|
on Microeconomic European Issues |
| By: | Jennifer Feichtmayer; Regina T. Riphahn |
| Abstract: | We study the intergenerational transmission of welfare benefit receipt in Germany. We first describe the correlation between welfare receipt experienced in the parental household and subsequent own welfare receipt of young adults. In a second step, we investigate whether the observed correlations reflect causal effects of past welfare experience. We use family fixed effects estimations and Gottschalk’s (1996) approach and take advantage of the long-running German Socio-Economic Panel Survey to contribute to a sparse literature. We find strong positive correlations between parental and own welfare receipt. These patterns do, however, not persist after controlling for unobserved heterogeneities. Therefore, our results suggest that the strong intergenerational correlation of welfare benefit receipt is determined by family background rather than by the experience of parental welfare benefit receipt. |
| Keywords: | welfare, social assistance, intergenerational mobility, causal effect, family fixed effects, Gottschalk estimator |
| JEL: | I32 I38 J62 C36 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10835&r=eur |
| By: | Nikki Shure; Larissa Zierow |
| Abstract: | First-generation university graduates have been found to face a series of disadvantages on their pathway to higher education and the labor market. We use unique, national level data on high achieving university graduates to attempt to disentangle the importance of lower prior attainment from parental educational background on a series of higher education and labor market outcomes. We compare first-generation and non-first-generation graduates who are recipients of a prestigious national scholarship program targeted at the top percentile of the student distribution in Germany. We find the first-generation high achievers are more likely to study at less prestigious institutions and at institutions that are closer to home even though they have the prior attainment to go further afield. They are also less likely to study subjects with high labor market returns and are more likely to work in jobs with high job security. We furthermore find evidence that especially female first-generation high achievers are less likely to see the value of the networking opportunities the scholarship provides. |
| Keywords: | socio-economic gaps, first-generation, higher education |
| JEL: | I24 J24 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10832&r=eur |
| By: | Giulia Ferrari; Anne Solaz; Agnese Vitali |
| Abstract: | Objective : The paper tackles the association between partners' relative earnings and union dissolution among couples in France. Background : With the increase in dual-earner couples and women’s educational level, couples in which women earn more than their partners are structurally becoming more widespread. Because female breadwinning challenges long-lived social norms regarding traditional gender roles, scholars have theorized a higher risk of union dissolution of female-breadwinner couples compared to couples in other income arrangements. Method : We estimate the risk of union dissolution using regression analyses on a unique longitudinal data from French administrative sources containing an unconventionally high number of couples (4% of the population) and separation events (more than 100, 000), as well as precise and reliable income measurement. Results : Female-breadwinner couples face a higher risk of union dissolution compared to other couple types. This result is robust to various definitions of female breadwinning and controls for both partners’ employment status. Contrary to recent research on other country settings, there is no sign of a fading effect among younger cohorts. However, younger, cohabiting couples and couples in civil partnerships enjoy a couple-stabilizing premium when both partners are employed with similar individual incomes, suggesting the emergence of a new egalitarian equilibrium within couple. Conclusion : The female-breadwinner penalty in union dissolution is in place also in gender-egalitarian France, it holds among married and cohabiting couples and registered partnerships, across all birth cohorts and levels of household income. |
| Keywords: | union dissolution, divorce, female-breadwinner couples, income, cohabitation, France, ANALYSE DE REGRESSION / REGRESSION ANALYSIS, DIVORCE / DIVORCE, COHABITATION / COHABITATION, COUPLE / COUPLE, ANALYSE LONGITUDINALE / LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS, FRANCE / FRANCE, SEPARATION / SEPARATION, REVENU / INCOME |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idg:wpaper:l5xgfiwb-5e4ngnwf5ny&r=eur |
| By: | Engberg, Erik (The Ratio Institute); Görg, Holger (Kiel Institute); Lodefalk, Magnus (The Ratio Institute); Javed, Farrukh (Lund University); Längkvist, Martin (Örebro University); Monteiro, Natália (The Ratio Institute); Kyvik Nordås, Hildegunn; Pulito, Giuseppe (Berlin School of Economics); Schroeder, Sarah (Aarhus University); Tang, Aili (None) |
| Abstract: | We unbox developments in artificial intelligence (AI) to estimate how exposure to these developments affect firm-level labour demand, using detailed register data from Denmark, Portugal and Sweden over two decades. Based on data on AI capabilities and occupational work content, We develop and validate a time-variant measure for occupational exposure to AI across subdomains of AI, including language modelling. According to our model, white collar occupations are most exposed to AI, and espe- cially white collar work that entails relatively little social interaction. We illustrate its usefulness by applying it to near-universal data on firms and individuals from Swe- den, Denmark, and Portugal, and estimating firm labour demand regressions. We find a positive (negative) association between AI exposure and labour demand for high- skilled white (blue) collar work. Overall, there is an up-skilling effect, with the share of white-collar to blue collar workers increasing with AI exposure. Exposure to AI within the subdomains of image and language are positively (negatively) linked to demand for high-skilled white collar (blue collar) work, whereas other AI-areas are heterogeneously linked to groups of workers. |
| Keywords: | Artificial intelligence; Labour demand; Multi-country firm-level evidence |
| JEL: | E24 J23 J24 N34 O33 |
| Date: | 2023–12–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ratioi:0370&r=eur |
| By: | DE NIGRIS Sarah (European Commission - JRC); KALPAKA Annita (European Commission - JRC); NEPELSKI Daniel (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The European Digital Innovation Hubs (EDIHs), established under the Digital Europe Programme, play a pivotal role in bolstering digitalisation across European businesses. There are 227 hubs, of which 151 are funded directly by the Digital Europe Programme. The EDIHs are widely distributed across 85% of European regions, covering almost 90% of the EU's working population. The EDIHs are formed of a diverse array of organisations, including private companies, research organisations, universities, and public sector entities. The services provided by EDIHs to SMEs and public sector organisations encompass a broad spectrum of technologies and sectors showcasing diversity in strategies and designs. The hubs demonstrate strong competencies in key technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity, and High-Performance Computing. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc134620&r=eur |
| By: | Engberg, Erik (Örebro University School of Business); Görg, Holger (University of Kiel); Lodefalk, Magnus (Örebro University School of Business); Javed, Farrukh (Lund University); Längkvist, Martin (Örebro University); Monteiro, Natália (University of Minho); Kyvik Nordås, Hildegunn (Örebro University School of Business); Pulito, Giuseppe (Humboldt University); Schroeder, Sarah (Aarhus University); Tang, Aili (Örebro University School of Business) |
| Abstract: | We unbox developments in artificial intelligence (AI) to estimate how exposure to these developments affect firm-level labour demand, using detailed register data from Denmark, Portugal and Sweden over two decades. Based on data on AI capabilities and occupational work content, We develop and validate a time-variant measure for occupational exposure to AI across subdomains of AI, including language modelling. According to our model, white collar occupations are most exposed to AI, and especially white collar work that entails relatively little social interaction. We illustrate its usefulness by applying it to near-universal data on firms and individuals from Sweden, Denmark, and Portugal, and estimating firm labour demand regressions. We find a positive (negative) association between AI exposure and labour demand for highskilled white (blue) collar work. Overall, there is an up-skilling effect, with the share of white-collar to blue collar workers increasing with AI exposure. Exposure to AI within the subdomains of image and language are positively (negatively) linked to demand for high-skilled white collar (blue collar) work, whereas other AI-areas are heterogeneously linked to groups of workers. |
| Keywords: | Artificial intelligence; Labour demand; Multi-country firm-level evidence |
| JEL: | E24 J23 J24 N34 O33 |
| Date: | 2023–12–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:oruesi:2023_013&r=eur |
| By: | David G. Blanchflower; Alex Bryson |
| Abstract: | We find expectations are more sensitive to economic growth than traditional wellbeing metrics. We examine Eurobarometer micro data from 1973-2023 on movements in life satisfaction along with data from 1995-2022 on five expectations variables on and individual’s life and their financial and job situations plus their views on the economic and employment situation of their country in the year ahead. These expectations start to decline several months before the onset of downturns with especially large drops for the Great Recession and Covid. Annual GDP growth is positively associated with these expectations variables while it is uncorrelated with life satisfaction. The unemployment rate and the CPI reduce both. We analyze data for 29 European countries to predict changes in the unemployment rate 12 months ahead using individuals’ fears of unemployment in the presence of country and year fixed effects and lagged unemployment. We also use firms' expectations of future employment, which are also predictive of what happens to unemployment three months later. Using our preferred model specification, we present out-of-sample predictions that track actual movements in unemployment rates closely over a period in which there were two major recessions and unemployment shifted by a factor of two. |
| JEL: | J60 J64 J68 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32006&r=eur |
| By: | Florian Englmaier (LMU Munich); Michael Hofmann (LMU München); Stefanie Wolter (IAB Nürnberg) |
| Abstract: | We study how firms adjust the bundles of management practices they adopt over time, using repeated survey data collected in Germany from 2012 to 2018. By employing unsupervised machine learning, we leverage high-dimensional data on human resource policies to describe clusters of management practices (management styles). Our results suggest that two management styles exist, one of which employs many and highly structured practices, while the other lacks these practices but retains training measures. We document sizeable differences in styles across German firms, which can (only) partially be explained by firm characteristics. Further, we show that management is highly persistent over time, in part because newly adopted practices are discontinued after a short time. We suggest miscalculations of cots-benefit trade-offs and non-fitting corporate culture as potential hindrances of adopting structured management. In light of previous findings that structured management increases firm performance, our findings have important policy implications since they show that firms which are managed in an unstructured way fail to catch up and will continue to underperform. |
| Keywords: | management practices; personnel management; panel data analysis; machine learning; |
| JEL: | M12 D22 C38 |
| Date: | 2023–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:481&r=eur |
| By: | MARQUES SANTOS Anabela (European Commission - JRC); CONTE Andrea (European Commission - JRC); MOLICA Francesco (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Using data from the execution of 2014-2020 cohesion policy, the paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the speed of absorption capacity of European funds by introducing novel metrics. It evaluates absorption capacity considering time performance and distinguishing between national and regional governance models. The study employs a Tobit model to explain the overall speed of absorption and a multinomial regression model to describe the drivers of the thematic area with the highest absorption capacity. Programmes and territorial characteristics are both relevant factors explaining the level of absorption of funds. However, when explaining the thematic area with the highest absorption capacity, programme characteristics are more relevant than territorial ones. |
| Keywords: | Cohesion policy; Absorption capacity; European Union |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:termod:202314&r=eur |
| By: | GIANNOUTSOU Nikoleta (European Commission - JRC); DIMITRIADIS Yannis; VILLAGRÁ- SOBRINO Sara; IOANNOU Andri; TIMOTHEOU Stella; MCKENNEY Susan; VAN DER LINDEN Sara; JORRÍN- ABELLÁN Ivan; MARTÍNEZ-MONÉS Alejandra; ADAMOU Maria; CACHIA Romina (European Commission - JRC); HOGENKAMP Lois; GALLEGO-LEMA Vanesa; COCA JIMÉNEZ Pablo; GARCÍA-SASTRE Sara |
| Abstract: | Integration and use of digital technologies in schools is not a new topic for research and policy but it remains a challenge to be addressed. Schools can play a pivotal role to the digital transformation in education but they need to be appropriately supported. In this science for policy brief we present findings from an evaluation study on the role of the SELFIE tool in the digital transformation of schools. Our analysis showed that SELFIE can be a useful tool to support the digital transformation in schools assisting them in organizational and strategic decisions. Furthermore, SELFIE appears that can function as well as an instrument to addressing the distance between digital education policies and the school reality |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135407&r=eur |
| By: | HUYGENS Dries (European Commission - JRC); FOSCHI Jacopo; CARO Dario (European Commission - JRC); PATINHA CALDEIRA Carla (European Commission - JRC); FARACA Giorgia (European Commission - JRC); FOSTER Gillian (European Commission - JRC); SOLIS Martyna (European Commission - JRC); MARSCHINSKI Robert (European Commission - JRC); NAPOLANO Loredana (European Commission - JRC); FRUERGAARD ASTRUP Thomas; TONINI Davide (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The EU strategy for sustainable and circular textiles envisages “a circular textiles ecosystem that has sufficient capacities for innovative fibre-to-fibre recycling, while the incineration and landfilling of textiles is reduced to the minimum”. The general objective of this study is to summarise the techno-scientific knowledge base of different recycling, recovery and disposal options for waste textiles. First, it is indicated that post-consumer textile waste is the largest waste fraction, and that annually more than 8 million tonnes used and waste textiles are incinerated or landfilled, a much higher share than re-use, preparing for re-use and recycling together. Textile waste recycling is limited and currently dominated by transforming apparel and home textiles into cleaning rags and insulation materials, but closed-loop recycling facilities are emerging in the EU, particularly for post-industrial textile waste. Second, the life cycle assessment and cost analysis indicated that re-use and preparing for re-use are the most cost-effective options and have the best environmental performance. Whereas recycling is associated to greater costs than incineration and landfilling, it commonly brings supplementary environmental savings. Third, economic and non-economic barriers to recycling, particularly closed-loop recycling were identified. The information provided in this report may contribute to informing policy design and implementation on textile waste management. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc134586&r=eur |
| By: | Köppl-Turyna, Monika; Köppl, Stefan; Christopulos, Dimitris |
| Abstract: | In this paper we analyze how different types of venture capital investments - private, public and indirect public - affect performance of "cleantech" start-ups in Europe. We hand collected a unique dataset on the institutional setting (public/indirect/private) of almost 15000 investors in Europe, which we combine with portfolio-company and deals data from Preqin to assess performance. Two results stand out: First, public venture capital does not underperform private venture capital in a broad crosscountry sample of European deals. This is a novel finding, as it doesn't confirm some previous findings in the literature that government-backed VCs underperform their private counterparts. We also find that there is no significant difference between direct and indirect government support of venture capital for cleantech investments. Second, GVCs perform well when they specialize in cleantech investments and are well connected within a network of other investors. |
| Keywords: | venture capital, governmental venture capital, European Investment Fund, public policy, green technology, cleantech |
| JEL: | G24 G28 H81 L26 D73 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ecoarp:280983&r=eur |
| By: | Engberg, Erik (Örebro University School of Business); Koch, Michael (Aarhus University); Lodefalk, Magnus (Örebro University School of Business); Schroeder, Sarah (Aarhus University) |
| Abstract: | This paper documents novel facts on within-occupation task and skill changes over the past two decades in Germany. In a second step, it reveals a distinct relationship between occupational work content and exposure to artificial intelligence (AI) and automation (robots). Workers in occupations with high AI exposure, perform different activities and face different skill requirements, compared to workers in occupations exposed to robots. In a third step, the study uses individual labour market biographies to investigate the impact on wages between 2010 and 2017. Results indicate a wage growth premium in occupations more exposed to AI, contrasting with a wage growth discount in occupations exposed to robots. Finally, the study further explores the dynamic influence of AI exposure on individual wages over time, uncovering positive associations with wages, with nuanced variations across occupational groups. |
| Keywords: | Artificial intelligence technologies; Task content; Skills; Wages |
| JEL: | J23 J24 J44 N34 O33 |
| Date: | 2023–12–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:oruesi:2023_012&r=eur |
| By: | Thomas Fellmann (European Commission - JRC); Federico Antonioli (European Commission - JRC); Edoardo Baldoni (European Commission - JRC); Ana Luisa Barbosa (European Commission - JRC); Jesús Barreiro-Hurle (European Commission - JRC); Caetano Beber (European Commission - JRC); Ole Boysen (European Commission - JRC); Pavel Ciaian (European Commission - JRC); Beyhan de Jong (European Commission - JRC); Christian Elleby (European Commission - JRC); Beatrice Farkas (European Commission - JRC); Emanuele Ferrari (European Commission - JRC); Patricia Gurria (European Commission - JRC); Jordan Hristov (European Commission - JRC); Ancuta Isbasoiu (European Commission - JRC); Ana Klinnert (European Commission - JRC); Dimitrios Kremmydas (European Commission - JRC); Robert M’barek (European Commission - JRC); Victor Nechifor (European Commission - JRC); Kjersti Nes (European Commission - JRC); Ignacio Pérez Domínguez (European Commission - JRC); Simone Pieralli (European Commission - JRC); Dolores Rey Vicario (European Commission - JRC); Bartlomiej Rokicki (European Commission - JRC); Kevin Schneider (European Commission - JRC); Antti Simola (European Commission - JRC); Pascal Tillie (European Commission - JRC); Juan Tur Cardona (European Commission - JRC); Franz Weiss (European Commission - JRC); Giampiero Genovese (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The Integrated Modelling Platform for Agro-economic Commodity and Policy Analysis (iMAP) provides in-house policy support to the European Commission by assessing a wide range of policies and topics related to sustainable food systems (SFS). Substantially supported by DG AGRI, iMAP is constantly further developed to meet evolving policy needs. Although many developments are ongoing, this report outlines iMAP’s enhanced analytical capacity to capture the multidimensional aspects of SFS and assess policy impacts. Considerable progress has been made in capturing production and environmental aspects of policies and strategies, particularly those related to the European Green Deal (EGD). Significant developments have been achieved in integrating biophysical models, other sector-specific models, and satellite imagery data into iMAP’s analytical framework. However, comprehensive modelling of environmental aspects of farming practices remains challenging due to the complex interplay of biological and agronomic factors, coupled with data limitations. Limited data on specific aspects of consumer behaviour also remains a constraint for comprehensive assessments. The report shows that iMAP, along with interdisciplinary collaboration and tool integration, provides a suitable framework for assessing EGD- related policies. However, the report also highlights general uncertainties, scientific knowledge gaps, and data constraints that limit a full assessment of all aspects of the transition towards more SFS. |
| Keywords: | Agro-economic-environmental modelling, Green Deal, Food Systems |
| JEL: | Q1 C6 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135313&r=eur |
| By: | Matteo M. Marini (Department of Public Economics and Masaryk University Experimental Economics Laboratory, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic); Giulia Ulivieri (Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy) |
| Abstract: | This manuscript is a methodological work on the state of research using meta-analytic procedures in Economic Psychology, with a focus on the investigation of cross-cultural differences. We review published meta-analyses and introduce a new classification thereof by data source, describing how the different categories relate to the study of cross-cultural differences. We also discuss related opportunities and challenges, proposing a sustainable methodological approach that is then implemented in three case studies where we re-analyze data from published meta-analyses. In doing so, the relevance of culture as a determinant is explored by relating country-level cultural indicators to experimental measures of risk aversion, tax compliance, and prosocial behavior, respectively. It turns out that, after we control for country-level cultural heterogeneity and economic development, country-level individualism predicts these economic outcomes. We discuss possible interpretations of our findings. |
| Keywords: | meta-analysis, individualism, fractionalization, Multiple Price List, Tax Evasion Game, Dictator Game |
| JEL: | C90 Z10 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mub:wpaper:2024-01&r=eur |
| By: | Siedschlag, Iulia; Duran Vanegas, Juan |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp770&r=eur |
| By: | Piia Seppälä (Finnish Institute of Occupational Health of Helsinki); Lotta Harju (EM - emlyon business school); Jussi Virkkala (Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, HUS - Helsinki University Hospital [Finland]); Jari Hakanen (Finnish Institute of Occupational Health of Helsinki) |
| Abstract: | Job boredom refers to an unpleasant state of passiveness at work that has been found to negatively relate to self-reported health. To date, however, the relation between job boredom and physiological indicators of health has not been examined. The present study investigates whether job boredom relates to dysfunction in autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity as indicated by reduced heart rate variability (HRV) during night sleep. The sample of this study consisted of Finnish public sector workers (n = 125). Job boredom was assessed with an electronic questionnaire and HRV with an ambulatory monitoring period of two nights of sleep. The results supported the hypothesis by showing a negative relation between job boredom and HRV, after controlling for demographic and lifestyle factors. The findings extend previous knowledge on the detrimental consequences of job boredom by showing that it is related to dysfunction in ANS activity. Consequently, it is important to acknowledge boredom at work as a threat to occupational health and well-being and pay more attention to how it can be prevented at workplaces. |
| Keywords: | Boredom at work, Autonomic nervous system activity, Heart rate variability, Employee health, Sleep |
| Date: | 2023–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04348218&r=eur |
| By: | Alexander Roth |
| Abstract: | The decarbonization of buildings requires the phase-out of fossil fuel heating systems. Heat pumps are considered a crucial technology to supply a substantial part of heating energy for buildings. Yet, their introduction is not without challenges, as heat pumps generate additional electricity demand as well as peak loads. To better understand these challenges, an ambitious simultaneous heat pump rollout in several central European countries with an hourly-resolved capacity expansion model of the power sector is studied. I assess the structure of hours and periods of peak heat demands and their concurrence with hours and periods of peak residual load. In a 2030 scenario, I find that meeting 25% of total heat demand in buildings with heat pumps would be covered best with additional wind power generation capacities. I also identify the important role of small thermal energy storage that could reduce the need for additional firm generation capacity. Due to the co-occurrence of heat demand, interconnection between countries does not substantially reduce the additional generation capacities needed for heat pump deployment. Based on six different weather years, my analysis cautions against relying on results based on a single weather year. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2312.06589&r=eur |
| By: | Richiardi, Matteo; Bronka, Patryk; van de Ven, Justin; Kopasker, Daniel; Vittal Katikireddi, Srinivasa |
| Abstract: | SimPaths is a family of models for individual and household life course events, all sharing common components. The framework is designed to project life histories through time, building up a detailed picture of career paths, family (inter)relations, health, and financial circumstances. It builds upon standardised assumptions and data sources, which facilitates adaptation to alternative countries – versions currently exist for the UK and Italy, and are under development for Hungary, Poland and Greece. Careful attention is paid to model validation, and sensitivity of projections to key assumptions. The modular nature of the SimPaths framework is designed to facilitate analysis of alternative assumptions concerning the tax and benefit system, sensitivity to parameter estimates and alternative approaches for projecting labour/leisure and consumption/savings decisions. Projections for a workhorse model parameterised to the UK context are reported, which closely reflect observed data throughout a validation window between the Financial crisis (2011) and the Covid-19 pandemic (2019). |
| Date: | 2023–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ese:cempwp:cempa6-23&r=eur |
| By: | Müge Özman (LITEM - Laboratoire en Innovation, Technologies, Economie et Management (EA 7363) - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - Université Paris-Saclay - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], IMT-BS - MMS - Département Management, Marketing et Stratégie - TEM - Télécom Ecole de Management - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]); Cédric Gossart (LITEM - Laboratoire en Innovation, Technologies, Economie et Management (EA 7363) - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - Université Paris-Saclay - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], IMT-BS - DEFI - Département Droit, Economie et Finances - TEM - Télécom Ecole de Management - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]); Nicolas Jullien (IMT Atlantique - LUSSI - Département Logique des Usages, Sciences sociales et Sciences de l'Information - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], MARSOUIN - Môle Armoricain de Recherche sur la SOciété de l'information et des usages d'INternet - UR - Université de Rennes - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - ENSAI - Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] - UBO - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris], LEGO - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion de l'Ouest - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IBSHS - Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UBO - Université de Brest - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]) |
| Abstract: | People are largely heterogeneous when it comes to their motivations to volunteer. Previous research explained this heterogeneity by individual predispositions and contextual factors. In this paper, we investigate the extent to which peoples' occupations can explain differences in their volunteering motivations. Our empirical analysis relies upon 7, 725 open texts written by volunteers living in France about why they wish to volunteer. Our results reveal that providing resources and skills is a significant motivation to volunteer, all occupations combined. However, altruistic and social motives differ between occupations. After eliciting these results for each occupation, we discuss their implications for NPO's volunteer management. |
| Keywords: | Volunteering, Motivations, Occupations, Digital platforms, VFI |
| Date: | 2023–12–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04353216&r=eur |
| By: | SOLANO HERMOSILLA Gloria; ANTONIOLI Federico (European Commission - JRC); CIAIAN Pavel (European Commission - JRC); PINEDO GIL Julia; FERNANDEZ CASAL Laura |
| Abstract: | The European Green Deal and its farm-to-fork strategy have made food system sustainability an EU policy priority, with the aim of making the EU’s current food system fairer, healthier and more environmentally friendly. Notably, the farm-to-fork strategy highlights action areas for food supply chain operators, which give rise to both opportunities and challenges. Innovation in sustainability-enhancing products and practices is playing an increasingly important role in this transition to a sustainable food system; such innovation creates value for both companies and society and gives companies a competitive advantage. However, there is limited information on operator-level sustainability initiatives across the food supply chain. Importantly, to understand how regulations can effectively support this transition, policymakers must understand the drivers of and barriers to innovative sustainability initiatives. They must also be aware of how these initiatives work in practice and the expected implications and trade-offs in terms of the economic, social and environmental sustainability dimensions. This report attempts to bring together evidence on and provide a comparative assessment of sustainability innovation and innovative initiatives adopted by private operators in the EU food supply chain. The report’s analyses are based on microdata collected through an online survey of 426 representatives of EU food chain operators, industry associations and other related organisations. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc133931&r=eur |
| By: | BELTRAN MIRALLES Manuel (European Commission - JRC); GOURDON Thomas (European Commission - JRC); SEIGNEUR Isabelle (European Commission - JRC); ARRANZ PADILLA Maria (European Commission - JRC); PICKARD GARCIA Nicolas (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | In its more common formulation in the European Union (EU) policy context, the ‘Do No Significant Harm’ (DNSH) principle aims to ensure that EU policies and programmes do not have a negative impact on the EU’s climate and environmental objectives. By doing this, the principle has transformed the ‘green oath’ from the European Green Deal into a reality applied by different EU initiatives. This study analyses the application of the DNSH principle in six EU instruments which have pioneered the use of the DNSH principle to integrate climate and environmental objectives in private finance and public funding: 1) the EU Taxonomy for sustainable activities; 2) the Recovery and Resilience Facility; 3) the European Regional Development Fund; 4) the Cohesion Fund; 5) the Just Transition Fund; and 6) the InvestEU Fund. The analysis maps the divergences in the way the DNSH principle is implemented across these EU instruments, identifying reasons that help to explain them. It also highlights existing interlinkages and commonalities in the application of the principle as well as the potential to build on the knowledge gained to develop common tools that could guide its implementation across EU instruments. Additionally, the implementation of the DNSH principle is starting to be applied in EU instruments extending beyond the current 2021-2027 policy cycle. In this context, the study suggests additional actions to take advantage of existing opportunities and to minimise potential risks. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135691&r=eur |
| By: | Palencia González; Tovar Reaños, Miguel; Labeaga Azcona, Jose Maria |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp765&r=eur |
| By: | Jose Garcia-Louzao; Alessandro Ruggieri |
| Abstract: | Does competition in the labor market affect wage inequality? Standard textbook monopsony models predict that lower employer labor market power reduces wage dispersion. We test this hypothesis using Social Security data from Lithuania. We first fit a two-way fixed effects model to quantify the contribution of worker and firm heterogeneity to wage dispersion and document that the compression of dispersion in firm fixed effects has been the main source of the decline in inequality over the past 20 years. Using a theory-based relationship, we then leverage variation across sectors and over time to show that a 10 percentage point increase in labor market competition leads to a 0.7 percentage point reduction in the variance of firm-specific wage components. A counterfactual exercise using our preferred estimates suggests that the increase in labor market competition can explain at least 15 percent of the observed decline in overall wage inequality. |
| Keywords: | wage inequality, firm heterogeneity, monopsony, labor supply elasticity |
| JEL: | J31 J42 O15 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10829&r=eur |
| By: | Azizbek Tokhirov |
| Abstract: | Why do people engage in philanthropy? After merging aggregated Gallup World Poll data over the 2006 to 2022 period with data from the Global Preferences Survey, I demonstrate that, in countries with more patient populations, people are more likely to donate money, help a stranger, and volunteer their time. In within-country regressions based on the 1995-2022 European Values Study and World Values Survey data, I establish a positive link between saving behavior and charity membership. By employing the linguistic roots of post-industrial time preferences as an instrument, I verify that the effects of long-term orientation on giving can be interpreted as causal. |
| Keywords: | charity, patience, philanthropy, saving, time preference |
| JEL: | D03 D64 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cer:papers:wp771&r=eur |
| By: | Francesco Cesarone; Manuel Luis Martino; Federica Ricca; Andrea Scozzari |
| Abstract: | Sustainable Investing identifies the approach of investors whose aim is twofold: on the one hand, they want to achieve the best compromise between portfolio risk and return, but they also want to take into account the sustainability of their investment, assessed through some Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria. The inclusion of sustainable goals in the portfolio selection process may have an actual impact on financial portfolio performance. ESG indices provided by the rating agencies are generally considered good proxies for the performance in sustainability of an investment, as well as, appropriate measures for Socially Responsible Investments (SRI) in the market. In this framework of analysis, the lack of alignment between ratings provided by different agencies is a crucial issue that inevitably undermines the robustness and reliability of these evaluation measures. In fact, the ESG rating disagreement may produce conflicting information, implying a difficulty for the investor in the portfolio ESG evaluation. This may cause underestimation or overestimation of the market opportunities for a sustainable investment. In this paper, we deal with a multi-criteria portfolio selection problem taking into account risk, return, and ESG criteria. For the ESG evaluation of the securities in the market, we consider more than one agency and propose a new approach to overcome the problem related to the disagreement between the ESG ratings by different agencies. We propose a nonlinear optimization model for our three-criteria portfolio selection problem. We show that it can be reformulated as an equivalent convex quadratic program by exploiting a technique known in the literature as the k-sum optimization strategy. An extensive empirical analysis of the performance of this model is provided on real-world financial data sets. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2312.10739&r=eur |
| By: | Harter, Franziska |
| Abstract: | Does the promotion of public transport crowd out other modes of climate friendly mobility? During the summer of 2022, Germany introduced two policy measures to countervail the rising cost of living and energy. This paper demonstrates that these measures did not only affect individuals relying on motorized mobility but cyclists as well. Employing publicly available data from urban bike counters and data from city administrations, I find that the number of trips commuted by bicycle significantly decreased on average by 20 rides per hour and station. Moreover, I find lasting impacts after the withdrawal that indicate that the pre-intervention trend reverted. |
| Keywords: | mobility, bike counter, policy intervention, interrupted time-series |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:roswps:168&r=eur |
| By: | Valeria Cirillo; Francesco Massimo; Matteo Rinaldini; Jacopo Staccioli; Maria Enrica Virgillito |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to investigate the impact of monopoly power on the world of work within the logistics sector, particularly in the context of automation processes. We conduct a fieldwork analysis of three workplaces situated in Italy, each owned by distinct types of monopolies: a conventional monopoly, Phillip Morris, the global leader in tobacco and cigarette production; a state-owned monopoly, Poste Italiane, the exclusive public provider of mail services within the national borders; and a novel form of digital monopoly that holds control over intangibles and exhibits monopsonistic control over labour - Amazon. Through a comparative examination of these three diverse forms of monopolies, utilising corporate-level metrics and patent data, we scrutinise the impact on the labour process of individuals employed in the logistics sector and affected by the implementation of automation technology, such as Automated Guided Vehicles. Employing a qualitative analysis that includes semi-structured interviews with HR professionals, IT specialists, and workers, we underscore that powerful monopolies play a crucial role in shaping the trajectory of technological development, adoption, and utilisation. Despite notable distinctions observed among the three cases, we underscore a common trend of standardisation and codification of human activities when interfacing with automated machines. |
| Keywords: | automation; intangibles; monopoly power; labour process; case studies; tasks; organization of work |
| Date: | 2023–12–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2023/44&r=eur |
| By: | SOLANO HERMOSILLA Gloria (European Commission - JRC); ANTONIOLI Federico (European Commission - JRC); CIAIAN Pavel (European Commission - JRC); PINEDO GIL Julia; FERNÁNDEZ CASAL Laura |
| Abstract: | The European Green Deal and its farm-to-fork (F2F) strategy have made sustainability in the food system an EU policy priority. It aims to help the EU’s current food system transition towards a fairer, healthier and environmentally friendlier one while maintaining its economic viability. This report seeks to provide a comparative empirical assessment of sustainability-enhancing initiatives adopted by private operators in the EU food chain. The assessment is based on data collected through semi-structured interviews with 37 representatives from food chain operators, associations, and related organizations. In total, 314 sustainability initiatives were identified, highlighting operators' efforts to promote more sustainable food production and consumption processes. These initiatives primarily emphasize the economic dimension, followed by the environmental aspect, while the social/health dimension receives comparatively less attention. The results also indicate that market demand and supply requirements are the primary drivers for adopting sustainability initiatives. Conversely, the main barriers to adoption include the lack of recognition of sustainability efforts by consumers, insufficient public support, and unclear policies regarding sustainability. To foster the adoption of sustainability initiatives, respondents identified the need for increased incentives, funding for enhanced sustainable solutions, and government technical support as crucial catalysts. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc129894&r=eur |
| By: | Carnazza, Giovanni; Renström, Thomas I.; Spataro, Luca |
| Abstract: | The EU has embarked on multiple initiatives reflecting its commitment to environmental enhancement and sustainable transitions. Notable among these are the European Green Deal and the NextGenerationEU recovery plan, both pivotal in fostering eco-friendly policies and sustainable practices within the region. Conversely, the fiscal rules within the EU, designed to manage budgetary deficits and debt-to-GDP ratios, may pose challenges to the implementation of fiscal measures targeted at achieving environmental quality objectives. These regulatory constraints potentially curtail the fiscal space available for policies aligned with the environmental goals set forth by the EU. To address this issue, using a panel of 27 European member countries observed annually from 1995 to 2021, we investigate the impact of two different indicators on the overall carbon intensity: on the one hand, the implicit tax rate on energy reduces environmental pollution; on the other hand, an increase in the stringency of the European fiscal framework and/or the debt-to-GDP ratio increase carbon intensity. From a policy point of view, our outcomes stress the importance of shaping national and European regulations to foster more sustainable environmental development. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Public Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2023–12–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:339126&r=eur |
| By: | Thomas Renaud (LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Legos - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion des Organisations de Santé - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres); Louis Arnault (LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Legos - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion des Organisations de Santé - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres); Florence Jusot (LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Legos - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion des Organisations de Santé - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres, IRDES - Institut de Recherche et Documentation en Economie de la Santé - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres) |
| Abstract: | Le projet européen SHARE (Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) a mis en œuvre, à l'été 2020 puis à l'été 2021, deux enquêtes spécifiques relatives à la pandémie auprès du panel de répondants habituellement sollicité tous les deux ans dans le cadre de l'enquête conventionnelle SHARE. Ces enquêtes SHARE-Corona v1 et v2 ont ainsi permis de suivre l'impact de la pandémie de Covid-19 sur les conditions de vie et de santé des Français et des Européens de 50 ans et plus, à court et à moyen terme. À l'été 2021, plus de 11 % d'entre eux avaient probablement déjà contracté le Covid-19, en France comme en Europe, et près des deux tiers déclaraient ressentir encore des symptômes persistants s'apparentant à des « Covid longs ». Bien que les tests de dépistage du Covid-19 aient été globalement disponibles et encouragés par les politiques publiques, seule une personne de 50 ans et plus sur deux avait déjà réalisé un test de dépistage du Covid-19 à l'été 2021. La majorité des répondants avait adopté des comportements de prévention du Covid-19 conformes aux recommandations dès le début de l'épidémie. À l'été 2020, plus de 80 % des européens disaient « toujours » veiller à se laver ou désinfecter les mains, près de deux tiers d'entre eux respectaient « toujours » le port du masque et/ou les règles de distanciation physique, et un répondant sur deux avait suivi scrupuleusement les injonctions à réduire ses interactions sociales en bannissant les visites à l'extérieur du ménage ou les réunions avec 5 personnes ou plus. Si le respect des gestes-barrières s'était légèrement érodé à l'été 2021, la couverture vaccinale contre le Covid-19 était déjà importante à cette date, avec près de 85 % des panélistes ayant reçu au moins une dose, cette proportion augmentant avec l'âge. En France, 40 % de ceux qui n'étaient pas vaccinés se déclaraient opposés à la vaccination contre le Covid-19. Au cours de la période, un tiers des personnes enquêtées se sont senties tristes, anxieuses, ont connu des troubles du sommeil ou se sont senties seules et environ 20 % d'entre elles ont connu des difficultés à équilibrer leur budget. Ces proportions ne sont toutefois pas supérieures à celles observées dans les enquêtes SHARE traditionnelles, suggérant que les personnes de 50 ans et plus n'ont pas connu de dégradation notable de leur sentiment de solitude, de leurs symptômes dépressifs ou de leur situation financière pendant la crise sanitaire. Les pics de l'épidémie et les réorganisations induites dans les systèmes de soins ont généré de nouvelles difficultés pour accéder aux soins. Depuis le début de la pandémie de Covid-19, environ une personne sur dix déclare avoir renoncé à recourir à des soins par peur de la contamination, en France comme dans toute l'Europe. Une proportion identique de répondants déclare avoir fait face au moins une fois à l'impossibilité d'obtenir un rendez-vous médical. Les répondants ont enfin subi des annulations et reports de soins, particulièrement massifs lors de la première vague épidémique : plus d'un répondant sur trois déclarait alors avoir eu au moins un soin ou un rendez-vous médical reporté. En France, seuls 60 % de ces besoins de soins non couverts avaient pu être rattrapés à l'été 2021, avec un non-rattrapage des soins particulièrement marqué chez les hommes de moins de 65 ans. |
| Keywords: | SHARE, Covid, Vieillissement, Santé, Soins, France |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04329571&r=eur |
| By: | NINDL Elisabeth (European Commission - JRC); CONFRARIA Hugo (European Commission - JRC); RENTOCCHINI Francesco (European Commission - JRC); NAPOLITANO Lorenzo (European Commission - JRC); GEORGAKAKI Aliki (European Commission - JRC); INCE Ela (European Commission - JRC); FAKO Peter (European Commission - JRC); TUEBKE Alexander (European Commission - JRC); GAVIGAN James (European Commission - JRC); HERNANDEZ GUEVARA Hector (European Commission - JRC); PINERO MIRA Pablo (European Commission - JRC); RUEDA CANTUCHE Jose (European Commission - JRC); BANACLOCHE SANCHEZ Santacruz (European Commission - JRC); DE PRATO Giuditta (European Commission - JRC); CALZA Elisa (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This is the 20th edition of ‘The EU Industrial Research & Development (R&D) Investment Scoreboard’. The European Commission issued the first edition of the Scoreboard in 2004 to monitor and analyse industrial R&D investment trends in the context of the EU’s 3% of GDP R&D investment policy target, which remains a key performance indicator of the EU’s long-term competitiveness. This report is structured in two parts. Part I provides an overview of the world's top 2 500 R&D investors, responsible for over three quarters of R&D performed by the business sector globally, based on the financial information in the firms’ latest published audited accounts. It analyses the main trends and benchmarks the EU’s top R&D investing companies against global competitors, and gives details on the EU’s top 1 000 R&D investing firms. For the first time, a panel of Scoreboard firms allows insights into structural R&D trends over the past 10 and 20 years. This sheds light on the strategic role played by R&D through the global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. Part II combines the Scoreboard data with other datasets to gain novel insights into the technological advancement of the companies. For example, as Scoreboard firms own two-thirds of the patents filed in the five largest patent offices. Characterising the patent portfolios of Scoreboard firms in automotive, advanced materials and artificial intelligence provides additional insights into the technological positioning of EU firms. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135576&r=eur |
| By: | Andersson, Jonatan (Department of Economic History, Uppsala University); Molinder, Jakob (Department of Economic History, Uppsala University) |
| Abstract: | The process of industrialization is typically associated with urbanization and a widening urban-rural skills gap. To what extent were these disparities driven by the direct impact on occupational attainment of living in an urban area or the result of the positive self-selection of more-skilled individuals into cities? In this paper, we leverage exceptional Swedish longitudinal data that allow us to estimate the impact of rural-urban migration on skill attainment during Sweden’s industrialization from the 1880s to the 1930s using a staggered treatment difference-in-difference estimator. We attribute roughly half of the gap in urban-rural skills to a direct impact of living in an urban area, whereas the other half is driven by self-selection into cities. A third of the direct impact of residing in cities is explained by a static effect, reflecting better initial matching, while the rest is the result of a dynamic effect as individuals upgrade their skills over time in urban areas. We conclude that cities had a substantial effect on skill development in Sweden around the turn of the nineteenth century that is likely to extend to other European and North American economies that were industrializing around the same time. |
| Keywords: | Rural-urban migration; skills; industrialization |
| JEL: | J62 N33 N34 R23 |
| Date: | 2024–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:uuehwp:2024_012&r=eur |
| By: | Sven Kunisch (Aarhus University [Aarhus]); Julian Birkinshaw (London Business School); Michael Boppel; Kira Choi (EM - emlyon business school) |
| Abstract: | "We study strategic change as a visible and substantive action by examining the circumstances under which firms launch corporate change programs. Drawing on prior literature and corroborated by insights from interviews with executives, we propose a contingency perspective on the launch of corporate change programs (i.e. that different types of programs are launched under different circumstances). To do so, we combine arguments for three general motives for launching a corporate change program with two distinct types of corporate change programs. More specifically, we argue that firms are more likely to launch growth-oriented programs when the market situation is buoyant, when they have prior experience, and when they are underperforming. Furthermore, we argue that firms are more likely to launch efficiency-oriented programs when there is a new CEO, when they are underperforming, and when they are facing high levels of organizational complexity. To test our hypotheses regarding the motives for launching programs, we conducted a large-scale empirical study. Using hand-collected data for the European financial services and insurance industry over a ten-year period, we found support for our predictions. We discuss the implications of these findings for strategic change research." |
| Keywords: | Corporate change programs, Strategic change, Strategic initiative, Strategic agenda, Coordination, Complexity |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04325790&r=eur |
| By: | DOMNICK Clemens (European Commission - JRC); HERVAS SORIANO Fernando (European Commission - JRC); GAVIGAN James (European Commission - JRC); MONCADA PATERNO' CASTELLO Pietro (European Commission - JRC); RENTOCCHINI Francesco (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This Brief gives a short EU policy contextualisation of “Industrial innovation for Open Strategic Autonomy – leaving no one and no place behind’’ followed by a digest of the results of CONCORDi 2023 conference (Oct. 24-26, 2023) on the same subject. It focusses on policy relevance, drawing on new scientific evidence, insights and recommendations highlighting some of the policy challenges ahead. The content of this document – original for its comprehensive and new science-to-policy handling of the topic - reinforces the messages related to Open Strategic Autonomy of recent Communications of the Commission. Main hilights arising form this Brief are: a) Industrial Innovation as a pillar of industrial policy is central to achieving Open Strategic Autonomy (OSA); 2) In pursuing OSA, social and territorial cohesion should be integrated into industrial innovation policy; 3) Institutional capacities as well as quality and good governance are crucial to OSA; 4) More research and cooperation between practitioners and scientists is needed to underpin and monitor OSA. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc136221&r=eur |
| By: | BOSCH CHECA Clara; COLL ALIAGA Eloina; GALLEGO GARCÍA Fernando; PERPINA Carolina; DE LA TORRE FORNÉS Pilar; LERMA ARCE Victoria; LORENZO SÁEZ Edgar; OLIVEROS AMORÓS Antonio; PORRES DE LA HAZA Joaquina; VILLANUEVA DURBAN Néstor |
| Abstract: | This report summaries the studies developed under the collaboration agreement nº 35930 between the Joint Research Centre, the Valencia City Council and the Universitat Politècnica de València during the second part of the agreement period (2021 and 2022). These studies look for innovative solutions for different problems in the city. The solutions of the studies are characterised by using Geographic Information System (GIS) or remote sensing technologies and using, improving and generating open data related to the city of València. The conclusions and results derived from the agreement are helpful for the Valencia City Council to solve some problems of the city and for the JRC, as these solutions developed in Valencia as a city lab can be applied to other European cities. This report contains the same projects summarised in the second deliverable, but this time the length of each project is longer, especially in the methodology section. In this case, it goes into more detail on the process followed by every project. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135800&r=eur |
| By: | Marie Lassalas (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Hervé Guyomard (SDAR Bretagne Normandie - Services déconcentrés d'appui à la recherche Bretagne-Normandie - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Cécile Détang-Dessendre (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Vincent Chatellier (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Pierre P. Dupraz (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the environmental ambition of the implementation of the 2023-2027 Common Agricultural Policy in France. Since conditionality and agri-environment-climate measures are marginally improved relative to the previous policy, attention is focused on the new environmental instrument of the eco-scheme. Results suggest low environmental progress since almost all French farms would reach the standard level of the scheme by one of the three access paths and 85% of them would reach the superior level with unchanged farming practices. The percentage of farms at the superior level would be lower for farms specialized in annual crops than for cattle farms. We also show that the premium difference of €20 per hectare between the standard and superior level is probably insufficient for farms specialized in cereals, oilseeds and protein crops to offset the additional cost of the change in farm practices required to move from the standard to the superior level. |
| Abstract: | Cet article évalue l'ambition environnementale de la mise en œuvre de la Politique agricole commune (PAC) en France sur la période 2023-2027. La conditionnalité et les mesures agro-environnementales et climatiques étant marginalement améliorées par rapport à la politique précédente, l'attention est portée ici sur le nouvel instrument environnemental qu'est l'éco-régime. Les résultats suggèrent de faibles progrès en matière d'environnement, puisque la quasi-totalité des exploitations françaises atteindraient le niveau standard du régime par l'une des trois voies d'accès et que 85 % d'entre elles atteindraient le niveau supérieur à pratiques agricoles inchangées. Le pourcentage d'exploitations atteignant le niveau supérieur serait plus faible pour les exploitations spécialisées dans les cultures annuelles que pour les exploitations bovines. Nous montrons également que la différence de prime de 20 euros par hectare entre le niveau standard et le niveau supérieur est insuffisante pour compenser le coût supplémentaire (pour les exploitations spécialisées en céréales, oléagineux et protéagineux) du changement de pratiques agricoles nécessaire pour passer du niveau standard au niveau supérieur. |
| Keywords: | Common Agricultural Policy, France, Eco-scheme, Environment, Farms, FADN, Politique agricole commune, Eco-régime, Environnement, Exploitations agricoles, RICA |
| Date: | 2023–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04353356&r=eur |
| By: | Franck Jaotombo (EM - emlyon business school); Vanessa Pauly; Guillaume Fond; Veronica Orleans; Pascal Auquier; Badih Ghattas; Laurent Boyer |
| Abstract: | "Introduction: Prolonged Hospital Length of Stay (PLOS) is an indicator of deteriorated efficiency in Quality of Care. One goal of public health management is to reduce PLOS by identifying its most relevant predictors. The objective of this study is to explore Machine Learning (ML) models that best predict PLOS.Methods: Our dataset was collected from the French Medico-Administrative database (PMSI) as a retrospective cohort study of all discharges in the year 2015 from a large university hospital in France (APHM). The study outcomes were LOS transformed into a binary variable (long vs. short LOS) according to the 90th percentile (14 days). Logistic regression (LR), classification and regression trees (CART), random forest (RF), gradient boosting (GB) and neural networks (NN) were applied to the collected data. The predictive performance of the models was evaluated using the area under the ROC curve (AUC).Results: Our analysis included 73, 182 hospitalizations, of which 7, 341 (10.0%) led to PLOS. The GB classifier was the most performant model with the highest AUC (0.810), superior to all the other models (all p-values |
| Keywords: | Machine learning, neural network, prediction, health services research, public health |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04325691&r=eur |
| By: | Vincent Chatellier (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Thierry Pouch (Chambres d’agriculture France - Paris, URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne) |
| Abstract: | World trade in agricultural and agri-food products has been growing steadily for several decades under the influence of increasing food demand, particularly in Asia and Africa, and an unequal territorial distribution of agronomic and productive potential. With a trade balance of 30.6 billion euros in 2022, the European Union (EU-27) has become a major player in this trade. Using information from two databases (Baci and Comext), this article presents an analysis of the main trade dynamics observed in this sector over a 20-year period (2000 to 2021). |
| Abstract: | Le commerce mondial des produits agricoles et agroalimentaires connait un développement soutenu depuis plusieurs décennies sous l'influence d'une demande alimentaire en croissance, notamment en Asie et en Afrique, et d'une répartition territoriale inégale des potentiels agronomiques et productifs. Avec un solde commercial de 30, 6 milliards d'euros en 2022, l'Union européenne (UE-27) est devenue un acteur majeur de ce commerce. En utilisant les informations issues de deux bases de données (Baci et Comext), cet article présente une analyse des principales dynamiques commerciales observées dans ce secteur sur une période de 20 ans (2000 à 2021). |
| Keywords: | Agri-food trade, Competitiveness, European Union, France, Commerce agroalimentaire, Compétitivité, Union européenne |
| Date: | 2023–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04353405&r=eur |
| By: | Sylvie Rouillon-Valdiguié (Toulouse Métropole); Patrice Ballester (M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, Euridis - Euridis Business School, Toulouse Métropole) |
| Abstract: | Through a case study, we will analyze the creation of an innovative attractiveness agency for Toulouse, taking action on a national scale as a first in terms of territorial governance for business tourism, events and leisure activities integrated into the same structure. The Toulouse Métropole Attractiveness Agency, created in January 2017 by the merger of three pre-existing entities, makes it possible to identify the current debates that arise for the major French cities and the objectives to be achieved. We produce a general reflection on urban tourism and the various devices to lead to a more efficient touristic system and above all to bring our country up to standard regarding the use of digital data (data). As for the part of the event for this metropolis of southwestern Europe, it is important through the identity construction of an aeronautics capital but also the creation of modern infrastructures such as La Halle de La Machine. The role of the metropolises is that of real gateways for the tourist territory, in this sense the metropolises can develop the attractiveness of the territories by establishing new consultations and development tools through the different forms of tourism and with events as a brand creator in the context of urban marketing. |
| Abstract: | À travers une étude de cas, nous analysons la création d'une agence d'attractivité novatrice pour Toulouse : une première à l'échelle nationale en matière de gouvernance territoriale pour un tourisme d'affaires, d'événementiel et de loisirs, au sein d'une même structure. L'agence d'attractivité de Toulouse Métropole créée en janvier 2017 par la fusion de trois entités préexistantes permet de cerner les débats actuels qui se posent pour les grandes métropoles françaises et les objectifs à atteindre. Nous produisons une réflexion générale concernant le tourisme urbain et les différents dispositifs permettant de forger de nouveaux outils pour un système touristique plus efficace, et surtout de mettre notre pays aux normes concernant l'utilisation des données numériques (data). Quant à la part de l'événementiel pour cette métropole du Sud-Ouest européen, elle est importante à travers la construction identitaire d'une capitale de l'aéronautique, mais aussi la création d'infrastructures modernes comme la Halle de La Machine. Les métropoles jouent un rôle de véritables portes d'entrée pour le territoire touristique : en ce sens elles peuvent développer l'attractivité des territoires en établissant de nouvelles concertations et outils de développement à travers les différentes formes de tourisme, et avec l'événementiel comme créateur de marque dans le cadre d'un marketing urbain. |
| Keywords: | Toulouse, events, city tourism, attractiveness, agency, MICE, infrastructure, economy, governance, marketing, événementiel, tourisme urbain, agence d’attractivité, économie, gouvernance |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04054455&r=eur |
| By: | Anne Carbonnel (CEREFIGE - Centre Européen de Recherche en Economie Financière et Gestion des Entreprises - UL - Université de Lorraine) |
| Abstract: | Innovation pédagogique au croisement de la sociocratie et de la communication nonviolente : apports croisés de la recherche et de la formation |
| Date: | 2023–06–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04326921&r=eur |
| By: | Luis Bouza García; Alvaro Oleart |
| Abstract: | The growing influence of social media platforms, and the disinformation that circulates in them, has transformed the public spheres. How to deal with disinformation is an open normative, empirical and political question in contemporary democracies. In this article, we outline an agenda on the institutional strategies pursued in the European Union (EU), the normative understandings of the public sphere that such strategies imply, and the analytical challenges to undertake this line of inquiry. We argue that there is an emerging competition in the EU field of disinformation – constructed by actors coming from different pre-existing fields, such as journalism or foreign policy – not only to define what is ‘true’ from what is ‘fake’, but also to determine the sort of the public sphere and democracy we ought to strive for. This perspective allows us to anticipate which actors might be empowered (or disempowered) depending on how disinformation is addressed in regulatory terms. |
| Keywords: | Big Tech; disinformation; European Union; public policy; public sphere |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/365881&r=eur |
| By: | Kris Boud (Department of Economics, Universiteit Gent, Belgium, Faculty of Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands); Arno De Block (Faculty of Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel); Geert Langenus (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium); Peter Reusens (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium) |
| Abstract: | Common sense tells that historical data are more informative for the estimation of today’s nowcasting models when observed in a similar economic state as today. We operationalise this intuition by proposing a state-based weighted estimation procedure of GDP nowcasting models, in which observations are weighted based on the similarity with the current economic state. For this end, we also construct new state variables for measuring the similarity of economic time periods using news data, in addition to traditional variables. We find that the state-based weighting of observations leads to economically significant nowcasting gains for predicting GDP growth in Belgium as compared to traditional unweighted approaches. |
| Keywords: | GDP growth, Media news, Nowcasting, Sentometrics, State variables |
| JEL: | C32 C51 C53 C55 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202312-445&r=eur |
| By: | Yuri Biondi (IRISSO - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Sciences Sociales - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The European Commission is currently seeking to implement the OECD/G20 agreement on minimum corporate taxation, in view to ensuring a minimum effective tax rate on large multinational corporate groups and protecting the level playing field for business and society. In fact, the proposed ruling introduces scope exceptions for groups directly or indirectly controlled by governmental entities, non-profit organisations, and investment and pension funds. These scope exceptions may provide incentives for controlling parties to restructure the corporate group in view to avoid taxation, if the minimum effective tax threshold is constraining and material. Furthermore, it may provide a tax competitive advantage for groups controlled by those parties. |
| Keywords: | tax avoidance global wealth chains multinational companies, tax avoidance, global wealth chains, multinational companies |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03902527&r=eur |
| By: | Fumitaka Nakamura |
| Abstract: | We analyze the effects of borrower-based macroprudential tools in Finland. To evaluate the efficiency of the tools, we construct a heterogeneous agent model in which households endogenously determine their housing size and liquid asset levels under two types of borrowing constraints: (i) a loan-to-value (LTV) limit and (ii) a debt-to-income (DTI) limit. When an unexpected negative income shock hits the economy, we find that a larger and more persistent drop in consumption is observed under the LTV limit compared to the DTI limit. Our results indicate that although DTI caps tend to be unpopular with lower income households because they limit the amount they can borrow, DTI caps are beneficial even on distributional grounds in stabilizing consumption. Specifically, DTI caps mitigate the consumption decline in recessions by restricting high leverage, and thus, they can usefully complement LTV caps. |
| Keywords: | Household indebtedness; loan-to-value ratio; debt-to-income ratio; macroprudential policy. |
| Date: | 2023–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/262&r=eur |
| By: | Vincent Chatellier (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Based on statistical data produced by several competent organizations, this article discusses, first, the evolution of sales of organic food products and the weight they represent in the overall food market. Representing 6.3% of the French food market in 2021 compared to 3.2% in 2015, organic products have enjoyed strong growth in recent years. Since 2021, however, the market has been facing many difficulties, mainly due to inflation, which is leading consumers to make new trade-offs in their purchasing actions. In a second step, this article focuses on French organic animal products, which will represent a little less than a quarter of organic food purchases in 2021. Organic livestock products are marketed for the most part through mass distribution channels and are not very concerned by foreign trade. Thus, contrary to other organic sectors (including fruit and vegetables), domestic consumption is almost exclusively assured by products from the national market. If the consumption of organic animal products has developed, at least until very recently (2021), there is however strong competition with other signs and quality labels (Label Rouge, AOP, IGP, CCP, etc.). In France, the share of organic production in total agricultural production (expressed in tonnage) is increasing, but it varies according to the sector. Eggs rank first on this criterion (15.4% of national production), ahead of dairy products (5.2% of cow's milk collection) and, further behind, meats, particularly pork and poultry (between 1% and 2% of slaughterings). |
| Abstract: | Basé sur une valorisation de données statistiques issues de différentes organisations compétentes, cet article discute, dans un premier temps, de l'évolution des ventes de produits alimentaires issus de l'agriculture biologique et du poids que celles-ci représentent dans le marché alimentaire global. En représentant 6, 3 % du marché alimentaire français en 2021 contre 3, 2 % en 2015, les produits bio ont bénéficié d'une forte croissance au cours des années récentes. Depuis 2021, cependant, le marché fait face à de nombreuses difficultés, en raison principalement de l'inflation qui amène les consommateurs à faire de nouveaux arbitrages dans leurs actes d'achat. Dans un second temps, cet article se focalise sur les produits animaux bio français, lesquels représentent un peu moins du quart des achats alimentaires bio en 2021. Les produits animaux bio sont commercialisés pour une grande part par le canal de la grande distribution et sont peu concernés par les échanges extérieurs. Ainsi contrairement à d'autres filières bio (dont les fruits et légumes), la consommation intérieure demeure quasi exclusivement assurée par des produits issus du marché national. Si la consommation de produits animaux bio s'est développée, du moins jusqu'à une période très récente (2021), une forte concurrence existe cependant avec les autres signes et mentions de qualité (Label Rouge, AOP, IGP, CCP, etc.). En France, la part du bio dans la production agricole totale (exprimée en tonnage) augmente, mais elle varie selon les filières. Les oeufs occupent le premier rang sur ce critère (15, 4 % de la production nationale), devant les produits laitiers (5, 2% de la collecte de lait de vache) et, plus loin derrière, les viandes, notamment celles de porc et de volailles (entre 1 % et 2 % des abattages). |
| Keywords: | Organic farming, Animal production, Agricultural markets, Farms, France, Agriculture biologique, Productions animales, Marchés agricoles, Exploitations agricoles |
| Date: | 2023–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04353443&r=eur |
| By: | P. Ballester (GSF - TTS - Grand Sud - Toulouse Tourism School, VFT-RLC - Visa For Tourism - Research Lab. Creative, IEFT - Institut Européenne de Formation au Tourisme - School of Tourism & Hospitality, Euridis - Euridis Business School) |
| Abstract: | The study of tourist behavior allows us to take another look at the changes in port cities in the Mediterranean, such as Barcelona and Marseille. For two centuries, tourists have increasingly contributed to building the identity of port cities. But if tourist activities and tourists can make these seaside areas attractive, they also contribute to making fishing districts repulsive, such as the old Barceloneta – a historic district of the Catalan capital – which has become a gigantic open-air nightclub. It is legitimate to ask whether tourism is a factor of rediscovered or altered port identity. Our study is based on research in the archives of the city of Barcelona and its tourist service, as well as on a survey of tourism professionals working for the Catalan capital and the Marseille metropolis. If tourist capitals like Barcelona and Marseille are counting on the benefits of tourism in a period of economic crisis, the damage caused by mass tourism is pointed out by artists and neighborhood associations, revealing the difficult reconciliation between the desires of holidaymakers and daily life. of the inhabitants and challenging the actors of these cities who are often confronted with contradictory representations of these spaces. |
| Abstract: | L'étude des comportements touristiques permet de porter un autre regard sur les mutations des villes-ports en Méditerranée, comme à Barcelone et Marseille. Depuis deux siècles, les touristes contribuent d'une manière de plus en plus évidente à bâtir l'identité des villes portuaires. Mais si les activités touristiques et les touristes peuvent rendre attractifs ces bords de mer, ils contribuent aussi à rendre répulsifs des quartiers de pêcheurs comme l'ancienne Barceloneta – quartier historique de la capitale catalane – devenue une gigantesque boîte de nuit à ciel ouvert. Il est légitime de se demander si le tourisme est un facteur d'identité portuaire retrouvée ou altérée. Notre étude repose sur une recherche dans les archives de la ville de Barcelone et son service touristique, ainsi que sur une enquête auprès des professionnels du tourisme travaillant pour la capitale catalane et la métropole marseillaise. Si des capitales touristiques comme Barcelone et Marseille comptent sur les retombées du tourisme dans une période de crise économique, les dégâts du tourisme de masse sont pointés par des artistes et des associations de voisinage, révélant la difficile conciliation entre les désirs des vacanciers et le quotidien des habitants et mettant au défi les acteurs de ces villes bien souvent confrontés à des représentations contradictoires de ces espaces. |
| Keywords: | Barcelona, Marseille, port, fishermen, tourism, economy, waterfront, town planning, inhabitant, crisis, overtourism, landscape, sea, museum, identity, heritage, Olympic Games, tourisme, économie, urbanisme, habitant, crise, surtourisme, paysage, mer, musée, identité, patrimoine, Jeux olympiques, Barcelone, Marseille, pêcheurs |
| Date: | 2022–10–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03834443&r=eur |
| By: | Bruno Jullien (TSE-R - TSE-R Toulouse School of Economics – Recherche - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Markus Reisinger (Frankfurt School of Finance and Management); Patrick Rey (TSE-R - TSE-R Toulouse School of Economics – Recherche - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The availability of consumer data is inducing a growing number of firms to adopt more personalized pricing policies. This affects both the performance of, and the competition between, alternative distribution channels, which in turn has implications for firms' distribution strategies. We develop a formal model to examine a brand manufacturer's choice between mono distribution (selling only through its own direct channel) or dual distribution (selling through an independent retailer as well). We consider different demand patterns, covering both horizontal and vertical differentiation and different pricing regimes, with the manufacturer and retailer each charging personalized prices or a uniform price. We show that dual distribution is optimal for a large number of cases. In particular, this is always the case when the channels are horizontally differentiated, regardless of the pricing regime; moreover, if both firms charge personalized prices, a well-designed wholesale tariff allows them to extract the entire consumer surplus. These insights obtained here for the case of intrabrand competition between vertically related firms are thus in stark contrast to those obtained for interbrand competition, where personalized pricing dissipates industry profit. With vertical differentiation, dual distribution remains optimal if the manufacturer charges a uniform price. By contrast, under personalized pricing, mono distribution can be optimal when the retailer does not expand demand sufficiently. Interestingly, the industry profit may be largest in a hybrid pricing regime, in which the manufacturer forgoes the use of personalized pricing and only the retailer charges personalized prices. This paper was accepted by Joshua Gans, business strategy. Funding: The financial support of the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [Grant Agreement 670494] and of the Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR) [Grant ANITI (ANR Grant 3IA)] and [Grant CHESS ANR-17-EURE-0010] (Investissements d'Avenir program) is gratefully acknowledged. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4437 . |
| Keywords: | Personalized pricing, Distribution strategies, Vertical contracting, Downstream competition |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04282548&r=eur |
| By: | Eli Agba (CeReFiM - Center for Research in Finance and Management [UNamur] - UNamur - Université de Namur [Namur], NaXys - Namur Center for Complex Systems [Namur] - UNamur - Université de Namur [Namur]); Hamza Bennani (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Nantes Univ - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); Jean-Yves Gnabo (CeReFiM - Center for Research in Finance and Management [UNamur] - UNamur - Université de Namur [Namur], NaXys - Namur Center for Complex Systems [Namur] - UNamur - Université de Namur [Namur]) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we aim at explaining a specific type of heterogeneity in the euro area pertaining to the diverging responses of countries and sectors to the European Central Bank's Unconventional Monetary Policy. Equipped with stock markets indices of 17 sectors for each euro area country, we first preform an event-study analysis to assess the reaction of the markets. Next, we regress the responses on a set of country-specific drivers. Our main findings show that variables related to the nature of banking industry (e.g. cost-to-income, return on assets), macroeconomic environment (e.g. gross debt) and macroprudential policy all contribute to observe diverging responses to ECB's monetary policies. While some sectors and countries responded more negatively than positively to the policies, the Unconventional Monetary Policy impacts the markets positively on average. A policy implication is that the heterogeneous response calls for domestic structural reforms that should target the discrepancies in the banking and the macroeconomic environments across euro area countries. |
| Keywords: | Event-study ordered probit heterogeneity cross-sector /cross-country UMP, Event-study, ordered probit, heterogeneity, cross-sector /cross-country, UMP |
| Date: | 2022–03–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04202585&r=eur |
| By: | Antoine Feuillet (CIAMS - Complexité, Innovation, Activités Motrices et Sportives - UO - Université d'Orléans - Université Paris-Saclay); Amr Alem (ESSEC Business School); Christophe Durand (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR - Université de Rennes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Mickael Terrien (UNIL - Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne); Nicolas Scelles (Manchester Metropolitan University Business School - MMU - Manchester Metropolitan University) |
| Date: | 2023–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04311593&r=eur |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The Belgium FSAP deep dived into the arrangements related to the financial safety net and crisis management. Belgium made progress since the 2018 FSAP2 in the preparation of resolution plans and minimum requirement for own funds and eligible liabilities (MREL) targets. The authorities should now focus on strengthening the crisis management framework, ensure the operational readiness of resolution plans and enhancing the Deposit Insurance System (DIS). The Belgium FSAP has reviewed the national arrangements and, as a result, all the recommendations are addressed to the national authorities. This technical note also refers to Significant Institutions (SIs) when relevant and includes a factual description of the allocation of responsibilities between the Belgian authorities, the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Single Resolution Board (SRB) with regards to the functioning of the financial safety net. |
| Date: | 2023–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/390&r=eur |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The Belgium FSAP deep dived into the arrangements related to the financial safety net and crisis management. Belgium made progress since the 2018 FSAP2 in the preparation of resolution plans and minimum requirement for own funds and eligible liabilities (MREL) targets. The authorities should now focus on strengthening the crisis management framework, ensure the operational readiness of resolution plans and enhancing the Deposit Insurance System (DIS). The Belgium FSAP has reviewed the national arrangements and, as a result, all the recommendations are addressed to the national authorities. This technical note also refers to Significant Institutions (SIs) when relevant and includes a factual description of the allocation of responsibilities between the Belgian authorities, the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Single Resolution Board (SRB) with regards to the functioning of the financial safety net. |
| Date: | 2023–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/391&r=eur |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Despite a series of shocks in the recent past, the Belgian financial sector has remained resilient and firm evidence for sustained credit or real estate price booms is limited. The profitability, capital adequacy and liquidity of banks have surpassed their pre-pandemic levels, remaining comfortably above regulatory thresholds. Notwithstanding the blows to the economy inflicted by the pandemic, spillovers from Russia’s war in Ukraine, and the energy crisis, bankruptcies have not materialized, and the quality of loan portfolios has stayed strong as automatic wage indexation and government support have helped households and firms. The credit gap turning positive in late 2017 did not herald the beginning of a prolonged period of further widening, with private sector borrowing expanding at a robust pace until the rapid tightening of financial conditions since 2022 triggered an ebbing of lending growth. Prices for residential and commercial dwellings have steadily increased since 2014, yet market dynamism over this period has been generally below developments seen in other euro area countries, keeping valuations in check. |
| Date: | 2023–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/392&r=eur |
| By: | Mohamad Adhami; Mark Bils; Charles I. Jones; Peter J. Klenow |
| Abstract: | Economic growth is typically measured in per capita terms. But social welfare should arguably include the number of people as well as their standard of living. We decompose social welfare growth — measured in consumption-equivalent (CE) units — into contributions from rising population and rising per capita consumption. Because of diminishing marginal utility from consumption, population growth is scaled up by a value-of-life factor that exceeds one and empirically averages nearly 3 across countries since 1960. Population increases are therefore a major contributor, and CE welfare growth around the world averages more than 6% per year since 1960 as opposed to 2% per year for consumption growth. Countries such as Mexico and South Africa rise sharply in the growth rankings, whereas China, Germany, and Japan plummet. These results are robust to incorporating time use and fertility decisions using data from the U.S., Mexico, the Netherlands, Japan, South Africa, and South Korea. Falling parental utility from having fewer kids is roughly offset by increases in the “quality” of kids associated with rising time investment per child. |
| JEL: | E01 O47 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31999&r=eur |
| By: | Pérez-Mesa, Juan Carlos; García Barranco, Mª Carmen; Ciagnocavo, Cynthia; Hernández Rubio, Jesús |
| Abstract: | The objective of this study is to find new options for the promotion of intermodality, based on short sea shipping, as applied to perishable products. At present, most of the transport is carried out by refrigerated trucks. In theory, this change would have positive effects on the environment and could even reduce transit costs, but companies are still hesitant to implement this practice. In this context, the present study aims to determine whether there are aspects other than operational considerations (e.g., time, cost, quality or environmental concerns) that condition modal shift. First, a literature review is conducted which attempts to identify both the strengths and weaknesses of intermodality in perishable transport. This review serves as the basis for the elaboration of a questionnaire targeting transport actors within the fruit and vegetable supply chain in southeastern Spain – the area taken as an application example. Next, the survey is used to determine the possible drivers that would favor a modal shift applying a structural equation analysis, corroborated with a traditional econometric model. As a result, the design of an overall strategy based on the creation of redistribution hubs at destination (i.e., located at ports), whose operations could be optimized through the digitization of the supply chain, appears to be a promising approach. |
| Keywords: | modal shift, international transport, perishables products, redistribution centers, short sea shipping. |
| JEL: | M21 Q13 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119464&r=eur |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Euroclear Bank (EB) is a large and highly interconnected international central securities depository (ICSD) that provides critical services for global financial markets. EB, domiciled in Belgium, issues and provides custody and settlement services for international bonds (i.e., Eurobonds) in its capacity as an ICSD. It shares this role primarily with Clearstream Banking Luxembourg (CBL). EB also settles and holds in custody a wide range of domestic and internationally traded securities. In December 2019, EB was authorized under the Central Securities Depository Regulation (CSDR) of the European Union (EU) to perform so-called core CSD services, as well as non-banking- and banking-type ancillary services. EB is also licensed as a credit institution under the Belgian Banking Act. To facilitate smooth settlement, EB provides uncommitted credit facilities to its participants on an intraday and fully collateralized basis. In 2021, the value of securities held on EB’s books was EUR 17.1 trillion and it had settlement turnover of 147 million transactions with a value of EUR 653 trillion. This makes EB the most active CSD in the world (by settlement turnover), as well as the largest ICSD and third largest CSD in the world (by value of securities held). |
| Date: | 2023–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/394&r=eur |
| By: | Anesti, Vincent (Department of Economics and Management, University of Luxembourg); Buisseret, Peter (Department of Government, Harvard University,) |
| Abstract: | We develop a dynamic model in which a group collectively bargains with an external party. At each date the group makes an offer to the external party (the ‘agent’) in exchange for a concession. Group members hold heterogeneous preferences over agreements and are uncertain about the agent’s resolve. We show that all group members favor more aggressive proposals than they would if they were negotiating alone. By eliciting more information about the agent’s resolve, these offers reduce the group members’ uncertainty about the agent’s preferences and therefore reduce the group’s internal conflicts over its negotiating strategy. To mitigate the consequent risk that negotiations fail, decisive group members successively give up their influence over proposals: starting from any initially democratic decision process, the group eventually consolidates its entire negotiation authority into the hands of a single member. |
| Keywords: | Adverse selection ; collective choice ; political economy ; dictatorship ; bargaining. JEL codes: D02 ; D71 ; D78 ; D82 ; L22 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:wcreta:81&r=eur |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) conducted a focused review of insurance regulation and supervision in Belgium. This technical note (TN) provides an update on the insurance sector and highlights risks and vulnerabilities. It analyzes key aspects of regulatory and supervisory oversight: supervisor; the solvency framework; supervision (micro and macro); changes in control and portfolio transfer, reinsurance; conduct of business and group supervision and supervisory co-operation and co-ordination.2 Belgium has adopted a twin peaks model of regulatory oversight and supervision. The National Bank of Belgium (NBB) is responsible for prudential supervision at both a micro and macro level whilst the Financial Services and Markets Authority (FSMA) is mandated with conduct of business supervision. The analysis focuses on supervision within the scope of the NBB’s and the FSMA’s mandates. The TN comments on progress in respect of the implementation of recommendations made by the previous FSAP and offers further recommendations to strengthen the regulatory and supervisory regime. |
| Date: | 2023–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/389&r=eur |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | The financial sector has remained resilient to a series of shocks and is well capitalized and profitable, but risks remain. Bank profitability and capital have surpassed pre-pandemic levels. Liquidity buffers remain strong and banks’ direct exposures to Russia are limited. The insurance and investment funds sectors have also weathered the pandemic well. There is limited evidence of credit or asset price booms over the past decade. However, inflationary pressures, partly the result of spillovers from Russia’s war on Ukraine, and a rapid tightening of financial conditions have weakened activity and reined in credit demand. Among high uncertainty, GDP growth is projected to slow in 2023, before returning to potential over the medium-term. |
| Date: | 2023–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/393&r=eur |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Economic activity has slowed, core inflation remains high, and the fiscal outlook is challenging. The financial sector has remained resilient despite a series of shocks. Belgium has made strong progress since the 2018 FSAP to enhance frameworks for financial sector oversight and crisis management. The National Bank of Belgium’s (NBB) framework for bank supervision is well embedded in the Single Supervisory Mechanism framework and the Financial Services and Markets Authority (FSMA) has a well-developed framework for product and conduct supervision of banks and insurers. However, the NBB still lacks the powers to implement macroprudential tools without government approval. |
| Date: | 2023–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/388&r=eur |