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on Microeconomic European Issues |
| By: | Kathrine von Graevenitz; Elisa Rottner; Philipp M. Richter |
| Abstract: | Relative prices determine competitiveness of different locations. In this paper, we focus on the role of regulatory differences between Germany and other EU countries which affect the shadow price of carbon emissions. We calibrate a Melitz-type model, extended by firms’ emissions and abatement decisions using data on aggregate output, trade and emissions. The parameter estimates are estimated from the German Manufacturing Census. The quantitative model allows us to recover a measure of how regulatory stringency evolved in the EU and Germany in terms of an implicit carbon price paid on emissions. This price reflects energy and carbon prices in addition to command-and-control measures and decreased from 2005 to 2019 in most sectors – both in Germany and other EU countries. The trend is more pronounced in Germany than in the rest of the EU. In counterfactual analyses, we show that this intra-EU difference has substantially increased German industrial emissions. Had the EU experienced the same decrease in implicit carbon prices as Germany, German emissions would have been substantially lower. Germany has increasingly become a pollution haven. |
| Keywords: | Carbon emissions, climate policy, manufacturing, international trade, heterogeneous firms |
| JEL: | F18 H23 L60 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_503&r=eur |
| By: | Karagiannaki, Eleni; Burchardt, Tania |
| Abstract: | Evidence from the 2014 EU-SILC indicates that a non-negligible proportion of children in Europe live in multi-family households. Leaving aside more complex household types, around 4% of children live with their grandparents and a further 7% with their adult siblings. In this paper we investigate the extent to which living in these two types of households protects children against material deprivation and we provide direct tests of the relationship between the distribution of bargaining power within households and children’s deprivation outcomes. Our findings indicate that most groups of children in multi-family households face significantly higher deprivation than children in nuclear households. The exception is lone-parent children who live in multi-family households with their grandparents, who in many countries face a lower deprivation risk than their counterparts in nuclear households. To a large extent the higher deprivation risk of most children in multi-family households reflects selection into co-residence of families facing financial difficulties. Household income and household work intensity explains to a large extent the higher deprivation risk of children in multi-family households. By contrast neither mother’s nor parents’ income share within the household are significant predictors of children’s deprivation status, once other factors are controlled for, suggesting that the distribution of bargaining power within the household does not have any effect on children’s deprivation outcomes. Using a simulation exercise we further show that co-residence with grandparents protects a large share of children against deprivation while co-residence with adult siblings has more mixed effects across countries. Analysis of the within household differences in deprivation outcomes shows that differences in deprivation status between children and adults in multifamily households are common, with parents and grandparents apparently more likely to make sacrifices in their own living standards to protect both dependent and adult children in the household from deprivation. |
| Keywords: | material deprivation; children; living standards; poverty; intra-household inequality; bargaining power; europe; ES/P000525/1 |
| JEL: | D13 D31 I31 I32 |
| Date: | 2022–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121532&r=eur |
| By: | Guthmuller, Sophie; Heger, Dörte; Hollenbach, Johannes; Werbeck, Anna |
| Abstract: | We investigate the short- and long-term effects of retirement on loneliness using panel data from the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe. To estimate causal effects, we exploit differences in retirement eligibility rules across and within countries and use retirement thresholds in an instrumental variable setting. On average, we find that entering retirement leads to a significant reduction in loneliness in the long run, although our results show no clear effect in the short run. The reduction is driven by individuals being less likely to feel socially isolated and lacking companionship. Our results suggest that individuals adapt to retirement by increasing their activity levels and reap the benefits in terms of reduced loneliness and social isolation. Heterogeneity analysis by gender reveals that retirement increases feelings of loneliness for women in the short term, and that this effect appears to be driven by women lacking companionship when their partner is not yet retired. |
| Abstract: | Wir untersuchen die Auswirkungen von Renteneintritt auf Einsamkeit in der kurzen und langen Frist mit Hilfe von Fragebogendaten der Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe. Um einen kausalen Zusammenhang aufzuzeigen, nutzen wir die Unterschiede in den Altersgrenzen der Rentenberechtigungsregelungen zwischen und innerhalb der Länder in einer Instrumentenvariablenschätzung. Kurzfristig zeigen unsere Analysen keine Auswirkungen. Langfristig reduziert der Renteneintritt aber das Einsamkeitsgefühl, da sich die Menschen weniger sozial isoliert fühlen und weniger enge Kontakte vermissen. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Menschen nach einer gewissen Zeit im Ruhestand ihr Aktivitätsniveau erhöhen, was Einsamkeit und sozialer Isolation entgegenwirkt. Unsere geschlechtsspezifische Analyse zeigt allerdings, dass Frauen sich nach Renteneintritt kurzfristig einsamer fühlen und enge Kontakte vermissen, wenn ihr Partner zu dem Zeitpunkt noch nicht im Ruhestand ist. |
| Keywords: | Loneliness, social isolation, retirement, instrumental variable, causal effect |
| JEL: | J26 J14 I10 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:282008&r=eur |
| By: | Bachmann, Ronald; Gonschor, Myrielle; Milasi, Santo; Mitra, Alessio |
| Abstract: | We examine how technology is associated with self-employment dynamics using worker-level data from 31 European countries. We find that while employees exposed to labour-augmenting technologies are more likely to move from paid-employment to solo self-employment and viceversa, employees exposed to labour-saving technologies are less likely to become self-employed. We identify important differences with respect to workers' socio-demographic characteristics. The results suggest that while labour-augmenting technologies promote workers' mobility and reduce unemployment risks for high-skilled workers, they have the opposite effect for low-skilled workers. Furthermore, labour-saving technologies worsen labour market outcomes particularlyfor low-skilled and routine workers. |
| Abstract: | Unter Verwendung von Daten auf Arbeitnehmerebene aus 31 europäischen Ländern untersuchen wir, wie Technologie mit Arbeitsmarktübergängen in die Selbständigkeit zusammenhängt. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Arbeitnehmer, die in ihrer Arbeit mit arbeitsunterstützenden Technologien konfrontiert sind, eher von abhängiger Beschäftigung in die Soloselbstständigkeit wechseln und umgekehrt, während Arbeitnehmer, die mit arbeitssparenden Technologien konfrontiert sind, seltener eine selbstständige Tätigkeit aufnehmen. Wir finden wichtige Unterschiede in den soziodemographischen Merkmalen der Arbeitnehmer. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass arbeitsunterstützende Technologien zwar die Mobilität von Arbeitnehmern fördern und das Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko von hoch qualifizierten Arbeitnehmern verringern, dass sie aber bei gering qualifizierten Arbeitnehmern den gegenteiligen Effekt haben. Darüber hinaus verschlechtern arbeitssparende Technologien die Arbeitsmarktergebnisse, insbesondere für Geringqualifizierte und Routinearbeiter. |
| Keywords: | Solo self-employment, occupations, tasks, technology, Europe |
| JEL: | J62 J63 J31 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:282007&r=eur |
| By: | Joachim Wagner (Leuphana Universität Lüneburg, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre and Kiel Centre for Globalization) |
| Abstract: | The use of cloud computing by firms can be expected to go hand in hand with higher productivity, more innovations, and lower costs, and, therefore, should be positively related to export activities. Empirical evidence on the link between cloud computing and exports, however, is missing. This paper uses firm level data for manufacturing enterprises from the 27 member countries of the European Union taken from the Flash Eurobarometer 486 survey conducted in February – May 2020 to investigate this link. Applying standard parametric econometric models and a new machine-learning estimator, Kernel-Regularized Least Squares (KRLS), we find that firms which use cloud computing do more often export, do more often export to various destinations all over the world, and do export to more different destinations. The estimated cloud computing premium for extensive margins of exports is statistically highly significant after controlling for firm size, firm age, patents, and country. Furthermore, the size of this premium can be considered to be large. Extensive margins of exports and the use of cloud computing are positively related. |
| Keywords: | Cloud computing, exports, firm level data, Flash Eurobarometer 486, kernel-regularized least squares (KRLS) |
| JEL: | D22 F14 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lue:wpaper:427&r=eur |
| By: | Timm Bönke; Astrid Harnack-Eber; Holger Lüthen |
| Abstract: | This study provides the first absolute income mobility estimates for postwar Germany. Using various micro data sources, we uncover a steep decline in absolute mobility rates from 81 percent to 59 percent for children’s birth cohorts 1962 through 1988. This trend is robust across different ages, family sizes, measurement methods, copulas, and data sources. Across the parental income distribution, we find that children from middle class families experienced the largest percentage point drop in absolute income mobility (-31pp). Our counterfactual analysis shows that lower economic growth rates and higher income inequality contributed similarly to these trends. |
| Keywords: | Absolute mobility, Intergenerational mobility, Income distributions, Consumption, Inequality |
| JEL: | D31 H0 J62 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2068&r=eur |
| By: | Gόrnicka, Lucyna; Koester, Gerrit; Radowski, Daniel; Gautier, Erwan; Peinado, Mario Izquierdo; Stiglbauer, Alfred; Wittekopf, David; Puente, Sergio; Duarte, Claudia; Martins, Fernando; Basso, Gaetano; Lydon, Reamonn; Ploj, Gasper; Polemidiotis, Marios; Pönkä, Harri; Obstbaum, Meri; Petroulas, Pavlos; Veiga, Cindy; Beka, Jan; Benatti, Nicola; Fagandini, Bruno; Healy, Peter; Nizzi, Raffaella; Colonna, Fabrizio; Volkerink, Maikel; Antonopoulos, Christos; Bing, Matthias; Piryankov, Evgeni; Jimenez, Angel Luis Gomez; Saks, Yves; Coppens, Barbara; D’Amuri, Francesco; Zajankauskaitė, Justina; Pribuišis, Kristupas; Lindič, Mojca; Doliak, Michal; Monza, Aurora; Llevadot, Marc Roca i; Polichetti, Gaetano; Gardin, Giulia |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces innovative, newly developed forward-looking indicators of negotiated wage growth in the euro area using data on collective bargaining agreements from seven countries: Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Austria and Greece. The paper demonstrates how agreement-level data can be used to study drivers of aggregate negotiated wage growth, as well as monitor the breadth of wage increases and account for time-varying factors such as one-off payments, when assessing wage pressures. Lastly, the paper shows that the new indicators can provide reliable signals about current and future developments of wage pressures in the euro area while also serving as important cross-checking tools for negotiated wage growth forecasts. JEL Classification: E24, J31, J50 |
| Keywords: | collective bargaining, negotiated wages, wage forecasting, wage rigidity |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbops:2024338&r=eur |
| By: | Beatrice van der Heijden (Radboud University [Nijmegen]); Eleanor M. M. Davies (University of Huddersfield); Dimitri van der Linden (Erasmus University Rotterdam); Nikos Bozionelos (EM - emlyon business school); Ans de Vos (Antwerp Management School, UA - University of Antwerp) |
| Abstract: | "Across Europe, ongoing changes in higher education, such as the stagnating (even decreasing) percentage of permanent or tenure-track jobs, and the reduced government budgets impress on us the need to conduct empirical research on the dynamics of the careers in this sector. In this study, we focussed on career success in higher education, and specifically examined the relationship of career commitment with objective and subjective career success, and the mediating role of employability in this relationship. Participants were drawn from across occupational roles including academic and support staff (N = 354) in a large Dutch university. Process macro's for SPSS were used to test our hypothesized model. We found that career commitment was particularly related to three out of the five dimensions of employability (i.e., anticipation and optimisation, personal flexibility, and corporate sense). There also was positive association between employability and objective and subjective career success. Furthermore, personal flexibility and corporate sense fully mediated the relationship between career commitment and objective career success. Corporate sense partially mediated the relationship between career commitment and subjective career success. Unexpectedly, staff status was not a moderator. Different explanatory mechanisms seem to operate between career commitment and forms of career success. Our study implies that for university staff, it is important to actively invest in their employability, with a special focus on one's corporate sense, and to be supported in this by their surrounding stakeholders (i.e., their family, friends, peers, direct supervisor, and employer). In this way, they will be able to increase their career success and add to the sustained competitive advantage of their employers." |
| Keywords: | Employability, Career commitment, Career Success, higher education |
| Date: | 2022–02–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04381313&r=eur |
| By: | SÜmeyra AkarÇe&scedilme;; Ane Aranguiz;; Anna Lemmens;; Bea Cantillon; |
| Abstract: | Reaching the three targets of the European Pillar of Social Rights (EPSR) Action Plan is the litmus test for effective EPSR implementation. While the EPSR puts forward a prima facie balance between employment, equal opportunities and social protection, two important questions arise: 1) whether and to what extent the available resources at EU level are sufficiently balanced across the different dimensions of the EPSR and 2) which implications this may have for achieving the 2030 poverty target. Analysing the three domains of the EPSR, its Action Plan and the wider EU legal framework of the principles in the EPSR, the paper argues that abundant EU resources are available for the areas of equality and employment while this is less the case for social inclusion. The empirical evidence on poverty trends over the past decades, however, points to important successes in terms of employment and (gender) equality, but not in terms of social inclusion: a significant increase in employment and defeminization of poverty were accompanied by a marked precarisation of lowskilled men and women. Particularly striking is the rise in the risk of poverty among jobless households linked with the weakening of the poverty-reducing capacity of social protection for this group. Meeting the European social inclusion targets will thus require policies that duly focus on strengthening the framework for social inclusion and social protection. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hdl:wpaper:2311&r=eur |
| By: | Anna Maroušková (Department of Regional Management and Law, Faculty of Economics, University of South Bohemia In České Budějovice) |
| Abstract: | The amount of different types of waste around the world is growing every year. Especially a growing amount of food waste is in desperate need of better management practices. At the same time, European Union (EU) is striving for becoming the world's first climate-neutral continent which requires immediate solutions for issues like waste management, sustainable production, competitive resource-efficient business models, etc. For achieving these goals, business models fulfilling principles of circular bioeconomy are highly supported by the EU. One of such business models could be the rearing of Black Soldier Larvae (BSF) on various types of biowaste and their use for value-added products like animal feed, fertilizers, biofuel, cosmetic ingredients, etc. This study reviews adopted Bioeconomy strategies and investigates the state of the research and development in the field of BSF rearing through statistical analysis of the available scientific publications, published patents, and established companies in the EU and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Member states. The results show an exponential increase in all three indicators in the last decade. |
| Keywords: | bioeconomy, biowaste, circular economy, insect production, sustainability |
| JEL: | O13 Q01 Q57 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boh:wpaper:02_2023&r=eur |
| By: | Juan S. Mora-Sanguinetti; Andrés Atienza-Maeso |
| Abstract: | The achievement of an environmentally sustainable growth model is a fundamental issue in economic analysis and is a substantial part of the public debate. However, a different question is at what pace this concern has been translated into regulation, fostering or hindering the development of new markets or “green” technologies. This paper proposes a rigorous empirical study identifying and quantifying, through text analysis, all regulations related to four different subject blocks associated with “green growth” and climate change (renewable energies, sustainable transportation, pollution and energy efficiency) over the period 2000-2022 for Spain (at the national and regional levels) and France. This research thus constructs a database in panel data format. The results show that regulation is diverse by subject matter, reflects significant regional diversity and has increased over time, especially in more recent years. From the comparison of French and Spanish regulations on renewable energy matters, it can be concluded that Spain shows a greater volume (and a greater regional disaggregation) in its regulation. This database could help develop future research projects on the impacts of “green” regulation on certain economic or institutional variables (such as “green” innovation or environmental conflicts). |
| Keywords: | Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energies, Sustainable Transport, Pollution, Regulation, Regulatory Complexity, Text Mining |
| JEL: | K32 Q5 O13 O44 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:937&r=eur |
| By: | Mohamed Ali Ben Halima (CEET - Centre d'études de l'emploi et du travail - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - Ministère du Travail, de l'Emploi et de la Santé, LIRSA - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire de recherche en sciences de l'action - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université, MESuRS - Laboratoire Modélisation, épidémiologie et surveillance des risques sanitaires - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université, TEPP - Théorie et évaluation des politiques publiques - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nathalie Greenan (CEET - Centre d'études de l'emploi et du travail - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - Ministère du Travail, de l'Emploi et de la Santé, LIRSA - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire de recherche en sciences de l'action - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université, TEPP - Théorie et évaluation des politiques publiques - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Joseph Lanfranchi (LEMMA - Laboratoire d'économie mathématique et de microéconomie appliquée - Université Paris-Panthéon-Assas, CEET - Centre d'études de l'emploi et du travail - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - Ministère du Travail, de l'Emploi et de la Santé) |
| Abstract: | This article evaluates the impact of cumulative ICT and management changes on long-term sickness absences. We use a unique dataset matching a company-level survey on computerisation and organisational change with an administrative file allowing us to track health issues amongst the working population. We implement a difference-in-difference approach using two time windows: a three-year period after changes have occurred and another period corresponding to the period of implementation of changes. We identify three treatments according to the sets of tools implemented by firms and reflecting different types and degrees of organisational changes: Information and Communication technology (ICT) changes only, management changes only, and cumulative ICT and management changes. We find the following core result: cumulative changes in ICT and management tools increase occupational risks and detrimentally affect employees' health, while management changes only reduce long-term sickness absences. However, there are gendered and occupational differences in the timing and strength of these impacts. First, when firms implement cumulative ICT and management changes, health impairments start for women during the change phase, whereas for men, they appear only afterwards. Second, while we observe the protective effects of managerial changes on their own for both genders during the change phase, these effects do not persist afterwards for women. Third, managers and professionals are protected in the change phase against the serious health consequences of cumulative ICT and management changes, and they benefit from the reduction in risks associated with management changes alone. Hence, cumulative ICT and management changes, which are likely to yield the highest returns for firms in the presence of productive complementarities, are also associated with greater health damage. Furthermore, this social cost of organisational change is only partially borne by the firms responsible for it. We show that the most vulnerable employees are more likely to be mobile (voluntarily or involuntarily) after the implementation of changes. These results point to the need for public authorities assessing occupational safety and health policies to better understand the process of organisational change (its complexity, intensity, dynamics) and the social construction of health behaviours and of the uses of technology and management tools. |
| Keywords: | Organizational changes, Information and Communication technology (ICT), Management changes, Long-term sickness absences, Gender and age behaviour |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04404126&r=eur |
| By: | Kolev-Schaefer, Galina; Neligan, Adriana |
| Abstract: | After the agreement of the European Parliament and the Council of the EU in December 2023, a few formal steps remain to introduce the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD). The legislation is intended to improve environmental and labor standards along the chain of international activities of European companies. However, the scope is far-reaching, and its implementation will be associated with significant costs of compliance. Thus, the directive will not only deteriorate the competitiveness of European companies but also endanger the economic development of developing and emerging economies because their attractiveness as suppliers of intermediate or final products for the European market will significantly decrease. The experience with supply chain due diligence regulations from EU member states supports these arguments. The present paper investigates the adverse effects of the German supply chain act one year after its introduction by using trade data and the results of a recent survey among German companies: ◼ Trade data: It shows that imports in the high-risk sector of apparel from countries with problematic enforcement of sustainability standards like Bangladesh and Pakistan have decreased by more than 20 percent since the introduction of the law. This development seems not to be driven by shrinking demand in Germany but is rather an early sign of trade diversion due to this non-tariff barrier to trade especially with these countries. ◼ Company survey: Furthermore, survey results indicate that the range of companies affected by the existing German regulation is much wider than those directly covered by the law as many companies are indirectly affected as customers or suppliers. More than one out of eight companies have decided to purchase products or produce increasingly in countries with high human rights and environmental protection standards. For directly and indirectly affected firms the share is even 22 per cent. This explains at least partly the drop in imports from countries with weak governance. As it cannot be ruled out that supply chain regulations negatively impact development in third countries, there is a need for more experience and time to design the CSDDD in a way that it does not only represent a burden for European companies and disadvantage for developing countries. The scope should be restrained to reduce legal uncertainty and increased only gradually as soon as European companies are prepared for the next step of the implementation. Generally, a risk-based approach is preferable, where companies are obliged to monitor and report on the sustainability of their supply chains only when there is clear evidence of high risks of non-compliance with sound environmental and labor standards. Furthermore, the obligations to monitor the production conditions of intermediate products should be constrained to the direct suppliers like in the German approach instead of covering the whole chain of activities, as it is barely possible for companies to trace the whole chain of activities associated with the production of intermediate products - especially for highly complex products. The proposed CSDDD needs to undergo a major review to assure that it effectively improves production conditions abroad without significant negative side effects and risks for economic development in developing and emerging economies. |
| Keywords: | Lieferkette, Due Diligence, Rechenschaftspflicht, Deutschland |
| JEL: | F18 Q56 Q01 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkrep:282995&r=eur |
| By: | Xiwen Bai (Tsinghua University); Jesús Fernández-Villaverde (University of Pennsylvania); Yiliang Li (University of International Business and Economics); Francesco Zanetti (University of Oxford) |
| Abstract: | We study the causal effects and policy implications of global supply chain disruptions. We construct a new index of supply chain disruptions from the mandatory automatic identification system data of container ships, developing a novel spatial clustering algorithm that determines real-time congestion from the position, speed, and heading of container ships in major ports around the globe. We develop a model with search frictions between producers and retailers that links spare productive capacity with congestion in the goods market and the responses of output and prices to supply chain shocks. The co-movements of output, prices, and spare capacity yield unique identifying restrictions for supply chain disturbances that allow us to study the causal effects of such disruptions. We document how supply chain shocks drove inflation during 2021 but that, in 2022, traditional demand and supply shocks also played an important role in explaining inflation. Finally, we show how monetary policy is more effective in taming inflation after a global supply chain shock than in regular circumstances. |
| Keywords: | supply chain disruptions, search-and-matching in the goods market, SVAR, state-dependence of monetary policy |
| JEL: | E32 E58 J64 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cfm:wpaper:2405&r=eur |
| By: | Adena, Maja; Hager, Anselm |
| Abstract: | Does online fundraising increase charitable giving? Using the Facebook advertising tool, we implemented a natural field experiment across Germany, randomly assigning almost 8, 000 postal codes to Save the Children fundraising videos or to a pure control. We studied changes in the donation revenue and frequency for Save the Children and other charities by postal code. Our georandomized design circumvented many difficulties inherent in studies based on click-through data, especially substitution and measurement issues. We found that (i) video fundraising increased donation revenue and frequency to Save the Children during the campaign and in the subsequent five weeks; (ii) the campaign was profitable for the fundraiser; and (iii) the effects were similar independent of video content and impression assignment strategy. However, we also found some crowding out of donations to other similar charities or projects. Finally, we demonstrated that click data may be an inappropriate proxy for donations and recommend that managers use careful experimental designs that can plausibly evaluate the effects of advertising on relevant outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Charitable giving, field experiments, fundraising, social media, competition |
| JEL: | C93 D64 D12 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wzbeoc:spii2020302r2&r=eur |
| By: | Yann Algan (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Clément Malgouyres (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thierry Mayer (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR, CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique); Mathias Thoenig (UNIL - Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how economic incentives influence cultural transmission, using a crucial expression of cultural identity: Child naming decisions. Our focus is on Arabic versus Non-Arabic names given in France over the 2003-2007 period. Our model of cultural transmission features three determinants: (i) vertical (parental) cultural transmission culture; (ii) horizontal (neighborhood) influence; (iii) information on the economic penalty associated with Arabic names. We find that economic incentives largely influence naming choices: Would the parental expectation on the economic penalty be zero, the annual number of babies born with an Arabic name would be more than 50 percent larger. |
| Keywords: | Cultural Economics, Cultural Transmission, First Names, Social Interactions |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03342466&r=eur |
| By: | Andrea Bastianin (University of Milan and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Elisabetta Mirto (University of Milan); Yan Qin (London Stock Exchange Group); Luca Rossini (University of Milan and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | Putting a price on carbon – with taxes or developing carbon markets – is a widely used policy measure to achieve the target of net-zero emissions by 2050. This paper tackles the issue of producing point, direction-of-change, and density forecasts for the monthly real price of carbon within the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). We aim to uncover supply- and demand-side forces that can contribute to improving the prediction accuracy of models at short- and medium-term horizons. We show that a simple Bayesian Vector Autoregressive (BVAR) model, augmented with either one or two factors capturing a set of predictors affecting the price of carbon, provides substantial accuracy gains over a wide set of benchmark forecasts, including survey expectations and forecasts made available by data providers. We extend the study to verified emissions and demonstrate that, in this case, adding stochastic volatility can further improve the forecasting performance of a single-factor BVAR model. We rely on emissions and price forecasts to build market monitoring tools that track demand and price pressure in the EU ETS market. Our results are relevant for policymakers and market practitioners interested in quantifying the desired and unintended macroeconomic effects of monitoring the carbon market dynamics. |
| Keywords: | Bayesian inference, Carbon prices, Climate Changes, EU ETS, Forecasting |
| JEL: | C11 C32 C53 Q02 Q50 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2024.02&r=eur |
| By: | Sandrine Brèteau-Amores (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Marielle Brunette (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pablo Andrés-Domenech (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Research Highlights: We analyze the costs of plantation failure and evaluate the distribution of replantation costs and risk sharing between the forestry company and the forest owner in France. Background and Objectives: Due to the lack of a clear definition of drought, forestry companies are increasingly considered as liable for plantation failure, increasing their costs and leading to financial instability. In this context, this paper aims to address the following questions. In the case of plantation failure, is it less costly to replant, not replant, or restart the whole plantation? What is the impact of changing the liability scheme between the company and the forest owner in terms of replantation costs and risk sharing? Materials and Methods: We performed a cost assessment of different itineraries of plantations as a function of different mortality rates. The breakdown of the replantation costs between the company and the forest owner was also investigated. Results: No replanting is the least expensive option for the forest owner, followed by replanting and then by starting the whole plantation anew. Reducing the company's liability is an interesting option to reduce its exposure to risk. Conclusions: Modifications of the company's liability allows for the inclusion of private insurance contracts against plantation failure. |
| Keywords: | Forest, Regeneration, Plantation, Drought, Insurance, Costs |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03998594&r=eur |
| By: | Sophie Louey (UPJV - Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CURAPP-ESS - Centre universitaire de recherches sur l'action publique et le politique. Epistémologie et Sciences sociales - UMR CNRS 7319 - UPJV - Université de Picardie Jules Verne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEET - Centre d'études de l'emploi et du travail - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - Ministère du Travail, de l'Emploi et de la Santé, CSO - Centre de sociologie des organisations (Sciences Po, CNRS) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pierre Robert (CLERSÉ - Centre Lillois d’Études et de Recherches Sociologiques et Économiques - UMR 8019 - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Cette communication interroge l'économie des communs à partir d'une enquête menée à la ChairESS Hauts-de-France depuis 2017 sur « l'écosystème » des communs de la MEL (Gardin et Robert, 2018). Cet écosystème, associant entre autres deux associations (la Compagnie des Tiers Lieux, l'ANIS) et une CAE (Opteos). Ces collectifs fonctionnent avec un budget contributif où les contributrices et contributeurs aux projets communs auto-évaluent leur travail/engagement pour se rémunérer. Le recours au modèle contributif soulève des questionnements sur les modèles économiques et les formes de travail dans les communs. Quels sont les modèles utilisés et à quoi correspond le modèle « contributif » ? Comment estime-t-on les « valeurs » des contributions ? Quels sont les profils sociologiques des contributeurs et des contributrices ? Comment, en pratique, contribuent-ils et elles et comment se rémunèrent-ils et elles ? |
| Date: | 2022–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04321998&r=eur |
| By: | Brad R. Humphreys (West Virginia University); Scott Schuh (West Virginia University); Corey J.M. Williams (Shippensburg University) |
| Abstract: | Research suggests athletic performances are well-measured proxies for technological progress. This paper uses a century of auto and foot racing data to analyze technological changes in microeconomic learning-by-doing (LBD), observed as declining elapsed times, and macroeconomic aggregates like total factor productivity (TFP). The pace of LBD in athletics also declined around the 1973 Productivity Slowdown and varies widely across time and athletes. Auto racing speeds mainly reflect technological changes in capital (cars) and share a common stochastic trend with TFP (cointegration). Speeds error correct to TFP, but not vice versa, affirming TFP diffusion assumed in basic macro growth models. |
| Keywords: | Technological progress; learning by doing; TFP; labor productivity; autoracing, track and  field, RBC model, cointegration, error correction, Indianapolis 500;NHRA Winternationals |
| JEL: | O47 O33 E24 D24 C32 C22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wvu:wpaper:24-02&r=eur |
| By: | Paul Dutronc-Postel (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Arthur Guillouzouic (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Clément Malgouyres (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CREST - Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE Paris - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Rachel Paya (ESSEC Business School, IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Laurent Bach (ESSEC Business School) |
| Abstract: | Présentation Qui sont les entreprises françaises qui contribuent le plus aux émissions de CO2 de l'industrie française, et quelles sont leurs caractéristiques ? Quels dispositifs de réduction des émissions de CO2 s'appliquent à elles, et selon quelles modalités ? Quel rôle insoupçonné peuvent avoir les outils fiscaux généraux, a priori sans visée environnementale ? Cette note répond successivement à ces trois questions, et propose un premier cadre d'analyse pour l'évaluation ex ante des mesures de politiques publiques à destination des entreprises. Nous documentons la distribution de l'intensité carbone dans le tissu industriel français, ainsi que les tarifications effectives du carbone auxquelles sont soumis différents types d'entreprises. Enfin, nous examinons le ciblage carbone implicite de différents dispositifs fiscaux sans visée environnementale. Résultats clés Les émissions de CO2 du secteur industriel sont extrêmement concentrées ; 10 % de la valeur ajoutée représentent 75 % des émissions de CO2. Cette forte concentration est en grande partie tirée par des effets sectoriels ; la métallurgie, la chimie, les minéraux métalliques (comme le ciment), et le papier/carton sont les secteurs les plus intenses en CO2. Deux grands régimes de tarification effective du CO2 cohabitent dans l'industrie : celle des établissements soumis au marché du carbone (SCEQE, 70 % des émissions), dont la tarification effective augmente avec le temps ; et celle des établissements hors SCEQE (30 % des émissions), gelée de 2018 à 2024. En 2019, la tarification effective du CO2 des entreprises les plus émettrices est plus faible (31€/tCO2e) que celle des entreprises les moins émettrices (47€/tCO2e). En 2022, elle est plus élevée (84€/tCO2e contre 60€/tCO2e). L'allocation de quotas gratuits, dont le volume représente, en 2022, 90 % des émissions réalisées par le secteur industriel, abaisse considérablement le poids effectif du marché carbone pour les entreprises qui y sont soumises. Par leur ciblage implicite, les dispositifs fiscaux sans visée environnementale peuvent avoir un effet sur les émissions industrielles totales. En 2019, le niveau de la contribution économique territoriale (les « impôts de production », fortement allégés dans le plan France Relance) est substantiellement plus élevé pour les 10 % des entreprises les plus intenses en CO2 (3 % de la valeur ajoutée), que pour les 10 % les moins intenses (1, 2 %). Une suppression de ces impôts bénéficie donc davantage aux entreprises très émettrices. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ipppap:halshs-04439232&r=eur |
| By: | Molly J Doruska; Christopher B Barrett; Jason R Rohr |
| Abstract: | Infectious disease can reduce labor productivity and incomes, trapping subpopulations in a vicious cycle of ill health and poverty. Efforts to boost African farmers' agricultural production through fertilizer use can inadvertently promote the growth of aquatic vegetation that hosts disease vectors. Recent trials established that removing aquatic vegetation habitat for snail intermediate hosts reduces schistosomiasis infection rates in children, while converting the harvested vegetation into compost boosts agricultural productivity and incomes. Our model illustrates how this ecological intervention changes the feedback between the human and natural systems, potentially freeing rural households from poverty-disease traps. We develop a bioeconomic model that interacts an analytical microeconomic model of agricultural households' behavior, health status and incomes over time with a dynamic model of schistosomiasis disease ecology. We calibrate the model with field data from northern Senegal. We show analytically and via simulation that local conversion of invasive aquatic vegetation to compost changes the feedbacks among interlinked disease, aquatic and agricultural systems, reducing schistosomiasis infection and increasing incomes relative to the current status quo, in which villagers rarely remove vegetation. Aquatic vegetation removal disrupts the poverty-disease trap by reducing habitat for snails that vector the infectious helminth and by promoting production of compost that returns to agricultural soils nutrients that currently leach into surface water from on-farm fertilizer applications. The result is healthier people, more productive labor, cleaner water, more productive agriculture, and higher incomes. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.17384&r=eur |
| By: | Ricz, Judit; Sallai, Dorottya; Sass, Magdolna |
| Abstract: | The year 2020, with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent crises, highlighted the significance of state intervention in shaping firm competitiveness. However, unprecedented government support for businesses has left us puzzled about the state’s role in firm internationalization, especially in emerging markets and the Global South, where government involvement has been accompanied by democratic backsliding and rising authoritarianism. Our Special Issue moves the current debate forward by exploring how the state’s changing role affects firm internationalization. The objective of this editorial is twofold: stimulating theory development by scrutinizing state intervention in emerging markets in recent decades and introducing the Special Issue articles. Contributions investigate how governments support the internationalization of their domestic businesses by focusing on firms’ institutional embeddedness and the impact of institutions as both resources and constraints to their internationalization. By linking the discourse on state capitalism with business internationalization, our empirical studies advance research on political economy and the state’s role in innovative ways, reflecting on recent geopolitical developments. Our introductory article situates the Special Issue papers in the state capitalism and firm internationalization literatures and discusses their implications for future research. |
| Keywords: | firm internationalization; state capitalism; institutional embeddedness; emerging markets; central and eastern Europe; Democratic governance in a turbulent age (Governance)’ grant no. 462-19-080 (POPBACK project); Sage deal |
| JEL: | R14 J01 L81 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121380&r=eur |