverage ranging from under 5 per cent of the pre-transfer poor population to upwards of 60 per cent. While one would assume that MIS coverage rates are largely determined by the reach and adequacy of social insurance arrangements, that picture is not as simple. MIS receipt rates are generally lower in countries with high social insurance coverage, but the picture is quite fuzzy. In fact, large swathes of the needy are uncovered by either scheme. The share of pre-transfer poor individuals who are left uncovered by both social insurance and social assistance ranges from less than 20 per cent to over 80 per cent. A large share of social assistance recipients experiences what one could call new social risks, specifically: inactivity, low-education, and in-work poverty. We also find higher rates of receipt among the disabled, and, to a lesser extent, among single parents. Yet patterns are not very consistent, pointing to manifold national idiosyncrasies in coverage mechanisms. |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hdl:wpaper:2402&r=eur |
| By: | Giovanni Carnazza (Università di Roma Tre); Federica Lanterna (University Roma Tre, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | An extensive economic literature has investigated the cyclical behaviour of the budget balance in response to the business cycle. However, little is known about the behaviour of one of its two main components, i.e. tax revenue. We shed new light on this issue by focusing on a panel of 27 EU countries for the period 1995-2022. Using a novel empirical strategy to pre-adjust each revenue item for the business cycle, we study the behaviour of personal income tax, corporate income tax, indirect taxes, social security contributions, and non-tax revenues. Considering different econometric techniques, we find a general and stable pro-cyclical behaviour for all tax items in the EU, except for corporate income tax. This behaviour is then analysed with the varyingcoefficient model, assessing the impact of a novel variable combining the stringency of the European fiscal framework and the debt-to-GDP ratio. Generally, this indicator seems to have intensified the procyclical trend of each revenue item. |
| Keywords: | Tax policy, Pro-cyclicality, Tax Revenue, Cyclical adjustment, European Union |
| JEL: | E32 E62 H20 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rtr:wpaper:0281&r=eur |
| By: | Ekaterina Prytkova (Côte d’Azur University and University of Sussex); Fabien Petit (Centre for Education Policy and Equalising Opportunities, UCL); Deyu Li (Utrecht University); Sugat Chaturvedi (Ahmedabad University); Tommaso Ciarli (United Nations University, UNU-MERIT and University of Sussex, SPRU) |
| Abstract: | This paper measures the exposure of industries and occupations to 40 digital technologies that emerged over the past decade and estimates their impact on European employment. Using a novel approach that leverages sentence transformers, we calculate exposure scores based on the semantic similarity between patents and ISCO-08/NACERev.2 classifications to construct an open–access database, `TechXposure'. By combining our data with a shift–share approach, we instrument the regional exposure to emerging digital technologies to estimate their employment impact across European regions. We find an overall positive effect of emerging digital technologies on employment, with a one-standard deviation increase in regional exposure leading to a 1.069 percentage point increase in the employment-to-population ratio. However, upon examining the individual effects of these technologies, we find that smart agriculture, the internet of things, industrial and mobile robots, digital advertising, mobile payment, electronic messaging, cloud storage, social network technologies, and machine learning negatively impact regional employment. |
| Keywords: | Occupation Exposure; Industry Exposure; Text as Data; Natural Language Processing; Sentence Transformers; Emerging Digital Technologies; Automation; Employment |
| JEL: | C81 O31 O33 O34 J24 O52 R23 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucl:cepeow:24-01&r=eur |
| By: | Ludmila Fadejeva (Bank of Latvia); Janis Mauris (Bank of Latvia); Ieva Opmane (Bank of Latvia); Andris Fisenko (Bank of Latvia) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents results from the fourth wave of the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) for Latvia conducted in 2020. The paper focuses on the net wealth components of the household balance sheet – real assets, financial assets and liabili- ties. The report includes three special boxes – on precautionary savings, on potential change in household balance sheet due to rising interest rates and expenditures, and on the effect of Covid-19 pandemic. A detailed description of the use of administrative data in the HFCS database construction is provided in the Appendix. |
| Keywords: | household finance and consumption survey, Latvia, assets, liabilities, net wealth, financial vulnerability, income, consumption |
| JEL: | D14 D31 E21 |
| Date: | 2023–07–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ltv:dpaper:202301&r=eur |
| By: | Sehnbruch, Kirsten; Apablaza, Mauricio; Foster, James |
| Abstract: | Job quality is becoming a higher policy priority among governments in both developing and advanced economies. In public policy and economics a ‘good’ job tends to mean a well-paid job. Other social sciences, however, recognise that employment is a multidimensional phenomenon that requires careful conceptualisation and measurement to account for other employment conditions that also have a significant impact on the wellbeing of workers. These include job stability, types of contracts, and autonomy levels. This paper summarises recent research on this topic, addresses issues of data availability, and presents empirical evidence from both Latin America and Europe to show how multidimensional deprivations or clustered disadvantages in the labour market can be measured by means of a dedicated measure of poor-quality employment. It illustrates how, in both regions, this concept better captures deprivation in labour markets than simpler indicators of wages or informal employment, which are unidimensional and do not reflect the fact that many workers are deprived in more than one aspect of their employment conditions. This conclusion should matter to public policy, which tends to focus on different aspects of deprivation separately, if at all, without considering that multidimensional deprivations compound each other and thus affect the well-being of workers very negatively. |
| Keywords: | multidimensional measurement; capability approach; labour markets; job quality; poor-quality of employment; social protection systems; social security; welfare states; GP1\100170 |
| JEL: | R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2024–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122222&r=eur |
| By: | Maja Adena; Anselm Hager |
| Abstract: | Does online fundraising increase charitable giving? Using the Facebook advertising tool, we implemented a natural field experiment across Germany, randomly assigning almost 8, 000 postal codes to Save the Children fundraising videos or to a pure control. We studied changes in the donation revenue and frequency for Save the Children and other charities by postal code. Our geo-randomized design circumvented many difficulties inherent in studies based on click-through data, especially substitution and measurement issues. We found that (i) video fundraising increased donation revenue and frequency to Save the Children during the campaign and in the subsequent five weeks; (ii) the campaign was profitable for the fundraiser; and (iii) the effects were similar independent of video content and impression assignment strategy. However, we also found some crowding out of donations to other similar charities or projects. Finally, we demonstrated that click data may be an inappropriate proxy for donations and recommend that managers use careful experimental designs that can plausibly evaluate the effects of advertising on relevant outcomes. |
| Keywords: | charitable giving, field experiments, fundraising, social media, competition |
| JEL: | C93 D64 D12 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10954&r=eur |
| By: | Hansen, Mads R. |
| Abstract: | In this paper, Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) models of quarterly data between 2007 and 2021 are estimated to assess short-term regimes of aggregate demand and distribution in Germany. The obtained Impulse Response Functions (IRFs) of the conventional neo-Goodwinian baseline case, with an aggregate wage-share, are compared to an alternative model, disaggregating the wage-share. The robustness of the results is tested by imposing an alternative post-Kaleckian ordering of (contemporaneous) causation. For the neo-Goodwinian baseline model, a profit-led demand schedule and a pro-cyclical wage-share are found. Disaggregation reveals, however, that the pro-cyclical wage-share is mainly driven by supervisory wages, while positive shocks in the direct wage-share had a stronger (negative) impact on aggregate demand, than the supervisory wage share. Imposing post-Kaleckian restrictions of causation yields a consistent (although weaker) estimate of the demand-regime but reversed distributive regimes: The aggregated wage-share behaves counter-cyclical, with the supervisory wage-share reacting stronger (negative) than the direct wage share, when subject to a positive shock in capacity utilization. |
| Keywords: | Demand Regime, Aggregate Demand, Distribution, Capacity Utilization, Business Cycle, SVAR, Functional Income Distribution, Overhead Labor, Germany |
| JEL: | E12 E25 E6 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ipewps:285377&r=eur |
| By: | Patricia Crifo (École polytechnique, CREST and E4C, France and CIRANO, Canada); Marc-Arthur Diaye (University Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne (CES)); Sanja Pekovic (University of Montenegro) |
| Abstract: | In this article we examine how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) affects the wage policy of firms. At first glance, one may think that socially responsible firms want to attract employees via ethical concerns and corporate culture, thereby inducing a negative link between CSR and wages. On the other side, socially responsible firms can be expected to increase wages as social entrenchment strategies. In order to correct for potential endogeneity bias, we employ a simultaneous equation model (SEM) on French data set that includes 13, 186 employees. We show that CSR has an ambiguous impact on corporate wage policy depending on the type of monetary incentives and employee’s occupation considered. We extend prior research on the CSR-wage relationship by distinguishing between different forms of monetary incentives: base wage, total wage and premium wage. Our results draw attention to the fact that the employees’ occupation do matter. The evidence confirms that the effect of CSR on wage is not to be taken for granted: it is wage form and occupation specific. |
| Keywords: | corporate social responsibility; wage compensation; motivation |
| JEL: | M14 M52 J30 C30 |
| Date: | 2024–03–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crs:wpaper:2024-03&r=eur |
| By: | Manuel Alejandro Cardenete; M. Carmen Lima; Ferran Sancho |
| Abstract: | TWe study the role that the productive structure plays in determining carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by industry. Specifically, we distinguish and isolate the interdependencies originating from the structure of the demand for inputs from those resulting from the supply structure. This separation has the advantage of enabling a better identification of the causal origin of emissions and allows the establishment of a catalog of industries based on their characteristics as demanders or suppliers of inputs. This information, linked to the different nature of demand or supply, can be relevant for designing more effective emission containment measures. The empirical basis of the analysis utilizes input-output data for Spain in 2020, while the methodological platform is an adaptation of the hypothetical extraction method (HEM) |
| Keywords: | Demand-induced emissions, Supply-induced emissions, Selective extractions |
| JEL: | C67 D57 Q51 |
| Date: | 2024–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aub:autbar:974.24&r=eur |
| By: | Eve Lamendour (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université, CEREGE - Centre de Recherche en Gestion - UP - Université de Poitiers = University of Poitiers); Paulette Robic (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université) |
| Abstract: | Given the challenge of gender inequality in the workplace, we believe that it is relevant to examine the mechanisms at work in the dysfunction of female entrepreneurship. We believe that it is wise to look at the social representations linked to women's entrepreneurship in the long term, in the process of being constructed and disseminated, to give them a historical reading. To do this, we decided to examine fiction as an element in the construction of the social representations of entrepreneurship and its role in society. We call upon 19th century French, English, and German literatures to show how female entrepreneurial identities are shaped. Our thesis is that the old narrative is still at work in our contemporary societies, preventing women from achieving careers similar to those of men. The selected novels are treated as case studies from which we have identified possible roles for the reader's imagination. Novels, contemporary of the industrial revolutions have not disdained the role of women in the economic world and have detailed how women could have access to the management of companies, at least in fictio |
| Abstract: | Teniendo en cuenta el reto que supone la desigualdad de género en el trabajo, tiene sentido examinar los mecanismos de la disfunción empresarial femenina. El hecho de situar esta investigación en el largo plazo permite estudiar las representaciones sociales vinculadas al empresariado femenino en proceso de construcción y difusión para captar las limitaciones. Para ello, decidimos examinar la ficción como elemento de construcción de las representaciones del empresariado en la sociedad. Recurrimos a la literatura francesa, inglesa y alemana del siglo xix para mostrar cómo se configuran las identidades empresariales femeninas. Nuestra tesis es que la vieja narrativa sigue funcionando en nuestras sociedades contemporáneas, impidiendo a las mujeres alcanzar carreras de liderazgo similares a las de los hombres. Las novelas seleccionadas son tratadas como estudios de caso a partir de los cuales identificamos las funciones que podrían ofrecerse a la imaginación del lector. Hemos desarrollado la observación de que la novela contemporánea de las revoluciones industriales al centrarse en el mundo económico no ha desdeñado el papel de la mujer y hemos detallado cómo las mujeres podrían acceder a la dirección de las empresas, al menos en la ficción. |
| Abstract: | Étant donné l'enjeu que représentent les inégalités hommes-femmes dans le travail, interroger les mécanismes du dysfonctionnement de l'entrepreneuriat féminin paraît judicieux. Inscrire cette recherche dans le temps long permet d'étudier les représentations sociales liées à l'entrepreneuriat féminin « en train de se construire et de se diffuser » afin d'en saisir les pesanteurs. Pour cela, nous décidons d'interroger la fiction en tant qu'élément de construction des représentations de l'entrepreneuriat dans la société. Nous convoquons la littérature du xixe siècle, française, anglaise et allemande, pour donner à voir comment se façonnent les identités entrepreneuriales féminines. Notre thèse est que l'ancien récit est toujours à l'oeuvre dans nos sociétés contemporaines, empêchant les femmes de réaliser des carrières de dirigeantes similaires à celles des hommes. Les romans sélectionnés sont traités comme des études de cas à partir desquels nous avons identifié les rôles qu'il était possible de proposer à l'imagination de la lectrice et du lecteur. Nous avons développé le constat que le roman contemporain des révolutions industrielles, en s'intéressant au monde économique, n'a pas dédaigné le rôle des femmes et avons détaillé comment les femmes pouvaient avoir accès à la direction des entreprises, du moins dans la fiction romanesque. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurship, Gender, Representation, Popular culture, History, Espíritu empresarial, Género, Representación, Cultura popular, Historia, Culture populaire, Histoire, Entrepreneuriat, Genre, Représentation |
| Date: | 2023–02–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04470628&r=eur |
| By: | Meyer, Justus; Teppa, Federica |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to understanding consumers' retail payment preferences and digitalisation in personal finances. We focus on the acceptance of cashless payments in everyday situations and the use of mobile banking apps in the euro area, where the payment services market has changed significantly in recent years. In particular, we study app-based tools for day-to-day (offline) purchases that involve small amounts of money as well as digital tools for managing personal finances. By looking at factors associated with using non-cash payment methods, and app-based financial services solutions, we shed light on the topic of financial inclusion in payment services that concern consumers’ everyday choices. Using granular microdata from the European Central Bank's Consumer Expectations Survey, we find that most people prefer to use only one payment instrument. After the COVID-19 pandemic, it has mostly been cash and contactless cards. The use of cash is partly due to limited perceived acceptance of non-cash payments by merchants. We also find substantial cross-country heterogeneity and highlight the prominent role of demographic factors in choosing non-cash payment options and app-based tools when managing personal finances. While mobile banking is already popular amongst euro area consumers, the use of smart payment methods remains very limited. Our findings suggest that financial service providers should recognize the growing preference of the younger generations for alternative payment methods. Creating awareness among consumers might also lead to positive feedback effects by reducing consumers’ reliance on cash through higher perceived availability of non-cash payment options. JEL Classification: C13, D12, E42, O33 |
| Keywords: | cash, Consumer Expectations Survey (CES), digitalisation, FinTech, payment preferences |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20242915&r=eur |
| By: | Julio López-Laborda; Carmen Marín-González; Jorge Onrubia |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to explain the main aspects of the "Observatory on the distribution of taxes and benefits among Spanish households", which FEDEA has been preparing and publishing since 2016. We describe the databases used, the taxes and benefits considered and the methodology employed to allocate them to households. For illustrative purposes, the results obtained for 2021 are presented in some detail and compared with those achieved for the period 2017-2021. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fda:fdaddt:2024-02&r=eur |
| By: | Carballo, Jerónimo; Marra de Artiñano, Ignacio; Sztajerowska, Monika; Volpe Martincus, Christian |
| Abstract: | Sustainability has become an imperative. Understanding the effects of countries policies thereon has therefore acquired vital importance. This is particularly the case with ubiquitous policies such as investment promotion. In this paper, we address this timely policy question from an environmental perspective. We examine whether and how investment promotion policies affect Latin American economies emissions of pollutants. To do so, we create and use a unique dataset that combines data on multinational firms location, investment promotion agencies (IPAs) assistance, and pollutant-specific emission intensities across countries and sectors over time. Our analysis yields three main findings. First, multinational firms operating in Latin America have higher emission intensities than those located in Europe and that this is primarily driven by their sectoral distribution. Second, IPA client portfolios are biased toward more polluting multinational firms and this is mainly associated with the type of sectors targeted by the IPAs. Third, while on average the effects of IPA assistance are similar across multinational firms with different pollution levels, these are stronger on more polluting ones within priority sectors. These findings highlight the need and relevance of data-based evidence to uncover potential tensions and balance different economic and sustainability goals. |
| Keywords: | Investment Promotion;Multinational Production;Sustainability |
| JEL: | F23 F14 F13 L23 L25 L52 O25 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:13306&r=eur |
| By: | Jesus Fernandez-Villaverde (University of Pennsylvania); Yang Yu (Shanghai Jiaotong University); Francesco Zanetti (University of Oxford) |
| Abstract: | This paper shows the importance of technological synergies among heterogeneous firms for aggregate fluctuations. First, we document six novel empirical facts using microdata that suggest the existence of important technological synergies between trading firms, the presence of positive assortative matching among firms, and their evolution during the business cycle. Next, we embed technological synergies in a general equilibrium model calibrated on firm-level data. We show that frictions in forming trading relationships and separation costs explain imperfect sorting between firms in equilibrium. In particular, an increase in the volatility of idiosyncratic productivity shocks significantly decreases aggregate output without resorting to non-convex adjustment costs. |
| Keywords: | Technological synergies, heterogeneous firms, idiosyncratic uncertainty |
| JEL: | C63 C68 C78 E32 E37 E44 G12 |
| Date: | 2024–08–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pen:papers:24-008&r=eur |
| By: | Grienberger, Katharina (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Matthes, Britta (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Paulus, Wiebke (IAB) |
| Abstract: | "The potential for occupational tasks to be performed fully automatically by computers or computer-controlled machines change when new technologies become available on the market. In addition, job profiles in occupations are changing, new occupations and tasks are emerging and employees are changing their occupation. Thus, we recalculate the substitution potentials for 2022. We find the highest substitution potentials in the unskilled and semi-skilled occupations; however, the strongest increase since 2019 can be observed among the highly skilled workers. Furthermore, we also find the strongest increase in the service occupations in the IT-sector and natural sciences whose tasks were previously not very substitutable. The proportion of employees subject to social insurance contributions employed in an occupation in which at least 70 percent of tasks are substitutable has risen across Germany from 34 percent in 2019 to 38 percent in 2022. Past experience has shown that the substitution potentials cannot always be fully exploited. In this respect, their potential contribution to combating skills shortages should not be overestimated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | IAB-Open-Access-Publikation |
| Date: | 2024–03–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabkbe:202405&r=eur |
| By: | Eiglsperger, Martin; Ganoulis, Ioannis; Goldhammer, Bernhard; Kouvavas, Omiros; Roma, Moreno; Vlad, Aurelian |
| Abstract: | The Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) currently only includes rentals for housing (paid by tenants) and auxiliary housing expenditures (paid by both tenants and owners). The inclusion of an item for owner-occupied housing (OOH) would be desirable for both representativeness and cross-country comparability. This paper reviews the potential options for including OOH in the HICP to derive a new inflation index. We discuss the conceptual and measurement issues involved. Additionally, we present our analytical calculations on the impact and economic properties of this index as compared to the HICP. We show that since 2011 the estimated impact of including OOH in HICP annual inflation, based on either the “net acquisition” approach or the “rental equivalence” approach, would have been within a band of between -1.2 and +0.4 percentage points. The net acquisition approach could result in bigger differences in future, should the fluctuations in the housing market cycles in the euro area be more pronounced and synchronised. The results should be interpreted keeping in mind that the period of observation is relatively short in relation to housing market cycles. In general, the empirical evidence suggests that including OOH based on the rental equivalence approach decreases the cyclicality of the new inflation index, while the net acquisition approach implies a small amplification of its cyclical properties compared to the HICP. JEL Classification: C43, E31, E51 |
| Keywords: | euro area, inflation, owner-occupied housing |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbsps:202447&r=eur |