|
on Microeconomic European Issues |
| By: | Philippe, Arnaud (University of Bristol); Skandalis, Daphné (University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | Why do women experience a persistent drop in labor earnings upon becoming mothers, i.e. a "child penalty"? We study a new mechanism: search frictions. We analyze data on job applications sent on a popular online platform linked with administrative data for 350, 000 involuntarily unemployed workers in France. First, we highlight differences in job search behavior between mothers and similar women with no children. Mothers send 12.2% fewer job applications and are more selective regarding wage and non-wage amenities. Consistently, they have a lower job finding rate. Second, we analyze the exact time when applications are sent and highlight differences in the timing of job search. We find that mothers' rate of applications decreases by 20.3% in the hours and days when there is no school. We also show that mothers responded to a reform that introduced school on Wednesday by smoothing their search across weekdays and narrowing their search timing gap with other women. In a simple search model, we show that our results imply that mothers both face lower incentives and higher costs to search. We conclude that search frictions disproportionately prevent mothers from improving their labor market situation and contribute to the child penalty. |
| Keywords: | job search, gender inequality, time allocation, child penalty |
| JEL: | J16 J22 J64 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16669&r=eur |
| By: | García-Morán, Eva; Kuehn, Zoe |
| Abstract: | Part time jobs facilitate the conciliation of work and family life. But they entail reduced returns to experience and translate into lower own income in case of divorce. Given non-trivial divorce risks, why do married women work so little? Using micro data for Germany, we show married mothers' market hours (hours dedicated to housework) to be positively (negatively) related to separations. We then propose a dynamic life-cycle model of mothers' labor force participation, home production, and endogenous divorce which we calibrate to German data. Making divorce exogenous or ruling out divorce leads to an overestimation of the share of married mothers working full time and an underestimation of their housework and child care time, particularly among medium and highly educated women. Carrying out three policy experiments (increasing alimony, eliminating joint taxation, subsidizing child care) we highlight how couples' considerations of divorce risks condition the effects of such policies on married mothers' market hours. |
| Keywords: | female labor force participation, home production, divorce |
| JEL: | H42 J12 J13 J22 |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119324&r=eur |
| By: | Drydakis, Nick (Anglia Ruskin University) |
| Abstract: | The study examines the socio-economic determinants of physical health among populations experiencing food insecurity and receiving free meals in soup kitchens in the Prefecture of Attica, Greece. Data were collected from the same six soup kitchens in 2012, 2017, and 2021, resulting in a dataset of 1, 533 observations. The study revealed that periods characterised by an economic recession are associated with deteriorated physical health of food-insecure people. Moreover, the study found that physical health deteriorations among food-insecure people are associated with older age, female gender, immigration status, disability and/or long-term health conditions, LGBT status, unemployment, economic inactivity, homelessness, living below the poverty threshold, long-term food dependency, illicit drug consumption, and residing in low- and middle-class areas. The study proposes the Intersectional Model of Health Inequalities, which integrates multiple factors involved in shaping the health inequalities of people experiencing food insecurity, from macro-level factors such as a country's economic performance to individual-level factors like education, employment status and demographic characteristics. The model emphasizes that low-income populations should not be treated as a homogeneous entity. Its goal is to inform policymakers about the diverse health inequalities experienced by people with low incomes. |
| Keywords: | food insecurity, poverty, health |
| JEL: | I32 I10 I14 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16677&r=eur |
| By: | Abeliansky, Ana Lucia; Prettner, Klaus; Stöllinger, Roman |
| Abstract: | We propose a model of production featuring the trade-off between employing workers versus employing robots and analyze the extent to which this trade-off is altered by the emergence of a highly transmissible infectious disease. Since workers are - in contrast to robots - susceptible to pathogens and also spread them at the workplace, the emergence of a new infectious disease should reduce demand for human labor. According to the model, the reduction in labor demand concerns automatable occupations and increases with the viral transmission risk. We test the model's predictions using Austrian employment data over the period 2015-2021, during which the COVID-19 pandemic increased the infection risk at the workplace substantially. We find a negative effect on occupation-level employment emanating from the higher viral transmission risk in the COVID years. As predicted by the model, a reduction in employment is detectable for automatable occupations but not for non-automatable occupations. |
| Keywords: | automation; robots; pandemics; viral transmission risk; occupational employment; shadow cost of human labor |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus005:59341739&r=eur |
| By: | Nina Biljanovska; Mr. Giovanni Dell'Ariccia |
| Abstract: | The pattern of increasing suburban house prices relative to urban centers initiated during the pandemic continues to hold across the top 30 US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). In contrast, European countries such as Denmark, France, and the United Kingdom did not experience a similar shift in valuations. We posit and find supporting evidence that these divergent patterns partially due to differences in the characteristics of suburban areas, particularly in terms of household income and property sizes; with European suburbs being relatively poorer and characterized by smaller housing units. We show that, in the US, MSAs with suburban features more akin to those in European cities generally experienced little to no increase in suburban housing prices compared to their urban centers. Finally, our findings indicate that migration patterns of the high-income population might have partially influenced the urban-suburban revaluation in the US. |
| Keywords: | Property prices; House price gradient; City structure; High-income population mobility |
| Date: | 2023–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/266&r=eur |
| By: | Sileo, Antonio; Bonacina, Monica |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the effects of the latest European regulations on carbon emissions on the Italian car market and discusses the possibility of achieving climate neutrality of road transport through the “mere” replacement of cars currently on the road with new zero-emission cars. Since 2016, automakers’ production strategies have changed dramatically, with an increasing number of zero (and low) emission models on car lists. To date, these changes on the supply side have not been matched by similar changes in purchasing habits. In recent years, not only have few zero (and low) emission cars been sold, but also few new cars. Unless epoch-making changes occur, it is completely unrealistic to think that we can achieve climate neutrality by 2050 by leveraging exclusively on the renewal of the fleet. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–01–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:339238&r=eur |
| By: | Michelle Hansch (HU Berlin); Jan Nimczik (ESMT, RFBerlin, IAB, IZA); Alexandra Spitz-Oener (HU Berlin, RFBerlin, IAB, IZA) |
| Abstract: | In a context where improved employment outcomes entail relocating to a new destination, how does information from former coworkers alter workers’ labor migration decisions? We explore this question using the unique backdrop of German reunification in the early 1990s. For former workers of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), improving employment outcomes typically meant relocating to West Germany, which most were reluctant to do. We show that information from former GDR coworkers in West Germany significantly increased the employment probability of East Germans in West Germany. To identify these network effects, we document and exploit that GDR workers were as-good-as randomly assigned to networks by the GDR system from the perspective of the West German market economy. We then establish that the networks only trigger migration responses among East Germans whose contacts had positive work experiences in the West and were similar in their earnings potential in the market-based economy of reunified Germany. These contacts, in essence, serve as role models for the workers’ prospects in the West, leading workers to trust the advice and assessments provided and ultimately altering the expected benefits from labor migration for the specific worker. |
| Date: | 2024–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:490&r=eur |
| By: | Estrin, Saul (London School of Economics); Khavul, Susanna (San Jose State University); Kritikos, Alexander S. (DIW Berlin); Löher, Jonas (IfM Bonn) |
| Abstract: | Financing entrepreneurship spurs innovation and economic growth. Digital financial platforms that crowdfund equity for entrepreneurs have emerged globally, yet they remain poorly understood. We model equity crowdfunding in terms of the relationship between the number of investors and the amount of money raised per pitch. We examine heterogeneity in the average amount raised per pitch that is associated with differences across three countries and seven platforms. Using a novel dataset of successful fundraising on the most prominent platforms in the UK, Germany, and the USA, we find the underlying relationship between the number of investors and the amount of money raised for entrepreneurs is loglinear, with a coefficient less than one and concave to the origin. We identify significant variation in the average amount invested in each pitch across countries and platforms. Our findings have implications for market actors as well as regulators who set competitive frameworks. |
| Keywords: | equity crowdfunding, soft information, entrepreneurship, finance, financial access and inclusion |
| JEL: | D26 G23 G41 L26 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16679&r=eur |
| By: | Giovanni Carnazza (Department of Economics and Management, University of Pisa); Thomas I. Renström (Department of Economics and Management, Centre for Environmental and Energy Economics, Durham University); Luca Spataro (Department of Economics and Management, University of Pisa) |
| Abstract: | The EU has embarked on multiple initiatives reflecting its commitment to environmental enhancement and sustainable transitions. Notable among these are the European Green Deal and the NextGenerationEU recovery plan, both pivotal in fostering eco-friendly policies and sustainable practices within the region. Conversely, the fiscal rules within the EU, designed to manage budgetary deficits and debt-to-GDP ratios, may pose challenges to the implementation of fiscal measures targeted at achieving environmental quality objectives. These regulatory constraints potentially curtail the fiscal space available for policies aligned with the environmental goals set forth by the EU. To address this issue, using a panel of 27 European member countries observed annually from 1995 to 2021, we investigate the impact of two different indicators on the overall carbon intensity: on the one hand, the implicit tax rate on energy reduces environmental pollution; on the other hand, an increase in the stringency of the European fiscal framework and/or the debt-to-GDP ratio increase carbon intensity. From a policy point of view, our outcomes stress the importance of shaping national and European regulations to foster more sustainable environmental development. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal Rules, European Union, Energy taxes, CO2 emissions, Government debt |
| JEL: | H23 H63 H87 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2023.26&r=eur |
| By: | Berger, Michael; Six, Eva; Czypionka, Thomas |
| Abstract: | Cost-sharing is a prominent tool in many healthcare systems, both for raising revenue and steering patient behaviour. Although the effect of cost-sharing on demand for healthcare services has been heavily studied in the literature, researchers often apply a macro-perspective to these issues, opening the door for policy makers to the fallacy of assuming uniform demand reactions across a spectrum of different forms of treatments and diagnostic procedures. We use a simple classification system to categorize 11 such healthcare services along the dimensions of urgency and price to estimate patients’ (anticipatory) demand reactions to a reduction in the co-insurance rate by a sickness fund in the Austrian social health insurance system. We use a two-stage study design combining matching and two-way fixed effects difference-in-differences estimation. Our results highlight how an overall joint estimate of an average increase in healthcare service utilization (0.8%) across all healthcare services can be driven by healthcare services that are deferrable (+1%), comparatively costly (+1.4%) or both (+1.6%) and for which patients also postponed their consumption until after the cost-sharing reduction. In contrast, we do not find a clear demand reaction for inexpensive or urgent services. The detailed analysis of the demand reaction for each individual healthcare service further illustrates their heterogeneity. We show that even comparatively minor changes to the costs borne by patients may already evoke tangible (anticipatory) demand reactions. Our findings help policy makers better understand the implications of heterogeneous demand reactions across healthcare services for using cost-sharing as a policy tool. |
| Keywords: | cost-sharing; price elasticity; healthcare service consumption; two-way fixed-effects difference-in-differences; entropy balancing |
| JEL: | C13 I18 L31 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121162&r=eur |
| By: | Ria Ivandic (University of Oxford and London School of Economics); Anne Sophie Lassen (Copenhagen Business School) |
| Abstract: | Job loss leads to persistent adverse labor market outcomes, but assessments of gender differences in labor market recovery are lacking. We utilize plant closures in Denmark to estimate gender gaps in labor market outcomes and document that women face an increased risk of unemployment and lose a larger share of their earnings in the two years following job displacement. When accounting for observable differences in human Capital across men and women, half of the gender gap in unemployment remains. In a standard decomposition framework, we document that child care imposes an important barrier to women’s labor market recovery regardless of individual characteristics. |
| Keywords: | gender gaps, child care, job loss |
| JEL: | J16 J24 J65 |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upj:weupjo:23-387&r=eur |
| By: | Llanos Paredes, Pedro |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of the Fraunhofer Society, Europe’s largest network of applied research institutes, on patent applications. A difference-in-differences strategy was employed exploiting the establishment of five new Fraunhofer centres in the 2000s. The panel includes 65, 963 European applicants (both firms and independent inventors) between 1980 and 2019. The results show that establishing a centre increases patent output by at least 13%, robust to using applicants of cities that established a centre by the end of the 2010s as an alternative control group. The effect is driven by an increase in applicants’ productivity and not by agglomeration dynamics. |
| Keywords: | European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 860887; OUP deal |
| JEL: | R14 J01 J1 |
| Date: | 2023–10–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120473&r=eur |
| By: | Lise Desvallées (LATTS - Laboratoire Techniques, Territoires et Sociétés - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03456394&r=eur |
| By: | Clodomiro Ferreira; José Miguel Leiva; Galo Nuño; Álvaro Ortiz; Tomasa Rodrigo; Sirenia Vazquez |
| Abstract: | We identify and study analytically three key channels that shape how inflation affects wealth inequality: (i) the traditional wealth (Fisher) channel through which inflation redistributes from lenders to borrowers; (ii) an income channel through which inflation reduces the real value of sticky wages and benefits; and (iii) a relative consumption channel through which heterogeneous increases in the price of different goods affect people differently depending on their consumption baskets. We then quantify these channels during the 2021 inflation surge in Spain using detailed and high-frequency client-level data from one of the main commercial banks. The unexpected nature and temporary perception of the inflation shock in this particular period closely maps on to the assumptions behind our theoretical decomposition. Results show that the wealth and income channels are one order of magnitude larger than the consumption channel. Middle-aged individuals were largely unaffected by inflation, while older ones suffered the most. We find similar results when using representative surveys on households’ wealth, income, and consumption. |
| Keywords: | inflation inequality, net nominal positions, nominal wage rigidities |
| JEL: | G51 D31 E31 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10854&r=eur |
| By: | Fitzenberger, Bernd (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany ; FAU); Walwei, Ulrich (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany ; Univ. Regensburg) |
| Abstract: | "During the COVID-19 crisis, the use of short-time work in Germany reached unprecedented levels, as during the financial crisis of 2008/2009, proving its usefulness as key rescue measure for the labour market. Quickly after the start of the crisis, the German government had considerably eased the conditions for firms and employees to receive short-time working benefits, extending the maximum entitlement period during which the benefits could be drawn and granting higher benefit levels after longer benefit receipt. In light of the high level of economic uncertainty, particularly at the beginning of the crisis, this gave firms a greater planning security with regard to their staff. Despite a rapid decline in short-time working as early as summer 2020, use remained at a historically high level up to the year 2022, after a second temporary peak in winter 2020/21. Germany was no exception among OECD countries in its heavy use of job retention schemes. Elsewhere, government measures to safeguard employment were also implemented on an unprecedented scale during the crisis. The German model of short-time work has served as a role model for many countries, since the financial crisis at the latest. The measures used internationally range from classic short-time work to wage subsidies, subsidies for periods of leave and bans on dismissals in times of crisis. However, some countries primarily relied on income transfers to employees. In addition, business aid programs played a major role in stabilizing firms. At the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis, the use of job retention schemes in Germany was rather below average compared with other countries, but it declined much more slowly than in most other countries. This was partly due to the fact that in many countries, force majeure measures were activated on a large scale at the beginning of the crisis, and these measures often expired in 2020 or 2021 at the latest, i.e., at a time when the economic recovery was on its way faster than previously expected. This research report investigates the development of the use of short-time work in Germany and compares it with the use of employment stabilization measures in the US, Australia, France, Italy, and Spain. The stabilizing effect of short-time work was also evident in the European countries considered here, France, Italy, and Spain. These countries made it even easier to use short-time work. It is noteworthy that with the strong use of short-time work Spain, for example, succeeded for the first time in noticeably mitigating the effects of a GDP decline on employment, while a comparable effect of securing employment was not observed in the USA key reason for this is probably that the U.S. short-time work program - not applied in all states - could not be scaled up in the same way as in Europe. In contrast, Australia succeeded in securing employment with an alternative to short-time work, namely a wage subsidy. The use of short-time work in Germany was made easier because it was possible to build on an established instrument and the experience gained with it during the economic and financial crisis. Irrespective of this, the use of short-time work on a massive scale by local standards has reached its administrative limits, particularly concerning the high degree of flexibility in the amount of possible work loss of individual workers compensated for and the multi-stage procedure for applying for and settling short-time work. In contrast to Germany, countries such as France, Italy and Spain referred to force majeure when relaxing their regulations in the context of the COVID-19 crisis. The enormous use of wage subsidies in Australia was the response to the severe consequences of the crisis. There are opportunities and risks associated with declaring such an exceptional situation. If access rules are strongly simplified and benefits made more generous in such a situation, the likelihood of heavy use increases. The goal of stabilizing employment and the economy in the short term can thus be achieved more easily. At the same time, however, the risk of unintended negative incentive effects, such as windfall gains, which have been observed in Italy and France and especially in Australia, increases. The research report also discusses lessons from the international comparison for the debate in Germany. Basically, in times of a severe economic crisis, countries face the difficult trade-off between (desirable) stabilization effects on the one hand and (undesirable) efficiency losses on the other. The main possible disincentive effects are free riding and the risk of maintaining non-viable firms and slowing down reallocation processes to new, promising fields of business activity. As the international comparison shows, there are three approaches to limiting or compensating for disincentives: Appropriate exit scenarios, suitable models of co-financing by firms, and incentives to strengthen the transformation of the economy. To take account of the cost efficiency of short-time work, the OECD favours co-financing by firms, the argument being that a long use of short-term work can slow down economic transformation processes. Whether and to what extent this has actually happened cannot be ascertained for the various countries based on what is known so far. The descriptive evidence for Germany shows that long periods of use were only observed for a very small proportion of firms. In order to reduce disincentives for long use, incentives to end short-time work could be introduced. One possibility is the introduction of an "experience rating" scheme. Firms that use short-time work to a large extent and for a long time during difficult times would have to know in advance that they would then have to make repayments or pay higher contributions in normal times. The revenues could then serve as a reserve for future crises. Similar arrangements exist in Italy and under the short-time work program which is part of the U.S. unemployment insurance system. In order to further counteract an inappropriate preservation of business models through short-time work, the scheme could be used to an even greater extent to support structural change by means of appropriate supplements. Some countries (especially France and Spain) were more successful than Germany in combining short-time work with training. Spain is of particular interest in this context because, in addition to training, incentives were introduced to encourage workers to leave short-time work by fostering mobility at an inter-company level. Finally, especially in times of severe crises, the use of short-time work must take into account distributional issues. As an insurance benefit, short-time work in Germany, like unemployment benefits, is subject to the equivalence principle and is restricted to employees subject to social insurance contributions; mini-jobbers and the self-employed are not covered by it. In the U.S., for example, the existing short-time work program, which was only used to a limited extent, was extended to the self-employed. If in severe and protracted crises special regulations are used that aim to increase wage replacement rates, one could consider, instead of increasing rates over the course of the reference period (as has been done in Germany), focussing on increasing wage replacement rates for workers with low incomes, similar to the case of France. In the absence of insurance coverage, as in the case of the self-employed and mini-jobbers, appropriate income support schemes to compensate for hardship should be considered in the event of a severe crisis, similar to what has been done in the U.S.. In Germany, this was done, for example, through simplified access to basic benefits or, most recently, through subsidies in the context of the energy crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | Australien ; Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; Frankreich ; Italien ; Spanien ; USA ; Pandemie ; IAB-Open-Access-Publikation ; Beschäftigungseffekte ; Beschäftigungsentwicklung ; Finanzkrise ; Inanspruchnahme ; internationaler Vergleich ; Krisenmanagement ; Kurzarbeit ; Kurzarbeitergeld ; Lohnsubvention ; Rezession ; Wirtschaftskrise ; Arbeitsplatzsicherung ; 2008-2022 |
| Date: | 2023–10–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabfob:202305(en)&r=eur |
| By: | L. Vargiu; B. Biagi; M.G. Brandano; P. Postiglione |
| Abstract: | The last decades registered a significant increase in Research Infrastructures (RIs) everywhere and in Europe. The EU supports these projects and their activities by implementing strategies and allocating financial resources for these costly projects. Although RIs main goal is to foster science, they produce relevant effects that go beyond scientific output including economic output, innovation, and social impact. These effects take place simultaneously at different geographic levels - regional, national, and international. RIs' hosting regions absorb a significant part of them. This phenomenon is the object of a stream of literature that analyses the several effects that single RIs have on the economy and society. However, little attention is paid to the aggregate dimension of these effects at the regional level and how it changes in different regional contexts. This work contributes to the main literature on RIs socio-economic effects by disentangling the aggregate economic growth effect driven by RIs in EU NUTS 2 regions for two periods - 2001-2020 and 1981-2020. The empirical analysis is carried out on an original database with information about 667 RIs. A spatial Durbin model estimates both the direct impact and spatial spillovers. The main findings suggest that RIs have a positive impact on regional economic growth over the two periods considered. However, spillover effects to neighbouring regions are not significant. |
| Keywords: | Research Infrastructures;regional economic growth;Socio-economic effects;european regions;spatial analysis |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cns:cnscwp:202314&r=eur |
| By: | Clodomiro Ferreira; José Miguel Leiva; Galo Nuño Barrau; Alvaro Ortiz; Tomasa Rodrigo; Sirenia Vazquez |
| Abstract: | We identify and study analytically three key channels that shape how inflation affects wealth inequality: (i) the traditional wealth (Fisher) channel through which inflation redistributes from lenders to borrowers; (ii) an income channel through which inflation reduces the real value of sticky wages and benefits; and (iii) a relative consumption channel through which heterogeneous increases in the price of different goods affect people differently depending on their consumption baskets. We then quantify these channels during the 2021 inflation surge in Spain using detailed and high-frequency client-level data from one of the main commercial banks. The unexpected nature and temporary perception of the inflation shock in this particular period closely maps on to the assumptions behind our theoretical decomposition. Results show that the wealth and income channels are one order of magnitude larger than the consumption channel. Middle-aged individuals were largely unaffected by inflation, while older ones suffered the most. We find similar results when using representative surveys on households' wealth, income, and consumption. |
| Keywords: | inflation inequality, net nominal positions, nominal wage rigidities |
| JEL: | G51 D31 E31 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:1152&r=eur |
| By: | Zamanbin, Mehri; Yerkes, Mara A.; Javornik, Jana |
| Abstract: | Affordable, good quality childcare creates opportunities for many parents to better reconcile work and care or reduces family care to enable other valuable contributions to society. However, childcare studies often overlook parents of children with complex care needs. The often too limited understanding of the availability of affordable, good quality childcare for parents of children with complex care needs is problematic. These parents spend a greater amount of time on caregiving, providing care that goes beyond that of parents of typically developing children. As such, their opportunities beyond caregiving can be limited, and resources, like childcare services, are crucial in supporting the reconciliation of care with other valued activities in life. This article contributes to the cross-national childcare policy literature by conceptualizing comparative indicators to assess the availability, accessibility, and affordability of childcare policy design for children with complex care needs. It then applies these indicators to a comparison of childcare policy design in the UK and the Netherlands, providing an operationalization for further empirical analysis. Broadening childcare policy analysis to include the availability, accessibility, and affordability of childcare for parents of children with complex care needs improves our understanding of child-related care services in cross-national perspective and provides conceptual innovation for improving comparative childcare indicators. |
| Date: | 2023–12–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:s3fmn&r=eur |
| By: | Michel Lubrano (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Zhou Xun (NUFE - Nanjing University of Finance and Economics) |
| Abstract: | This chapter reviews the recent Bayesian literature on poverty measurement together with some new results. Using Bayesian model criticism, we revise the international poverty line. Using mixtures of lognormals to model income, we derive the posterior distribution for the FGT, Watts and Sen poverty indices, for TIP curves (with an illustration on child poverty in Germany) and for Growth Incidence Curves. The relation of restricted stochastic dominance with TIP and GIC dominance is detailed with an example based on UK data. Using panel data, we decompose poverty into total, chronic and transient poverty, comparing child and adult poverty in East Germany when redistribution is introduced. When panel data are not available, a Gibbs sampler can be used to build a pseudo panel. We illustrate poverty dynamics by examining the consequences of the Wall on poverty entry and poverty persistence in occupied West Bank. |
| Keywords: | Bayesian inference, mixture model, poverty indices, stochastic dominance, poverty dynamics |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04347292&r=eur |
| By: | Sylvie Christofle (ESPACE - Études des Structures, des Processus d’Adaptation et des Changements de l’Espace - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - AU - Avignon Université - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur, GRM - Groupe de Recherche en Management - EA 4711 - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur, ITCA - Institut du Tourisme Côte d'Azur - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur, IAE Nice - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nice - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur) |
| Abstract: | MICE tourism (Meeting, Incentive, Congress, Exhibition/Event), particularly in its international congress branch, is envisaged here as an interface system (Chapelon, 2008, Perez, 2021) fundamentally connected to the spatial system of European capitals (Paris, Berlin, Prague, Lisbon, London, Stockholm…) and its dynamics. These capitals have already been affected by various kinds of systemic shocks (war etc.), but the most recent is caused by the covid-19 pandemic. The responses of the European cities included in our panel resort to various areas of adaptability to the crisis in order to ensure and strengthen their resilience. These diverse responses – economic, communicational, health-related, managerial, technological… conjunctural or structural – shape a potential future for the sector, which is nevertheless still to be re-imagined to a certain extent. |
| Abstract: | Le tourisme MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Congress, Exhibition/Event), notamment dans sa branche congrès internationaux, est envisagé ici comme un système d'interface (Chapelon, 2008, Perez, 2021) fondamentalement lié au système spatial des capitales européennes (Paris, Berlin, Prague, Lisbonne, Londres, Stockholm...) et à ses dynamiques. Ces capitales ont déjà été affectées par divers types de chocs systémiques (guerre, etc.), mais le plus récent est causé par la pandémie de covid-19. Les réponses des villes européennes incluses dans notre panel font appel à différents domaines d'adaptabilité à la crise afin d'assurer et de renforcer leur résilience. Ces réponses diverses - économiques, communicationnelles, sanitaires, managériales, technologiques... conjoncturelles ou structurelles - dessinent un avenir potentiel pour le secteur, qui reste cependant à réimaginer dans une certaine mesure. |
| Keywords: | TOURISM, MICE tourism, spatial resilience, global cities, systemic shocks |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04343149&r=eur |
| By: | Giulia Ferrari; Haley McAvay; Sorana Toma |
| Abstract: | La persistance de la ségrégation résidentielle basée sur des critères ethniques dans les sociétés occidentales est bien documentée, avec les immigrés et leurs descendants concentrés dans certaines régions, villes et quartiers. En France, des recherches récentes suggèrent que la concentration spatiale des immigrés dans des quartiers spécifiques est restée constante, voire a légèrement augmenté. La population immigrée a tendance à se concentrer dans des quartiers défavorisés, en particulier dans les banlieues des grandes villes. Des modèles théoriques, tels que le modèle de "l'Assimilation Spatiale", ont été proposés pour expliquer l'incorporation spatiale des immigrés. Selon ce modèle, les quartiers avec une forte concentration d'immigrés sont considérés comme une phase de transition dans leur trajectoire résidentielle, et avec le temps, les immigrés et leurs descendants déménagent vers des quartiers plus diversifiés à mesure qu'ils s'acculturent et connaissent une mobilité socio-économique ascendante. Des études empiriques soutiennent partiellement le modèle d'assimilation spatiale mais révèlent également des disparités entre différents groupes raciaux et ethniques. La ségrégation résidentielle a tendance à persister parmi divers groupes, indiquant l'influence de facteurs tels que la discrimination sur le marché du logement, les préférences des locataires blancs et les préférences résidentielles différenciées des autochtones et des minorités. Ce chapitre, basé sur les enquêtes Trajectoires et Origines, vise quatre objectifs : évaluer les changements dans les modèles de ségrégation résidentielle de 2008 à 2019, examiner l'incorporation spatiale de la troisième génération, comparer les modèles d'incorporation spatiale de différents groupes d'immigrés au fil du temps et entre les générations et situations socio-économiques, et explorer la connexion entre les caractéristiques objectives des quartiers et les perceptions subjectives de la qualité du quartier. Les conclusions contribuent à la compréhension des modèles évolutifs de la ségrégation résidentielle en France et fournissent des informations sur la dynamique de l'assimilation spatiale à travers les générations et les groupes d'immigrés. |
| Keywords: | ségragation résidentielle, origine ethnique, immigré, descendants d'immigrés, France, TeO2, BANLIEUE / SUBURBS, ORIGINE ETHNIQUE / ETHNIC ORIGIN, MOBILITE RESIDENTIELLE / RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY, DESCENDANTS D'IMMIGRES / DESCENDENTS OF IMMIGRANTS, IMMIGRE / IMMIGRANTS, FRANCE / FRANCE, LOGEMENT / HOUSING, DISCRIMINATION RACIALE / RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, SEGREGATION RESIDENTIELLE / RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION, REPARTITION SPATIALE DE LA POPULATION / POPULATION DISTRIBUTION |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idg:wpaper:ypymh4wb-5e4ngnwd5uq&r=eur |
| By: | Margaret Kyle (CERNA i3 - Centre d'économie industrielle i3 - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sinan Corus; Julia Tanndal |
| Abstract: | One goal of the European Commission's proposed reform to existing regulations is to increase patient access to innovative medicines across the European Union. We describe the economic impact of this policy change. Because of the incentives created by other policies, particularly external reference pricing and parallel trade, these reforms may have an adverse impact on competition in the pharmaceutical sector and reduce the attractiveness of Europe as an incubator for pharmaceutical innovation. Changes to bargaining power are likely to favour large, established firms. These reforms also increase the uncertainty of the length of market exclusivity, potentially undermining innovation incentives. |
| Abstract: | L'un des objectifs de la réforme des réglementations existantes proposée par la Commission européenne est d'améliorer l'accès des patients aux médicaments innovants dans toute l'Union européenne. Nous décrivons l'impact économique de ce changement de politique. En raison des incitations créées par d'autres politiques, en particulier celles relatives aux prix de référence externes et au commerce parallèle, ces réformes peuvent avoir un impact négatif sur la concurrence dans le secteur pharmaceutique et réduire l'attrait de l'Europe en tant qu'incubateur de l'innovation pharmaceutique. L'évolution des rapports de force est susceptible de favoriser les grandes entreprises établies. Ces réformes augmentent également l'incertitude quant à la durée de l'exclusivité commerciale, ce qui pourrait nuire aux incitations à l'innovation. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04351643&r=eur |
| By: | Konstantins Benkovskis (Latvijas Banka); Jaanika Merikull (Eesti Pank); Aurelija Proskute (Lietuvos bankas) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the margins and heterogeneity of adjustments to trade shocks by estimating how Covid-19 restrictions affected imports and exports. We use data from Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia on foreign trade at the level of the firm and the partner country and at monthly frequency from January 2019 to December 2020. The focus is on the short-term adjustment and on the first wave of the pandemic. We find that the adjustment to the restrictions mostly occurs through the intensive margin, meaning trade values are reduced rather than trade in cer- tain markets or products ceasing. It is further observed that quantity played a more important role in the adjustment process than prices and that both upstream and downstream restrictions played an equally important role in the decline of foreign trade. It is shown that differentiated products that are difficult to replace are responsible for this adjustment pattern. |
| Keywords: | transmission of shocks, input-output linkages, global value chains, Covid-19, workplace closing |
| JEL: | F14 F61 D22 |
| Date: | 2024–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ltv:wpaper:202401&r=eur |
| By: | Michal Madr (Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel university in Brno, Czech Republic); Radek Naplava (Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel university in Brno, Czech Republic) |
| Abstract: | The analysis of retail sales in non-specialised stores was carried out from 2005 to 2021. The market share of the six most important competitors (by ownership structure) was 75% in 2021. There has been a gradual increase in market concentration over the long term. The market structure can be characterised as an asymmetric oligopoly, the most common market structure within the European Union. Regarding the number of significant firms and the degree of concentration, the Czech market has a structure similar to the retail markets in Estonia, Germany, and the UK. Within the European comparison, the Czech retail market reaches a medium level, as evidenced by the fact that there are markets with a lower (Hungary and Poland) and higher degree of concentration (Austria and Slovakia) among the neighbouring countries. According to the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, this market changed from an unconcentrated to a moderately concentrated market after 2013. There were 15 mergers and acquisitions in the period under review. However, only one (the merger of REWE Group with PLUS - DISCOUNT in 2008) was likely to lead to a significant increase in market share (by 3.5 percentage points to 13%), i.e., an increase in market concentration. The market development was very successful for the two foreign owners, the Schwarz-Gruppe (Kaufland and Lidl) and the REWE Group (Billa and Penny), whose subsidiaries had the highest market share growth. At the same time, these four companies include hypermarkets (Kaufland), supermarkets (Billa) and discount stores (Lidl and Penny). The Schwarz-Gruppe's share increased from 13% to 28%, and REWE's rose from 7% to 15%. Trading margins have been relatively stable since 2005; the average level of these indicators has increased slightly, especially from 2015 to 2021. Gross profits and gross operating margins of the largest companies have increased over time. From a company-by-company perspective, gross margins have (with minor exceptions) ranged from 1-4.5%. Sales and gross profits of the largest companies grew faster than inflation, with gross profit growth outpacing sales growth. The evolution of the market for retail sales in non-specialised stores, showing a change in market shares and the relatively low average gross margins of individual market players and their changes, clearly show this is a competitive market. |
| Keywords: | retail sales, market structure, market concentration, performance of companies, Czechia |
| JEL: | D43 L81 M20 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:men:wpaper:93_2024&r=eur |
| By: | Hlavac, Marek |
| Abstract: | According to official statistics, Slovakia’s GDP per capita at PPP has been declining compared to the EU-27 average since 2016. This unfavorable evolution is influenced by shortcomings in the input data provided to Eurostat – especially in expenditures on housing rentals and in housing stock data. Using the Eurostat-OECD methodology for calculating purchasing power parities, we estimate alternative scenarios that correct these shortcomings. Our results still suggest that Slovakia’s convergence level has been stagnating since 2016. They are less optimistic than those by other Slovak institutions, and are not very sensitive to changes in assumptions about the prices of rentals. |
| Keywords: | Slovakia; purchasing power parity; convergence; housing; imputed rent |
| JEL: | E01 E3 E31 O47 |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119323&r=eur |
| By: | Hülle, Sebastian (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Bömmel, Nadja (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Coban, Mustafa (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Fössing, Emma (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Friedrich, Martin (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Gricevic, Zbignev (IAB); Kasrin, Zein (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany ; SOKO Institut); Kleinemeier, Rita (SOKO Institut); Meß, Andreas (SOKO Institut); Schiele, Maximilian (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Trappmann, Mark (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany ; Univ. Bamberg); Wagemann, Ute (SOKO Institut); Wenzig, Claudia (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Wolff, Joachim (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Zabel, Cordula (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Zins, Stefan (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | "This method report describes the second wave of the panel survey "Quality of Life and Social Participation". It covers study design, questionnaires, organization of the field work, field outcomes, and data preparation of wave 2. The panel survey is a part of the evaluation of the Teilhabechancengesetz (Participation Opportunities Act), which is conducted by the Institute for Employment Research (IAB). The central goal of the “Teilhabechancengesetz” is to improve the employability and social participation of long-term unemployed people with very poor labor market prospects and who have been receiving means-tested unemployment benefits according to Social Code (SC) II for a long time (Deutscher Bundestag 2019). The Teilhabechancengesetz comprises two measures of active labour market policy: Eingliederung von Langzeitarbeitslosen (Integration of the long-term unemployed) (§ 16e SGB II) and Teilhabe am Arbeitsmarkt (Participation in the labour market) (§ 16i SGB II), which essentially consist of wage subsidies accompanied by job coaching for participants. Based on the panel data, the study examines the impact of subsidies through the two programmes according to § 16e and § 16i SGB II on the employability and social participation of those supported. The survey design is based on a programme-specific sampling, which results in a dual-frame approach with two independent surveys – the 16e-panel and the 16i-panel. Telephone interviews (CATI) are conducted with those receiving support according to § 16e and § 16i SGB II (respective treatment groups) as well as with welfare recipients who do not receive support according to § 16e and § 16i SGB II (respective control groups). The study design encompasses three (16e-panel) or four (16i-panel) panel waves to examine the short-term, medium-term and long-term effects of participation in the respective programme. It should be noted that all interviews take place after the individual start of support. The personal questionnaire primarily focuses on individual social participation and employability as central target dimensions of the evaluation as well as on characteristics of the support programme participants receive, involving in particular coaching. The interview in wave 1 included the comprehensive measurement of social participation (see Hülle et al. 2022). With wave 2, a more differentiated measurement of employability was implemented by surveying further dimensions in the fields of "skills" and "job search". In addition, a newly developed question module on “further education” was fielded and the question module on “coaching” was expanded to also gather information on the reasons for non-participation or the termination of the coaching. The survey data can be linked to administrative data from the German Federal Employment Agency if linkage consent exists, which further increases the analytical potential of the "Quality of Life and Social Participation" panel. For the control of the field work of wave 2, the IAB developed a complex plan of defining and fielding tranches in order to ensure certain fieldwork outcomes. These outcomes include (1) ensuring a minimum time interval between the survey waves, (2) maximizing the number of interviewed treatment cases within the 16e-panel as long as they were still in the programme, (3) minimizing the time interval between the interview date of a treatment case and the interview date(s) of its matched control case(s). During wave 2, 12, 262 telephone interviews were conducted by the survey vendor SOKO between March 2021 and March 2022. These are actually more cases than originally planned (103 percent of the targeted cases). The average response rate was 75%, with control cases having a higher response rate (76.5%) than the treatment cases (71.2%). On average, around five contact attempts via phone were necessary to complete an interview. The average duration of an interview was just under 30 minutes, although there are differences between the respondent groups due to the modular structure of the questionnaire. The interview time is longest for those who were still participating in a programme of interest at the time of the interview, averaging around 37 minutes. The group of unemployed control cases had the shortest interview duration with an average of around 27 minutes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; IAB-Open-Access-Publikation ; IAB-Datensatz Lebensqualität und Teilhabe ; IAB-Datensatz Lebensqualität und Teilhabe ; Befragung ; Benachteiligtenförderung ; Codierung ; Datenaufbereitung ; Datengewinnung ; Erfolgskontrolle ; Fragebogen ; Imputationsverfahren ; Langzeitarbeitslose ; Lohnkostenzuschuss ; Panel ; Antwortverhalten ; Interviewereffekt ; soziale Partizipation ; Sozialgesetzbuch II ; Stichprobenverfahren ; Telefoninterview |
| Date: | 2023–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabfob:202320&r=eur |
| By: | Hohendanner, Christian (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | "Since the 1980s, there have been fears that the so-called standard employment relationship, i.e. full-time, permanent employment subject to social security contributions, is becoming less important in Germany and that employment relationships classified under the generic term "atypical employment" are gaining in importance. The latter usually includes part-time employment subject to social security contributions and marginal part-time employment, fixed-term employment, temporary work and freelance work. Some of these forms of employment have a shorter duration, are accompanied by lower wages and have a lower social protection effect than the standard employment relationship due to lower and shorter contribution payments into the social security systems. Given the strong focus on employment in our social security system, it is important for social and labour market policy to keep an eye on the development of different forms of employment. Against the backdrop of a society in crisis, in which the “normal” is increasingly being questioned, the structure of employment relationships is surprisingly stable. The standard employment relationship is proving to be largely robust, fixed-term contracts are becoming less important, temporary work and freelance work are stable, but at a low level of around two per cent of the workforce. The development of the labour market towards an "employee market" seems to mean that involuntary atypical forms of employment are declining or remaining at a low level from the employees' point of view. Only part-time employment continues to gain in importance. However, as structural and crisis-related upheavals become more likely and economic conditions more unpredictable and volatile, it is necessary to ensure adaptability to cope with these upheavals. Against this background, three objectives can be formulated with regard to atypical forms of employment in order to ensure adaptability: firstly, to increase the volume of work of involuntary part-time and marginal workers; secondly, to strengthen internal flexibility and training within establishments; and thirdly, to create adequate protective mechanisms and framework conditions for forms of employment that were previously less secure. In addition to this research report, two structural tables based on the IAB Establishment Panel 2010 to 2022 on the forms of employment and in more detail on fixed-term employment are available on the IAB website in the "Facts and Figures" section. The tables show how the various forms of employment have developed in relation to economic sector, federal state and establishment size." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | IAB-Open-Access-Publikation |
| Date: | 2023–12–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabfob:202323&r=eur |
| By: | Satama, Suvi; Seeck, Hannele; Garcia-Lorenzo, Lucia |
| Abstract: | This study aims to revitalise the concept of relational vulnerability in advancing the theory of managerial identity work. Drawing on 35 semi-structured interviews and 12 podcast interviews with top managers in Finland, we identify two entwined themes through which top managers practise identity work by negotiating their vulnerabilities in the workplace. Our study illustrates the embodied subtlety of relational vulnerabilities in top managers’ identity negotiations by showing they can function as a tool for the managers’ professional development. Our study contributes to the broader discussion on a more humane working life by investigating the ways in which top managers can foster workplaces in which vulnerabilities are used as a starting point for improvement rather than as a tool for disparaging the self and the others. This is an aspect of managerial identity work that deserves to be more profoundly considered in both academic debate and managerial practice. |
| Keywords: | embodiment; humane working life; Managerial identity work; managerial vulnerability; relational vulnerability; top managers |
| JEL: | J50 |
| Date: | 2023–12–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121149&r=eur |
| By: | Blanche Segrestin (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Kevin Levillain (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In this contribution, we present the recent reform of corporate law in France (2017-2019) and discuss its implication at two levels. So far, "purpose" was mainly a managerial concept, and most efforts to make corporations responsible have not changed the legal constitution of the corporation. By contrast, the French reform first revises corporate law and introduces the purpose in the constitution of the corporation; it thus prompts a reexamination of former approaches of the purpose of the corporation. Second, with its two components, a duty of vigilance and the possibility for any company to become "société à mission, " it brings into corporate law some principles to manage the future corporate activities. We argue that it is based on a conceptualization of management that deeply differs from traditional legal representations of management. We show that this shift calls for new research at the intersection of law and management. |
| Keywords: | accountability, corporate governance, corporate purpose, corporate social responsibility, law, purpose of the corporation |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04353095&r=eur |
| By: | Sofoklis Goulas (Brookings Institution, Washington DC, United States); Rigissa Megalokonomou (Monash University, Monash Business School, Department of Economics, Australia, University of Queensland, IZA, and CESifo); Yi Zhang (University of Queensland, School of Economics, Australia) |
| Abstract: | Recent research has shown that females make classrooms more conducive to effective learning. We identify the effect of a higher share of female classmates on students’ disruptive behavior, engagement, test scores, and major choices in disadvantaged and non-disadvantaged schools. We exploit the random assignment of students to classrooms in early high school in Greece. We combine rich administrative data with hand-collected student-level data from a representative sample of schools that feature two novel contributions. Unlike other gender peer effects studies, a) we use a rich sample of schools and students that contains a large and diverse set of school qualities, and household incomes, and b) we measure disruption and engagement using misconduct-related (unexcused) teacher-reported and parent-approved (excused) student class absences instead of self-reported measures. We find four main results. First, a higher share of female classmates improves students’ current and subsequent test scores in STEM subjects and increases STEM college participation, especially for girls. Second, a higher share of female classmates is associated with reduced disruptive behavior for boys and improved engagement for girls, which indicates an increase in overall classroom learning productivity. Third, disadvantaged students—those who attend low-quality schools or reside in low-income neighborhoods—drive the baseline results; they experience the highest improvements in their classroom learning productivity and their STEM outcomes from a higher share of female classmates. Fourth, disadvantaged females randomly assigned to more female classmates in early high school choose college degrees linked to more lucrative or prestigious occupations 2 years later. Our results suggest that classroom interventions that reduce disruption and improve engagement are more effective in disadvantaged or underserved environments. |
| Keywords: | gender peer effects, natural e, classroom learning productivit, quasi-random variation, disadvantaged students |
| JEL: | J16 J24 I24 I26 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2024-01&r=eur |
| By: | Kim, Ki-Dong; Shim, Gyuhun; Choi, Hyun-Im; Kim, Dong-Hyun |
| Abstract: | This study provides novel insights into the policy effects of timber legality verification methods, specifically Due-diligence (under the European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR)) and Due-care (under the Lacey Act), on coniferous and non-coniferous lumber trade, highlighting their significance in the context of global lumber trade. Timber legality verification plays a pivotal role in the global timber trade. We comprehensively assess the impact of verification methods on coniferous and non-coniferous lumber trade, utilizing two decades of trade data (1997–2017) across approximately 160 countries. We employ the difference-in-differences method based on the gravity model of international trade, utilizing robust export–import data and demographic profiles. Our findings demonstrate that the effect of EUTR on coniferous lumber imports ranged between −0.32% and −0.05%, and that on non-coniferous lumber imports ranged between −0.44% and −0.05%, whereas the effect of the Lacey Act on coniferous lumber imports ranged between −0.93% and −0.09%. Non-coniferous lumber imports remained unaffected. The Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) led to decreased exports to the EU and US. Our findings hold two key implications. First, Due-diligence exhibits more consistent policy effects than Due-care. Second, supporting VPA-participating countries is crucial for facilitating timber trade. These insights inform timber trade policies and sustainable practices. |
| Keywords: | timber legality requirement system; lumber trad; VPA; gravity model; difference-in-difference |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2023–11–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121106&r=eur |
| By: | Nolan, Anne |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp769&r=eur |
| By: | Bernard Cherubini (IRM - Institut de Recherche Montesquieu - UB - Université de Bordeaux) |
| Abstract: | Ce numéro 3 des Cahiers de l'OPPEE sur la gestion transfrontalière de la pandémie et la contestation politique part d'un constat, celui de la mise en sommeil des expériences de collaboration transfrontalière dans le domaine de la santé publique, qui faisait apparaître une transnationalisation des politiques publiques en santé, au profit de la mise en exergue de l'exercice des compétences nationales. Face à l'urgence, les États ont mis place des plans sanitaires différents au sein même de l'Union européenne, comme dans d'autres situations transfrontalières. Les frontières ont été souvent présentes comme des barrières protectrices face aux dangers d'une contamination venue de l'étranger, sous peine de voir naître les contestations, freinant d'autant l'émergence d'une réponse globale, à la hauteur des enjeux et des menaces de propagation du virus à l'échelle mondiale. |
| Keywords: | Pandémie, Pandémie COVID-19, Frontière, Guyane France, Brésil, Économie informelle, Covid-19, Ouest guyanais, Vulnérabilité, Socio-économie, Schengen, Libre Circulation, Mobilisation citoyenne, Transfrontaliarités, État-Unis, Trump, Discours politique, Gestion de crise, Gestion de crise sanitaire, Afrique, Santé, Vaccins, Géopolitique |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04353925&r=eur |
| By: | Alexander Bick; Kevin Bloodworth II |
| Abstract: | The labor force participation rate in the U.S. had returned to its pre-pandemic level by 2023:Q2, but hours worked per person had not. What about in European countries? |
| Keywords: | labor force participation; hours worked; United States; Europe |
| Date: | 2023–12–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:l00001:97541&r=eur |
| By: | Tamás Sebestyén; Erik Braun; Zoltán Elekes |
| Abstract: | It is now well established that complex economies with sophisticated export specialization experience higher income and economic growth levels. A group of countries, including those in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), have pursued a distinctive and arguably successful economic development strategy, focusing on foreign direct investment and embedding in global value chains (GVCs) in manufacturing. However, while these countries now appear to have a high degree of economic sophistication after considerable modernization, they also face significant challenges in catching up with more developed economies in terms of prosperity. In this paper, we propose that considering the coordination of local and non-local capabilities in the same theoretical framework and empirical application helps to resolve this apparent complexity puzzle. Using a panel dataset covering 67 territories and 45 sectors from 1995 to 2018, we first show that measuring countries’ economic complexity based on value-added trade adjusts the resulting country ranking and reduces the measured complexity gap favoring CEE countries. Second, we argue that value-added-based economic complexity needs to be complemented by measures of positions in GVCs to account for access to non-local capabilities. Our results from benchmark regression analyses show that economic complexity and positions in GVCs together offer improved predictive power for income and economic growth. Finally, we show that GVC positions in services are particularly important for economic development but that a related pattern of diversification, whereby CEE countries and factory economies more broadly strengthen their GVC positions in manufacturing activities, is likely to limit their future opportunities for functional upgrading and for achieving highly complex economic structures that would be rooted in local capabilities. |
| Keywords: | capability base, economic complexity, global value chains, upstreamness, down- streamness, economic development |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2401&r=eur |
| By: | Kutnyi, Oleh |
| Abstract: | This study explores the nuanced relationship between economic freedom and happiness, investigating the influence of geopolitical regions and developmental stages on this association. Utilizing cross-sectional secondary data from 135 countries in 2021, this research employs a regression analysis incorporating economic freedom as the independent variable and happiness as the dependent variable. The model further includes interactions between economic freedom and both the geopolitical region and level of development. Initial findings affirm a positive correlation between economic freedom and happiness across countries. However, when considering interactions, distinct patterns emerge. Contrary to expectations, the impact of economic freedom on happiness does not significantly differ among countries at varying development stages. Conversely, geopolitical context emerges as a critical factor, notably highlighting the significance of economic freedom in fostering happiness within Western Europe compared to other regions. |
| Keywords: | Economic Freedom, Happiness, Geopolitical Regions, Western Europe |
| JEL: | C3 I3 I31 |
| Date: | 2023–12–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119620&r=eur |
| By: | Behrang Shirizadeh (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Philippe Quirion (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We model the optimal hydrogen and electricity production and storage mix for France by 2050. We provide a central scenario and study its sensitivity to the cost of electrolyzers, the hydrogen demand and the renewable energy deployment potential. The share of electrolysis vs. methane reforming with CO 2 capture and storage in hydrogen production is sensitive to the cost of electrolyzers, with the former providing around 60% in the central scenario. However, the system cost and hydrogen and electricity production costs are much less sensitive to these scenarios, thanks to the wide nearoptimal feasible space of the solutions. The electricity production mix is almost fully renewable in the central scenario, while nuclear has a significant role only if the wind & solar potential limits their deployment, or if blue hydrogen is not authorized. |
| Keywords: | Power system modelling, electricity markets, low-carbon hydrogen, levelized cost of hydrogen, green hydrogen, blue hydrogen, large-scale renewable integration, renewable energies, prospective planning, optimization |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04347126&r=eur |
| By: | Agni Poullikka |
| Abstract: | The policy responses to the Eurozone crisis were mainly driven by taxpayer funded bail-outs and austerity packages, with the exception of Cyprus where a bail-out was supplemented with a bank bail-in for the first time in the Eurozone. This paper examines how voters assign blame for the 2013 Cypriot banking crisis. The results of an original public opinion survey that was conducted in Cyprus show that neither the incumbent government at the time of the bail-in nor the previous one are assigned primary responsibility. Instead, blame is dispersed towards two non-elected actors; the national central bank and the banking sector. The findings carry implications for democratic accountability at the domestic and European Union level. |
| Keywords: | European Union, Eurozone crisis, Cyprus, small states, public opinion |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hel:greese:192&r=eur |
| By: | Guter-Sandu, Andrei; Haas, Armin; Murau, Steffen |
| Abstract: | The Green Transition to net-zero carbon emissions in Europe requires massive financing efforts, with estimates of 620 billion EUR annually, but the headwinds are substantive. Central banks seem overstretched and busy tightening to combat inflation; treasuries are subject to austerity-inducing fiscal rules; and banking systems are afflicted by non-performing loans, fragmentation, and risk aversion. We employ the framework of ‘monetary architecture’ to analyse the EU’s monetary and financial system as a constantly evolving hierarchical web of interlocking balance sheets and study its capacity to find ‘elasticity space’ to meet the financing challenge. To this end, we draw on a four-step scheme for green macro-financial governance along the financial cycle of balance sheet expansion, funding, and final contraction. We find that, first, Europe’s monetary architecture still has ample elasticity space to provide a green initial expansion due to its developed ecosystem of national, subnational, and supranational off-balance-sheet fiscal agencies. Second, as mechanisms lack to consciously organise the distribution of long-term debt instruments across different segments, its capacity to provide long-term funding is limited. Third, institutional transformation in the last two decades have greatly improved the capacity of the European monetary architecture to counteract financial instability by providing emergency elasticity. Fourth, the capacity of the European monetary architecture to manage a final contraction of balance sheets is limited, which is a general quandary in modern credit money systems. Our analysis points to the need for further investigations into techniques for monetary architectures to manage long-term funding and balance sheet contractions. |
| Date: | 2023–12–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:4mb2q&r=eur |
| By: | Michele Schiavo (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Chantal Le Mouël (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Xavier Poux (ASCA - Partenaires IRSTEA - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture, IDDRI - Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris); Pierre-Marie Aubert (IDDRI - Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales - Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris) |
| Abstract: | The need for an agroecological transition is regularly advocated by many actors and policymakers on the European scene, but many questions arise regarding the potential consequences that this transition may have on the rest of the world. Using a world biomass balance model, in this paper we show that a deep agroecological transition in the EU, if accompanied by a shift of EU food regimes towards more plant-based diets, is not detrimental to global food security. Without increasing its cropland areas, the EU can maintain the same level of exported calories as in a business-as-usual scenario while reducing its import needs. This result holds true also in an alternative scenario in which the other world regions adopt agroecological production methods and healthier diets. In contrast, an agricultural transition taking place in the EU without a change of EU food regimes, would drastically increase EU food dependence on global markets and contribute to the expansion of agricultural land in the rest of the world. |
| Keywords: | Agroecology, Agricultural transition, DIETS, Modelling, Organic agriculture, TYFA |
| Date: | 2023–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04348979&r=eur |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Selected Issues |
| Date: | 2023–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/396&r=eur |
| By: | Laurence Bloch (Conseillère scientifique auprès du directeur des études et synthèses économiques de l’Insee et affiliée au Crest); Dominique Bureau (Président de la Commission de l’économie du développement durable, Ministère de la transition écologique) |
| Abstract: | Le développement économique est dit soutenable s’il permet de maintenir dans le temps une mesure large de la richesse, comprenant le capital produit et le capital humain mais aussi le capital santé et le patrimoine naturel, pondérés par leur prix implicite, à savoir leur contribution au bien-être social. Mais comment valoriser les actifs naturels, les services qu’ils procurent et ceux qu’ils procureront aux générations futures ? Non seulement le bois de coupe des forêts mais aussi leurs services de puits de carbone ou récréatifs et plus généralement les services non marchands procurés, par exemple ? Nous soulignons l’applicabilité d’une formule générale de prix implicite à différents types d’actifs naturels (ressources épuisables, renouvelables, polluants…) ; elle tient compte de leurs caractéristiques biophysiques propres, des possibilités de substitution avec d’autres actifs et de l’impact sur leur régénération des dégradations anthropiques selon différents modes de régulation. Nous appuyant sur les expériences étrangères et internationales, nous proposons d’engager des estimations de ces prix en France pour compléter les comptes nationaux de patrimoine. |
| Keywords: | prix implicite, capital naturel, dégradation anthropique, bien-être social, richesse inclusive, comptes nationaux de patrimoine |
| JEL: | E01 E31 O13 Q01 Q20 Q32 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024–01–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crs:wpaper:2024-01&r=eur |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Selected Issues |
| Date: | 2023–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/412&r=eur |
| By: | Bostan, Ionel; Bostan, Patricia |
| Abstract: | The work we are briefly referring to here addresses an important issue within modern didactics, namely "public health and healthcare management." Those interested will discover in the book's pages fundamental aspects regarding public health and healthcare management, including proposed solutions to issues related to these concepts. The main sections cover: the social health insurance system, healthcare management in Romania, human and financial resources in healthcare, the specific organizational culture in the healthcare field, and more. The fact that Romania's healthcare system faces numerous difficulties makes this work useful for managers in the healthcare sector, doctors, educators/researchers, medical students, with the authors imbuing the content with a remarkably accessible and comprehensive character. |
| Keywords: | Public health; health insurance; healthcare services; healthcare management; human and financial resources in healthcare. |
| JEL: | I13 I18 I19 |
| Date: | 2023–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119409&r=eur |
| By: | Kohnert, Dirk |
| Abstract: | Since Russia's war in Ukraine, many European countries have been scrambling to find alternative energy sources. One of the answers was to increase imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG). By bypassing the use of pipelines from the East and by building LNG terminals, the EU opened up a wider variety of potential suppliers. The Europe-Africa Energy and Climate Partnership provides a framework for a win-win alliance. African countries will be key players in the future, including sub-Saharan countries such as Nigeria, Senegal, Mozambique and Angola. According to the REPowerEU plan, hydrogen partnerships in Africa will enable the import of 10 million tons of hydrogen by 2030, replacing about 18 billion cubic meters of imported Russian gas. Algeria, Niger and Nigeria recently agreed to build a 4, 128-kilometer trans-Saharan gas pipeline that would run through the three countries to Europe. Once completed, the pipeline will transport 30 billion cubic meters of gas per year. The African Coalition for Trade and Investment (ACTING) estimates potential sub-Saharan LNG export capacity at 134 million tonnes of LNG (approximately 175 billion m3) by 2030. Sub-Saharan Africa is also expected to become the main producer of green hydrogen by 2050. However, this market remains to be developed and requires significant expansion of renewable production and water availability. However, the EU countries and companies involved would be well advised to take note of the adoption of much stricter EU greenhouse gas reduction targets for 2030 and the publication of the European Commission's methane strategy. That being said, the EU could risk having more than half of Europe's LNG infrastructure idle by 2030, as European LNG capacity in 2030 exceeds total forecast gas demand, including LNG and pipeline gas. Regardless, it should not be forgotten that African countries want and need to develop their domestic gas markets as a priority, and that export potential depends on this domestic development. However, LNG alone is not enough to ensure the resilience of the system in the event of a supply failure. Alternative energy sources and energy conservation remain essential. |
| Keywords: | LNG; Hydrogen economy; e-fuels; LNG terminals; Natural gas; Energy security; Gas storage; Sub-Saharan Africa; EU; REPowerEU; Trans-Saharan gas pipeline; emerging markets; Sonatrach; European Green Deal; African Continental Free Trade Agreement; Eni; TotalEnergies; BP; Nigeria; Angola; Mozambique; Tanzania; Senegal; Cameroon; Equatorial Guinea; Namibia; African Studies; |
| JEL: | E22 E23 F13 F18 F23 F35 F54 L71 L95 N57 N77 O13 Q35 Z13 |
| Date: | 2023–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119402&r=eur |
| By: | Wladimir Andreff; Jean-François Mignot (GEMASS - Groupe d'Etude des Méthodes de l'Analyse Sociologique de la Sorbonne - UP4 - Université Paris-Sorbonne - FMSH - Fondation Maison des sciences de l'homme - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The Tour de France is one of the world's largest annual sport events. Although cycling races are usually not lucrative, the Tour de France organizer's balance sheet reveals that the Tour has been profitable since the 1980s. How can this economic success story be explained? Most sport economists are used to turn to tournament theory and a contest's competitive balance and outcome uncertainty as major reasons for success. However, fans of the Tour de France are seldom surprised by the name of the final winner of the race, usually not even by the riders sharing the podium. Thus, explaining the Tour's success by competitive balance must be checked carefully. Following the introduction, this chapter shows how the Tour de France has been a successful managerial and economic model: it is a well-designed and well-managed sport event, with a modern financing model which is founded on TV broadcasting rights, like other mega-sport events. Fundamentally, the quality of the show of the Tour seems well explained by tournament theory. However, if one focuses on competitive balance, it appears that the success of the Tour is likely not due to a high competitive balance, but instead holds in spite of static and dynamic competitive imbalance. The conclusion stresses that the increasing economic success of the Tour since the 1980s is likely not caused by more competitive racing, but instead by a better broadcasting of the event. |
| Keywords: | Tour de France |
| Date: | 2022–10–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03909038&r=eur |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Supported by strong and timely policy response, the Belgium economy and its financial sector showed resilience in withstanding a series of shocks in the past three years. Still, as in most euro area countries, growth is slowing, and core inflation remains high. Furthermore, the pandemic and energy crisis increased already-high public debt and structural fiscal deficits. Meanwhile, an aging population and the climate transition are putting pressure on public finances while low productivity and labor participation are dampening potential growth. |
| Date: | 2023–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/386&r=eur |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Ireland’s economy has shown remarkable resilience in the face of consecutive shocks. Following two years of impressive performance, growth, as measured by real GNI*, is projected to moderate to a still solid pace at 2½ percent in 2023–24. Inflation is expected to further ease, reaching 2 percent toward late 2025. The fiscal position has strengthened considerably on the back of strong tax revenues, but the headline numbers mask some underlying vulnerabilities. The large and complex financial system has remained resilient so far and will continue to be tested by tighter financial conditions. The positive economic outlook is clouded by considerable external risks. |
| Date: | 2023–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/411&r=eur |
| By: | Lennard, Jason; Kenny, Seán; Horgan, Emma |
| Abstract: | This paper studies a natural experiment in macroeconomic history: the Irish bank strike of 1966, which led to the closure of the major commercial banks for three months. We use synthetic control to estimate how the economy would have evolved had the strike not happened. We find that economic activity slowed, deviating by 6% from the counterfactual path. Narrative evidence not only supports this finding, but also depicts the struggles of households and firms managing a credit crunch, a liquidity shock, and rising transaction costs. This case study highlights the importance of banks for economic performance. |
| Keywords: | Banks, Ireland, macroeconomy, post-war |
| JEL: | E32 E44 G21 N14 N24 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:qucehw:280962&r=eur |
| By: | Huber, Andreas; König, Thomas (Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna (IHS)) |
| Abstract: | The IHS was established in Austria with funds from an American foundation. With the intention to introduce modern empirical social and economic sciences to Austria (and Central Europe). After initial resistance, the institute was embraced by national political elites: in addition to providing postgraduate education for emerging scholars, it also functioned as a scientific think tank conducting applied, policy-relevant empirical research. This text provides a narrative account of the Institute's development and transformation, relying on specific metrics systematically evaluated from accessible sources, particularly annual budgets and staff composition. It portrays an organization consistently challenged by diverse expectations and grappling with the organizational and strategic limitations of deriving concrete objectives from this. |
| Date: | 2023–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:zhgj3&r=eur |
| By: | Jelena Budak (The Institute of Economics, Zagreb); Edo Rajh (The Institute of Economics, Zagreb); Mirela Holy (VERN’ University) |
| Abstract: | This research investigates the public perception of creative and cultural industries in Croatia. Based on the survey data, it assesses how well Croatian citizens/consumers are familiar with creative and cultural industries and explores their usage of creative and cultural industry products and services. The consumers’ attitudes towards creative and cultural industries’ products and services are also compared. The research objective is to identify the determinants of public perception in the context of creative industries and the creative economy. Six main theoretical models of acceptance are tested to examine which model best fits the context of creative industries in Croatia. The findings are framed to facilitate policy decision-making so 20 recommendations for the future development of policies to encourage creative and cultural industries in Croatia are offered. |
| Keywords: | perception, acceptance models, creative and cultural industries, creative economy, consumers |
| JEL: | D12 L8 Z10 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iez:wpaper:2302&r=eur |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Romania has weathered the economic shocks from the pandemic, Russia’s war in Ukraine, and the resulting surges in energy and food prices relatively well. Growth has slowed down but is expected to remain fairly robust in 2023 and 2024, supported by investment. Inflation remains notably above target but has been declining steadily through 2023. Fiscal deficits remain too large, although the authorities adopted a fiscal package to limit spending and raise additional revenues. |
| Date: | 2023–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/395&r=eur |
| By: | Gürtzgen, Nicole (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany ; Univ. Regensburg); Kubis, Alexander (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Stepanok, Ignat (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | "About a half of all German establishments reported being predominantly negatively affected by the war in Ukraine in the fourth quarter of 2022 according to data from the IAB Job Vacancy Survey. Those establishments posted a lower growth of vacancies (+11 per cent) relative to the fourth quarter of 2021. As a comparison, the establishments that were not predominantly negatively affected by the war showed a vacancies growth of 35 per cent relative to same quarter in 2021." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; Russland ; Ukraine ; IAB-Open-Access-Publikation ; Auswirkungen ; Beschäftigungsentwicklung ; Entwicklung ; Erwartung ; Krieg ; offene Stellen ; Personalbedarf ; IAB-Stellenerhebung ; IAB-Stellenerhebung ; Arbeitskräftenachfrage ; Unternehmen ; 2021-2023 |
| Date: | 2023–12–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabkbe:202323&r=eur |