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on Microeconomic European Issues |
| By: | Karina Doorley; Jan Gromadzki; Piotr Lewandowski; Dora Tuda; Philippe Van Kerm |
| Abstract: | We study the effects of robot penetration on household income inequality in 14 European countries between 2006–2018, a period marked by the rapid adoption of industrial robots. Automation reduced relative hourly wages and employment of more exposed demographic groups, similarly to the results for the United States. Using robot-driven wage and employment shocks as input to the EUROMOD microsimulation model, we find that automation had minor effects on income inequality. Household labour income diversification and tax and welfare policies largely absorbed labour market shocks caused by automation. Transfers played a key role in cushioning the transmission of these shocks to household incomes. |
| Keywords: | robots; automation; tasks; income inequality; wage inequality; microsimulation |
| JEL: | J23 J24 O33 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irs:cepswp:2023-11&r=eur |
| By: | Valentina Melentyeva (University of Cologne and ECONtribute); Lukas Riedel (ZEW Mannheim and University of Heidelberg) |
| Abstract: | Motherhood continues to pose significant challenges to women’s careers, and a correct assessment of its effects is crucial for understanding the persistent gender inequality in the labor market. We show that the prevalent approach to estimate post-birth earnings losses – so called “child penalties” – is prone to yield substantially biased results. We demonstrate that the biases stem from conventional event studies pooling together first-time mothers of all ages, without considering their distinct characteristics and the varying impact of motherhood. To address the biases, we propose a novel approach that accounts for the heterogeneity by building upon recent advancements in the econometric literature on difference-in-differences models. Applying it to administrative data from Germany, we demonstrate that considering heterogeneity by maternal age at birth is crucial for both methodological correctness and a deeper understanding of gender inequality. Our approach yields substantially larger estimates of earnings losses after childbirth (by 20 percent), indicating that the costs of motherhood and related gender gaps in Germany are even larger than previously thought. Moreover, we demonstrate that effects and their interpretation differ significantly depending on maternal age at birth. We show that younger first-time mothers experience larger career costs of motherhood, as they miss out on the phase of the most rapid career progression. |
| Keywords: | Child penalty, maternal labor supply, heterogeneous treatment effects, event studies |
| JEL: | J13 J16 J31 C23 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:266&r=eur |
| By: | Alessandro De Palma; Marco Faillo; Roberto Gabriele |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on decentralized energy in Germany and how households’ environmental behavior in terms of energy consumption is shaped in these contexts. It sets out to gain a more precise understanding of whether decentralized energy initiatives are a good tool to promote the adoption of renewable energies and engagement in other sustainable behaviors to mitigate global warming. This study would be one of the first to investigate the effect of living in 100% Renewable Energy Regions, i.e., regions committed to achieving the status of 100% renewable, on households’ behavior using a large-scale dataset, with a quasi-experimental setting. The analysis, indeed, combines micro-level data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) with information on the Landkreis (districts) that took part in a regional energy project aimed at supporting regions to achieve 100% neutrality of energy production: Project 100% Erneuerbare-Energie-Regionen (100ee-Region). The findings show that German households living in these districts have considerably increased their energy consumption through the years with respect to untreated households. Moreover, results report that the adoption of renewable energies mediates the effect of the treatment on energy usage, outlining a concave parabolic relationship between the mediator and the outcome. These findings, based on real-world evidence, provide powerful information that should be considered by policymakers when promoting the decentralization of energy. Moreover, this study fits into the literature on the determinants of pro-environmental behavior, showing that contextual factors are crucial drivers of it. |
| Keywords: | Decentralized energy, energy behavior, rebound effects, Germany, policy evaluation |
| JEL: | C22 D19 Q40 Q48 Q28 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2055&r=eur |
| By: | Mihails Hazans (Faculty of Business, Management and Economics, University of Latvia); Jaan Masso (School of Economics and Business Administration, University of Tartu, Estonia); Per Botolf Maurseth (Norwegian Business School, Norway) |
| Abstract: | Do employees with supervisory responsibilities differ from other workers in terms of human values, especially those potentially affecting the quality and efficiency of supervision? This paper uses data from rounds 7-9 of the European Social Survey to examine the selection of employees into supervisory positions in nine Baltic Sea region countries, focusing on ten basic values and four higher order values identified by Schwarz (1992). In eight out of nine countries considered, statistically significant association with supervisory responsibilities is found for three higher order values: positive for Openness to Change and Self-Enhancement but negative for Conservation. By contrast, Self-Transcendence (covering Benevolence and Universalism) is not significantly associated with supervision. In Estonia, Finland, Denmark and (to a smaller extent) Norway and Germany, we find evidence for adverse selection into supervisory jobs based on the Power value posing a risk of autocratic behaviour. When looking at the link between the supervisor’s values and the number of subordinates, we find that values that make it easier or harder to become a supervisor tend to work the same way in supervising more workers. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bai:egeiwp:egei_wp-1_2023&r=eur |
| By: | Daniel Graeber |
| Abstract: | We describe the joint permanent health distribution of parents and children in Germany using 25 years of data from the Socio-Economic Panel. We derive three main results: First, a ten percentile increase in parental permanent health is associated with a 2.3 percentile increase in their child’s health. Second, employing our anchoring method, we find that a percentile point increase in permanent health ranks is associated with a 0.8% to 1.4% increase in permanent earnings. Additionally, we conclude that health is particularly important for earnings at lower levels of health. We argue that our anchoring method has great potential to enhance the comparability of the literature across data sets and countries. Third, a more favorable socioeconomic status of the parents is predominantly associated with higher upward mobility in health. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwsop:diw_sp1195&r=eur |
| By: | Ann-Marie Sommerfeld |
| Abstract: | Exploiting the age-at-enrollment policies in 16 German states as exogenous source of variation, I examine whether the schooling of the oldest child in a migrant household affects parents’ integration. My analysis links administrative records on primary school enrollment cutoff dates with micro data from the German Socioeconomic Panel (GSOEP). Using a regression discontinuity design around the school enrollment cutoff and an instrumental variable approach I show that children’s schooling improves the integration of parents along several dimensions, such as labor market outcomes, financial worries, and German language skills. Labor market outcomes are most positively affected for mothers. Additional analysis of underlying mechanisms suggests that results are driven by gains in disposable time and exposure to the German language and culture. |
| Keywords: | international migration, assimilation, integration, education, schooling, family, regression discontinuity, instrumental variables |
| JEL: | F22 I24 I26 J16 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwsop:diw_sp1198&r=eur |
| By: | Samuel Bentolila (CEMFI, Centro de Estudios Monetarios y Financieros); Antonio Cabrales (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid); Marcel Jansen (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the causal impact of dual vocational education and training (VET) on the labor market insertion of youth. Using matched education and social security records, we estimate the causal impact of a major reform that introduced a new dual track, which combines firm- and school-based training, on the labor market outcomes of the first three dual VET cohorts in the Spanish rregion of Madrid. The control group is composed of individuals who graduated in the same fields and years in school-based VET. Selection into dual VET is dealt with using a distance-based instrumental variable. Dual VET is found to generate sizable improvements in employment and earnings, but no significant impact on job quality. The results are not driven by pre-reform differences in the quality of the schools that adopted dual VET and the higher retention rate of dual VET graduates only partly explains the dual premium. |
| Keywords: | Dual vocational education and training, school-to-work transition, Spain. |
| JEL: | D92 G33 J23 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cmf:wpaper:wp2023_2307&r=eur |
| By: | István János Tóth (HUN-REN Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, SGH Warszawa, CRCB); Miklós Hajdu (CUB) |
| Abstract: | In this study, we investigate the correlation between corruption risk and the level of education in European sub-national regions (NUTS2 level) between 2006 and 2020 in 16 member countries. We use the data of Tenders Electronic Daily (TED) covering the parameters of 6, 766, 274 public procurement contracts in total and NUTS2 level Eurostat data. We found that higher educational attainment is associated with lower corruption risk and a higher level of control of corruption, indicating that better-educated locals may force authorities to limit corruption risk as they have less tolerance for corrupt behavior. In addition, the results point out that the increasing level of education is associated with a decreasing level of corruption risk. Our study contributes to corruption research by using objective indicators characterizing the NUTS2 regions of some European countries. |
| Keywords: | Keywords: regions in Europe, education, corruption risk |
| JEL: | D73 H57 H75 I25 R11 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:has:discpr:2335&r=eur |
| By: | Castro-Pires, Henrique (University of Surrey); Mello, Marco (University of Aberdeen); Moscelli, Giuseppe (University of Surrey) |
| Abstract: | We exploit the 2016 Brexit referendum as a migration shock to evaluate the impact of reduced labour supply on the provision of hospital care. After the referendum, a sharp drop in the number of early-career new joiners from Europe resulted in a considerable decrease in the share of EU nurses in the English NHS. Using an enclave instrumental variable empirical strategy, we find that emergency readmission rates increased, and more so in hospital organizations more exposed to the missing inflow of new joiners. A theoretical model shows that this is consistent with a decrease in the quality of new hires. |
| Keywords: | labour supply, workers' mobility, immigration, patient care, hospital quality, Brexit |
| JEL: | J45 J61 J68 I11 C26 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16616&r=eur |
| By: | Giacomo Lo Conte; Andrea Mina; Silvia Rocchetta |
| Abstract: | In this paper we explore the impact of place-based innovation policy in Europe. We focus on the effects of Smart Specialisation strategies on the labour productivity of regional economies. We design an analytical framework that takes into account the entrepreneurial discovery process through which the policy is implemented, and connect the technological relatedness of regions with their specialisation choices. We use an IV estimation approach capable of handling endogeneity problems, and apply it to an extensive dataset of 102 NUTS2 regions extracted from the European Commission Smart Specialisation Portal. The results show that Smart Specialisation strategies increase labour productivity as long as the priorities are set in sectors related to pre-existing technological capabilities, indicating the fundamental importance of path-dependency in diversification choices. The findings deepen our understanding of regional development and innovation strategies, and have relevant implications for the implementation of appropriate policy instruments. |
| Keywords: | Related diversification; Specialization; Regional policy; Innovation policy; Place-based Policies |
| JEL: | O33 R11 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2323&r=eur |
| By: | Bavaro, Michele; Carranza, Rafael; Nolan, Brian |
| Abstract: | While the influence of poverty in childhood on adulthood outcomes has been extensively studied, little is known about how the strength of intergenerational persistence in poverty itself varies across countries. Here we examine the intergenerational persistence of poverty in a comparative analysis of 30 European countries using data from the 2019 ad hoc module of the EU-SILC dataset. We construct proxy measures of poverty in the parental household employing information on inability to meet basic needs and financial hardship when growing up, together with parental education and occupational social class. The strength of the association between current poverty based on the indicators at the core of the EU’s social inclusion process and these measures of parental poverty is assessed and compared across countries. The cross-country variation in poverty persistence is probed including with respect to its relationship with the current and past extent of poverty: persistence tends to be stronger where current or parental poverty are higher, analogous to the Great Gatsby Curve relating intergenerational income mobility to income inequality at country level. Mediation analysis highlights the role of own education as well as occupation in underpinning the observed relationship between current and parental poverty. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper) |
| Date: | 2023–12–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:phrq2&r=eur |
| By: | Dalmazzo, Alberto (University of Siena); Leombruni, Roberto (University of Turin); Razzolini, Tiziano (University of Siena) |
| Abstract: | Regulations in host countries often impose heavy limitations on the opportunities of migrant workers. Here, we analyse how (the anticipation of) a change in the legal status of foreign workers may affect their terms of employment. Building on a simple theoretical model, we consider a sample of non-EU immigrants in Italy over the period which led to the accession of Romania and Bulgaria to the European Union in 2007. We find that the expectation of achieving EU citizenship increased Romanians' and Bulgarians' bargaining power over wages and job attributes, relative to other non-EU migrants, and also stimulated business venture. |
| Keywords: | migration, labor market restrictions, EU accession, workplace safety |
| JEL: | J28 J32 J71 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16614&r=eur |
| By: | Belloc, Ignacio; Molina, José Alberto; Velilla, Jorge |
| Abstract: | Studying the impact of exogenous wealth shocks on health-related outcomes can help policymakers in the design and evaluation of social programs that provide income to certain groups. This paper analyzes the impact of unexpected inheritances on Body Mass Index, using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, including 15 countries from 2004 to 2017. The results show that the receipt of an inheritance is negatively associated with BMI, and being overweight among females. When we account for individual heterogeneity, we find that the receipt of an unexpected inheritance reduces the probability of being overweight by 2.8% among women, and it increases the probability of women engaging in activities that involve moderate physical activity, and increases the amount spent on eating out. These results suggest that large increases in wealth may improve current weight problems and maintain higher life standards among women in later life, so policymakers may include the potential health-related benefits when implementing redistribution programs within those households. |
| Keywords: | Body Mass Index, Unexpected inheritances, Ageing, Europe, SHARE |
| JEL: | G51 I12 J14 O52 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1354&r=eur |
| By: | Charlie Joyez (Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France); Raja Kali (University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA); Catherine Laffineur (Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France) |
| Abstract: | Why do labor markets in some regions recover faster from an adverse economic shock than others? We conjecture that regions with occupations offering greater redeployment opportunities to other occupations are less at risk of long-term unemployment. We examine this by creating a network of inter-occupation relatedness from worker mobility data that provides occupational transitions for a representative sample of French workers. Superimposing local occupational composition on to this "occupation space" yields a measure of occupational coherence for 304 commuting zones in France. We find that regions with stronger occupational coherence are more sensitive to a shock but recover faster. |
| Keywords: | occupational mobility, regional occupational composition, occupational coherence, economic shocks, unemployment dynamics |
| JEL: | E24 E32 J21 J24 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2023-20&r=eur |
| By: | Detemple, Jonas; Wicht, Alexandra |
| Abstract: | The ongoing global digital transformation has significant implications for economies and societies, with potential benefits and challenges. This study addresses the critical need for a comprehensive measure of regional digitalization in Germany to better understand its impact on various aspects of life, including education, employment, and working conditions. Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), it introduces a multifaceted regional digitalization indicator at the administrative district level (NUTS-3) that incorporates digital infrastructure, culture, technology capacity, high-tech human capital, and digitalization-related innovativeness. The study reveals that digitalization varies significantly across regions. Urban regions tend to have higher digitalization levels, which are positively associated with economic productivity and high-skilled labor demand. Moreover, regional digitalization complements the established measure of regional automation potential, as the two are only slightly correlated, highlighting the complexity of regional disparities in the digital age. |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:e439g&r=eur |
| By: | Francesco Fasani (University of Milan, CEPR, CReAM, and IZA); Tommaso Frattini (University of Milan, LdA, CEPR, CReAM, and IZA); Maxime Pirot (University of Milan) |
| Abstract: | Is naturalization an effective tool to boost refugees’ labor market integration? We address this novel empirical question by exploring survey data from 21 European countries and leveraging variation in citizenship laws across countries, time, and migrant groups as a source of exogenous variation in the probability of naturalization. We find that obtaining citizen status allows refugees to close their gaps in labor market outcomes relative to non-refugee migrants while having non-significant effects on the latter group. We then further explore the heterogeneity of returns to citizenship in a Marginal Treatment Effect framework, showing that migrants with the lowest propensity to naturalize would benefit the most if they did. This reverse selection on gains can be explained by policy features that make it harder for more vulnerable migrant groups to obtain citizenship, suggesting that a relaxation of eligibility constraints would yield benefits for both migrants and host societies. |
| Keywords: | Forced migration, citizenship, asylum policy |
| JEL: | J15 J61 F22 |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csl:devewp:489&r=eur |
| By: | Costa-Font, Joan; Fleche, Sarah; Pagan, Ricardo |
| Abstract: | Despite the growing prevalence of insufficient sleep among individuals, we still know little about the labour market returns to sleep. To address this gap, we utilize longitudinal data from Germany and leverage exogenous fluctuations in sleep duration caused by variations in time and local sunset times. Our findings reveal that a one-hour increase in weekly sleep is associated with a 1.6 percentage point rise in employment and a 3.4% increase in weekly earnings. The majority of this earnings effect stems from improvements in productivity, while the number of working hours decreases with longer sleep duration. We also identify a key mechanism driving these effects: the enhanced mental well-being experienced by individuals who sleep longer hours. |
| Keywords: | sleep; employment; productivity; mental health; sunset times; Elsevier deal |
| JEL: | I18 J12 J13 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120758&r=eur |
| By: | Pyka, Vinzenz (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg); Schnabel, Claus (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) |
| Abstract: | We shed light on an understudied group: retirees in unions. Using representative individual-level data of 19 European countries, we find that the share of retirees in unions and the union density of retirees increased between 2008 and 2020. Econometric analyses indicate that on average retired workers' probability of union membership is 17 percentage points lower than that of active workers. This finding is consistent with social custom models and cost-benefit considerations. We further find that some determinants of union membership differ between active and retired workers and that standard membership models better explain the unionization of active than retired workers. |
| Keywords: | trade union, retirement, union membership, Europe |
| JEL: | J26 J51 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16604&r=eur |
| By: | Osea Giuntella; Johannes König; Luca Stella |
| Abstract: | This study explores the relationship between artificial intelligence (AI) and workers’ well-being and mental health using longitudinal survey data from Germany (2000-2020). We construct a measure of individual exposure to AI technology based on the occupation in which workers in our sample were first employed and explore an event study design and a difference-in-differences approach to compare AI-exposed and non-exposed workers. Before AI became widely available, there is no evidence of differential pre-trends in workers’ well-being and concerns about their economic futures. Since 2015, however, with the increasing adoption of AI in firms across Germany, we find that AI-exposed workers have become less satisfied with their life and job and more concerned about job security and their personal economic situation. However, we find no evidence of a significant impact of AI on workers’ mental health, anxiety, or depression. |
| Keywords: | Artificial Intelligence, Future of Work, Well-being, Mental Health |
| JEL: | I10 J28 O30 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwsop:diw_sp1194&r=eur |
| By: | Dahlström, Petter (Indek, Royal Institute of Technology); Lööf, Hans (Indek, Royal Institute of Technology); Sjöholm, Fredrik (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Stephan, Andreas (Linnaeus University) |
| Abstract: | The net-zero agreement on carbon emission from Paris 2015 gives a key role to fossil-free energy technologies with an expected multifold growth rate over the coming decades, when successively replacing oil, coal, and gas. In this paper, we delve into the EU’s competitive advantage in the evolving trade war in clean energy, investigate European strengths and weaknesses in innovation and production, and discuss the impact of the upcoming trade war on the global warming challenge. Our results show that the EU has a strong position in innovation capabilities in the strategic net-zero technologies. However, this is not matched by production capabilities: EU has only a few firms among the leading manufacturers in net-zero technologies. |
| Keywords: | Energy geopolitics; Net-zero technologies; Patents; Innovation Energy geopolitics; Net-zero technologies; Patents; Innovation |
| JEL: | F02 O18 Q50 R10 |
| Date: | 2023–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1483&r=eur |
| By: | Bonsang, Eric (Université Paris-Dauphine); Costa-Font, Joan (London School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | We revisit the universality of the "caregiving daughter effect", which holds that daughters tend to provide more care to their older parents than sons. Based on rich European data, we document evidence of such an effect in countries with large gender disparities in employment rates, where having daughters also depresses the demand for formal care. In contrast, we find evidence consistent with the "demise of the caregiving daughter" when exposed to narrower gender gaps, where there is no more daughters' effect on formal care. These results point to a reconsideration of caregiving system design amidst the rise of female employment. |
| Keywords: | informal care, formal care, daughters, caregiving daughter effect, gender employment gap, Europe, care substitution, social norms |
| JEL: | I18 J14 J3 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16615&r=eur |
| By: | Christian Krekel; Johannes Rode; Alexander Roth |
| Abstract: | While wind power is considered key in the transition towards net zero, there are concerns about adverse health impacts on nearby residents. Based on precise geographical coordinates, we link a representative longitudinal household panel to all wind turbines in Germany and exploit their staggered rollout over two decades for identification. We do not find evidence of negative effects on general, mental, or physical health in the 12-Item Short Form Survey (SF- 12), nor on self-assessed health or doctor visits. We also do not find evidence for effects on suicides, an extreme measure of negative mental health outcomes, at the county level. |
| Keywords: | wind turbines, externalities, health, renewable energy, difference-in-differences, event study |
| JEL: | D62 I10 Q20 Q42 R10 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2054&r=eur |
| By: | Eric Bonsang; Joan Costa-Font; Joan Costa-i-Font |
| Abstract: | We revisit the universality of the “caregiving daughter effect”, which holds that daughters tend to provide more care to their older parents than sons. Based on rich European data, we document evidence of such an effect in countries with large gender disparities in employment rates, where having daughters also depresses the demand for formal care. In contrast, we find evidence consistent with the “demise of the caregiving daughter” when exposed to narrower gender gaps, where there is no more daughters’ effect on formal care. These results point to a reconsideration of caregiving system design amidst the rise of female employment. |
| Keywords: | informal care, formal care, daughters, caregiving daughter effect, gender employment gap, Europe, care substitution, social norms |
| JEL: | I18 J14 J30 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10792&r=eur |
| By: | Saul Estrin (Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK); Jan Hanousek (Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; CEPR, London, UK); Anastasiya Shamshur (King's Business School, King's College London, London, UK) |
| Abstract: | We explore how the type of owner affects private enterprise investment decisions in Europe. In contrast to the literature, we analyze firms with concentrated (more than 95%) ownership stakes to reduce the potential that agency problems contaminate our results. We consider four types of supermajority owners – family, institutional, corporate, and state and use detailed ownership and financial information from a large sample of private firms from 24 European countries from 2001 to 2018. We find that family-owned firms exhibit higher gross investment rates and substantially higher sensitivity to investment opportunities, profitability, cash flow, and value-added growth compared to corporate and institutional owners. At the same time, and more consistent with the literature, family-owned firms invest significantly less in intangible assets than other ownership types. To demonstrate the robustness of our results, we employ matching samples complemented by analysis of owner-type transitions from family owners to corporate and institutional owners. |
| Keywords: | private firms, panel data, Europe, ownership types, investments, cash flow sensitivity, profitability, business opportunities |
| JEL: | G31 G32 D22 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:men:wpaper:91_2023&r=eur |
| By: | LE BOENNEC, Rémy; SALLADARRE, Frédéric |
| Abstract: | Micromobility modes such as scooters, e-scooters, skateboards, or hoverboards has recently emerged as part of the urban landscape. In this paper, we analyze the use of modes of micromobility for commuting. We distinguish between monomodality (commuters using one mode of micromobility only) and multimodality (commuters using micromobility as a complement or substitute to other modes of transport). We apply non-parametric ordered methods to a survey that was conducted in 2018 on mobility users in four European countries. The survey gathered 4, 873 observations from commuters in France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom (UK). Micromobility commuting is marginal in all four European countries. The sociodemographic characteristics of micromobility commuters are homogeneous and concern mainly male, young, and urban commuters. We find that travel habits account for a large share of the variability explained by the model. Germany has a low level of multimodality, whereas the UK practices complementarity-oriented multimodal commuting. Overall, our results bring new insights showing that micromobility is used as a (partial) substitute to urban transit systems for short distances and as a complement for longer commuting trips made by train. These emerging patterns of commuting require better modal integration between micromobility and public transport, and a more sophisticated design of transport infrastructures. |
| Keywords: | micromobility; commuting; multimodality; privately-owned; mode choice; travel habit. |
| JEL: | C14 C21 R41 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119202&r=eur |
| By: | Helmers, Viola; Frondel, Manuel; Sommer, Stephan |
| JEL: | R48 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc23:277706&r=eur |
| By: | Daniel Herrero (Instituto Complutense de Estudios Internacionales (ICEI), Universidad Complutense de Madrid.); Laura Pérez Ortíz (Instituto Complutense de Estudios Internacionales (ICEI), Universidad Complutense de Madrid.) |
| Abstract: | This paper empirically explores the occupational change in Europe after the 2008-crisis (the Great Recession). During this period, which has remained relatively unexplored by the literature so far, many European economies have implemented profound institutional changes in their labor markets and transformed their growth models. Using individual-level data from 18 economies, we build three indicators of job quality -the average educational attainment, the median earnings, and an index of job instability based on the contractual characteristics of the job- and analyze the relative employment growth of jobs. Our findings suggest that there is not a unique pattern of occupational change in Europe, in opposition to the mainstream view of pervasive polarization. On the contrary, we detect a variety of occupational change profiles, which even differ within the same country depending on the indicator employed. |
| Keywords: | Occupational change; Structural change; Europe; Labor markets. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucm:wpaper:2301&r=eur |
| By: | Uroš Herman (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France); Matija Lozej (Central Bank of Ireland, Macroeconomic Modelling) |
| Abstract: | This paper first provides empirical evidence that labour market outcomes for the less educated workers, who also tend to be poorer, are substantially more volatile than those for the well-educated, who tend to be richer. We estimate job finding rates and separation rates by educational attainment for several European countries and find that job finding rates are smaller and separation rates larger at lower educational attainment levels. At cyclical frequencies, fluctuations of the job finding rate explain up to 80% of unemployment fluctuations for the less educated. We then construct a stylised HANK model augmented with search and matching and ex-ante heterogeneity in terms of educational attainment. We show that monetary policy has stronger effects when the job market for the less educated and, hence, poorer workers is more volatile. The reason is that these workers have the most procyclical income coupled with the highest marginal propensity to consume. An expansionary monetary policy shock that increases labour demand disproportionally affects the labour market segment for the less educated, causing a strong increase in consumption. This further amplifies labour demand and increases the labour income of the poor even more, amplifying the initial effect. The same mechanism carries over to forward guidance. |
| Keywords: | heterogeneous agents, Search and matching, monetary policy, business cycles, Employment |
| JEL: | E40 E52 J64 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2334&r=eur |
| By: | Paulo Bastos (World Bank); Lisandra Flach (LMU Munich, ifo Institue); Klaus Keller (LMU Munich, Max-Planck Institute for Competition and Innovation) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of product market competition on firms’ automation investments. We use a rich combination of micro-data on Portuguese exporters and exploit a novel source of variation in the degree of competition they face – a tariff liberalization between the European Union and Central and Eastern European countries in the 1990s. We find that firms facing greater competition in export markets tend to reduce investments in automation technologies. These average negative effects are driven by the least productive firms, while the most efficient exporters in industries that are more prone to automation tend to robotize in order to compete. These findings suggest that an increase in the degree of product market competition widens disparities between firms. |
| Keywords: | automation; product market competition; firm heterogeneity; trade liberalization; workers; multi-product firms; |
| JEL: | D22 F16 J23 L25 O33 |
| Date: | 2023–11–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:467&r=eur |
| By: | Jakob Lehr |
| Abstract: | Using the German census of the manufacturing industry, I analyze the impact of import competition on carbon emissions per unit of deflated sales (emission intensity). I combine precise information on firm-level CO2 emissions with sector-level trade flows. Looking at the period 1995 until 2017, I focus on the impact of the rise of Eastern Europe and China while addressing the endogeneity of trade flows with an instrumental variable approach. The baseline results suggest that a 1pp increase in the import penetration ratio caused a reduction of the average firms’ emission intensity by approximately 0.3%. This result implies that the rise of the joint East kept the average firm emission intensity 6% below the level it would have had in the absence of the East’s rise. I do not find strong indication for reallocation of production towards more efficient firms. Finally, I supplement the analysis by examining the effect of export opportunities due to the East’s rise. The results indicate that exporting to the East increased sales and, through that channel, lowered emission intensities. |
| Keywords: | CO2 Emission Intensity, Energy Efficiency, Import Competition, Manufacturing Firms, Environment, Germany |
| JEL: | F18 Q54 L60 D22 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2023_488&r=eur |
| By: | Jakob Lehr; Katrin Rehdanz |
| Abstract: | This paper represents an addition to the scanty empirical evidence relating to the impact of temperature on the manufacturing sector. To study the effect of temperature on CO2 emissions (energy use) and plants’ economic performance, we combine daily temperature information from 11, 000 German municipalities with the German census of the manufacturing industry for the period 2004 - 2017. We find that temperature affects industrial emissions significantly. Low temperatures cause a large and robust increase in CO2 emissions as a reflection of heating requirements. For example, one additional day with a mean temperature below -6°C increases the average plant’s emissions by ≈ 0.15% or 6t CO2 relative to a day with mean temperatures between 12°C and 15°C. Evidence for increased emissions from electricity consumption due to cooling needs is less consistent. We extend our analysis to encompass the effect of temperature on economic performance. While finding consistent evidence for a negative effect of cold days on gross output and labor productivity, results for hot days are mixed. Finally, we interpret our estimates against the backdrop of climate projections. |
| Keywords: | Temperature, Manufacturing, Climate Change, Energy Use, CO2 Emissions, Gross Output, Germany |
| JEL: | Q41 Q54 D22 L60 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2023_489&r=eur |
| By: | Luisa Alamá-Sabater (Department of Economics and IIDL, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain); Yolanda de Llanos (Department of Economics, Universidad de Extremadura, Spain); Miguel Ángel Márquez (Department of Economics, Universidad de Extremadura, Spain); Emili Tortosa-Ausina (IVIE, Valencia and IIDL and Department of Economics, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain) |
| Abstract: | Considerable research has been conducted on the trade-off between reducing regional inequality and promoting regional growth. However, no empirical research has explored the relationship between this trade-off and the spatial mismatch between the distribution of the regional population and the spatial distribution of regional factor endowments, such as labour and capital. The location of labour and capital is crucial in determining regional economic growth and inequalities. Therefore, we aim to assess the impact of spatial mismatches between factors of production (employment and physical capital stock) and population on regional growth and regional inequality. The study first calculates the Spatial Mismatch Indices for capital stock and employment with respect to the distribution of population across regions. Then, we use a VAR approach to detect the dynamic interactions in the short run among the location of the European regional population with respect to regional labour and physical capital, economic growth, and inequality growth. The research does not find a direct trade-off between regional European economic growth and inequality growth. Instead, the results support the view that the best strategy to mitigate economic inequality is to generate spatial mismatches between the spatial distribution of population and employment and between population and physical capital. When addressing regional disparities, the distribution of employment and physical capital should not be based solely on population criteria. Instead, spatial mismatches should be increased. However, the typical approach to implementing regional policies to allocate resources based on population-related criteria does not reduce economic inequality. |
| Keywords: | European regions, population, regional economic growth, regional inequality, regional factors production |
| JEL: | O18 O21 R1 R23 R3 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jau:wpaper:2023/06&r=eur |
| By: | Felix S.F. Schaff (European University Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of the Protestant Reformation on wealth distribution and inequality in confessionally divided Germany, between 1400 and 1800. The Reformation expanded social welfare, but provided it in a particularistic way to insiders only. This gave Protestantism an ambiguous character in terms of redistribution and its impact on inequality. I develop a theoretical framework of this trade-off between welfare expansion and particula- ristic provision, and test its implications empirically, using a Difference-in-Differences and an Instrumental Variable strategy. In line with the theoretical framework, I document that the Reformation exacerbated inequality overall, by making marginal poor people relatively poorer. The result is driven by the introduction of new particularistic poor relief policies in Protestant communities. Protestantism is an underappreciated driver of preindustrial inequality, long before the onset of industrialisation and modern economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Wealth, Poverty, Inequality, Political Economy, Protestantism, Welfare, Germany |
| JEL: | D31 H23 I38 N33 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hes:wpaper:0239&r=eur |
| By: | Jose Aurelio Medina-Garrido; Jose Maria Biedma-Ferrer; Maria Bogren |
| Abstract: | The study of work-family conflict (WFC) and work-family policies (WFP) and their impact on the well-being of employees in the tourism sector is increasingly attracting the attention of researchers. To overcome the adverse effects of WFC, managers should promote WFP, which contribute to increased well-being at work and employees' commitment. This paper aims to analyze the impact of WFP accessibility and organizational support on well-being directly and by mediating the organizational commitment that these policies might encourage. In addition, we also study whether these relationships vary according to gender and employee seniority. To test the hypotheses derived from this objective, we collected 530 valid and completed questionnaires from workers in the tourism sector in Spain, which we analyzed using structural equation modeling based on the PLS-SEM approach. The results show that human resource management must consider the importance of organizational support for workers to make WFP accessible and generate organizational commitment and well-being at work. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2311.14009&r=eur |
| By: | J. Ignacio Conde-Ruiz; Manu García; Luis A. Puch; Jesus Ruiz |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the impact of the 2021 labor reform in Spain on job creation, job destruction, and employment duration using new daily comprehensive administrative data. The reform’s primary objective was the mitigation of the temporary employment rate; however, despite the success in reducing the nominal temporary employment rate, the evidence suggests that employment stability in terms of duration has not significantly improved. The Spanish experience demonstrates that it is possible to design a labor reform that is highly effective in reducing the “contractual” temporary employment rate in a dual labor market, but with minimal impact on duration and short-term employment transitions, i.e. the “empirical” temporary employment rate. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fda:fdaeee:eee2023-36&r=eur |
| By: | Sara Amoroso; Benedikt Herrmann; Alexander S. Kritikos |
| Abstract: | High growth firms (HGFs) are important for job creation and considered to be precursors of economic growth. We investigate how product- and labor-market regulations, as well as the quality of regional governments that implement these regulations, affect HGF development across European regions. Using data from Eurostat, OECD, WEF, and Gothenburg University, we show that both regulatory stringency and the quality of the regional government influence the regional shares of HGFs. Additionally, we find that the effect of labor- and product-market regulations ultimately depends on the quality of regional governments. The institutional quality has a moderating role in defining the effect of regulations on the regional shares of HGFs. Our findings contribute to the debate on the effects of regulations by showing that regulations are not, per se, “good, bad, and ugly", rather their impact depends on the efficiency of regional governments. Our paper offers important building blocks to develop tailored policy measures that may influence the development of HGFs in a region. |
| Keywords: | Business dynamics, Regulation, Institutions, Regional data |
| JEL: | L50 L25 H11 O43 R11 R50 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2053&r=eur |
| By: | GARCIA-GUTIERREZ Pelayo (European Commission - JRC); KLENERT David; MARSCHINSKI Robert (European Commission - JRC); TONINI Davide (European Commission - JRC); SAVEYN Hans (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The first part of this study applies life cycle analysis and life cycle costing methods to assess the impacts of eight alternative scenarios (pathways) for the management of 1 tonne of waste oil with certain physico-chemical properties, including three regeneration pathways (hydro-treatment, solvent extraction and distillation) and five energy recovery pathways (two types of distillation into fuel oil, direct incineration in cement kilns, direct incineration in hazardous waste incinerators and direct incineration in industrial boilers). Whereas regeneration outperforms all energy recovery pathways from a climate change perspective, the results are more nuanced when considering the societal life cycle costs, i.e. the sum of internal and external costs (monetised environmental emissions). In the second part of this study, we analyse different policies to achieve higher regeneration rates in terms of their environmental and socio-economic impacts. In particular, we quantify the impacts of a 70% and an 85% regeneration target at EU level. Both targets indicate rather minor benefits. The 70% target leads to 0.6 Mt total CO2-equivalent savings and 124 million € net savings in terms of societal costs over the period 2024-2045. For the 85% target, CO2-equivalent savings amount to 1.7 Mt, net savings in terms of societal costs to 330 million € (both over the period 2024-2045) and net employment creation to 329 jobs by 2045. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc133752&r=eur |
| By: | Pierfederico Asdrubali |
| Abstract: | A well-functioning and efficient Venture Capital (VC) market is one of the key pillars to enhance European medium- and long-term economic growth, through the creation of new businesses and sustainable employment, the improvement of managerial practices and increased capital investments, which boost innovation, productivity and competitiveness. These conditions are enhanced in the presence of an integrated VC market, which improves capital allocation, generates economies of scale and spurs competition and diversification of financing sources.This paper analyses cross-border VC flows in Europe in the 2007-2020 period, highlighting the deep fragmentation of the European market, with each country featuring its own peculiarities and evident disparities, and Northern European countries, the UK, and Ireland witnessing significantly higher cross-border volumes than Eastern-European and Mediterranean countries. Overall, the analysis of cross-border investments in the industry confirms that they are still rather infrequent, mainly due to local bias, with the domestic component accounting on average for 64.0% of the total VC activity and cross-border investments within Europe accounting on average for only 23.1%. Using a Grubel-Lloyd index, we find that the highest values of two-way flows of venture capital are concentrated in the major financial centres, with a prominent role of the United Kingdom. Furthermore, theory-grounded gravity equations investigate the determinants of cross-border VC flows, exploring, inter alia, the role of different financial structures across countries. Besides GDP (or market capitalisation) and distance, the quality of institutions and especially the degree of global financial integration do play a role in shaping cross-border VC flows. The uneven development of the financial market within Europe ‒ with a market-based country cluster distinct from a bank-based country cluster ‒ appears to matter little for cross-border VC flows. |
| JEL: | C58 F36 G24 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:dispap:195&r=eur |
| By: | Stijn Kelchtermans (KU Leuven; Hasselt University); Francesca Melillo (Skema Business School; CNRS, GREDEG, France) |
| Abstract: | Entrepreneurs often find co-founders among past colleagues. While previous work focused on the knowledge that entrepreneurs may transfer from their shared prior employer to the new venture, , this paper takes on a full career perspective to explore more comprehensively how shared affiliations affect the selection of co-founders. Using Crunchbase and LinkedIn data, we construct a detailed panel of 712 solo and team founders of innovative startups in Belgium from 1970 to 2019, including harmonized indicators of their prior affiliations (schools, firms) and expertise (study fields, job functions). We estimate logit models for the odds of co-founding for 379 actual co-founder pairs matched to a control group of counterfactual co-founders, accounting for each entrepreneur’s unobserved preference for founding solo. Our results confirm the shared employer effect on the odds of co-founding from prior research but show that it interacts negatively with shared schooling backgrounds. Drawing on theory of team formation strategies, i.e., resource-seeking and interpersonal attraction motives, we argue that co-founders weigh the complementarity of the network of their co-founder more heavily than interpersonal relations stemming from overlapping study and career trajectories. We rule out other explanations by controlling for other resource complementarities between the co-founders, for which we find they are not conducive to team formation, on the contrary. Our findings show the value of looking back further than only the recent shared work experience of entrepreneurs, contributing to the literature on team formation in new ventures. |
| Keywords: | Founding team, shared employer experience, resource-seeking, interpersonal attraction |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2023-22&r=eur |
| By: | Zuzanna Kowalik; Piotr Lewandowski; Tomasz Geodecki; Maciej Grodzicki |
| Abstract: | The offshoring-fuelled growth of the Central and Eastern European business services sector gave rise to shared service centres (SSCs), quasi-autonomous entities providing routine-intensive tasks for the central organisation. The advent of technologies like Intelligent Process Automation, Robotic Process Automation, and Artificial Intelligence jeopardises SSCs’ employment model, necessitating workers’ skills adaptation. The study challenges the deskilling hypothesis and reveals that automation in the Polish SSCs is conducive to upskilling and worker autonomy. Drawing on 31 in-depth interviews, we highlight the negotiated nature of automation processes shaped by interactions between headquarters, SSCs, and their workers. Workers actively participated in automation processes, eliminating the most mundane tasks. This resulted in upskilling, higher job satisfaction and empowerment. Yet, this phenomenon heavily depends upon the fact that automation is triggered by labour shortages, which limit the expansion of SSCs. This situation encourages companies to leverage the specific expertise entrenched in their existing workforce. The study underscores the importance of fostering employee-driven automation and upskilling initiatives for overall job satisfaction and quality. |
| Keywords: | automation, Shared Service Centres, skills, job quality |
| JEL: | J24 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ibt:wpaper:wp082023&r=eur |
| By: | Grafström, Jonas (The Ratio Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the influence of volatile electricity prices on the industrial landscape of Europe. The record-breaking prices experienced in the European wholesale electricity market throughout 2022, along with contributing factors such as the surging gas prices, nuclear power limitations, and reduced hydroelectric output, present complexities and challenges to Europe at the same time as a new wave of green industrialization is forming. Drawing from European Commission- and Eurostat data a new tool, the Green Industrial Location Attractiveness Index (GILAI) is introduced that should be helpful for predicting future green industrial establishments. The top three countries for green industrial establishments in Europe are Sweden, Finland, and Austria. A North/South European split with northern countries achieving higher rankings, while southern countries grapple with several factors. Through this analysis, the aim is to contribute to a better understanding of the evolving industrial landscape in Europe and identify strategies to enhance industry competitiveness and sustainability in the face of fluctuating electricity prices. |
| Keywords: | Electricity; Industry; Europe; Renewable; Transformation |
| JEL: | L94 Q41 Q42 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ratioi:0369&r=eur |
| By: | Vassil Kirov; Lucia Kováčová; Martin Guzi; Jan Czarzasty; Dragoș Adăscăliței; Martin Kahanec |
| Abstract: | Eleven Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries joined the European Union in 2004, 2007 and 2013. During the COVID-19 pandemic, social partners in CEE have been active in efforts to mitigate the negative consequences of the economic downturn; however, evidence on the scope, scale, and effects of their roles in shaping policy responses to the pandemic remains scant. This paper provides early evidence on the role of social partners in shaping job preservation policies, focusing on three main types: short-time working arrangements; wage subsidies; and flexible work arrangements. It presents the main characteristics of the industrial relations systems and main social partners are five CEE countries: Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, social partners in Bulgaria have engaged in an intensive social dialogue leading to national-level agreements and have actively taken part in the formulation of job preservation measures. |
| JEL: | J08 J38 J5 |
| Date: | 2023–12–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cel:dpaper:66&r=eur |
| By: | Lionel Fontagné; Philippe Martin; Gianluca Orefice |
| Abstract: | Based on firm level data in the French manufacturing sector, we find that firms adapt quickly, strongly and through multiple channels to energy shocks, even though electricity and gas bills represent a small share of their total costs. Over the period 1996-2019, faced with an idiosyncratic energy price increase, firms reduce their energy demand, improve their energy efficiency, increase intermediate inputs imports and optimize energy use across plants. Firms are also able to pass-through the cost shock fully into their export prices. Their production, exports and employment fall. A consequence of these multiple adjustment mechanisms is that the fall in profits is either non-significant, small or specific to only the most energy intensive firms. We also find that the impact of electricity shocks has weakened over time, suggesting that only firms able to adapt their production process to energy cost shocks have survived. Importantly, when faced with large electricity and gas price increases, firms are less able to reduce their consumption. These results shed light on the mechanisms of resilience of the European manufacturing sector in the context of the present energy crisis. |
| Keywords: | Energy Crisis, Employment, Production, Competitiveness, Electricity, Gas |
| JEL: | L6 Q41 Q43 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:929&r=eur |
| By: | Bajo-Rubio, Oscar; Ramos-Herrera, María del Carmen |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyse the relationship between international trade and economic growth in an unbalanced panel of 20 European countries in a long-term perspective, since the mid-19th century to present days, differentiating between the periods before and after the start of the Second World War. To this end, we perform Granger-causality tests between exports and GDP, and between imports and GDP, following the novel methodology of Juodis et al. (2021) for panel data models with large cross-sectional and time series dimensions. Our results support the existence of a bi-directional relationship between both trade variables and GDP, for the whole period and across subperiods. |
| Keywords: | International trade, Economic growth, Europe, Granger-causality |
| JEL: | F41 F43 N10 O47 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1358&r=eur |
| By: | Stephan, Gesine (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany ; FAU); Hetschko, Clemens (University of Leeds); Schmidtke, Julia (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Lawes, Mario (FU Berlin); Eid, Michael (FU Berlin); Schöb, Ronnie (FU Berlin) |
| Abstract: | "A large number of studies analyze the effects of unemployment on well-being (for an overview, see e.g. Suppa 2021). However, these are usually not based on high-frequency data and mostly only collect data on selected dimensions of well-being. As part of a DFG-funded project, the "German Job Search Panel" (GJSP) invited registered jobseekers to take part in a monthly survey about their well-being from 2017 to 2021. The survey was conducted using an innovative smartphone app. Participants were also invited to send in hair samples to measure the cortisol concentration in their hair, which is an established biomarker for the stress levels. On this basis, it is possible to examine in a very differentiated way how critical life events - as unemployment entry - affect well-being. The target group for the survey comprised of people who initially registered as job seekers. A central goal of the project was to investigate the effects of entering unemployment on the various facets of well-being. Only a portion of individuals who register as job seekers actually become unemployed. This provides a natural comparison group for individuals who become unemployed. It is especially true for individuals who have been affected by mass layoffs and plant closures, as the likelihood of job loss depends primarily on external factors and less strongly on characteristics of these individuals. In total, almost 1, 900 people initially took part in a first cohort and almost 1, 000 people in a second cohort of the GJSP. Two method reports describe the data collection procedures in detail (Hetschko et al. 2022, Schmidtke et al. 2023). Among other things, the GJSP makes it possible to examine the immediate effects of entering unemployment among individuals previously registered as looking for work. As the findings of a first subproject (Lawes et al. 2023) show, unemployment had immediate negative effects on satisfaction with household income. For individuals who registered as job seekers due to mass layoffs, life satisfaction also declined immediately when entering unemployment. In contrast, when individuals became unemployed for other reasons, satisfaction with leisure increased upon entry into unemployment, and life satisfaction declined only as time progressed. In contrast, other dimensions of well-being did not significantly change with the onset of unemployment. By repeatedly measuring hair cortisol, another subproject (Lawes et al. 2022) examined for the first time how job search affects a biomarker of chronic stress. Cortisol levels were highest shortly after job search notification - a time of high uncertainty about the future employment career. Subsequently, hair cortisol decreased - regardless of whether individuals actually became unemployed. In addition, individuals who had already been unemployed for a longer period of time had higher hair cortisol concentrations when they assessed their chances of re-employment as poor instead of good. Thus, physical stress is triggered by unemployment only when people assume that their reemployment opportunities are low. Finally, Schmidtke et al. (2023) showed in another subproject that the Covid19 pandemic had only mild and transitory effects on overall life satisfaction. In contrast, respondents' mental health was more severely affected. In particular, this is evident for people in short-time work. However, certain adaptation effects were evident: the second wave had a smaller impact on life satisfaction and mental health than the first wave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | IAB-Open-Access-Publikation ; IAB-Datensatz German Job Search Panel |
| Date: | 2023–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabfob:202319&r=eur |
| By: | Wolf-Peter Schill; Alexander Roth; Adeline Guéret; Felix Schmidt |
| Abstract: | The German traffic light coalition began its term two years ago with ambitious energy policy goals. Halfway through the legislative period, its track record is mixed. Good progress has been made in some areas, but in others a large gap between targets and the status quo remains. The Ampel-Monitor Energiewende by the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin) shows where we stand today in terms of key technologies for the transition to climate neutrality. This brief study first provides an overview of various indicators, followed by a detailed look at the dynamics of individual developments. While Germany is making good progress with photovoltaics, for example, the expansion of onshore wind power is currently well below the target path. Progress in electromobility is also clearly too slow. Overall, the pace of the energy transition must be significantly increased to meet Germany's climate protection commitments. How-ever, if the government increases its efforts and acts consistently, the targets can still be achieved. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwfoc:10en&r=eur |
| By: | Alice Di Bella; Federico Canti; Matteo Giacomo Prina; Valeria Casalicchio; Giampaolo Manzolini; Wolfram Sparber |
| Abstract: | In 2021, the European Commission has adopted the Fit-for-55 policy package, legally binding European countries to reduce their CO2 emissions by 55% with respect to 1990, a first step to achieve carbon neutrality in 2050. In this context, it is crucial to help national policymakers to choose the most appropriate technologies to achieve these goals and energy system modelling can be a valuable tool. This article presents a model of the Italian power system realized employing the open energy modelling framework Oemof. A Linear Programming Optimization is implemented to evaluate how to minimise system costs at decreasing CO2 emissions in 2030. The developed tool is applied to evaluate different research questions: i) pathway towards full decarbonization and power self-sufficiency of the electricity sector in Italy, ii) relevance of flexibility assets in power grids: li-ion batteries, hydrogen storage and transmission lines reinforcement. A 55% CO2 emissions reduction for the actual Italian power sector can be achieved through an increase of 30% of the total annual system cost. Full decarbonization can be reached with four times today's annual costs, which could be lowered with sector coupling and considering more technologies. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2311.17443&r=eur |
| By: | Miriam Fritzsche; Nikolaus Wolf |
| Abstract: | Fossil fuels have shaped the European economy since the industrial revolution. We use new long-run panel data to analyse the effect of both, coal and oil on economic growth between 1900 and 2015, exploiting variation at the level of European NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions. We show that the reversal of fortune of coal regions resulted from the second energy transition. Specifically, an “oil invasion” in the early 1960s turned regional coal abundance from a blessing into a curse. Human capital accumulation contributed to this reversal of fortune and fully explains the negative effects until today. Moreover, we find substantial heterogeneity between former coal regions that is in line with Glaeser’s “reinvention hypothesis”: regions with a higher skill-level adjusted much better to the decline of coal. In particular, we show that coal regions with a higher urban density before 1800 were much more resilient than others. |
| Keywords: | coal, oil invasion, second energy transition, education, reinvention, growth |
| JEL: | O13 O44 Q32 N14 R10 I25 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10805&r=eur |
| By: | Florian Englmaier (LMU Munich); Andreas Roider (Universität Regensburg); Lars Schlereth (Universität Regensburg); Steffen Sebastian (Universität Regensburg) |
| Abstract: | Round numbers affect behavior in various domains, e.g., as prominent thresholds or focal points in bargaining. In line with earlier findings, residential real estate transactions in Germany cluster at round-number prices, but there are also interesting (presumably cultural) differences. We extend our analysis to the commercial real estate market, where stakes are even higher and market participants arguably more experienced. For the same type of object, professionals cluster significantly less on round-number prices compared to non-professionals. We employ machine learning and show that transactions of family homes and condominiums at round-number prices are 2–7% above their hedonic values. |
| Keywords: | round-number effects; focal points; residential real estate; commercial real estate; housing prices; machine learning; |
| JEL: | D01 D91 C78 R31 |
| Date: | 2023–11–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:446&r=eur |
| By: | LELLA Ludovica; OSÉS-ERASO Nuria |
| Abstract: | The Final Report analyses the results of the participation of 10 European Regions in the pilot project "REGIONS2030: monitoring the SDGs in the EU regions - filling the data gaps" (published by the JRC of the European Commission on September 1, 2022, with the support of the European Parliament) and their proposals to develop and improve the framework of indicators for the regional monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda. The Report illustrates the methodological approach and the data analysis for developing the indicator set, useful in the European framework for all European regions. Based on the analysis of the indicators proposed by the JRC about the SDG Targets, the 10 Regions (North Aegean, Western Macedonia, Navarra, Andalucia, Piemonte, Puglia, Pomorskie, Centro, Nord-Vest, and Manisa, Afyonkarahisar, Kutahya, Usak – T33) selected a set of available, functional, and additional indicators, in coherence with regional needs and priorities, also concerning the regional (and national) monitoring system. Thanks to the valuable work carried out by the regions in collaboration with the JRC and the regions' suggestions, the Report presents the final set of indicators proposed to monitor the achievement of the SDGs at the regional level in Europe. The availability of a coherent and comprehensive monitoring framework with a related set of indicators like the SDGs is critical to designing better place-based policies to foster sustainable development. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135594&r=eur |
| By: | Perelman, Sergio (Université de Liège); Pestieau, Pierre (Université catholique de Louvain, LIDAM/CORE, Belgium); Racionero, Maria |
| Abstract: | In this article, we show that the populist attitudes that lead to extremists voting and social unrests can be explained by the breakdown of the social elevator, i.e. the decline in social mobility. This explanation seems to apply to all the 27 European countries studied. It is particularly surprising in countries like Belgium and France, which devote around 30% of their GDP to social protection. It would seem that these welfare states naively believed that simply combating poverty and social inequality was enough to revive the social elevator. This does not seem to be the case. |
| Keywords: | Populism ; social mobility ; education policy ; Gatsby curve |
| JEL: | H20 H31 H50 |
| Date: | 2023–10–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cor:louvco:2023026&r=eur |
| By: | ESPARZA MASANA Ricard; WOOLFORD Jayne (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Higher education institutions (HEIs) are increasingly expected to contribute to regional development and transformative innovation and heralded as actors of change in the context of the twin transitions and European recovery and resilience. Knowledge Alliances and European University alliances are two funding initiatives for HEIs that enable the translation of this broad strategic agenda into an individual and local context and the negotiation of the global (excellence) – local (relevance) dichotomy and potential alignment of their missions. The potential for HEIs to contribute to and participate in regional innovation ecosystems and European and global education, research and innovation agendas is under-exploited. This report explores the role of these two initiatives in strengthening this interaction. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135388&r=eur |
| By: | DIODATO Dario (European Commission - JRC); NAPOLITANO Lorenzo (European Commission - JRC); PUGLIESE Emanuele; TACCHELLA Andrea |
| Abstract: | Innovation and industrial policies in the EU is often undertaken at regional level. Policymakers that have to design regional industrial strategy need quantitative tools for guidance. Economic complexity can support policymakers especially during the early phase of policy design: patent and trade data are fed into predictive models to assess the chances of success of a strategy. The methods of economic complexity follow the driving principles of machine learning to predict the probability that a region becomes successful in a given technology or product. We present a series of quantitative tools for regions: (1) relative innovation capabilities; (2) expected diversification by sector; (3) expected diversification by product; (4) fitness of a region for a project. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc136443&r=eur |
| By: | Miriam Fritzsche (HU Berlin); Nikolaus Wolf (HU Berlin) |
| Abstract: | Fossil fuels have shaped the European economy since the industrial revolution. We use new long-run panel data to analyse the effect of both, coal and oil on economic growth between 1900 and 2015, exploiting variation at the level of European NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions. We show that the reversal of fortune of coal regions resulted from the second energy transition. Specifically, an “oil invasion” in the early 1960s turned regional coal abundance from a blessing into a curse. Human capital accumulation contributed to this reversal of fortune and fully explains the negative effects until today. Moreover, we find substantial heterogeneity between former coal regions that is in line with Glaeser’s “reinvention hypothesis”: regions with a higher skill-level adjusted much better to the decline of coal. In particular, we show that coal regions with a higher urban density before 1800 were much more resilient than others. |
| Keywords: | coal; oil invasion; second energy transition; education; reinvention; growth; |
| JEL: | O13 O44 Q32 N14 R10 I25 |
| Date: | 2023–11–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:465&r=eur |
| By: | Batbaatar, Maral (The Ratio Institute); Sandström, Christian (The Ratio Institute); P Larsson, Johan (The Ratio Institute); Wennberg, Karl (The Ratio Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews theoretical rationales for mission-oriented innovation policy and provides an empirical overview of extant 28 papers and 49 cases on the topic. We synthetize varieties of mission formulations, actors involved, and characteristics of missions described as more or less failed or successful. 59 percent of the studied missions are still ongoing, 33 percent are considered successful and 8 percent as failures. 67 percent of the studied missions have taken place in Europe, 24 percent in North America and 8 percent in Asia. The majority of innovation projects referred to as missions do not fulfill the criteria defined by the OECD. Results suggest that missions related to technological or agricultural innovations are more often successful than broader types of missions aimed at social or ecological challenges. Challenges regarding the governance and evaluation of missions remain unresolved in the literature. We find no case that contains a cost-benefit analysis or takes opportunity cost into account. |
| Keywords: | Innovation; Government agencies; Mission-oriented Policies; Grand societal challenges |
| JEL: | H11 H50 L26 L52 O32 |
| Date: | 2023–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ratioi:0368&r=eur |
| By: | Herghelegiu, Cristina (European Commission, Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SME, Chief Economist Unit); Martin, Fernando (LICOS - Centre for Institutions and Economic Performance, KU Leuven) |
| Abstract: | We examine whether the European Union (EU) is providing a model for other countries for product requirements aimed at protecting health, safety, and the environment. The analysis draws upon information on detailed categories of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and technical barriers to trade (TBTs) introduced on specific products by 86 countries across the world over the 2009-2019 period. First, we examine whether the existence of requirements within a given product- level SPS/TBT category in other countries is associated with the prior existence of requirements within the same product-level SPS/TBT category in the EU, and document a positive and significant correlation. Second, we delve into potential mechanisms likely to explain the subsequent adoption of requirements by other countries within the same product-level SPS/TBT categories as the EU. The results indicate the presence of both market-driven forces, such as the importance of the EU as an export market for other countries, and treaty-driven forces, such as the existence of trade agreements between the EU and other countries. Finally, we show that the EU’s role in providing a regulatory model for other countries for product requirements aimed at protecting health, safety, and the environment is (1) predominant when compared to the United States or China, and (2) reinforced in the area of environmental protection. |
| Keywords: | European Union, Product Requirements, Health, Safety, Environment, International Trade |
| JEL: | F13 F14 I18 K32 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bda:wpsmep:wp2023/15&r=eur |
| By: | Francesco Caloia; David-Jan Jansen; Kees van Ginkel |
| Abstract: | We study whether floods can affect financial stability through a credit risk channel. Our focus is on the Netherlands, a country situated partly below sea level, where insurance policies exclude property damages caused by some types of floods. Using geocoded data for close to EUR 650 billion in real estate exposures, we consider possible implications of such floods for bank capital. For a set of 38 adverse scenarios, we estimate that flood-related property damages lead to capital declines that mostly range between 30 and 50 basis points. We highlight how starting-point loan-to-value ratios are one important driver of capital impacts. Our estimates focus on property damages as the main transmission channel and are also subject to a number of assumptions. If climate change continues, more frequent floods or flood-related macrofinancial disruptions may have stronger implications for financial stability than our estimates so far indicate. |
| Keywords: | floods; financial stability; real estate; credit risk; climate change |
| JEL: | G21 Q54 R30 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dnb:dnbwpp:796&r=eur |
| By: | Guglielmo Maria Caporale; Cristiana Donati; Nicola Spagnolo |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how access to finance and skilled workforce endowments affect the propensity of European small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) to adopt different types of resource efficiency measures (REMs), possibly simultaneously. For this purpose, a Multinomial Logit model is estimated using data from the 2017 Flash Eurobarometer survey covering a large sample of European firms. The analysis is carried out first for the whole sample and then for clusters based on two contextual factors measured by the Ease of Access to Loans Index (EAL) and the European Skill Index (ESI). The findings suggest that the two firm characteristics considered lead to the adoption of more than one REM simultaneously. Moreover, the propensity to implement them is stronger in the case of firms located in countries with easier access to financial resources, whilst the workforce skill-set appears to be a less important factor in this context. |
| Keywords: | resource efficiency measures, financing, SMEs, workforce skills |
| JEL: | G32 O16 Q40 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10799&r=eur |
| By: | Pawel Bukowski; Pawel Chrostek; Filip Novokmet; Marek Skawinski |
| Abstract: | This paper combines micro-level tax data, household surveys and national accounts data to provide consistent series of income distribution in Poland over the 2000-2018 period. We find that inequalities in Poland are one of the largest in Europe. In 2018, the share of pre-tax and pre-transfer income accrued to the top 10% is 37.4%, to the next 40% is 41.1%, and to the bottom 50% is 21.5%. The top 1% earns 13.4% of the total income. The increase in income inequality during this period was largely driven by high business incomes in top income shares. The extent of redistribution in Poland is modest. The tax system is regressive at the top of the income distribution due to lower taxation of business income and the low burden of social contributions. Finally, we show that top income groups are dominated by business owners, males, and big city dwellers, and these groups have been the largest beneficiaries of Poland's strong growth since 2000. Gender inequality has been high and stable in Poland, with a steeply decreasing female share with income rank (e.g. the share of females in top 0.1% group was 18% in 2018). |
| Keywords: | inequality, Poland, growth, redistribution, gender gap |
| Date: | 2023–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1966&r=eur |
| By: | Salas-Rojo, Pedro; Rodríguez, Juan Gabriel |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the relationship between received inheritances and the distribution of wealth (financial, non-financial and total) in four developed countries: the United States, Canada, Italy and Spain. We follow the inequality of opportunity (IOp) literature and − considering inheritances as the only circumstance− we show that traditional IOp approaches can lead to non-robust and arbitrary measures of IOp depending on discretionary cut-off choices of a continuous circumstance such as inheritances. To overcome this limitation, we apply Machine Learning methods (‘random forest’ algorithm) to optimize the choice of cut-offs and we find that IOp explains over 60% of wealth inequality in the US and Spain (using the Gini coefficient), and more than 40% in Italy and Canada. Including parental education as an additional circumstance −available for the US and Italy− we find that inheritances are still the main contributor. Finally, using the S-Gini index with different parameters to weight different parts of the distribution, we find that the effect of inheritances is more prominent at the middle of the wealth distribution, while parental education is more important for the asset-poor. |
| Keywords: | C60; D31; D63; G51; inequality of opportunity; inheritances; machine learning; parental education; wealth inequality |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2022–03–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120916&r=eur |
| By: | Lnenicka, Martin; Nikiforova, Anastasija; Luterek, Mariusz; Milic, Petar; Rudmark, Daniel; Neumaier, Sebastian; Santoro, Caterina; Flores, Cesar Casiano; Janssen, Marijn; Rodríguez Bolívar, Manuel Pedro (University of Granada) |
| Abstract: | Open government and open (government) data are seen as tools to create new opportunities, eliminate or at least reduce information inequalities and improve public services. More than a decade of these efforts has provided much experience, practices, and perspectives to learn how to better deal with them. This paper focuses on benchmarking of open data initiatives over the years and attempts to identify patterns observed among European countries that could lead to disparities in the development, growth, and sustainability of open data ecosystems. To do this, we studied benchmarks and indices published over the last years (57 editions of 8 artifacts) and conducted a comparative case study of eight European countries, identifying patterns among them considering different potentially relevant contexts such as e-government, open government data, open data indices and rankings, and others relevant for the country under consideration. Using a Delphi method, we reached a consensus within a panel of experts and validated a final list of 94 patterns, including their frequency of occurrence among studied countries and their effects on the respective countries. Finally, we took a closer look at the developments in identified contexts over the years and defined 21 recommendations for more resilient and sustainable open government data initiatives and ecosystems and future steps in this area. |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:v7msn&r=eur |
| By: | Chloé Zapha |
| Abstract: | This paper identifies the bank credit restrictions that small firms face after bankruptcy. Using the French credit register, I implement a difference-in-difference strategy that exploits staggered removal of bankruptcy flags in the form of an exogenous change in credit ratings. I focus on small and medium-sized businesses between 2012 and 2019 and show that flag removal leads to an increase in bank credit of 1.7% and a 2 percentage point higher chance of forming new banking relationships. Less well-informed banks increase their credit supply after flag removal, particularly to firms whose credit rating reveals good financial performance. New banks start lending to the most constrained firms. As a result, firms substitute trade credit for bank credit and increase their investment rate. This paper supports the policy choice of shortening the bankruptcy flag. |
| Keywords: | Corporate bankruptcy, Debt Restructuring, Credit Rating, Bank Lending Relationship, SMEs |
| JEL: | G21 G24 G33 G34 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:928&r=eur |
| By: | Coulibaly Niénéyéri Mamadou (UJloG - Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to analyse trade between the member countries of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) and those of the European Union (EU) pre-Brexit over the period 2014-2019. It estimates a gravity model based on panel data. Three econometric estimation techniques are used : the WITHIN method, the Generalised Least Squares (GLS) method and the Hausman and Taylor (HT) method. These different estimation techniques are then compared to determine which is the most appropriate. The data used are secondary data from several sources : the International Monetary Fund (World Economic Outlook), the World Bank (World Development Indicators), the United Nations (UN Comtrade) and the ephemeride website. The results show that trade between these two groups of countries is positively and significantly influenced by income in WAEMU countries, infrastructure in WAEMU countries and population in EU countries. They also show that when an EU country is landlocked, its trade flows with WAEMU countries are reduced, while at the same time, the landlocked status of a WAEMU country does not affect its trade with EU countries. Variables such as the bilateral real exchange rate, distance, language and colonial links were found to be insignificant. |
| Keywords: | Trade, Trade flows, Gravity model, EU, WAEMU and Brexit |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04316401&r=eur |
| By: | NORMAN Ana (European Commission - JRC); TAMBA Marie; WEITZEL Matthias (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The transition to a net-zero economy will imply significant investments into low carbon technologies. However, macroeconomic models using capital stock investment treatment from GTAP Input-Output data only assumes a generic representation of investment, where all sectors use the same proportion of inputs to build capital stock (plant, equipment and other assets that help in production). This means that general equilibrium effects on upstream sectors producing investments for low carbon technologies may not be fully captured. In this study, we extend the methodology of Tamba el al (2022) to all EU Member States using Eurostat gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) data to build investment matrices with flexible aggregations for non-power generation sectors. In this report, we present investment matrices for all 23 non-power generation sectors of the JRC-GEM-E3 model. In addition, we build investment matrices for 8 power generation sectors using available cost data in the literature. A comparison of the original generic investment vector in the EU and a disaggregated investment matrix for all individual JRC-GEM-E3 sectors confirms that “one size does not fit all”. While a generic investment matrix puts more emphasis on construction (43%) and market services (25%), most sectors in our disaggregated investment matrix put more emphasis on “other equipment goods”. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc134919&r=eur |
| By: | Michele Costa |
| Abstract: | We aim to explore the interplay between ESG scores and assets characteristics, specifically focusing on volatility. We classify stocks on the basis of both high/low ESG and high/low ESG momentum and we evaluate ESG effects by measuring the distance between the 2 group distributions. The analysis of stocks within the STOXX Europe 600 Index from 2017 to 2022 suggests that companies with higher ESG tend to exhibit lower volatility. However, we haven’t observed a similar trend when examining ESG momentum. Furthermore, our findings enable us to highlight and compare the effects associated with the COVID pandemic and the conflict in Ukraine. |
| JEL: | G11 C40 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp1189&r=eur |
| By: | Aleksandr Arsenev (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Philipp Heimberger (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Bernhard Schütz (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | Spending elasticities measure the reaction of different government spending components to the business cycle. They are important inputs for fiscal forecasts, and they are particularly relevant in the context of European Union (EU) fiscal rules, as elasticity estimates enter the estimation of fiscal space. This paper analyses the sensitivity of the estimation method used by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Commission to obtain government spending elasticities by focusing on 11 EU countries in the 1995-2020 period. Our results suggest that spending elasticities are sensitive to small variations in data and model specification. For most EU countries, we reject the assumption that only unemployment spending responds to cyclical variations. While unemployment spending is indeed a major driver of counter-cyclical social spending, other categories of social spending also show signs of responding to the business cycle. |
| Keywords: | Government debt; fiscal deficit; fiscal rules; budget elasticity; government spending; social spending |
| JEL: | E62 H62 E32 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:wpaper:238&r=eur |
| By: | Natalie Chen; Dennis Novy; Carlo Perroni; Horng Chern Wong |
| Abstract: | Using firm-level data from France, we document that the shift of economic activity from manufacturing to services over the last few decades has been urban-biased: structural change has been more pronounced in areas with higher population density. This bias can be accounted for by the location choices of large services firms that sort into big cities and large manufacturing firms that increasingly locate in suburban and rural areas. Motivated by these findings, we estimate a structural model of city formation with heterogeneous firms and international trade. We find that agglomeration economies have strengthened for services but weakened for manufacturing. This divergence is a key driver of the urban bias but it dampens aggregate structural change. Rising manufacturing productivity and falling international trade costs further contribute to the growth of large services firms in the densest urban areas, boosting services productivity and services exports, but also land prices. |
| Keywords: | agglomeration, cities, export, firm sorting, manufacturing, productivity, services, trade costs |
| JEL: | F15 F61 R12 R14 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10804&r=eur |
| By: | Natalie Chen; Dennis Novy; Carlo Perroni; Horng Chern Wong |
| Abstract: | Using firm-level data from France, we document that the shift of economic activity from manufacturing to services over the last few decades has been urban-biased: structural change has been more pronounced in areas with higher population density. This bias can be accounted for by the location choices of large services firms that sort into big cities and large manufacturing firms that increasingly locate in suburban and rural areas. Motivated by these findings, we estimate a structural model of city formation with heterogeneous firms and international trade. We find that agglomeration economies have strengthened for services but weakened for manufacturing. This divergence is a key driver of the urban bias, but it dampens aggregate structural change. Rising manufacturing productivity and falling international trade costs further contribute to the growth of large services firms in the densest urban areas, boosting services productivity and services exports, but also land prices. |
| Keywords: | agglomeration, cities, firm sorting, manufacturing, productivity, services, trade costs |
| Date: | 2023–11–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1963&r=eur |
| By: | Shaun Markham; Murat Özbilgin; Finn Robinson (Reserve Bank of New Zealand) |
| Abstract: | - We analyse how MÄ ori, Pasifika, and Europeans have been impacted in previous labour market cycles. - We find that MÄ ori and Pasifika are much more exposed to labour market fluctuations than Europeans. - Contractions in labour market activity also last considerably longer than falls in gross domestic product (GDP). - Further work will compare these findings with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic crisis in more detail. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nzb:nzbans:2022/03&r=eur |
| By: | Sitarz, Joanna; Pahle, Michael; Osorio, Sebastian; Luderer, Gunnar; Pietzcker, Robert |
| Abstract: | Carbon prices in the EU emissions trading system (EU ETS) are a key instrument driving Europe’s decarbonization. Between 2017 and 2021, they surged tenfold, exceeding 80 €/tCO2 and reshaping investment decisions across the electricity and industry sectors. What has driven this increase is an open question. While it coincided with two significant reforms tightening the cap (“MSR reform” and “Fit for 55”), we argue that a reduced supply of allowances alone cannot fully explain the price rise. A further crucial aspect is that actors must have become more farsighted as the reform signaled policymakers’ credible long-term commitment to climate targets. This is consistent with model results that show historic prices can be better explained with myopic actors, while explaining prices after the reforms requires actors to be farsighted. To underline the role of credibility, we test what would happen if a crisis undermines policy credibility such that actors become myopic again, demonstrating that carbon prices could plummet and endanger the energy transition. |
| Keywords: | Carbon prices, EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), Myopia, Foresight, Market Stability Reserve (MSR), Policy Credibility, European Green Deal, Electricity Decarbonization |
| JEL: | Q48 Q58 D84 H23 E37 D78 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:280455&r=eur |
| By: | Andrea Bellucci (Universita' degli Studi dell'Insubria and Mo.Fi.R.); Gianluca Gucciardi (Universita' degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the European banking system, focusing on lending activities and risk-taking behavior. We use a difference-in-differences (DID) approach to compare the performance of banks highly impacted by the pandemic with those operating in less affected countries. Our results indicate a negative impact on lending activities, as banks reduced their exposure to both individuals and businesses. Nonetheless, the impact on banks' risk-taking was heterogeneous, as certain banks increased their risks taking by relaxing their lending standards in order to support their borrowers, while others adopted stricter lending criteria. The reduction in total lending observed for the entire banking system is primarily drive by less capitalized banks and those with limited access to public guarantees schemes. Different characteristics, such as size, profitability, and listing status, led to varied lending behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic, with smaller and more profitable banks exhibiting greater resilience. In summary, our findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the European banking system, resulting in decreased lending activities and a varied effect on risk. |
| Keywords: | Banks; Finance; Risks; Lending activities; Financial Crisis; Pandemic |
| JEL: | G21 G22 G23 G24 F3 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anc:wmofir:183&r=eur |
| By: | Adrian Nerja |
| Abstract: | Privatization and commercialization of airports in recent years are drawing a different picture in the aeronautical industry. Airport benchmarking shows the accommodation and performance of airports in the evolution of the market and the new requirements that they have to face. AENA manages a wide and heterogeneous network of airports. There are 46 airports divided into three categories and with particularities due to their geographical location or the competitive environment where they are located. This paper analyzes the technical efficiency and its determinants of the 39 commercial airports of the AENA network between the years 2011-2014. To do this, two benchmarking techniques, SFA and DEA, are used, with a two-stage analysis. The average efficiency of the network is between 75-79\%. The results with the two techniques are similar with a correlation of 0.67. With regard to the commercial part of the network, AENA has a high margin for improvement because it is below the world and European average. AENA must focus on the development of the commercial area and the introduction of competition within the network to improve the technical efficiency of regional airports mainly. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2311.16156&r=eur |
| By: | HORIE, Norio; Iwasaki, Ichiro; KUPETS, Olga; MA, Xinxin; MIZOBATA, Satoshi; SATOGAMI, Mihoko |
| Abstract: | This paper conducts a comparative meta-analysis using 3098 estimates reported in 125 research works to explore the wage–experience profile in China and Eastern Europe as they experience a systemic transformation from the planned system to a market economy. The results indicate that the relationship between years of work experience and wage levels in China and Eastern Europe in the transition period was structured consistently with economic theories. It is also revealed that both China and Eastern Europe have experienced a flattening of their wage– experience profiles over time. These findings are statistically robust beyond issues of heterogeneity and publication selection bias in the literature. |
| Keywords: | wage–experience profile, research synthesis, meta-regression analysis, publication selection bias, China, Eastern Europe |
| JEL: | D31 I26 J16 J31 P23 P36 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:rrcwps:103&r=eur |
| By: | LASARTE LOPEZ Jesus (European Commission - JRC); GONZÁLEZ HERMOSO Hugo; ROSSI CERVI Walter; VAN LEEUWEN Myrna; M'BAREK Robert (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The analysis of the regional dimension of the bioeconomy is important due to its policy implications. The EU’s Bioeconomy Strategy recognizes the potential contribution of the bioeconomy for the development of rural and remote areas. More recently, an increasing number of EU regions are launching their own bioeconomy strategies, and a number of EU initiatives seek to promote the deployment of the bioeconomy to boost rural areas and create jobs and growth opportunities (e.g. the Council of the European Union's Conclusions on the opportunities of the bioeconomy, approved on April 25, 2023, or the Regional Innovation Valleys for the Bioeconomy and the Food system). Despite the political momentum, data availability on the socioeconomic contributions of the bioeconomy is still very limited, making it challenging to evaluate the outcomes of the aforementioned policies. This document presents the BioRegEU pilot dataset, which aims to fill this data gap by providing estimates of employment and value added in the bioeconomy sectors at the NUTS2 level. Although the analysis of the data offers insights into the territorial distribution of bio-based activities in the EU, it is still preliminary and requires further refinement. In this sense, the authors of this report invite users and interested parties to provide feedback on the accuracy of the overview drawn by the estimates, identification of significant deviations from reality according to expert knowledge, as well as on additional refinements and data sources. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135346&r=eur |
| By: | Wüstemann, Friedrich; Witte, Thomas de |
| Abstract: | Cropping systems in Germany are facing major challenges (e. g. reduction of pesticides, nutrient surpluses, loss of biodiversity) and therefore need to be extensively developed further in order to be able to produce food efficiently and sustainably in the future. Numerous elements that can contribute to solving the problems have been scientifically tested and are already being discussed (e. g. further crop rotations, mechanical weed control, digital technologies/site-specific management). However, they have not yet been properly combined and tested in practicable and economically viable overall concepts. There are already numerous approaches to transferring research results into practice. However, many of these approaches focus on the demonstration of new practices. However, this is not expected to be sufficient to achieve the necessary adjustments. Therefore, in this working paper an overall concept for the further development of cropping systems in participatory research networks is presented. The concept was developed based on previous experiences in similar networks and interviews with experts. Seven to eight farmers form the core of the envisaged regional research workshops together with the (regional) coordination, which organises and structures the work. In addition, advisors, scientists and other experts are involved in the work. The participants identify the specific challenges on their sites and jointly develop ideas for solutions. Subsequently, particularly promising solution ideas are integrated into the cropping systems of the farms to test them on practical fields. The trials are carried out on a practical scale and not as scientific small-plot trials. To be able to generate a broad data base for the adapted production systems, they are implemented on several fields of the participating farms. Furthermore, the developed cultivation systems developed will be evaluated and adapted over time based on the gained experience. Therefore, the cropping systems are continuously evaluated and improved in the research workshops. Challenges and solutions in arable farming systems are often site-specific. Therefore, research workshops should be established at several sites. To avoid administrative and scientific duplication of work, supra-regional coordination is advisable. This can also promote the exchange and networking of the individual research workshops and provide impulses for the further development of farming systems. A prerequisite for the establishment of such participatory research networks is the further development of research funding for such projects. The main need for adaptation is the duration, which should be in the order of ten years, as well as the possibility of being able to call up funding flexibly. Furthermore, the work of the farmers has to be adequately protected for the economic and production-related risk of the modified cropping systems. Compared to previous demonstration networks, risk protection is of greater importance because the amount of land needed to test adapted farming systems is comparatively large. The fairest way to calculate the necessary compensation payments is ex-post. The fairest way to calculate the necessary compensation payments is ex-post. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:339082&r=eur |
| By: | Tergast, Hauke T. |
| Abstract: | Livestock farming is the most important sector of the German agriculture and food industry. With an overall share of 22 percent of the production value of agriculture, milk production is of particularly great economic im-portance and dairy cows are kept on every fifth farm. However, the husbandry practices for dairy cows in Germany are subject to increasing criticism. Insufficient space per animal or a lack of grazing possibilities are regular critiques. There is also scientific evidence of deficits in animal welfare in dairy farming. The legal framework for dairy farming in Germany is relatively unspecific. Whereas specific requirements are laid down in the Animal Welfare Husbandry Ordinance (German: Tierschutz-Nutztierhaltungsverordnung) for keeping poultry and pigs, these are lacking for dairy cattle farming. In addition, farm structures and husbandry conditions are highly heterogeneous. For example, on 24 percent of the farms – predominantly on very small farms – the dairy cows are kept in year-round tethered housing. From a professional, scientific perspective, these conditions lead to major restrictions on natural behaviour. However, deficits in animal welfare were also found on farms with loose housing, with a wide variation between farms. Various market participants have already established animal welfare programs in response to consumer demands for better animal welfare. These usually include a minimum level of resource-related requirements (e.g., space allowance, box length, etc.). However, the products produced in these animal welfare programs have only a small market share. This can be attributed to two main reasons: Firstly, the other market participants' counter-financing of the additional costs is not guaranteed. Secondly, studies show that many consumers do not accept high price premiums for a higher level of animal welfare, even though the issue of animal welfare is given high priority in opinion polls. Voluntary labels, therefore, do not consequently lead to a higher level of animal welfare. The German Federal Ministry of Agriculture appointed the Competence Network Livestock Husbandry (German: Kompetenznetzwerk Nutztierhaltung (KNW)) to solve this dilemma. The KNW presented its recommendations for the sector's future development in 2020. These include introducing three animal welfare levels with a simultaneous gradual increase in the legal requirements for farm animal husbandry. In order not to endanger the competitiveness of German livestock farming and to prevent migration of livestock farming to countries with lower animal welfare standards, the additional costs associated with implementing ... |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Financial Economics, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwo:339091&r=eur |
| By: | Konstantins Benkovskis (Latvijas Banka); Dzintars Jaunzems (Latvijas Banka); Olegs Matvejevs (Latvijas Banka) |
| Abstract: | We propose a novel method for modelling energy substitution in CGE models using energy processes defined according to the purposes of energy use. The purpose-based approach is superior for modelling the green transition because it closely mimics firms’ decisions regarding switching energy sources and is more parsimonious, relying on fewer industry-specific elasticities in the production structure. Latvia’s Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is an integral part of the joint CGE-EUROMOD modelling system used for policy simulations at Latvijas Banka. We improve this model by 1) incorporating endogenous substitution of energy resources by enterprises through the proposed purpose-based approach, 2) including the accounting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated by all public and private sector entities, and 3) introducing explicit modelling of expenses related to these emissions both due to state-level levies and participation in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). To illustrate the advantages of the augmented model, we simulate a scenario in which Latvia follows a linear path to achieve GHG emissions reduction consistent with its European Green Deal objectives by 2030 achieved solely through carbon pricing. The analysis of this scenario suggests that over a three-year horizon ending in 2025, the resulting cumulative welfare losses would exceed 2% in the case of an uncompensated carbon tax (resulting in a budget balance improvement of 2.6% of GDP) or amount to 0.3% if government consumption is increased to keep the budget balance constant. If instead the size of the public sector is maintained and the higher carbon tax is compensated by a VAT rate cut, economic activity expands by 1% but GHG emissions fall by 40% less. |
| Keywords: | CGE model, Latvia, GHG emissions, Emissions Trading Scheme, carbon tax, energy substitution, green transformation, energy transition, European Green Deal, EUROMOD |
| JEL: | C68 Q58 Q48 Q54 Q41 |
| Date: | 2023–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ltv:wpaper:202307&r=eur |
| By: | Abdelnour Joseph (ESSCA Research Lab - ESSCA - Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Commerciales d'Angers); Aubert Nicolas (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon); Campa Domenico (IUM - International University of Monaco - International University of Monaco) |
| Abstract: | Employee stock ownership (ESO) is often associated with reductions in agency costs because it increases employee satisfaction and attachment to their company and aligns the interests of employees with those of their firm. Another stream of research argues that ESO may have the opposite effect on agency costs because it serves as a management entrenchment tool and leads to divergence between stakeholders. This paper examines the relationship between ESO and agency costs in France, which is a leading European country for ESO. Using a panel database of 125 firms over the period 2002–2016, we find an inverted U-shaped relationship between ESO and agency costs. That evidence highlights that low levels of ESO increase agency costs, which is consistent with managerial entrenchment mechanisms. The findings also suggest that beyond a certain point, ESO reduces agency problems because it links employee wealth to their firm's success. |
| Abstract: | L'actionnariat salarié (AS) est souvent associé à une diminution des coûts d'agence car il augmente la satisfaction des salariés et leur attachement à leur entreprise et aligne leurs intérêts avec ceux de l'entreprise. Un autre courant de recherche suggère que l'AS peut avoir l'effet inverse sur les coûts d'agence en servant l'enracinement des dirigeants. Il entraînerait une divergence entre les parties prenantes et diminuerait la valeur actionnariale. Cet article étudie la relation entre AS et coûts d'agence en France, un pays leader européen en matière d'AS. Nos analyses sur des données issues de 125 entreprises françaises cotées sur la période 2002-2016 mettent en évidence une relation en U inversé entre l'AS et les coûts d'agence. Nos résultats indiquent que des niveaux faibles ou élevés d'AS sont associés à des coûts d'agence élevés en raison de l'enracinement des dirigeants. Les résultats suggèrent aussi qu'au-delà d'un certain seuil, l'AS réduit les problèmes d'agence en liant le patrimoine des salariés à la performance de leur entreprise. |
| Keywords: | employee stock ownership, actionnariat salarié |
| Date: | 2022–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04311548&r=eur |
| By: | Patrice Bougette (Université Côte d'Azur; GREDEG CNRS); Oliver Budzinski (Technische Universität Ilmenau); Frédéric Marty (Université Côte d'Azur, France; GREDEG CNRS) |
| Abstract: | Mergers and acquisitions shape industry competition. Effective merger remedies are important for market efficiency and consumer welfare. This paper explores the need for more flexible remedies to address changing markets after mergers. While the EU permits some flexibility with less restrictive remedies, we conceptually advance the design elements of a dual-phase, bifurcated merger control system. This system integrates ex-ante processes with more systematic and comprehensive ex-post measures. Such an approach can address the shortcomings of the current system and, consequently, holds the potential to enhance merger control in dynamic markets. |
| Keywords: | merger remedies, competition authorities, market dynamics, dynamic competition, oligopolies, innovation effects, European Union |
| JEL: | L41 K21 L13 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2023-17&r=eur |
| By: | Garcia-Lorenzo, Lucia; Carrasco, Lorena; Ahmed, Zehra; Morgan, Alice; Sznajder, Kim; Eggert, Leonie |
| Abstract: | Worker mothers still struggle to find a good balance between their care and work identities. Most research on motherhood at work focuses on how organizational structures can enable professional women to find a balance between caring and work identities neglecting their personal experiences and how they understand themselves in relation to both motherhood and work. We propose to use a liminal identity work perspective to explore the identity tensions that professional women experience during their transition into motherhood and how they manage it. To explore this question, we conducted a qualitative study over 2 years with worker mothers in Latin and North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Africa. The thematic and narrative analysis of 80 individual narrative interviews shows the emergence of two coexisting identity narratives. The first narrative understands motherhood as a linear process, where women experience liminality, uncertainty, and identity loss but eventually return to work after having aggregated their new worker mother identities during maternity leaves. The second coexisting narrative challenges this linear and finite view by highlighting the transition to motherhood as a continuous, liminoid, and never-ending process. The two narratives are contextualized and managed differently according to the different cultural, historical, and social contexts where they are developed; the overall results present motherhood as a ‘liminoid’ experience that requires constant identity work to navigate the tensions emerging between potentially new and customary identities and behaviors in work contexts. |
| Keywords: | identity work; liminality; motherhood; narratives; worker mothers; Wiley deal |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2023–12–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120782&r=eur |
| By: | Blázquez, Mario (Dept. of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics); Hovdahl, Isabel (Dept. of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics); Arve, Malin (Dept. of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics); Bjørndal, Endre (Dept. of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics); Bjørndal, Mette (Dept. of Business and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | We study the effect of introducing a market for green energy attributes on the market for the energy itself. In Europe, renewable energy producers receive Guarantees of Origin (GOs) that they can sell to consumers who wish to declare their electricity consumption as “green”. In a model of price competition, we show how the introduction of such a GO market can increase competition in the spot electricity market, leading to reduced electricity prices. In the current market design, the trade of GOs is not restricted by the physical transmission capacity in the spot electricity market. However, since the production capacity of GOs is still limited by the total dispatch of electricity, suppliers have incentives to compete more fiercely in the spot market. This pro-competitive effect disappears if the physical transmission capacity is also imposed on the GO market. |
| Keywords: | Electricity market; competition; pricing; guarantees of origin |
| JEL: | D43 L13 L94 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2023–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhhfms:2023_024&r=eur |
| By: | Elvira Uyarra (Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, The University of Manchester); Iris Wanzenböck (Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University); Kieron Flanagan (Manchester Institute of Innovation Research, The University of Manchester) |
| Abstract: | In recent years, debates about innovation policy have highlighted a broader scope for action and a widening of the range of policy goals such policies are expected to (or might be expected to) address. Scholars and analysts have both detected but also advocated a shift from generic and primarily R&D-based innovation support measures towards a new (or third) 'generation' of innovation policy - variously referred to as challenge-led, mission-orientated or transformative innovation policies. This new generation of innovation policy thinking is a response to major societal challenges such as climate change, migration, or food and energy security - the implication being that traditional innovation policies were either inadequate in response to or else uninterested in such challenges. A more targeted and challenge-oriented innovation policy should, it is argued, help to deliver desired, and not just more, innovations. This implies a more active role of the state in funding risk-taking activities and in creating - not just correcting - markets. This 'normative turn' in innovation policy has also been observed in the design and implementation of regional policies, with a greater emphasis on the socio-ecological dimension of innovation, particularly in the context of the European Green Deal and the Innovation Strategies for Sustainability (S4). Whilst there is much agreement that bolder, more customised and directional policies are needed to tackle the societal challenges of our time, there is less consensus about how such policies should be implemented in practice. |
| Keywords: | Transformative innovation policies, Mission-oriented approaches, Societal challenges, Spatial and scalar dimensions, Regional innovation |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdj:smioir:2023-04&r=eur |
| By: | Gérard Mondello (Université Côte d'Azur, France; GREDEG CNRS) |
| Abstract: | This article studies the influence of the quality of information sources on the decisions of agents faced with radical uncertainty. It compares the decision-making process of expected utility maximizers and neo-additive Choquet utility maximizers. It shows that the first type of decision-maker will always prefer information provided by an unreliable source, even if its credibility is very low. The second type conditions its choice on its level of aversion to ambiguity, its degree of optimism and its level of confidence in the information source itself. Furthermore, the preferences may also be influenced by the information content. |
| Keywords: | Uncertainty theory, decision theory, ambiguity aversion, information |
| JEL: | I10 I18 I19 D80 D81 D83 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2023-18&r=eur |
| By: | Guy Baudelle (ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Nantes Univ - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Humanités - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sébastien Bourdin (Métis Lab EM Normandie - EM Normandie - École de Management de Normandie); Louis-Thibault Buron (ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Nantes Univ - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Humanités - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Clément Marinos (LEGO - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion de l'Ouest - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IBSHS - Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UBO - Université de Brest - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]) |
| Abstract: | The article aims to explain the relative concentration of third places by travel-to-work area (TTWA) in France. The literature focuses on metropolises, whereas our mapping shows that third places weigh relatively less in large metro areas than elsewhere, challenging the dominant discourse. We hypothesize that third places are proportionally more numerous in economically depressed and/or landlocked TTWAs where they meet the specific needs of new self-employed workers. We carry out a typological analysis in order to highlight the extent to which spatial features explain the location of third places. We demonstrate that third places are not exclusively a metropolitan phenomenon and stress strong variations within France, which are interpreted from long-term historical legacies in an evolutionary theoretical perspective. |
| Abstract: | L'article vise à expliquer la concentration relative des tiers-lieux par zone d'emploi (ZE) sur le territoire français. La recherche internationale s'est focalisée sur les métropoles alors que la cartographie montre que les tiers-lieux y pèsent relativement moins qu'ailleurs. On formule l'hypothèse que les tiers-lieux sont proportionnellement plus nombreux dans les ZE en difficulté économique et/ou enclavées où ils répondent aux besoins spécifiques de nouveaux travailleurs indépendants. Nous réalisons une analyse typologique afin de mettre en évidence dans quelle mesure les caractéristiques territoriales expliquent la localisation des tiers-lieux. Nous montrons que les tiers-lieux ne sont pas exclusivement un phénomène métropolitain et mettons en évidence l'existence de plusieurs France, qu'on interprète à partir d'héritages historiques de longue durée dans une perspective théorique évolutionniste. |
| Keywords: | third places, spatial distribution, spatial analysis, modelling, historical legacies, tiers-lieux, répartition géographique, analyse spatiale, modélisation, héritage historique |
| Date: | 2023–06–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04302219&r=eur |
| By: | DI PIETRO Giorgio (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | In many EU countries the lack of qualified teachers is a persistent problem which has aggravated in recent years. While most EU Member States produce their own national teacher shortage indicators, these are based on different definitions and methodologies, which make their comparability extremely challenging. Additionally, while Eurostat collects data on two indicators that are related to teacher shortage (i.e., pupil-teacher ratio and share of older teachers (aged 60 or above)), this report shows that it would be problematic to rely on them in order to monitor the situation at EU level. A major difficulty in developing a common EU approach for measuring teacher shortage lies in the different teacher accreditation systems adopted by EU Member States. In an attempt to address the aforementioned problems, this report concludes by suggesting directions for two possible EU cross-country comparative indicators on teacher shortage. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc134239&r=eur |
| By: | Eric Paget-Blanc (UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne, LITEM - Laboratoire en Innovation, Technologies, Economie et Management (EA 7363) - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - Université Paris-Saclay - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]); Phu Dao-Le Flécher (UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne, LITEM - Laboratoire en Innovation, Technologies, Economie et Management (EA 7363) - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - Université Paris-Saclay - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]) |
| Abstract: | The article examines whether the new provisioning rules help to reduce the procyclicality of provisions, based on the Covid-19 crisis. The increased flexibility granted by accounting standards for credit loss provisions has been exacerbated by the measures taken by regulators to mitigate the impact of the crisis. From a sample of 94 listed European and American banks, we find that in 2020, impaired loans decreased and provisions for credit losses only slightly increased for European banks, despite the significant decrease of GDP. We conclude that IFRS 9, based on the expected credit losses and associated with regulatory easing measures in times of crisis, contributes to the reduction of the procyclicality of provisions. |
| Abstract: | L'article vise à déterminer si les nouvelles règles de provision permettent de réduire le caractère procyclique des provisions, en se fondant sur la crise de la Covid-19. La discrétion accrue en matière de provision a été exacerbée par les mesures prises par les régulateurs pour limiter l'impact de la crise. A partir d'un échantillon de 94 banques européennes et américaines cotées, nous constatons qu'en 2020, les encours à risque ont diminué et les dépréciations pour risque de crédit n'ont que légèrement augmenté en Europe, malgré la diminution sensible du PIB. Nous concluons que la norme IFRS 9, fondée sur l'approche par les pertes de crédit attendues et associée à des mesures d'assouplissement réglementaires en période de crise, permet de réduire la procyclicité des provisions. |
| Keywords: | IFRS 9, Provisions, Expected Credit Losses (ECL), Covid-19, Regulatory measures, Pertes de crédit attendues, Mesures réglementaires |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04302172&r=eur |
| By: | Nandeeta Neerunjun (Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, Grenoble INP, GAEL, 38000 Grenoble, France); Hubert Stahn (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France) |
| Abstract: | This paper is essentially based on the assumption that policies supporting investment in intermittent renewable technologies cannot be contingent on meteorological events causing this intermittence. This decision was taken by most policymakers to avoid overly complex policy prescriptions. But in doing so, the first-best energy mix may be out of reach. We compare, in a unified second-best setting, the feed-in tariff, renewable premiums and tradable green certificates policy. We consider a "two-period, S-state" model. The S states reflect intermittency. Production decisions for renewable electricity are taken prior to the resolution of the uncertainty while the fossil-fuel sector adjusts its decision in each state. Retailers buy electricity on a state-dependent wholesale market which they deliver to consumers according to a fixed-tariff or a real-time-pricing contract. All these elements matter in the efficiency assessment of these policies. |
| Keywords: | intermittency, renewables, feed-in tariff, premiums for renewable, tradable green certi ficates |
| JEL: | D24 D61 D62 Q41 Q42 Q48 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2335&r=eur |
| By: | BERTOLOZZI-CAREDIO Daniele; SEVERINI Simone; PIERRE Guillaume; ZINNANTI Cinzia; RUSTOM Ralph; SANTONI Eleonora; BUBBICO Antonio |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the risks and vulnerabilities affecting food supply and food security in the EU, including differences across Member States, sectors and stages of the EU food supply chain. The study uses data from a systematic literature review, semi-structured interviews and an online survey of key stakeholders, and employs qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse risks and vulnerabilities. It finds that the EU food supply chain faces a broad range of risks and sheds light on the factors that make it vulnerable to these risks. The analysis identifies key characteristics of risks, such as origin, time horizon, likelihood of occurrence, potential impact and exposure. Key risks to food supply and food security are highlighted, as are the main risks threatening different Member States (including the outermost regions) and the different sectors and stages of the EU food supply chain. Emerging risks that warrant further attention are also identified. The study provides a basis for strategic decision-making by highlighting the sources of risks and potential areas of intervention to reduce the vulnerabilities of the food supply chain. Its findings will support EU policymakers, particularly within the European Food Security Crisis Preparedness and Response Mechanism, in improving the preparedness of the EU food supply chain for future crises. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135290&r=eur |
| By: | David Kr\"oger; Jan Peper; Nils Offermann; Christian Rehtanz |
| Abstract: | Offshore wind power in the North Sea is considered a main pillar in Europe's future energy system. A key challenge lies in determining the optimal spatial capacity allocation of offshore wind parks in combination with the dimensioning and layout of the connecting high-voltage direct current grid infrastructure. To determine economically cost optimal configurations, we apply an integrated capacity and transmission expansion problem within a pan-European electricity market and transmission grid model with a high spatial and temporal granularity. By conducting scenario analysis for the year 2030 with a gradually increasing CO2 price, possible offshore expansion paths are derived and presented. Special emphasis is laid on the effects of weather uncertainty by incorporating data from 21 historical weather years in the analysis. Two key findings are (i) an expansion in addition to the existing offshore wind capacity of 0 GW (136 EUR/tCO2), 12 GW (159 EUR/tCO2) and 30 GW (186 EUR/tCO2) dependent on the underlying CO2 price. (ii) A strong sensitivity of the results towards the underlying weather data highlighting the importance of incorporating multiple weather years. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2311.17981&r=eur |
| By: | Shteryo Nozharov (UNWE - University of National and World Economy [Sofia]) |
| Abstract: | Two fundamental issues are incorporated in the present monograph: the issue related to the quantification of the social costs and the issue, related to the defining of the circular economy concept as a theoretical model. The analysis is based on the methodology of the new institutional economics, which fact distinguishes it from the many other circular economy analysis based on the neo-classical methodological apparatus. |
| Keywords: | circular economy |
| Date: | 2023–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04307150&r=eur |
| By: | BENCZUR Peter (European Commission - JRC); CARIBONI Jessica (European Commission - JRC); JOOSSENS Elisabeth (European Commission - JRC); LE BLANC Julia (European Commission - JRC); MENYHERT Balint (European Commission - JRC); PIRIU Andreea (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This report analyses the dashboards and the latest set of synthetic resilience indices for the EU and each Member State, highlighting resilience vulnerabilities and capacities across the four dimensions and fourteen underlying areas (based on the edition of the dashboards published in April 2023, using data as of 2021). The report contains the first in-depth empirical analysis of resilience patterns in the EU. This analysis reveals that the EU’s current resilience capacities are considerably higher relative to the previous decade on average, while its resilience vulnerabilities have remained broadly similar. The cross-country heterogeneity in resilience performance and resilience profiles is substantial, which underlines the need to monitor resilience in a systematic way across the Member States. The country fiches respond to this need by zooming into Member States’ resilience capacities and vulnerabilities. Building on the resilience assessments in the 2023 European Semester Country Reports, the Member State fiches in the current report are accompanied by a description of changes in resilience relative to the 2022 edition of the resilience dashboards (hence comparing data up to 2021 to data up to 2020). They also show for the first time the overall vulnerability and capacity indices by country. Monitoring resilience over time can ultimately help inform the future direction of policies to reduce vulnerabilities and strengthen resilience capacities. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135043&r=eur |
| By: | Kohaut, Susanne (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Möller, Iris (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | "Women continue to be significantly under-represented on the management floors of private-sector companies. The IAB Establishment Panel data show that in 2022 the proportion of women at the first management level remains low; their proportion at the second management level is higher but has not increased since 2016. Compared to 2014, more companies now offer the opportunity to take on management positions with reduced working hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | IAB-Open-Access-Publikation ; IAB-Betriebspanel |
| Date: | 2023–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabkbe:202322&r=eur |
| By: | Didier Bédé (LGTO - Laboratoire de Gestion et des Transitions Organisationnelles - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse); Nathalie Maumon (LGTO - Laboratoire de Gestion et des Transitions Organisationnelles - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse) |
| Abstract: | This research proposes a study of the consumption behaviour of generation Z in the wine tourism sector through the use of virtual reality. This form of wine e-tourism is based on the creation of a tour covering the various stages of a wine tourism visit. Firstly, an exploratory study of the expectations of generation Z highlights the perception that Gen-Zers have of the use of virtual reality and helps to understand the benefits and limitations of using this technology. Secondly, this research presents the results of a longitudinal survey of the implementation and use of virtual reality with consumers at a wine cooperative in Gaillac, France. While Gen-Zers are looking for greater quality of information, the management of the wine cooperative studied is seeking to develop a competitive advantage from the use of virtual reality. Finally, the managerial contributions of this research and future research directions will be presented. |
| Abstract: | Cette recherche propose une étude du comportement de consommation de la génération Z dans le secteur oenotouristique via l'utilisation de la réalité virtuelle. Cette forme de e-tourisme vitivinicole est fondée sur la création d'un parcours couvrant les différentes étapes d'une visite oenotouristique. Premièrement, une étude exploratoire des attentes de la génération Z met en évidence la perception qu'ont les Gen-Zers de l'utilisation de la réalité virtuelle et permet de comprendre les apports et les limites de l'utilisation de cette technologie. Deuxièmement, cette recherche présente les résultats d'une enquête longitudinale de l'implémentation et de l'utilisation de la réalité virtuelle auprès des consommateurs d'une coopérative vitivinicole située à Gaillac en France. Tandis que les Gen-Zers sont à la recherche d'une plus grande qualité d'informations, la Direction de la coopérative vitivinicole étudiée cherche à développer un avantage concurrentiel issu de l'utilisation de la réalité virtuelle. Finalement, les apports managériaux de cette recherche ainsi que les futures directions de recherche seront présentés. |
| Keywords: | virtual reality, wine tourism, consumer experience, Gen-Zers, technology implementation, réalité virtuelle, oenotourisme, expérience de consommation, implémentation technologique |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04297830&r=eur |
| By: | Golka, Philipp; Murau, Steffen; Thie, Jan-Erik |
| Abstract: | Sustainable finance is often discussed as a solution to the climate crisis, but its impacts are limited and its discourse focusses on mobilizing private investments through public de-risking, without considering direct government action. We argue that this is due to an implicit reference to mainstream economic theory assuming that an active state leads to time inconsistency problems and crowding-out effects. However, these assumptions have been sufficiently refuted as public investments may actually crowd-in private capital. We therefore propose a paradigm shift towards what we call “Public Sustainable Finance”, geared at empowering the role of the state in the Green Transition on the discursive, policy, and political economy levels. Studying the case of Germany, we show how Public Sustainable Finance can be introduced despite tight fiscal regimes. To this end, we propose that – and describe how – the Klima- und Transformationsfonds (KTF) be given its own borrowing powers. By borrowing an average of 23 billion euros annually from 2024 to 2030, the existing financing gap that has been exacerbated following the November 2023 constitutional court ruling can be closed, enabling a more rapid and effective Green Transition. |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:zcvue&r=eur |
| By: | Simeng Wang (CERMES3 - UMR 8211 / U988 / UM 7 - CERMES3 - Centre de recherche Médecine, sciences, santé, santé mentale, société - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité); Xiabing Chen (GEMASS - Groupe d'Etude des Méthodes de l'Analyse Sociologique de la Sorbonne - FMSH - Fondation Maison des sciences de l'homme - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This chapter explores business transitions among Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs in France (in five different commercial sectors: imports and exports, retail, catering, hotels, and tobacco) during the Covid-19 pandemic. After giving a historical overview of the development of ethnic Chinese businesses over the past century, the chapter examines the challenges that these entrepreneurs have faced during the pandemic, the strategies that they adopted in response to these challenges, and what enabled them to shift business patterns and commercial practices under these unprecedented circumstances. Before the pandemic, some Chinese entrepreneurs had already made the transition, in full or in part, to "integrating online and offline businesses, " "hiring beyond Chinese ethnic networks, " and "paying attention to the local policy directions, " which helped them greatly limit the negative impacts of the pandemic. The major findings in this chapter show that the Covid-19 pandemic accelerated the transition in Chinese immigrant entrepreneurship in France, from offline operations to digital business. However, the pandemic might not be the direct cause of this business transition; rather, it created unique conditions that facilitated the transition. During the pandemic, two unprecedented business opportunities opened up that some Chinese entrepreneurs have proactively pursued since April–May 2020: "fostering local production" and "seeking low-risk sectors." These might be new trends for Chinese entrepreneurs in France in the future. This chapter suggests that, from a theoretical perspective, business transitions among Chinese entrepreneurs in France need to be examined beyond the framework of pure economic rationality, taking into consideration the intersection of new dynamics in Chinese migration to living country and the cross-cultural, cross-institutional and cross-border social engagement of the entrepreneurs before, during, and after the pandemic. |
| Keywords: | business transitions, entrepreneurs, Chinese migrants in France, Covid-19 pandemic, business patterns, commercial practices, coping strategies, digital business, economy, social engagement |
| Date: | 2023–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04313001&r=eur |
| By: | Christophe Midler (i3-CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion i3 - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Académie des Technologies); Marc Alochet (i3-CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion i3 - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In China, Europe and the United States, the transition from thermal to battery electric vehicles is ongoing under the effect of technology forcing regulations. We investigate whether and how those related to high voltage batteries could shape the future of the automotive industry. Wile China is leading the way, Europe and the United States, with very high levels of funding, are racing against time to catch up and develop a sustainable battery value chain controlled by local champions. As the U.S. resorts to protectionism, we hypothesize that we may see the emergence of three geographic production hubs, ending the globalization of the battery industry. |
| Keywords: | High voltage battery, zero emission vehicle, regulation, China, Europe, United States, Battery manufacturing, battery supply chain, localization |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04303575&r=eur |
| By: | Gilles Pache (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon) |
| Abstract: | Le football professionnel français est organisé en "ligues" de deux niveaux différents: la Ligue 1 et la Ligue 2. Un troisième niveau est constitué par un championnat de National de nature hybride (mi-professionnel, mi-amateur). Les dirigeants des clubs de National exercent depuis plusieurs mois une importante pression sur la FFF pour que soit créée à la place du National une Ligue 3 professionnelle bénéficiant des droits TV, uniquement réservés pour l'instant aux clubs de Ligue 1 et Ligue 2. Ces dirigeants agissent collectivement dans ce sens, comme on peut le voir dans les franchises nord-américaines, en vue de défendre les intérêts de tous les clubs du National, pourtant en forte opposition sportive. Il s'agit d'un cas très intéressant de coopétition dans un secteur où règne traditionnellement une compétition féroce. |
| Keywords: | Football, Championnat de National, Ligue 3, Sports professionnels |
| Date: | 2023–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04315456&r=eur |
| By: | EGLE Lukas (European Commission - JRC); MARSCHINSKI Robert (European Commission - JRC); JONES Arwyn (European Commission - JRC); YUNTA MEZQUITA Felipe (European Commission - JRC); SCHILLACI Calogero (European Commission - JRC); HUYGENS Dries (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to bring forward a preliminary assessment of policy options for a possible review of the Sewage Sludge Directive. The main problem identified is that current sludge management is not fully aligned with current EU policy objectives, particularly on environmental and human health protection and circular economy. Two policy options were evaluated in detail: (i) monitoring and control of sludge, or derived materials thereof, returned to agricultural land complemented by targets for the return of the critical raw material phosphorus to agricultural land; and (ii) environmental and health protection through the mandatory transformation of sewage sludge into EU fertilising products that classify as phosphorus fertilisers, presently mostly following sludge incineration. The report quantifies and discusses costs and benefits for both policy options, including aspects related to human health and environmental protection, nutrient recycling potential, methane emissions, potential to stimulate innovation, and social and distributional impacts. In addition, further information is provided on information gaps and research needs. The report may help to further increase the knowledge base on sustainable sewage sludge management and stimulate informed discussions amongst all relevant stakeholders. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc134591&r=eur |
| By: | Yulia Altukhova-Nys (REGARDS - Recherches en Économie Gestion AgroRessources Durabilité Santé- EA 6292 - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne); Julie Chassagne (REGARDS - Recherches en Économie Gestion AgroRessources Durabilité Santé- EA 6292 - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne - MSH-URCA - Maison des Sciences Humaines de Champagne-Ardenne - URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URCA - Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne); Phu Dao-Le Flécher (UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne, LITEM - Laboratoire en Innovation, Technologies, Economie et Management (EA 7363) - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - Université Paris-Saclay - IMT-BS - Institut Mines-Télécom Business School - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]) |
| Abstract: | Si nous observons une recrudescence de la réglementation dans le domaine du reporting de durabilité depuis les vingt dernières années, nombre d'études constatent des lacunes des enseignements spécialisés en matière de durabilité, notamment dans les cursus de formation initiale des professionnels de comptabilité. L'objectif de cet article est donc de proposer des pistes de réflexion sur l'intégration de la question de la durabilité dans les cursus de formation initiale des commissaires aux comptes, des experts-comptables et dans celui des métiers du chiffre en général. Après avoir réalisé un diagnostic des formations diplômantes en comptabilité-contrôleaudit au regard de la réglementation européenne en matière de reporting de durabilité et à l'aide d'une grille de lecture basée sur trois critères (durabilité forte, double matérialité et connectivité), nous proposons un schéma conceptuel permettant l'adaptation des cours de spécialité et une montée progressive en compétences des futurs professionnels de la comptabilité et de l'audit. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04301717&r=eur |
| By: | Julien Zurbach (AOROC - Archéologie et Philologie d'Orient et d'Occident - EPHE - École Pratique des Hautes Études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - DSA ENS-PSL - Département des Sciences de l'Antiquité - ENS Paris - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres, ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres) |
| Abstract: | The history of the formation of European states has accustomed us to consider taxation as the necessary instrument for the development of the state apparatus, in its military, administrative and ideological dimensions. Do the Greek city-states fit into this pattern? A usual reconstruction tells of the passage from communities of equals sharing profits, as in Siphnos around 500 and in Athens before Themistocles, to city-states that became military and especially maritime powers, which implies the mobilisation of considerable resources. The 2013 book by van Wees (Ships and Silver, Taxes and Tribute, London) underlines the driving role of war at sea. A new reading of the essential stages of the historiography also leads to the hypothesis that not everything in taxation is the direct responsibility of the city and that its subdivisions may have played a role. In the end, it is the question of the central role attributed to the city in the development of taxation that must be asked. |
| Abstract: | L'histoire de la formation des États européens nous a habitués à envisager la fiscalité comme l'instrument nécessaire du développement de l'appareil d'État, dans ses dimensions militaire puis administrative et idéologique. Les cités grecques s'inscrivent-elles dans ce schéma ? Une reconstruction classique raconte le passage de communautés d'égaux se partageant les profits, comme à Siphnos vers 500 et à Athènes avant Thémistocle, à des cités devenues puissances militaires, et surtout maritimes, ce qui suppose la mobilisation de ressources considérables. L'ouvrage de van Wees en 2013 (Ships and Silver, Taxes and Tribute, Londres) a souligné le rôle moteur de la guerre sur mer. Une relecture des étapes essentielles de l'historiographie amène aussi à envisager l'hypothèse que tout dans la fiscalité ne relève pas forcément de la cité et que ses subdivisions ont pu jouer un rôle. En définitive, c'est la question de la pertinence du rôle central attribué à la cité dans le développement de la fiscalité qui doit être posée. |
| Keywords: | Fiscality, Archaic Greece, Mycenaean Greece, Homer, economic history, Fiscalité, Grèce archaïque, Grèce mycénienne, Homère, histoire économique |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04305449&r=eur |
| By: | PERPIÑA CASTILLO Carolina; JACOBS-CRISIONI Chris (European Commission - JRC); BARRANCO Ricardo; CURTALE Riccardo (European Commission - JRC); KOMPIL Mert; VALLECILLO Sara; AUTERI Davide (European Commission - JRC); DIJKSTRA Lewis (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The brief describes the EU’s remote rural areas, showing how remoteness can increase territorial disparities across the urban-rural continuum. Remote rural areas differ from non-remote ones in key areas such as demography, economy, service provision, connectivity, biodiversity and the geographic context. This policy brief was developed in cooperation with the DG for Agriculture and Rural Development and the DG for Regional and Urban Policy of the European Commission in support of the rural vision. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135398&r=eur |
| By: | Carl Grekou (CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique, EconomiX - EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Emmanuel Hache (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, EconomiX - EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IRIS - Institut de Relations Internationales et Stratégiques); Frédéric Lantz (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IFP School); Olivier Massol (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IFP School, LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay, CentraleSupélec); Valérie Mignon (EconomiX - EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique); Lionel Ragot (EconomiX - EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique) |
| Abstract: | The war in Ukraine is shaking up the European energy scene and its dependence on Russia. This article analyzes the stakes and challenges for Europe of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on the gas market. It first highlights the evolution and extent of the dependence of European economies on Russian gas and discusses the economic impacts that have been evident since the beginning of the hostilities. It then describes the various responses implemented in Europe to emancipate itself from this dependence. Finally, it discusses some of the blind spots in European decisions and outlines various ways to overcome them. |
| Abstract: | La guerre en Ukraine bouleverse la scène énergétique européenne et sa relation de dépendance à la Russie. Cet article analyse les enjeux et les défis, pour l'Europe, du conflit russo-ukrainien sur le marché gazier. Il met d'abord en évidence l'évolution et l'ampleur de la dépendance des économies européennes au gaz russe et en discute les impacts économiques qui se sont manifestés dès le début des hostilités. Il décrit ensuite les différentes réponses mises en œuvre en Europe pour s'émanciper de cette dépendance. Enfin, il discute quelques angles morts des décisions européennes et esquisse diverses pistes pour les dépasser. |
| Keywords: | Russo-Ukrainian War, Natural Gas Markets, Energy security, Guerre en Ukraine, Dépendance énergétique, Gaz naturel, Europe, Russie |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03955439&r=eur |
| By: | Arthur Willemaers (TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, HEC Liège) |
| Abstract: | Présentation sous forme de poster du sujet de thèse. Titre de la thèse: Enjeux, modélisation et évaluation économique de la décarbonisation du secteur industriel européen. |
| Keywords: | SEQE-UE |
| Date: | 2023–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04295302&r=eur |
| By: | OCDE |
| Abstract: | Ce document donne un aperçu du développement des énergies renouvelables dans les régions ultrapériphériques de l’Union européenne (RUP de l’UE), se concentrant sur la capacité de ces énergies à contribuer à la transition verte tout en ouvrant des perspectives de développement économique durable. Il décrit les cadres d'action et les outils mis en place par les RUP de l’UE pour agir dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables, et formule des recommandations politiques. Ce document s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet conjoint UE-OCDE sur les régions ultrapériphériques du monde. |
| JEL: | O52 O54 O55 P45 R11 R58 Q42 |
| Date: | 2023–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaab:52-fr&r=eur |