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on Microeconomic European Issues |
| By: | Mangyo, Eiji (Nagoya University); Haapanen, Mika (University of Jyväskylä); Böckerman, Petri (University of Jyväskylä) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effect of a major economic recession on the educational attainment of the next generation. Our analysis is based on nationwide longitudinal registry data on Finland. We focus on the heterogenous effects of the recession on households of different socioeconomic statuses. We find that the effects of the early 1990s recession on the educational attainment of the next generation were more severe for children with nontertiary-educated parents than those with tertiary-educated parents, implying that the recession aggravated the pattern of societal inequality in Finland. Importantly, the deterioration of the home environment was the primary mechanism through which the recession adversely affected the educational attainment of the next generation. |
| Keywords: | early-life events, parental socioeconomic status, intergenerational effects, education, family dissolution, Finland |
| JEL: | I24 J12 O15 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16750&r=eur |
| By: | Figueiredo, Ana (Erasmus School of Economics); Marie, Olivier (Erasmus University Rotterdam); Markiewicz, Agnieszka (Erasmus University Rotterdam) |
| Abstract: | We study changes in job security after displacement and exploit eligibility rules for lump-sum payments in the Netherlands to investigate the role of liquid wealth. Within five years of job loss, the likelihood of being in permanent employment remains 12% lower for displaced workers. Those eligible to a lump-sum transfer experience a significantly smaller negative shock to job security. This effect is driven by workers with low liquid wealth, pointing to liquidity constraints as an important mechanism linking unemployment and job security. Finally, we estimate that losses in job security can explain a fifth of the wage cost associated with job displacement. |
| Keywords: | job loss, liquid and illiquid wealth, job security, severance pay, The Netherlands |
| JEL: | D31 E24 J31 J63 J64 J65 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16744&r=eur |
| By: | Luca Barbaglia; Lorenzo Frattarolo; Niko Hauzenberger; Dominik Hirschbuehl; Florian Huber; Luca Onorante; Michael Pfarrhofer; Luca Tiozzo Pezzoli |
| Abstract: | Timely information about the state of regional economies can be essential for planning, implementing and evaluating locally targeted economic policies. However, European regional accounts for output are published at an annual frequency and with a two-year delay. To obtain robust and more timely measures in a computationally efficient manner, we propose a mixed-frequency dynamic factor model that accounts for national information to produce high-frequency estimates of the regional gross value added (GVA). We show that our model produces reliable nowcasts of GVA in 162 regions across 12 European countries. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.10054&r=eur |
| By: | Mikko Myrskylä (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Julia Hellstrand (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Sampo Lappo; Angelo Lorenti (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Jessica Nisén (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Ziwei Rao; Heikki Tikanmäki |
| Abstract: | Future fertility is a key input when charting the sustainability of social security systems, and declining fertility is often expected to put pressure on economic indicators such as pension burden. Such expectations are based on a narrow view of the impact of fertility on the economy, focusing on age structure. Dynamic impacts – for instance, the potential for increased human capital of smaller cohorts – are mostly ignored. We use a dynamic longitudinal microsimulation model to explore to what extent investments in human capital could offset the adverse economic impact of low fertility. We implement our model in the Finnish context, which is a particularly interesting case as Finland is the fastest-ageing European country and experienced dramatic fertility declines and stagnant education levels in the 2020s. We find that an ambitious but simple human capital investment strategy that keeps the total investment constant despite declining cohort size, thereby increasing per-capita investment, can offset the negative impact of a smaller labor force on pension burden. Human capital investment not only reduces pension burden, but also increases working years, pension income, retirement years, and longevity. Policies focusing on human capital investment are likely to be a viable strategy to maintain economic sustainability. Keywords: low fertility, human capital investment, economic sustainability, Finland, dynamic longitudinal microsimulation model |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2024-002&r=eur |
| By: | Yvonne Giesing |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of technological change on immigration flows as well as the labor market outcomes of migrants versus natives. We analyse and compare the effects of two different automation technologies: Industrial robots and artificial intelligence. We exploit data provided by the Industrial Federation of Robotics as well as online job vacancy data on Germany, a highly automated economy and the main destination for migrants in Europe. We apply an instrumental variable strategy and identify how robots decrease the wage of migrants across all skill groups, while neither having a significant impact on the native population nor immigration flows. In the case of AI, we determine an increase in the wage gap as well as the unemployment gap of migrant and native populations. This applies to the low-, medium- and high-skilled and is indicative of migrants facing displacement effects, while natives might benefit from productivity and complementarity effects. In addition, AI leads to a significant inflow of immigrants. Policymakers should devote special attention to the migration population when designing mitigation policies in response to technological change to avoid further increases in inequality between migrants and natives. |
| Keywords: | technological change, AI, robots, immigration |
| JEL: | F22 J15 J61 J78 O15 O33 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10876&r=eur |
| By: | Jose Aurelio Medina-Garrido; Jose Maria Biedma-Ferrer; Jaime Sanchez-Ortiz |
| Abstract: | Among the main causes of absenteeism are health problems, emotional problems, and inadequate work-family policies (WFP). This paper analyses the impact of the existence and accessibility of WFP on work absenteeism, by considering the mediating role of the well-being, which includes emotional as well as physical or health problems, that is generated by these policies. We differentiate between the existence of the WFP and its accessibility, as the mere existence of the WFP in an organisation is not enough. Additionally, workers must be able to access these policies easily and without retaliation of any kind. The model includes the hierarchy and the gender as moderating variables. To test the proposed hypotheses, a structural equation model based on the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach is applied to a sample of employees in the service sector in Spain. On the one hand, the findings show that the existence of WFP has no direct effect on absenteeism; however, accessibility to these policies does have a direct effect on absenteeism. On the other hand, both the existence and accessibility of WFP have positive direct effects on emotional well-being. In addition, emotional well-being is positively related to physical well-being which, in turn, promotes a reduction in absenteeism. Finally, significant differences in the relationship between the existence of WFP and emotional well-being confirm the special difficulty of female managers in reconciling family life and work life. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.13678&r=eur |
| By: | Massimiliano Ferraresi (University of Ferrara); Benedikt Herrmann, European Commission, JRC-Ispra; Luisa Loiacono (University of Ferrara); Leonzio Rizzo (University of Ferrara & IEB); Riccardo Secomandi (University of Ferrara) |
| Abstract: | Can fiscal autonomy affect per-capita income levels? The existing literature shows mixed results on the impact of fiscal autonomy on GDP growth, it often uses cross-country datasets comparing nations with different socio-economic contexts. Even when it digs into the subnational entities of a nation either financial indexes or institutional dummies are used as proxies for fiscal autonomy: both can imply endogeneity due either to measurement errors or reverse causality. We empirically investigate the impact of fiscal autonomy on per-capita income stimulated by the proper use of local financial resources. We do this by exploiting an Italian natural experiment comparing the impact on per-capita income of the use of own resources in municipalities belonging to the autonomous provinces of Trento and Bolzano, which manage almost all their taxes autonomously, to those belonging to the neighbouring regions of Veneto and Lombardy, which manage only a small fraction of taxes paid by their citizens. We use a spatial fuzzy regression discontinuity design to compare similar municipalities on the border between the provinces of Trento and Bolzano and Lombardy and Veneto. We find that the higher the level of local financial fiscal autonomy, proxied by the ratio of own tax revenue to total revenue, the higher the level of per-capita income. The proxy is instrumented with a dummy indicating municipalities with a real institutional fiscal autonomy : those belonging to the provinces of Trento and Bolzano. This allows us to interpret the proxy as an exogenous variation indicating institutional fiscal autonomy. We find that a 10 percentage points increase in financial fiscal autonomy increases per-capita income by 3%. Hence, our results suggest that local governments that are more accountable and closer to citizens, manage their revenues in a more efficient way than in the case when they receive transfers from the centre. |
| JEL: | H71 H72 R11 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipu:wpaper:112&r=eur |
| By: | Hannes Wallimann |
| Abstract: | Measures to reduce transport-related greenhouse gas emissions are of great importance to policy-makers. A recent example is the nationwide KlimaTicket in Austria, a country with a relatively high share of transport-related emissions. The cheap yearly season ticket introduced in October 2021 allows unlimited access to Austria's public transport network. Using the synthetic control and synthetic difference-in-differences methods, I assess the causal effect of this policy on public transport demand by constructing a data-driven counterfactual out of European railway companies to mimic the number of passengers of the Austrian Federal Railways without the KlimaTicket. The results indicate public transport demand grew slightly faster in Austria, i.e., 3.3 or 6.8 percentage points, depending on the method, than it would have in the absence of the KlimaTicket. However, the growth effect after the COVID-19 pandemic appears only statistically significant when applying the synthetic control method, and the positive effect on public transport demand growth disappears in 2022. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.06835&r=eur |
| By: | Ivandic, Ria; Lassen, Anne Sophie |
| Abstract: | Job loss leads to persistent adverse labor market outcomes, but assessments of gender differences in labor market recovery are lacking. We utilize plant closures in Denmark to estimate gender gaps in labor market outcomes and document that women face an increased risk of unemployment and lose a larger share of their earnings in the two years following job displacement. When accounting for observable differences in human capital across men and women, half of the gender gap in unemployment remains. In a standard decomposition framework, we document that childcare imposes an important barrier to women's labor market recovery regardless of individual characteristics. |
| Keywords: | gender gaps; childcare; job loss |
| JEL: | D13 E32 J63 J13 J16 |
| Date: | 2023–09–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121285&r=eur |
| By: | Goehausen, Johannes (Leibniz Univeristät Hannover); Thomsen, Stephan L. (Leibniz University of Hannover) |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of rental price changes on college enrollment rates. We exploit cross-district variation in the size and timing of local rental price booms in Germany during the 2010s. A one standard deviation increase in apartment rents decreased per-capita college enrollment by 1.1 percentage points on average. The effect was driven by first-year students moving long distances and was more pronounced in less densely populated locations. Housing costs - the largest component of students' expenditures and an important location factor - have contributed to the slowdown in higher education expansion and reduced the skill-binding effect of universities, exacerbating regional inequality. |
| Keywords: | college enrollments, housing market, apartment rents |
| JEL: | I23 R21 R31 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16726&r=eur |
| By: | Bats, Joost Victor; Bua, Giovanna; Kapp, Daniel |
| Abstract: | The European Union plays a prominent role in climate regulations initiatives, this commitment likely implies that climate risk premiums look different in Europe compared to the rest of the world. This paper examines the pricing implications of climate risks in euro area corporate bond markets, focusing on physical and transition risk. Using climate news as a gauge for systematic climate risk, we find a significant pricing effect of physical risk in long-term bonds, with investors demanding higher returns on bonds exposed to physical risk shocks. The estimated physical risk premium is 34 basis points, indicating increased awareness and hedging demand after the Paris Agreement. Transition risk premiums are smaller and less significant, reflecting the ongoing transition to a low-carbon economy. Our findings contribute to understanding climate risk pricing in the European bond markets, highlighting the importance of physical risk and the evolving nature of investor demand for climate-resilient assets. JEL Classification: G12, G14, G28, Q51, Q54 |
| Keywords: | climate physical risk, climate transition risk, corporate bonds, intertemporal hedging demand, news index |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20242899&r=eur |
| By: | Adrien HERVOUET; Emmanuel LORENZON; Cesare RIGHI; Valerio STERZI |
| Abstract: | We study operating companies’ delegation of patent enforcement to patent assertion entities, a practice called “patent privateering.” Using a privateer may allow an operating company to generate higher patent revenues, increase rivals’ costs with “stealth” attacks, and limit the legal responsibilities to bear litigation costs. Using data on European patent transfers and patent infringement litigation in five large European jurisdictions in 2010-2020, we show that patent privateering is more likely to occur for patents with relatively lower economic value, for standard essential patents, and when the target of patent assertion is a competitor of the operating company. |
| Keywords: | intellectual property; patent; patent privateering; patent litigation; patent assertion enentity; SEP |
| JEL: | K11 K41 O31 O34 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grt:bdxewp:2023-10&r=eur |
| By: | Boeri, Tito Michele; Garnero, Andrea; Luisetto, Lorenzo G. |
| Abstract: | Non-compete clauses (NCCs) limiting the mobility of workers have been found to be rather widespread in the US, a flexible labour market with large turnover rates and a limited coverage of collective bargaining. This paper explores the presence of such arrangements in a rigid labour market, with strict employment protection regulations by OECD standards and where all employees are, at least on paper, subject to collective bargaining. Based on a representative survey of employees in the private sector, an exam of collective agreements and case law, we find that in Italy i) collective agreements play no role in regulating the use of NCCs while the law specifies only the formal requirements, ii) about 16% of private sector employees are currently bound by a NCC, iii) NCCs are relatively frequent among low educated employees in manual and elementary low paid occupations having no access to any type of confidential information, and iv) in addition to NCCs, a number of other arrangements limit the post-employment activity of workers. Many of the NCCs do not comply with the minimum requirements established by law and yet workers do not consider them as unenforceable and appear to behave as they were effective. Even when NCCs are unenforceable they appear to negatively affect wages when they are introduced without changing the tasks of the workers involved. Normative implications are discussed in the last section of the paper. |
| Keywords: | non-compete clauses; monopsony; labour market concentration; employment; wages |
| JEL: | J31 J41 J42 L40 |
| Date: | 2023–04–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121338&r=eur |
| By: | Daniele Colombo; Laurent Ferrara |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the dynamic impact of weather shocks on economic activity within the three main European countries. To consolidate meaningful variation in weather patterns, we propose a novel monthly composite weather index (CWI). This index captures relevant information on severe cold and heat conditions, drought, heavy precipitation, and intense wind events. We estimate a series of country-specific Bayesian Structural Vector Autoregressive models to assess the effects of weather shocks on distinct production sectors, namely energy, construction, manufacturing, and services. The findings reveal evidence of a significant impact of weather shocks on economic activity in Europe, with each component of the CWI exerting heterogeneous effects across different countries and production sectors. |
| Keywords: | weather shocks, European production, Bayesian SVAR |
| JEL: | C32 E23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2024-07&r=eur |
| By: | Attila Havas (Institute of Economics, HUN-REN Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Innovation Systems and Policy); Philipp Amann (Former Head of Strategy, European Cybercrime Centre, Europol); Marci Letizi (Global Consultant of the European Commission, Council of Europe, and United Nations); Holger Nitsch (CEPOLIS, Hochschule für den öffentlichen Dienst in Bayern); Umut Turksen (Coventry University) |
| Abstract: | Policy-makers – working on various domains, notably regulations, home affairs, security, science, technology, and innovation (STI) policies – need to pay close attention to possible new ways and methods for the interpenetration of criminal and lawful economic activities. This paper is aimed at assisting these policy-makers by presenting four possible futures (scenarios) on the interpenetration of criminal and lawful economic activities and considering their implications. These scenarios assume that the interpenetration of criminal and lawful economic activities – just as most other types of crime – cannot be fully eradicated. There are two competing groups of actors whose capacities, activities, and efficiency largely determine the possibilities for, and repercussions of, the interpenetration of criminal and lawful economic activities: criminal actors and law enforcement agencies (LEAs). The scenarios, therefore, are shaped by two main dimensions: i) whether LEAs are well-resourced, strong, and effective or not, and ii) whether large criminal organisations or small-scale ones are the dominant criminal actors. Hence, the four scenarios consider various types of ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors that influence actors to commit – or not – criminal economic activities; the main types of these activities; features of regulations; research, technological development, and innovation activities by the criminal actors vs LEAs; as well as the activities, capabilities, and resources of LEAs. By considering the nature of the criminal activities that aim at penetrating lawful economic activities, and the options to prevent, monitor, and fight these crimes, the report explores a range of policy implications, especially for STI policies and regulations. Further, it stresses the multi-level nature of policy-making in the EU, as well as the need for collaboration with the willing countries outside the EU. Criminal actors can penetrate lawful economic activities in the EU when commissioned by hostile (‘rogue’) states that aim to weaken and/or undermine the EU and its Member States as part of their geopolitical power games. |
| Keywords: | Keywords: Criminal economic activities; Fighting crime; Preventing crime; Information and communication technologies; Social science research; Regulation; Prospective analyses; Scenarios |
| JEL: | K42 M48 O17 O38 O39 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:has:discpr:2337&r=eur |
| By: | Krenz, Johanna; Verma, Akhilesh K |
| Abstract: | How does macroprudential regulation affect financial stability in the presence of non-bank financial intermediaries? We estimate the contributions of traditional banks vis-'a-vis non-bank financial intermediaries to changes in systemic risk - measured as ∆CoVaR - after macroprudential policy shocks in European countries. We find that while tighter macro-prudential regulation, generally, decreases systemic risk among traditional banks, it has the opposite effect on systemic risk in the non-bank financial intermediation sector. For some types of regulations, the latter effect is even stronger than the former, indicating that macro-prudential tightening increases systemic risk in the entire financial system, through leakages between the traditional and the non-bank financial intermediation sectors. |
| Keywords: | macroprudential policy, systemic risk, ∆, CoVaR, non-bank financial intermediation, regulatory arbitrage, Europe |
| JEL: | G18 G23 G28 G21 E58 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:uhhwps:281783&r=eur |
| By: | Tergast, Hauke T. |
| Abstract: | Die Nutztierhaltung ist der bedeutendste Wirtschaftszweig der deutschen Land- und Ernährungswirtschaft. Mit einem Anteil von 22 Prozent am Produktionswert der Landwirtschaft hat die Milchproduktion eine besonders große wirtschaftliche Relevanz. Auf jedem fünften landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb werden Milchkühe gehalten. Die Haltungsverfahren für die Milchkuhhaltung in Deutschland sind allerdings zunehmender gesellschaftlicher Kritik ausgesetzt. Kritisiert wird u. a. ein unzureichendes Platzangebot oder eine fehlende Weidehaltung. Auch die Wis-senschaft weist auf Defizite beim Tierwohl in der Milchviehhaltung hin. Die gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen für die Milchviehhaltung in Deutschland sind relativ weit gefasst. Während für die Haltung von Geflügel und Schweinen fachspezifische Anforderungen in der Tierschutz-Nutztierhaltungsverordnung festgelegt werden, fehlen diese für die Milchviehhaltung. Hinzu kommt, dass die Betriebsstrukturen und Haltungsbedingungen ausgesprochen heterogen sind. So werden auf 24 Prozent der Betriebe die Milchkühe - vorwiegend auf sehr kleinen Betrieben - in ganzjähriger Anbindehaltung gehalten, die aus fachwissenschaftlicher Perspektive zu großen Einschränkungen des Normalverhaltens führt. Doch auch auf Betrieben mit Laufstallhaltung wurden - mit einer großen Streuung zwischen den Betrieben - Defizite beim Tierwohl festgestellt. Verschiedene Marktteilnehmer haben aufgrund des Verbraucherwunsches nach mehr Tierwohl bereits in der Vergangenheit Tierwohlprogramme etabliert. Diese umfassen in der Regel ein Mindestniveau an ressourcenbezogenen Anforderungen (z. B. Platzangebot, Boxenlänge etc.). Die in diesen Tierwohlprogrammen erzeugten Produkte haben jedoch nur einen geringen Marktanteil. Dies lässt sich vor allem auf zwei Ursachen zurückführen: Zum einen ist die Gegenfinanzierung der Mehrkosten durch die weiteren Marktteilnehmer nicht immer gewährleistet. Für landwirtschaftliche Betriebe ist die Erzeugung von Produkten unter einem höheren Tierwohlniveau jedoch mit höheren Produktionskosten verbunden. Zum anderen zeigen Untersuchungen, dass ein großer Teil der Konsument:innen nicht bereit ist, für ein höheres Tierwohlniveau hohe Preisaufschläge zu akzeptieren, obwohl bei Meinungsumfragen dem Themenbereich Tierwohl eine hohe Priorität eingeräumt wird. Freiwillige Label führen demnach nicht zu einem flächendeckend höheren Tierwohlniveau ... |
| Abstract: | Livestock farming is the most important sector of the German agriculture and food industry. With an overall share of 22 percent of the production value of agriculture, milk production is of particularly great economic importance and dairy cows are kept on every fifth farm. However, the husbandry practices for dairy cows in Germany are subject to increasing criticism. Insufficient space per animal or a lack of grazing possibilities are regular critiques. There is also scientific evidence of deficits in animal welfare in dairy farming. The legal framework for dairy farming in Germany is relatively unspecific. Whereas specific requirements are laid down in the Animal Welfare Husbandry Ordinance (German: Tierschutz-Nutztierhaltungsverordnung) for keeping poultry and pigs, these are lacking for dairy cattle farming. In addition, farm structures and husbandry conditions are highly heterogeneous. For example, on 24 percent of the farms - predominantly on very small farms - the dairy cows are kept in year-round tethered housing. From a professional, scientific perspective, these conditions lead to major restrictions on natural behaviour. However, deficits in animal welfare were also found on farms with loose housing, with a wide variation between farms. Various market participants have already established animal welfare programs in response to consumer de-mands for better animal welfare. These usually include a minimum level of resource-related requirements (e.g., space allowance, box length, etc.). However, the products produced in these animal welfare programs have only a small market share. This can be attributed to two main reasons: Firstly, the other market participants' counter-financing of the additional costs is not guaranteed. Secondly, studies show that many consumers do not accept high price premiums for a higher level of animal welfare, even though the issue of animal welfare is given high priority in opinion polls. Voluntary labels, therefore, do not consequently lead to a higher level of animal welfare. |
| Keywords: | Milchviehhaltung, Tierwohl, Kompetenznetzwerk Nutztierhaltung, Produktionskosten, dairy farming, animal welfare, competence network livestock husbandry, costs of production |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtire:281755&r=eur |
| By: | Pérez-Mesa, Juan Carlos; Pérez-Mesa, Fº Javier; Tapia-León, Juan José; Valera-Martínez, Diego |
| Abstract: | This article analyzes the temporal programming of sales for a horticultural marketing company, e.g., a cooperative. The empirical study references the European tomato market, where most of the production is sold through the retail channel dominated by large distribution chains. We study the marketing schedule for an individual company, or even a prominent farmer, using a modified Markowitz model, assuming that his decisions do not affect the balance of market prices. As a result, this model can manage risk and improve decision-making. The data also provide information on the risk borne by marketers depending on their sales calendar, which often depends on their geographic location. |
| Keywords: | cooperative, optimization, coordination mathematical programming, marketing |
| JEL: | F13 M2 Q5 |
| Date: | 2022–11–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119883&r=eur |
| By: | Blanc, Corin |
| Abstract: | Based on the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) of 2020, we are analyzing the relationship between political positioning, trust, and attitudes towards environmental policies. Our study reveals that voters of far-right parties in France, Europe, and the United States are less concerned about environmental issues compared to others. Their environmental concerns also differ in nature: they focus on local issues whose consequences directly affect their daily lives. Furthermore, these voters are generally opposed to any binding environmental policy, regardless of its nature. They also prefer punitive environmental policies over positive incentives for behavioral change, unlike centrist voters. We also confirm a previously known result: far-right voters express lower trust than others towards the rest of society and institutions in general. However, this distrust appears to hinder their adherence to environmentally friendly policies and attitudes. |
| Keywords: | Environnement, Vote, Wellbeing, far-right |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpm:notobe:2315b&r=eur |
| By: | Gökçe Manavgat (Toros university); Martine Audibert (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UCA [2017-2020] - Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The Covid-19 pandemic has raised concerns about the resilience of health systems. The aim of this study is twofold: i) to measure and compare the resilience of health system efficiency of OECD countries before and during Covid-19 and ii) to determine the healthcare efficiency drivers (e.g., socioeconomic) of health system performance. Using a dataset of 31 OECD countries for 2018 and 2020, we first estimate bias-adjusted efficiency scores, followed by a double bootstrap truncated regression procedure to study the drivers associated with health system efficiency. We find that the health system efficiency overall score decreased among OECD countries during the Covid-19 pandemic compared to before Covid-19. Estonia and Japan retained their full efficiency scoreduring Covid-19. We find a negative association between health system efficiency and unemployment rate, share of health expenditure in GDP, and share of population over 65. Conversely, high vaccination rates contribute positively to health system efficiency during the Covid-19 period. |
| Keywords: | Health system efficiency, Covid-19, DEA Bias-adjusted efficiency scores, Double bootstrap truncated regression |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04350906&r=eur |
| By: | Sofia Anyfantaki; Yannis Caloghirou; Konstantinos Dellis; Aikaterini Karadimitropoulou; Filippos Petroulakis |
| Abstract: | We document and analyse key deficiencies of the Greek economy, with the view to providing new insights and articulate policy proposals. We consider issues which are the purview of both horizontal policies, raising productivity across sectors, and vertical policies, which allow for realignment of activity. With respect to the first dimension, we focus on two specific problem-areas of Greek industry, with high importance: skills and management practices. We also use information from a novel survey on entrepreneurship, technological developments, and regulatory change and examine structural characteristics of innovation and technology adoption of Greek firms, with a focus on the role of size, ownership structure, and global value chain participation. With respect to the second dimension, we provide an overview of Greece’s export performance and analyse its sectoral comparative advantage. In an empirical study we also focus on the determinants of export sophistication. Overall, the collection of our empirical findings provides ample fodder for concrete policy proposals to increase productivity in Greek manufacturing. |
| Keywords: | skills; management, innovation, knowledge, export sophistication. |
| JEL: | D22 F10 J24 J50 L22 O32 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hel:greese:193&r=eur |
| By: | Sophie Ghvanidze (Institute of Wine and Beverage Business, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Germany); Soo K. Kang (Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA); Milan Scasny (Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic & The Environment Center, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic); Jon Henrich Hanf (Institute of Wine and Beverage Business, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Germany) |
| Abstract: | It is a common practice in many cultures to use cannabis as a casual leisure activity, particularly for socialization and entertainment in North America and Europe. This study examines the daily use of cannabis and its connection to entertainment and socialization. The research surveyed young adults in Germany utilizing an online survey and evaluated the Marijuana Motives Measure, which focuses on four motivation factors for using cannabis and how they relate to different situations. The survey included ten comprehensive consumption locations and situations, representing the first study to explore the underlying motivation for cannabis use in adults' daily lives and its relation to individual characteristics and consumption situations. The primary reason for using cannabis is for hedonic pleasure, relaxation, and enhancing social experiences. Male respondents tend to be more motivated by conformity, while millennials and more educated cannabis users prioritize hedonic pleasure, relaxation, and sociable conversation. |
| Keywords: | cannabis consumption; motivation; situations; casual leisure; Marijuana Motives Measure |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2024_04&r=eur |
| By: | Charlotte Cavaillé (Ford School of Public Policy - University of Michigan [Ann Arbor] - University of Michigan System); Karine Van der Straeten (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Research shows that opposition to policies that redistribute across racial divides has affected the development of the American welfare state. Are similar dynamics at play in Western Europe? For many scholars, the answer is yes. In contrast, we argue that researchers' understanding of the political economy of redistribution in diversifying European countries is too incomplete to reach a conclusion on this issue. First, existing evidence is inconsistent with the assumption—ubiquitous in this line of research—of a universal distaste for sharing resources with people who are culturally, ethnically, and racially different. Second, important historical and institutional differences between the United States and Europe preclude any straightforward transposition of the American experience to the European case. We discuss what we see as the most promising lines of inquiry going forward. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04379228&r=eur |
| By: | Pérez-Mesa, Juan Carlos; García Barranco, Mª Carmen; Serrano-Arcos, Mª Mar |
| Abstract: | The contemporary media narratives frequently exhibit significant contradictions due to the influence of diverse interests. In this context, the framing of information assumes critical importance in shaping consumer opinions, necessitating a comprehensive examination of its management. This article investigates the portrayal of crises in the agri-food sector within the mass media when not anchored in objective and verifiable facts, thereby exerting a consequential impact on the sector’s reputation and public image. Specifically, a detailed analysis is conducted on the greenhouse horticulture sector in southeast Spain, recognized as the primary European supplier. Examination of these news items uncovers a discernible bias in the disseminated information, resulting in an information asymmetry between farmers and consumers. As a remedy for the affected sector, the current study advocates the implementation of a proactive crisis detection and management model grounded in the development and dissemination of verifiable information. |
| Keywords: | image crisis risk, reputation, mass media, sustainability, information management, vegetables. |
| JEL: | M11 M21 Q5 |
| Date: | 2023–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119882&r=eur |
| By: | Valentyna Puzikova |
| Abstract: | Ukraine's post-conflict economy needs new opportunities to grow because it has not been able to rebuild itself economically. As we live in an era of globalization, it is crucial that national economies - especially Ukraine's - meet the demands of the international community. With its advantageous geo-economic position between the East and the West, its geographic centre within Europe, and its abundance of natural resources, Ukraine has every opportunity to become a truly vital component of the global economy. These days, the subject of Ukraine comes up frequently in conversations with a wide variety of people. Unfortunately, there isn’t a consensus on a single strategy for solving the goal-setting conundrum and a precise algorithm for achieving that goal. To date, there isn’t the single national recovery plan with legal status that other recovery actors can use as a tactical weapon. To develop a model of Ukraine's post-war economic recovery, to define the country's recovery goal, and to provide an answer to the question of how to get there, in this essay I have tried to examine the experience of other countries that have recovered economically from crises. The focus is on the study of the Visegrad Group and East Germany during the 1990s. I have attempted to organize the major inluences and theories that might be relevant to the study of Ukraine's restoration. |
| Keywords: | Visegrad Group, East Germany in the 90s, economic crisis, economic development, analysis of Ukraine's Recovery Plans, models of post-crisis recovery |
| JEL: | F21 F50 F60 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:han:dpaper:dp-716&r=eur |