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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Matt Burke; Matthew Agarwala; Patrycja Klusak; Kamiar Mohaddes |
| Abstract: | This paper links climate science with sovereign risk assessment to produce a single forward-looking measure of country-level climate change risk. We combine the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) climate scenarios with a sovereign credit ratings model to simulate the impact of climate change on credit ratings, cost of debt and probability of default. For the first time, we extend beyond the physical risks of extreme weather events to explicitly incorporate risks associated with transitioning the global economy towards Net Zero. Across the sample of 48 countries and under a scenario of high (low) physical and transition risks, we find average downgrades of 3.9 (2.7) notches and mean increases in the cost of debt of 123 (76) basis points and default probability of 10.4% (6.2%). Counter-intuitively, ratings, default probability, and cost of debt appear insensitive to scenarios in some countries, with important implications for the usefulness of NGFS scenarios across central banks. |
| Keywords: | sovereign debt, credit ratings, climate policy, transition risks, climate change |
| JEL: | C53 E6 G20 H63 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2024-73 |
| By: | Mongelli, Francesco Paolo; Ceglar, Andrej; Scheid, Benedikt Alois |
| Abstract: | Adaptation needs are vast, rising fast and difficult to determine in their entirety, especially with uncertain adverse scenarios due to climate inertia and implementation lags. Adaptation is hindered by a lack of a unified understanding of what it necessitates; the challenge in pointing out its costs, benefits, and residual risks; insufficiently prescriptive policy and legal frameworks; and the growing financing gap. Conversely, we now have better granular climate data to study the impacts of climate hazards and forecast climate risks; there is awareness that adaptation choices must be dynamic and reactive; and there is an increasing pool of case studies from which to learn. There is evidence that efficient adaptation investments can yield “triple-dividends” helping to close the financing gap. There is a need to absorb and smooth the impacts of rising extreme climate events. Innovative financial instruments, such as catastrophe bonds and climate bonds, might support challenged insurance coverages. JEL Classification: E52, Q54 |
| Keywords: | climate adaptation, climate change, climate disasters, climate financing, environmental economics, resilience |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20243005 |
| By: | Burke, M.; Agarwala, M.; Klusak, P.; Mohaddes, K. |
| Abstract: | This paper links climate science with sovereign risk assessment to produce a single forward-looking measure of country-level climate change risk. We combine the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) climate scenarios with a sovereign credit ratings model to simulate the impact of climate change on credit ratings, cost of debt and probability of default. For the first time, we extend beyond the physical risks of extreme weather events to explicitly incorporate risks associated with transitioning the global economy towards Net Zero. Across the sample of 48 countries and under a scenario of high (low) physical and transition risks, we find average downgrades of 3.9 (2.7) notches and mean increases in the cost of debt of 123 (76) basis points and default probability of 10.4% (6.2%). Counter-intuitively, ratings, default probability, and cost of debt appear insensitive to scenarios in some countries, with important implications for the usefulness of NGFS scenarios across central banks. |
| Keywords: | Sovereign debt, credit ratings, climate policy, transition risks, climate change |
| JEL: | C53 E60 G20 H63 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–12–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2470 |
| By: | AMBASHI Masahito; IWASAKI Fusanori |
| Abstract: | The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) faces the urgent environmental challenge of reducing CO2 emissions from fossil fuels to limit the damage from climate change. Meanwhile, in addition to the climate change issues, ASEAN has the critical responsibility of ensuring energy security, including the need to supply stable and affordable energy. To determine how this climate change−energy security nexus has evolved in ASEAN, we examine statement documents released by the ASEAN Minister on Energy Meetings and its associated meetings. Our quantitative text analysis shows that: (1) as the discussions towards achieving carbon neutrality have progressed, the climate change issues have been increasingly highlighted, (2) the decarbonization of coal and diversification to renewable energy has received increasing attention, while energy efficiency and conservation discussions have stalled, (3) innovative technologies such as clean coal, renewable energy, and hydrogen have gained strong attention. Our analysis also finds that individual energy ministerial meetings feature different attitudes toward the climate change−energy security nexus, including in terms of their selection of energy technologies. Our study provides an opportunity to reflect on the direction that ASEAN’s climate change and energy policies should take in future. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:24078 |
| By: | Grakolet Gourene (Economic Commission for Africa, North Africa Office, Morocco and Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé in Côte d’Ivoire); Samia Mansour Hamouda; Zuzana Brixiova Schwidrowski (Economic Commission for Africa, North Africa Office, Morocco) |
| Abstract: | Decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation and climate change, increasing resource efficiency, and promoting both sustainable production and sustainable lifestyles is a challenge in North Africa, a region where even a relative decoupling of income growth and carbon (CO2) emissions has not been achieved. This chapter aims to examine recent trends in emissions and the main drivers of improvement in the region's carbon intensity (carbon emissions per unit of GDP), energy intensity (energy use per unit of GDP), and per capita emissions. It also analyzes the effect of policies such as energy taxes and energy standards on the energy efficiency of SMEs in North Africa and suggests actions and policies to encourage structural transformation and ensure better energy efficiency. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ldr:wpaper:307 |
| By: | Aguilar-Gomez, Sandra (Universidad de los Andes); Cárdenas, Juan Camilo (Universidad de los Andes); Galindo, Camila (Universidad de los Andes); Rodríguez-Arenas, Jorge (Universidad de los Andes); Vlasak-González, Daniela (Universidad de los Andes) |
| Abstract: | Environmental degradation is a major public policy challenge, with the Global South being particularly vulnerable to its effects. In developing countries, women and girls often bear a greater burden of climate change and air pollution than men and boys do. The international literature suggests that compared to men, women are more concerned about environmental degradation and adopt more sustainable practices in their daily lives, but research on this matter in Global South countries is scarce. This study aims to explore the gender differences in environmental knowledge, attitudes, and practices (E-KAP) among secondary school-aged children in Colombia. In Latin America, no research has yet examined the underlying mechanisms driving these differences. We confirm that compared to boys, girls are significantly more concerned about the environment and feel more responsible for climate change (8–10 p.p.). We also provide new insights into girls’ greater awareness and familiarity with indoor air pollution (IAP) (8.5–9 p.p.) and expand on previous research that focused on exposure rather than on perception. Our findings can help in designing and developing inclusive education policies for climate adaptation and mitigation, particularly in Global South countries, and they have the potential to empower students in the face of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Gender; knowledge; attitudes; practices; environmental pollution; climate change |
| JEL: | D83 J16 Q51 Q53 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:021267 |
| By: | Klaas Mulier; Marten Ovaere; Leo Stimpfle |
| Abstract: | We collect data on 24, 000 state aid cases within the European Union to create granular measures of national environmental support and study their interactions with the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Exploiting variation in regulated installations’ exposure to carbon prices and an unexpected regulatory tightening of the EU ETS, we show that high exposed installations strongly reduced emissions relative to less exposed installations in the same industry with significant heterogeneity across countries and industries. In the power sector, emission reductions are significantly stronger in countries with more generous renewable energy support policies. In contrast, emission reductions in the manufacturing sector are significantly weaker in country-industries with more generous cost compensation for energy-intensive activities. |
| Keywords: | cap-and-trade, climate policy, Overlapping policies, EU ETS |
| JEL: | D22 H23 L52 L98 Q48 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202410-461 |
| By: | Eskander, Shaikh (University of Alabama Birmingham); Mahmud, Minhaj (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the mitigating effects of climate policies in addressing climate-induced health adversities. We first investigate the effect of in utero exposure to rainfall variations on child health outcomes in Bangladesh and find that in utero exposure to rainfall variations negatively affects children’s anthropometric outcomes. We then exploit the heterogeneity in location and timing of district-level allocations for climate projects under the Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund to identify that some of these rainfall-induced health adversities can be mitigated through climate policies. Our findings are robust to alternative empirical specifications and have important policy implications. |
| Keywords: | climate change; climate finance; health; rainfall |
| JEL: | I38 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–12–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0756 |
| By: | Yoosoon Chang (Department of Economics, Indiana University); J. Isaac Miller (Department of Economics, University of Missouri); Joon Y. Park (Department of Economics, Indiana University) |
| Abstract: | We study dynamic interactions of economic activity and climate using an economic-climatic system that involves the global distribution of temperature anomalies as a functional variable in addition to global aggregate variables representing economic activity, climate forcings from greenhouse gases and tropospheric aerosols resulting from sulfur dioxide emissions. We identify three types of anthropogenic shocks and a multi-dimensional natural climate variation shock, as well as external solar and volcanic shocks. The multi-dimensional natural shock has a large but ephemeral effect on climate but a relatively small effect on economic activity. In contrast, a carbon-based anthropogenic shock is historically the most important driver of both economic growth and climate change. By isolating the channel of shocks through climate onto economic activity, we distinguish between the direct effect (growth) and indirect effect (climate-induced economic damage) of anthropogenic shocks. Relative to an average growth rate of 2.50% per year, we find that the average growth rate would have been as high as 2.64% without damages from anthropogenic shocks. Because of its effect on climate, the multi-dimensional natural shock has a more volatile though less persistent climate-induced effect on economic activity than do the balance of the three anthropogenic shocks. |
| Keywords: | structural analysis of economic-climatic system, economic damages, vector autoregression, functional autoregression, global temperature distributions |
| JEL: | E01 Q50 Q54 C32 C33 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:umc:wpaper:2501 |
| By: | Marcelle Chauvet (University of California Riverside, USA; Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis); Claudio Morana (Center for European Studies, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy; Center for Research on Pensions and Welfare Policies; Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis); Murilo Silva (University of California Riverside, USA) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the linkage between deteriorating extreme weather conditions and anthropogenic GHG emissions and their economic impact on 40 European countries. The analysis employs the European Extreme Events Climate Index (E3CI) and its seven subcomponents, i.e., extreme maximum and minimum temperatures, wind speed, precipitation, droughts, wildfires, and hail. Using an innovative panel regression-based trend-cycle decomposition approach, we find support for the contribution of human-made GHG emissions to the deterioration of underlying extreme weather conditions and their highly nonlinear pattern. We then conduct a Growth-at-Risk analysis within a quantile panel regression framework to assess the economic implications of our findings. We show that deteriorating extreme weather conditions, as measured by the E3CI index, negatively impact the entire GDP growth rate distribution. Yet the impact on the downside risk to growth is much more substantial than the upside risk. This result holds for various E3CI components, such as rising extreme maximum temperature, wind speed, drought, and wildfires. |
| Keywords: | climate change, extreme weather events, global warming, GHG emissions, trend-cycle decomposition, Growth-at-Risk, panel quantile regressions, Europe |
| JEL: | C21 C23 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rim:rimwps:25-01 |
| By: | Bauer, Michael D.; Offner, Eric A.; Rudebusch, Glenn D. |
| Abstract: | Policymakers and researchers worry that the low-carbon transition may be inadvertently delayed by higher global interest rates. To examine whether green investment is especially sensitive to interest rate increases, we consider the effect of unanticipated monetary policy changes on the equity prices of green and brown European firms. We find that brown firms, measured in terms of carbon emission levels or intensities, are more negatively affected than green firms by tighter monetary policy. This heterogeneity is robust to different monetary policy surprises, emission measures, econometric methods, and sample periods, and it is not explained by other firm characteristics. This evidence suggests that higher interest rates may not skew investment away from a sustainable transition. |
| Keywords: | monetary transmission, carbon premium, ESG, climate finance |
| JEL: | E52 G14 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:imfswp:308032 |
| By: | Burke, M.; Agarwala, M.; Klusak, P.; Mohaddes, K. |
| Abstract: | This paper links climate science with sovereign risk assessment to produce a single forward-looking measure of country-level climate change risk. We combine the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) climate scenarios with a sovereign credit ratings model to simulate the impact of climate change on credit ratings, cost of debt and probability of default. For the first time, we extend beyond the physical risks of extreme weather events to explicitly incorporate risks associated with transitioning the global economy towards Net Zero. Across the sample of 48 countries and under a scenario of high (low) physical and transition risks, we find average downgrades of 3.9 (2.7) notches and mean increases in the cost of debt of 123 (76) basis points and default probability of 10.4% (6.2%). Counter-intuitively, ratings, default probability, and cost of debt appear insensitive to scenarios in some countries, with important implications for the usefulness of NGFS scenarios across central banks. |
| Keywords: | Sovereign debt, credit ratings, climate policy, transition risks, climate change |
| JEL: | C53 E60 G20 H63 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–12–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camjip:2430 |
| By: | Meitner, Leonhard |
| Abstract: | The looming climate crisis calls for the development of novel forms of response, but so far, climate change action does not meet its ambitions to tackle the issue. Voluntary Carbon Markets (VCMs) are one proposed solution to bridge the gap. However, VCMs are criticized for not providing real climate benefits and exacerbating inequality. This paper critically assesses VCMs, focusing on their regulatory, ecological, and social dysfunctions through an ecological economics lens. It identifies key issues such as inadequate transparency, compromised environmental integrity due to issues of additionality, permanence, double counting, carbon leakage, rebound effects, and adverse social impacts. By analyzing these dysfunctions and the underlying theoretical assumptions, the paper highlights how power relations, fundamental uncertainties, information asymmetries, and the commodification of nature contribute to the observed problems in VCMs. Through a qualitative literature analysis, this research provides a comprehensive evaluation of VCMs' role in global climate policy, emphasizing the need for robust regulatory frameworks, transparency, and inclusive decision-making processes to enhance their efficacy. The findings suggest that while VCMs have potential, addressing their inherent limitations is crucial for their legitimacy and effectiveness in combating climate change. |
| Keywords: | Voluntary carbon markets, carbon offsetting, regulatory frameworks, ecological economics, environmental integrity |
| JEL: | F64 Q50 Q54 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ipewps:308040 |
| By: | Menta, Giorgia (LISER); Piccari, Michela (Sapienza University of Rome); Verheyden, Bertrand (LISER) |
| Abstract: | With growing emphasis on sustainable practices, carbon taxes and congestion charges are emerging as key tools to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality, yet they often face public resistance. Using longitudinal data from a randomized survey experiment in Luxembourg, this paper investigates whether providing relevant information about these two green mobility policies influences pro-environmental attitudes (stated support and willingness to pay for the carbon tax) and behaviors (carbon offsetting donations). The first treatment, which informs participants that public support for urban congestion charges tends to increase after implementation, has little to no effect. In contrast, information on the use of carbon tax revenues (redistribution and energy-efficient investments) has a large positive impact on both stated and revealed pro-environmental preferences. Our results indicate that support for the carbon tax is more elastic to information on its redistributive aspect, rather than on its use for funding green projects. Additionally, constraints to behavioral change and pre-treatment environmental attitudes play a role in treatment response heterogeneity, and show that confirmation bias can moderate responses to information, especially among those skeptical of climate science. |
| Keywords: | survey experiment, climate policy, carbon tax, preferences, taxation, Luxembourg |
| JEL: | D83 H23 H31 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17578 |
| By: | Spenger, Christoph; Saldivia Gonzatti, Ignacio; Kröger, Lennard; Fleet, Christopher Robin; Voss, Rudi; Rickels, Wilfried |
| Abstract: | One of the European Union’s environmental and sustainable development objectives is to achieve sustainable marine development, combining the objectives of ocean health and the blue economy. Developing, implementing, and monitoring marine policies requires information on the status and evolution of marine development at the country level, including the extent to which strong sustainable development (i.e., balanced development across socio-economic and environmental dimensions) is being achieved. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of progress towards marine development for 15 European Union coastal countries in the Baltic, North, and Atlantic Seas, covering the period 2012–2022 and using information from Sustainable Development Goal 14 to derive our indicator framework. We show that the EU is achieving sustainable marine development, but not comprehensively in all countries. While seven countries achieved sustainable development under both weak and strong sustainability, seven countries developed only under weak sustainability, and one country made no progress under either concept. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:307004 |
| By: | Bernardino Adão; António R. Antunes; Nuno Lourenço |
| Abstract: | We develop a multi-region integrated assessment model with different energy inputs to map carbon taxation policies into three IPCC Representative Concentration Pathways for the 21st century: RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5. Our contribution is threefold. First, we focus on a small open economy that features key differences vis-à-vis the global economy. Second, we assess the role of forests as carbon sinks, highlighting their relevance for the transition towards a low-carbon economy. Third, we explicitly model (local) adaptation and adaptation costs to quantify their importance in the transition subject to a global climate mitigation policy. We find that the global welfare effects of Paris Agreement-aligned RCP2.6 are slightly negative relative to the other scenarios. However, for a small open economy more vulnerable to climate change like Portugal, welfare gains of RCP2.6 may be sizable, and net zero emissions could be attained by mid-century. Importantly, adaptation policies are a powerful tool to enhance welfare at the local level for any given global tax policy. We also find a strong case for subsidizing carbon sequestration by forests. |
| JEL: | E61 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ptu:wpaper:w202413 |
| By: | Meissner, Leonie P.; Peterson, Sonja; Semrau, Finn Ole |
| Abstract: | In a race against global warming, the world must accelerate the development and adoption of environmental innovations (EIs). In this literature review, we explore the role of governments in promoting EIs across stages of maturity and assess the potential to reduce emissions. Theoretical frameworks on market imperfections underline the necessity of governmental Research and Development (R&D) support. While emission pricing remains the most cost-efficient climate policy, it fails as a stand-alone instrument to sufficiently encourage EI. Overall, the optimal approach is a policy mix complementing emission pricing with governmental R&D support. The theoretical finding is backed by empirical studies on the developmentand deployment of renewable energies, which also show that investment in R&D can effectively reduce emissions. The review concludes by dissecting two pivotalpolicy initiatives, the US Inflation Reduction Act and the European Green New Deal Industrial Plan, evaluating their potential to effectively contribute to decarbonization. |
| Keywords: | green/eco-/environmental innovation, R&D support, climate policy, innovation policy |
| JEL: | O32 O38 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:306604 |
| By: | LUNN Pete |
| Abstract: | This paper argues that an understanding of perceived fairness is pivotal for the successful implementation of environmental policy, including the European Green Deal. It describes how those at the sharp end of a green transition policy may perceive unfairness even when the policy is designed in the spirit of the “just transition”. This perceived unfairness is a threat to the EU’s efforts to combat climate change and biodiversity loss. People who perceive unfairness are inclined to protest, often in ways that are against their own self-interest. They are also less willing to cooperate in collective action, which is central to pro-environmental policy. Despite their importance, however, perceptions of fairness are under-researched. The paper highlights research questions related to the perceived fairness of environmental policies that have received little, if any, attention, yet may be decisive for policy success. It concludes that policymakers and researchers would be well-advised to correct this oversight |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139534 |
| By: | Otrachshenko, Vladimir; Popova, Olga |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to a better understanding of the drivers of electoral support for Green parties and the environmental actions they promote, which is key to ensuring the long-term feasibility of environmental policies. We examine whether individual environmental preferences translate into voting for Green parties and analyze the mechanisms behind this effect. Employing an individual-level survey from developed and developing economies matched with the political parties' programs globally, we find that individuals who prefer environmental protection over economic growth are likely to translate their preferences into voting and supporting Green parties. These findings are robust to alternative definitions of Green parties and environmental preferences and to potential endogeneity concerns. The key mechanisms behind this relationship are changes in the stringency of environmental regulations, individual economic and social insecurity, and individual- and country-level exposure to environmental changes. The effect of environmental preferences on Green party voting is less pronounced among individuals living in rural areas and economically disadvantaged individuals, including those with lower education and income. These results suggest that support for Green parties and environmental policies is contingent on voters' economic security even when environmental preferences are strong, emphasizing the need for Green parties to address voters' economic concerns. |
| Keywords: | environmental preferences, Green parties, sustainable development, voting |
| JEL: | D72 H11 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1525 |
| By: | Clara Bosch Checa; Eloina Coll Aliaga; Mar Correcher Rigau; Pilar De la Torre Fornés; Nuria Guardiola Ibañez; Carlos Jiménez García; Victoria Lerma Arce; Edgar Lorenzo Saez; Raul Sancha Llamosí; Iraklis Stamos (European Commission - JRC); Carolina Perpiña Castillo; María Joaquina Porres De La Haza |
| Abstract: | This publication results from the collaboration between the Valencia City Council, Universitat Politècnica de València, and the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission. Focused on urban sustainability, this joint effort aims to enhance the understanding and management of urban emissions and mobility through comprehensive data analysis and innovative methodologies. Six key studies are summarized, each addressing different aspects of urban sustainability in Valencia: — Vehicle Emissions Trends: This study analyses vehicle emissions using electromagnetic loops and an origin-destination matrix, assessing the impact of pandemic-related measures and providing policy recommendations for reducing transportation-related pollution. — Mobility Emissions Methodology: Utilizing open-source geo-statistics, this research develops a methodology to measure emissions at the neighbourhood level, offering insights into which areas could benefit from shifts to active transportation or improved public transit. — Metropolitan Emissions Analysis: By analysing emissions in Valencia's metropolitan area, this study high-lights significant discrepancies between municipalities, emphasizing the need for targeted emission reduction measures in highly polluted areas. — Sustainable Mobility and Emission Reduction: This project explores strategies for promoting sustainable urban mobility, such as enhancing public transportation and encouraging active transportation modes, with the aim of reducing CO2, NOx, and PM emissions. — Air Quality and Environmental Justice: Focusing on NO2 concentrations measured by passive dosimetry, this study identifies vulnerable areas with poor air quality and provides recommendations for addressing urban environmental inequities. — 15-Minute City Accessibility: Analysing service accessibility within a 15-minute framework, this research highlights the need for equitable urban planning to improve access to services for both residents and tourists. The findings underscore the critical role of data-driven approaches and spatial analysis in addressing urban sustainability challenges. The methodologies developed provide valuable tools for policymakers to allocate resources effectively and implement evidence-based strategies for emission reduction and sustainable development. This collaborative work highlights the importance of integrating scientific research with urban planning to create healthier, more liveable cities. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc138853 |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Georgios Feretzakis; Angelos Alamanos |
| Abstract: | Energy systems are facing multiple complex challenges, related to factors such as environmental, climate change, social, economic and market, variations in supply and demand patterns, and infrastructure, to name a few. The Global Climate Hub (GCH) is a research-led initiative operating within the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network framework, and mobilizes nine research units to deliver holistic, equitable, and context-specific energy solutions. These units leverage advanced modelling tools, participatory frameworks, and Open Science principles to support resilient, equitable, and sustainable energy transitions. The integration of new technologies in energy systems planning is key to facilitate the workflows of the GCH, and support a sustainable energy transition. This chapter explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the GCH's transdisciplinary approach to energy systems planning. AI offers transformative capabilities, enabling efficient data analysis, predictive modelling, resource optimization, stakeholder engagement and Open Science. We describe how the major advantages of AI can be integrated in existing approaches developed by the GCH, including climate scenario development, decarbonization pathways design, participatory approaches, and digital applications. While AI's integration into GCH processes is ongoing, the chapter presents a foundational framework for AI-enabled energy planning and invites collaboration to advance global sustainability goals through innovative, inclusive, and scalable solutions. |
| Keywords: | Energy Systems, Artificial Intelligence, Global Climate Hub, Sustainability, Energy Transition |
| Date: | 2025–01–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2506 |
| By: | Olympia Nisiforou; Angelos Alamanos; Jorge Andres Garcia; Lydia Papadaki; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | The maritime sector faces increasing challenges as part of its ongoing transformation period towards more sustainable shipping: There is a shift in fuel preferences, with a gradual phasing out of high-polluting options in favor of cleaner, more sustainable alternatives, amidst increasingly stringent environmental policies pushing for greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions reduction, on top of the already complex techno-economic considerations for optimal shipping operations. These multifaceted challenges call for sophisticated, holistic solutions that can address economic, environmental, and operational aspects simultaneously. In response, the Global Climate Hub (GCH - an initiative under the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network) develops integrated models to assess such problems and provide sustainable pathways. Here, we present such a model, the MaritimeGCH, a free, open-source, simple and comprehensive tool to address such challenges of maritime fleet management. MaritimeGCH integrates different techno-economic, environmental, operational factors and recent European environmental policies into a single, comprehensive model, which is at the same time simple and transferable to various scales. The optimization logic is first described for maritime problems; next the detailed mathematical description of MaritimeGCH model is presented; and finally, its potential for policy-relevant scenario analysis is outlined with specific examples. The model is publicly available to encourage similar applications and improvements. |
| Keywords: | MaritimeGCH, Global Climate Hub, Fleet Optimization, Shipping, Sustainable maritime operations; Environmental regulations, Techno-economic analysis |
| Date: | 2025–01–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2504 |
| By: | Stathis Devves; Angelos Alamanos; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | The energy and water sectors face increasing challenges amid sustainability and net-zero transitions, which are integral to meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The need for integrated models that connect energy, emissions, and water use is critical for developing holistic and sustainable solutions. This chapter focuses on a water-energy-emissions modelling application for the residential sector, a key development area impacting SDGs related to energy, sustainable urbanization, and environmental management. We apply a combined energy-emissions and water accounting model to assess energy use, emissions output, and water consumption of Greece's residential sector, providing comprehensive, data-driven insights. Such integrated assessments are essential for informed policy evaluation and decision-making. We also analyze Greece's national decarbonization plan to 2050, demonstrating how these models can support policy evaluation and discuss the efficiency of the planned pathways. This approach underscores the importance of cross-sectoral analysis for successful long-term sustainable initiatives. |
| Keywords: | Energy-emissions modelling, WaterReqGCH, Decarbonization, Sustainable Development Goals, Urban development, Greece. |
| Date: | 2025–01–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2505 |
| By: | Hammed Oluwaseyi Musibau; Maria Belen Yanotti; Joaquin Vespignani; Rabindra Nepal |
| Abstract: | The importance of sustainable economic growth has been emphasized by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). SDGs 8 and 11 suggest that a sustainable environment can improve economic growth, which has been the priority for some governments worldwide. This study incorporates the environmental performance index (EPI) into the neoclassical growth model to examine the impact of environmental performance on economic growth for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). Using the two-step generalized method of moments (GMM) model, the empirical investigation finds a positive relationship between environmental performance and economic growth. More specifically, we find that improved environmental performance is observed to accelerate economic growth in non-oil-producing ECOWAS countries, but diminishes growth in oil-producing ECOWAS countries. Based on the findings, we recommend policies that encourage improved environmental performance in non-oil-producing ECOWAS economies. |
| Keywords: | economic growth, environmental performance, ECOWAS, environmental governance, GMM, oil-producing economies |
| JEL: | O47 F64 K32 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2024-75 |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | The accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will affect temperatures, sea levels, and other aspects of the climate. For the United States, those physical changes will pose a wide range of risks to economic activity, real estate and financial markets, human health, biodiversity, immigration, and national security. Because both the physical effects of climate change and their economic consequences are highly uncertain, this report focuses, where possible, on the 5th and 95th percentiles of the distributions of potential outcomes. |
| JEL: | G18 G21 G22 G28 H81 O44 Q50 Q53 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–12–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:60845 |
| By: | Larch, Mario; Wanner, Joschka |
| Abstract: | International cooperation is at the core of multilateral climate policy. How is its effectiveness harmed by individual countries not participating in the global mitigation effort? We use a multi-sector structural trade model with carbon emissions from production and a constant elasticity of fossil fuel supply function to simulate the consequences of unilateral non-participation in the Paris Agreement. Taking into account both direct and leakage effects, we find that non-participation of the US would eliminate more than a third of the world emissions reduction (31.8% direct effect and 6.4% leakage effect), while a potential non-participation of China lowers the world emission reduction by 24.1% (11.9% direct effect and 12.2% leakage effect). The substantial leakage is primarily driven by technique effects induced by falling international fossil fuel prices. In terms of welfare, the overwhelming majority of countries gain from the implementation of the Paris Agreement and most countries have only very little to gain from unilaterally deciding not to participate. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, International trade, Carbon leakage, Fossil fuel supply |
| JEL: | F14 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:307097 |
| By: | Raitzer , David (Asian Development Bank); Drouard , Joeffrey (Université Côte d’Azur) |
| Abstract: | Although agriculture is often considered vulnerable to climate change, recent gridded crop growth modelling intercomparison exercises have found that staple crop yields will be modestly affected by global warming. However, those crop growth models also do not fully reflect impacts of increasing climate extremes. This paper uses global remote sensing-derived yield and agrometeorological reanalysis data to construct a grid cell panel at 0.1-degree resolution for 2003–2015. Regressions that control for grid cell-specific intercepts and time trends, temperature, rainfall, and cloudiness empirically estimate the relationship between yields and precipitation-evapotranspiration extremes for each growing season of rice, wheat, and maize by subregion. Estimated coefficients are applied to projections from an ensemble of global circulation models to project potential losses from climate change. All crops are found as having substantial potential future global yield reductions, but reductions are highest for wheat and maize, with losses most pronounced in Southern Asia and Southern Africa. |
| Keywords: | agriculture; climate change; drought; yield loss |
| JEL: | D22 Q12 Q15 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–12–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0759 |
| By: | Heeb, Florian; Kölbel, Julian; Ramelli, Stefano; Vasileva, Anna |
| Abstract: | A fundamental concern about green investing is that it may crowd out political support for public policy addressing negative externalities. We examine this concern in a preregistered experiment shortly before a real referendum on a climate law with a representative sample of the Swiss population (N = 2, 051). We find that the opportunity to invest in a climate-friendly fund does not reduce individuals' support for climate regulation, measured as political donations and voting intentions. The results hold for participants who actively choose green investing. We conclude that the effect of green investing on political behavior is limited. |
| Keywords: | Behavioral Finance, Climate Change, ESG, Externalities, Sustainable Finance, Political Economy, Voting Behavior |
| JEL: | D14 H42 G18 P16 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:308044 |
| By: | Fairuz , Maisha (Maastricht University); Foster-McGregor , Neil (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | While global value chains (GVCs) are considered an important development escalator, concerns over their environmental consequences have been increasing. By providing opportunities to shift production to developing economies, GVCs risk carbon leakage. Preferential trade agreements (PTAs) have proved important drivers of GVC trade. In this paper we examine whether the presence and breadth of PTAs is associated with increased emissions embodied in GVC trade, and further ask whether the presence of environmental provisions in PTAs impacts upon emissions traded in GVCs. Our results suggest that the presence of a PTA between partners is associated with increased emissions embodied in GVC trade, with this effect largely the result of increased GVC trade between PTA partners. We also show, however, that the presence of an environmental provision in PTAs can mitigate this effect, with environmental provisions reducing both the scale of GVC trade and the emissions intensity of that trade. |
| Keywords: | global value chains; CO2 emissions; preferential trade agreements; gravity model |
| JEL: | F13 F18 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–12–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0755 |
| By: | Sónia Félix; Ana Fontoura Gouveia |
| Abstract: | Addressing energy poverty and protecting the most vulnerable consumers have assumed a vital role in national and European energy and climate policies. Access to energy is a fundamental pillar of sustainable development due to its impact on multiple dimensions such as poverty, inequality, climate change, food security, health, and education. At the same time, decarbonization and efficiency of energy consumption are essential to achieve the ambitious climate targets assumed by Portugal and the European Union. This paper characterizes energy poverty in Portugal and presents the main policy instruments that have been implemented or are in progress. Sharing national experiences and good practices in combatting energy poverty is relevant due to the challenges in designing effective policies and because several EU countries are currently strengthening their policy frameworks. The need to accelerate the ongoing energy transition on a global scale requires a robust policy framework, also targeting energy-poor and vulnerable consumers, thus ensuring a fair and just transition. |
| JEL: | H50 Q48 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ptu:wpaper:o202401 |
| By: | Ralf Martin (Imperial College Business School, CEP, CEPR and World Bank-IFC); Mirabelle Muûls (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium); Thomas Stoerk (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium) |
| Abstract: | Carbon markets are a central instrument to decarbonise our economies and mitigate the impacts of climate change. Within the European Union, carbon pricing to date has primarily targeted electricity generation and greenhouse gas-intensive industries, and regulatory focus has typically been confined to a subset of firms. This paper explores how the carbon price confronting regulated firms not only shapes their own operations and investment choices but also exerts influence on other entities within their customer and supplier network, even in the absence of direct carbon pricing of these suppliers or clients. Such influence could manifest through alterations in production processes, products and prices, market structures and innovation. Leveraging a distinctive dataset for Belgium, this research investigates the impact of the EU’s carbon price on lowcarbon innovation, supply-chain dynamics, and energy economic activity throughout the Belgian economy’s production network. |
| Keywords: | Emissions pricing, production network, clean innovation |
| JEL: | Q58 Q55 L14 H23 F18 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202410-467 |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | CBO maintains a benchmark projection of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to estimate the effects of certain emissions policies. According to that projection, GHG emissions in the United States decline by about 8 percent from 2025 to 2034. |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–11–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:60862 |
| By: | Katherine Davidson (University of the Free State); Ariane De Lannoy (SALDRU, University of Cape Town); Joanna Grotte (SALDRU, University of Cape Town); Aindam Jana (African Centre of Excellence for Inequality Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa); Anda David (Agence Française de Développement (AFD)); Murray Leibbrandt (African Centre of Excellence for Inequality Research, University of Cape Town, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | The threat of climate change and the resultant catastrophic weather events across the globe underpin the need for a shift away from carbon-intensive modes of production. In South Africa, where the generation of electricity is heavily reliant on coal, this imperative is recognised, and various policies are aimed at supporting the implementation of a Just Energy Transition. This transition to a greener economy can have various impacts on the labour force, with a significant concern being an increase in unemployment. In this paper we propose an analytical framework for profiling workers who are likely to be impacted by the energy transition, based on what work they do and in which industry they work. By combining a bottom-up approach to identify occupations related to the green transition, with a top-down approach to identifying ‘brown’ industries, we arrive at a matrix that allows us to look at where on the nexus between green transition occupations, and brown industries, workers find themselves. Using South African labour force data, we plot these two dimensions characterising a worker’s employment, and provide a nuanced picture of what type of worker may be at risk of, or alternatively better placed to withstand, the potential effects of the green transition. This can ultimately assist in developing efficient and effective policies and interventions to mitigate the potential risks of the green transition. A key feature of the framework is its flexibility with respect to the definition of ‘green’ jobs and ‘brown’ industries; the bottom-up and top-down methodologies; as well as the data utilised, extending the usefulness to a global level. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ldr:wpaper:309 |
| By: | Michał Brzeziński (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Monika Kaczan (University of Warsaw) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the distributional impacts of carbon taxes, traditionally examined through simulation studies on the regressivity of hypothetical tax scenarios. However, the dy-namic influence of actually implemented carbon taxes on consumption/income poverty and inequality in a cross-country setting has been less scrutinised. This paper assesses the effect of carbon taxes introduced in the past three decades in 15 European countries on consumption shares of the lowest decile groups, poverty rates and inequality indices. The analysis shows that a $40/ton CO2 tax covering 30% of emissions leads to a consumption share increase of up to 4% for the bottom 20% and 40% of the population, a trend that persisted for five years post-implementation, particularly in nations that efficiently redistribute carbon tax revenues. This resulted in a modest reduction in consumption inequality over three years. In contrast, the impact of carbon taxes on income poverty and inequality is not statistically significant. These findings suggest that concerns about poverty and inequality due to carbon taxes can be miti-gated by implementing a moderate tax combined with a strategically efficient revenue redis-tribution mechanism. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, carbon tax, poverty, inequality, consumption/income distribution, revenue re-cycling |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 Q48 H23 D31 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2024-26 |
| By: | Christian A. Vossler (Department of Economics, University of Tennessee); Timothy N. Cason; James J. Murphy; Paul J. Ferraro; Todd L. Cherry; George Loewenstein; Peter Martinsson; Jason F. Shogren; Leaf van Boven; Daan van Soest |
| Abstract: | Motivated by the fact that few academic publications document the links between behavioral experiments and public decision making, this paper compiles and describes many studies that were used to inform environmental policy and natural resource management decisions. These experiments informed or changed the designs of emissions trading programs, recreational fishing regulations, conservation auctions, pro-environmental initiatives directed at households, and regulatory enforcement and compliance schemes, and produced nonmarket demand estimates that informed government regulatory analyses. We highlight the context and conditions that produced these experiment-policy links and discuss how researchers can better engage with the policymaking process and increase the impact of experimental research on policy. |
| JEL: | C9 D04 D47 Q28 Q48 Q51 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ten:wpaper:2024-05 |
| By: | Hung Q. Tran |
| Abstract: | In September 2024, scientists at the European Union’s Copernicus Climate Change Service reported that summer 2024 was the hottest on record globally, and the previous twelve months posted a average global temperature that was a record 1.64 degrees Celsius (2.95 degrees Fahrenheit) above the average during the pre-industrial period, 1850-1900. This was triggered by a combination of a warmer El Niño cycle and the effects of human-caused warming. While it will take more years of such scorching global temperatures to confirm that the world has failed to keep the temperature increase below 1.5 degrees Celsius, the currently hot weather has given a clear warning that efforts need to be significantly accelerated to meet the key target of keeping global warming below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), agreed at the COP21 in Paris in 2015. Exceeding the 1.5 degrees Celsius limit increase now appears to be unavoidable. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbcoen:pb_65-24 |
| By: | Samuel Kortum (Cowles Foundation, Yale University); David A. Weisbach (The University of Chicago Law School) |
| Abstract: | Climate policy by a coalition of countries can shift activities extraction, production, and consumptionÑto regions outside the coalition. We build a stylized general-equilibrium model of trade and carbon externalities to derive a coalitionÕs optimal Pareto-improving policy in such an environment. It can be implemented through: (i) a tax on fossil-fuel extraction at a rate equal to the global marginal harm from carbon emissions, (ii) a tax on imports of energy and goods, and a rebate of the tax on exports of energy but not goods, all at a lower rate per unit of carbon than the extraction tax rate, and (iii) a goods- specific export subsidy. This combination of taxes and subsidies exploits international trade to expand the policyÕs reach. It promotes energy efficient production and eliminates leakage by taxing the carbon content of goods imports and by encouraging goods exports. It controls the energy price in the non-taxing region by balancing supply-side and demand-side taxes. We use a quantitative version of the model to illustrate the gains achieved by the optimal policy and simpler variants of it. Combining supply-side and demand-side taxes generates first-order welfare improvements over current and proposed climate policies. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2311r1 |
| By: | Gert Bijnens (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium); Carine Swartenbroekx (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a first estimate of the potential greenhouse gas mitigation from the intra-sector reallocation of economic activity by the European manufacturing industry away from carbon-inefficient – or "brown zombie" – firms to more carbon-efficient firms. Using techniques from the literature on productivity, we find a potential reduction of 38% based on a limited reallocation of production, without the need for new technologies. Therefore, when designing emission reduction plans, policymakers should not focus solely on improvements and innovation within existing firms but must also encourage the reallocation of economic activity from "brown zombies" to more carbon-efficient enterprises. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, carbon emission reduction, carbon-intensive industries, reallocation, brown zombies |
| JEL: | D22 L23 L52 L60 O14 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202408-454 |
| By: | Leonard I. Nakamura; Brian Sliker |
| Abstract: | The asset costs of natural disasters in the United States grew rapidly from 1980 to 2023, with the trend rising 4.9 percent annually in real terms to $90 billion in 2023. Much of this trend in costs is likely due to climate change and, as a loss of assets, implies a faster depreciation of real assets. We argue that the expected depreciation from these events should be included in Consumption of Fixed Capital (CFC), leading to lower levels and slightly lower growth rates for Net Domestic Product (NDP) and Net Domestic Investment. We use Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood regressions to estimate this expectation and generate our experimental measure of costs. An alternative calculation of CFC and NDP might directly include the time series of costs incurred rather than the far smoother expectation; this was the procedure adopted before 2009 and resulted in abrupt changes in NDP |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Anthropocene; Depreciation; National Accounts; Disasters |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 C82 |
| Date: | 2025–01–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:99390 |
| By: | Olympia Nisiforou; Christopher Deranian; Angelos Alamanos; Jorge Andres Garcia; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | Shipping is a prominent sector within the Greek economy and faces several challenges in decarbonizing as prescribed by the FuelEU Maritime Regulation which is cornerstone of the EU's decarbonization efforts in the shipping sector, specifically targeting the fuels used by vessels, implemented from 1 January 2025. FuelEU Maritime aims to reduce greenhouse gas intensity in ships above 5, 000 gross tonnage at European ports by aiming for a 2% decrease by 2025 and an 80% reduction by 2050. The targets cover CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions over the full lifecycle of fuels used onboard. From January 1, 2030, passenger and container ships must use on-shore power supply (OPS) or alternative zero-emission technologies in ports covered under Article 9 of the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR). Member States may apply the obligation to ports not covered by Article 9 from January 1, 2030. FuelEU Maritime's goal-based and technology-neutral approach allows for innovation and the development of new sustainable fuels and energy conversion technologies. The regulation also provides flexibility mechanisms, supporting existing fleets in compliance strategies and rewarding first-movers for early investment in energy transition (Directorate of Mobility & Transport, 2024). In this paper we present the application of a free, open-source Investment Decision Support Tool, called MaritimeGCH, to model the transition to cleaner fuels within the maritime industry. The study tests a set of scenarios from slow to fast transition to cleaner fuels within the Greek shipping sector, and explores their effect on fleet optimization decisions. This set of scenarios reflects the potential evolution of some fuels starting phasing out (e.g. Oil and RefPO), being replaced by the transition fuels (LNG and LPG), while others (green fuels) will ultimately become more prevalent in the future (MeOH, NH3 and H2). |
| Date: | 2025–01–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2508 |
| By: | Rickels, Wilfried; Meier, Felix; Peterson, Sonja; Rühland, Sina; Thube, Sneha; Karstensen, Johannes; Posern, Conny; Wolff, Claudia; Vafeidis, Athanasios T.; Grasse, Patricia; Quaas, Martin |
| Abstract: | Improving our understanding of future ocean carbon uptake requires a nuanced understanding of the value of the annual ocean sink. Here, we combine an abatement cost-based approach and a climate damage-based approach to assess the value of the annual ocean sink. The former shows that the aggregate cost of national climate policies could increase by up to USD 80 billion if the ocean carbon sink weakens by 10 percent. As a complementary perspective, the damage-based approach shows that the annual ocean carbon sink contributes between USD 300 billion and USD 2, 332 billion to countries’ inclusive wealth. Despite the conceptual appeal of the damage-based approach for its potential insights into regional wealth redistribution, uncertainties in national social cost of carbon estimates make it less reliable than the abatement cost-based approach, which in turn provides more reliable estimates for a fiscal cost assessment of improved monitoring services of the ocean carbon sink. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:307006 |
| By: | Kendall, Alissa; Parés Olguín, Francisco |
| Abstract: | International second-hand vehicle (SHV) exports are a multi-billion-dollar market for the US and an integral process in removing older vehicles from the road and enabling a robust new vehicle market. Mexico is the largest importer of SHVs from the US. As the US rapidly increases electric vehicle (EV) sales to meet decarbonization targets for the transportation sector, EVs will be an increasing large fraction of SHVs. While the benefits of EV adoption are numerous, introducing a radically new technology such as EVs without responsive measures in second-hand market regions may lead to an unintended transfer of economic and environmental burdens, especially if waste EV batteries cannot be managed properly. This research undertook a battery material flow analysis, life cycle assessment of SHVs traded from the US to Mexico, and a qualitive analysis of environmental and transport justice implications of SHV trade. The research finds that SHVs disproportionately contribute to waste battery generation in Mexico, and that second-hand EVs are frequently retired early due to a lack of repairability. In terms of life cycle emissions, SH EVs still contribute to reduced GHG emissions and air pollution relative to internal combustion engine vehicles newly sold in Mexico, but at end-of-life, their batteries are being disposed of in landfills, rather than in recycling facilities. From a justice standpoint, coordination between the US and Mexico and anticipatory policies are needed to ensure that only EVs with sufficient remaining battery life are transferred between the US and Mexico, and that sufficient infrastructure exists to safely dispose of waste EV batteries in Mexico. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Second-Hand vehicles, electric vehicles, LCA, battery recycling, critical battery minerals, LMICs, Mexico |
| Date: | 2024–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7cf8785q |
| By: | GEORGHIOU Luke |
| Abstract: | The paper explores the strategic role of policy mixes in steering large-scale incumbent firms towards sustainable economic pathways in Europe. The paper acknowledges the critical contribution of start-ups in the sustainability sector but emphasizes the need for a transition among the established firms dominating carbon-intensive industries so as to meet climate neutrality targets. Drawing upon a review of existing policy instruments in the EU and beyond and on the policy mix literature, Georghiou emphasises the complexity of aligning technological innovation, business models, and regulatory frameworks at different governance levels. Principles for a taxonomy of policy instruments and measures are proposed. These highlight the need to supplement supply-side and regulatory interventions with demand-side instruments. Systemic frameworks are needed to embrace the complexity of transition and to ensure that changes in corporate behaviour are embedded. The paper calls for more evaluation to gain a nuanced understanding of policy influences on corporate behaviour and the combination of resources, incentives, capabilities and opportunities needed to support policy frameworks that encourage innovation and the diffusion of green technology, balancing sustainability with growth and employment objectives. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139561 |
| By: | Lu, Hongyu; Liu, Haobing; Rodgers, Michael O; Guensler, Randall |
| Abstract: | In this study, a modeling framework for population exposure to traffic-related PM2.5 with high spatiotemporal resolution is proposed and applied to the I-575/I-75 Northwest Corridor (NWC) in Atlanta, GA, for environmental equity analysis. The analyses retrieved trip data from the Atlanta Regional Commission’s (ARC) Activity-Based Model 2020 (ABM2020), after implementing path retention algorithms (Zhao, et al., 2019) to generate individual travel paths for more than 20 million predicted vehicle trips. Emission rates for each link were retrieved from MOVES-Matrix given the ABM link speed and facility type, the ARC’s county-level fleet composition data, and regional fuel properties and I&M program parameters. High-resolution downwind concentration profiles were predicted using EPA’s AERMOD microscale dispersion model with AERMET meteorology profiles for a huge array of receptors. Trip-end locations were derived from the ABM trip data, and the on-road trajectories for each person-trip (vehicle trace data) were derived from the travel paths through network. ABM synthetic household and person data were used in demographic assessment, and linked to representative household latitude and longitude locations in the Epsilon 2019 household demographic dataset. Individual exposure to traffic-related PM2.5 in time and space (average hourly concentration) was assessed by overlaying the second-by-second person location profiles (for 24 hours) against the hourly predicted PM2.5 concentration profiles. The analyses summarize the results across 16 demographic groups and the aggregate population exposure are compared to assess potential impact differences across demographics. High-income households in the corridor were exposed to less traffic-related air pollution as they tended to live further from the freeways. The analyses did not reveal large disproportionate negative impacts on low income groups along this specific corridor, but lager disproportionate negative impacts are expected elsewhere in the metro area due to the spatial clustering of income groups along other corridors. Overall, the research demonstrates the applicability of the modeling framework and describes how the various elements (e.g., link screening, dispersion modeling, path tracing, etc.) are optimized on the supercomputing cluster. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Microscale air quality impact assessment, AERMOD, vehicle emissions, population exposure, environmental equity |
| Date: | 2024–09–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6zx778p0 |
| By: | Gert Bijnens (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium); Mariano Montoya (KU Leuven, Department of Economics); Stijn Vanormelingen (KU Leuven, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates how the impact of a natural disaster propagates through the production network. More precisely, we look at the excessive rainfall in the summer of 2021 that caused large areas to be severely flooded in Belgium. We first look at the direct effects on firms active in the flooded areas and find substantial negative effects on sales and employment. Next, we investigate how these shocks propagate through the network, thereby differentiating explicitly between upstream and downstream linkages. Our results show that the floods had a strong negative impact on the performance of firms active in the area. In terms of the supply chain effects, we find negative and persistent effects on sales for firms with upstream exposure. |
| Keywords: | : Flooding, climate change, firms, production network |
| JEL: | D57 L25 Q54 R11 L14 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202410-466 |
| By: | Raïsa Basselier (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium); Nabil Bouamara (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium); Geert Langenus (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium); Gert Peersman (University of Ghent); Peter Reusens (Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of current and future climate transition policies on Belgian firms as they approach the 2030 milestone set by the European Green Deal. Using data from an online survey conducted with members of key Belgian employers’ federations, we assess the effects on firms’ costs, pricing, demand, and investment decisions. The climate transition is largely perceived as a classical negative supply shock, resulting in higher prices, squeezed profit margins, and reduced activity. While the impact on Belgian investment remains ambiguous, part of production capacity – particularly in manufacturing – is expected to shift outside the EU. A scenario analysis and an information experiment embedded within the survey show that an increase in the carbon price beyond firms’ current expectations could exacerbate these adverse effects. Survey participants also express widespread scepticism about the EU's ability to meet its ‘Fit for 55’ targets, citing high costs, reduced profitability, unclear policy guidance and administrative burdens as major impediments. |
| Keywords: | Business surveys; Firms; Climate transition; Randomized information provision. |
| JEL: | C83 C93 D22 D83 D84 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202409-468 |
| By: | Francesco Jacopo Pintus; Jan P.A.M. Jacobs; Elmer Sterken |
| Abstract: | The negative effects of climate change on output and productivity have been well documented in recent years. However, its impact on public finances has received little attention. This paper attempts to fill this gap by analysing the impact of climate anomalies on fiscal variables in a macroeconometric framework that also takes into account economic activity. We exploit natural weather variations to construct temperature and precipitation shocks in a panel of 14 European countries and the United States. Impulse response functions from a structural Bayesian Panel VAR show that adverse climate shocks are contractionary and significantly increase public debt and deficits over a business cycle horizon. However, the inflationary impact and the persistence of temperature and precipitation shocks are quite different. The negative fiscal and economic consequences of temperature anomalies are remarkably stronger for warmer, climate-vulnerable and highly indebted countries. Further analysis suggests that the main transmission mechanisms of the reported fiscal impacts are significantly lower tax revenues combined with an increase in government spending on public subsidies. |
| Keywords: | public debt, climate change, panel data, structural Bayesian VAR |
| JEL: | C32 E62 H62 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2024-74 |
| By: | Berg, Tobias; Ma, Lin; Streitz, Daniel |
| Abstract: | We analyze firms' carbon reduction strategies worldwide and identify one key channel: large, primarily European firms facing increased investor pressure divest pollutive assets to firms that are less in the limelight. There is no evidence of increased engagement in other emission reduction activities. We estimate that 369 million metric tons (mt) of CO2e are reallocated via divestments in the post-Paris Agreement period, shifting pollutive assets from Europe to the rest of the world. Our results indicate significant global asset reallocation effects and imply that responsible investors who want to truly invest responsibly need to monitor firms' divestment strategies closely. |
| Keywords: | GHG Emissions, Asset Sales, Paris Agreement, Institutional Investors, Investor Pressure, Carbon Disclosure Project |
| JEL: | G15 G23 G30 G38 M14 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:308042 |
| By: | Kwabena Adu-Ababio; Evaristo Mwale; Rodrigo Oliveira |
| Abstract: | Low-income countries face the combined challenges of climate shocks and limited domestic revenue mobilization, yet these issues are rarely studied together. This paper provides new evidence on the impact of climate shocks on firm performance and tax revenue in a low-income country context, using firm-level data from Zambia. We find that extreme weather events, such as excessive rainfall and high temperatures, significantly reduce firms' sales, input purchases, and tax collection, particularly in sectors such as manufacturing, retail, accommodation, and construction. |
| Keywords: | Value-added tax, Weather shock, Zambia, Domestic revenue mobilization, Firms |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-71 |
| By: | Cassidy, Alecia Waite; Wu, Fangjian; Zhang, Yiyuan |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effect of a pollution liability insurance mandate on corporate environmental compliance in Shenzhen, China. We employ a triple differences design, comparing electroplating and circuit board manufacturing firms, mandated to purchase insurance, to industries and a neighboring city without the mandate. Results show a 0.48 reduction in annual environmental violations per firm (a 72% decrease). Only about half of firms comply. Within the Shenzhen electroplating and circuit board industry, we find that insured firms violate more than uninsured firms (an increase of about 0.09 annual violations). We find suggestive evidence that this increase is driven by moral hazard rather than adverse selection. Taken as a whole, our findings demonstrate that premium-based incentives effectively counteract market failures due to asymmetric information, increasing environmental compliance on net. |
| Abstract: | Diese Studie untersucht die Auswirkungen einer Haftpflichtversicherung für Umweltverschmutzung auf die Einhaltung von Umweltvorschriften durch Unternehmen in Shenzhen, China. Wir verwenden ein Triple-Differenzen-Design und vergleichen Unternehmen der Galvanik- und Leiterplattenherstellung, die zum Abschluss einer Versicherung verpflichtet sind, mit Industrien und einer benachbarten Stadt ohne dieses Mandat. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine Verringerung der jährlichen Umweltverstöße pro Unternehmen um 0, 48 (ein Rückgang um 72 %). Nur etwa die Hälfte der Unternehmen erfüllt die Auflagen. In der Shenzhener Galvanik- und Leiterplattenindustrie stellen wir fest, dass versicherte Unternehmen mehr Verstöße begehen als nicht versicherte Unternehmen (ein Anstieg von etwa 0, 09 jährlichen Verstößen). Wir finden Hinweise darauf, dass dieser Anstieg eher auf moralisches Risiko als auf negative Selektion zurückzuführen ist. Insgesamt zeigen unsere Ergebnisse, dass prämienbasierte Anreize Marktversagen aufgrund asymmetrischer Informationen wirksam entgegenwirken und die Einhaltung der Umweltvorschriften insgesamt verbessern. |
| Keywords: | Environmental compliance, liability insurance, moral hazard, adverse selection |
| JEL: | Q52 Q53 Q58 K32 G22 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:306831 |
| By: | Becerra, Oscar (Universidad de los Andes); Piñeros, Juana (Universidad de los Andes) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of the green transition on the Colombian labor market. Using a task-based approach and data from the 2022 Colombian Household Survey, we find that approximately 22.6% of Colombian employment is linked to green tasks, with 15.9% directly affected by the green transition. While these figures are in line with global estimates, most jobs will not change significantly. Green jobs are concentrated among men, urban residents, and higher-educated workers with STEM degrees in managerial roles, who also earn more and are located at the top of the income distribution. In addition, the tasks and skills of occupations of workers with a lower prevalence of jobs limit their mobility to green jobs. This suggests a need for targeted training programs to facilitate the transition of non-green workers to green occupations, given the limited transferability of skills between these types of jobs. |
| Keywords: | Green jobs; energy transition; task-based approach; Colombia |
| JEL: | J24 O13 Q52 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–12–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:021270 |
| By: | Heeb, Florian; Kölbel, Julian |
| Abstract: | We report results from a pre-registered field experiment about the impact of index provider engagement on corporate climate policy. A randomly chosen group of 300 out of 1227 international companies received a letter from an index provider, encouraging the company to commit to setting a science-based climate target to remain included in its climate transition benchmark indices. After one year, we observed a significant effect: 21.0% of treated companies have committed, vs. 15.7% in the control group. This suggests that engagement by financial institutions can affect corporate policies when a feasible request is combined with a credible threat of exit. |
| Keywords: | Shareholder Engagement, Field Experiment, Climate, ESG, Activism |
| JEL: | D22 D62 G23 G34 M14 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:308043 |
| By: | Ibadoghlu, Gubad |
| Abstract: | The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of Azerbaijan's energy cooperation with Europe. It covers the supply of fossil fuels (oil and gas) and green energy, examining both retrospective and prospective dimensions. The analysis includes production levels, transport infrastructure, potential opportunities in this sector, and challenges, calling for further investigation. The article also assesses possible development scenarios and prospects for gas, oil, and renewable energy sources in Azerbaijan's energy sector. The first part covers the current status and prospects of Azerbaijan's gas production, consumption, transportation, and export. The second and third parts analyze and evaluate the status of the oil and renewable energy sectors, respectively. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:306913 |
| By: | Fernandez, Guzman Gonzalez-Torres; Parker, Miles; Usman, Sehrish |
| Abstract: | The projected increase in extreme climate events in the coming decades is likely to exacerbate the existing productivity and demographic challenges facing Europe. We study the dynamic, medium-run macroeconomic effects of heatwaves, droughts and floods in 1160 EU regions through the lens of a local projections, difference in difference framework. Summer heatwaves and droughts lower medium-term output, but the impact from floods depends on regional income levels. High-income regions witness reconstruction activity, less wealthy regions do not. We find evidence of population decline in affected regions as well as adaptation spending post-event, which lowers regional productivity. JEL Classification: D24, E24, J22, R11, Q54 |
| Keywords: | difference in difference, extreme climate, labour market, local projections, potential output, productivity, weather |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20243002 |
| By: | Jodie Keane; Hazel Granger; Prachi Agarwal; Maximiliano Mendez-Parra |
| Abstract: | Nowadays, all policy makers must engage with direct and indirect carbon pricing issues. However, the implications of different types of tools and methods to price carbon and support decarbonization deserve further attention in view of their development implications. Two aspects—revenue recycling and complementary policies—are critical when it comes to ensuring that carbon pricing and taxation measures are supportive of broader sustainable structural economic transformation and help to avoid a 'green squeeze'. |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing, Carbon tax, Revenue, Redistribution |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-85 |
| By: | DE PRATO Giuditta (European Commission - JRC); FERNÁNDEZ CRUZADO Ana (European Commission - JRC); SOGUERO ESCUER Jorge (European Commission - JRC); CALZA Elisa (European Commission - JRC); FABIANI Josefina (European Commission - JRC); VAZQUEZ-PRADA BAILLET Miguel (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) can play an important role in supporting energy-intensive industries. Their flexibility in being coupled with renewable energy systems and providing sustainable power can make SMRs an important resource to achieve the twin transition. The flexibility and affordability of SMRs have the potential to reduce energy access inequalities and provide power to remote areas. Their safety features can also help harmonize Member States’ and public opinion stances on nuclear energy. New analytical insights on key aspects of the SMR ecosystem are provided by the Digital Techno-Economic EcoSystem (DGTES) approach and can contribute to supporting the European comprehensive strategy on SMRs. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139371 |
| By: | Jennifer R. Withrow; Kendall A. Houghton; Eva Lyubich; Mary Munro; Suvy Qin; John L. Voorheis |
| Abstract: | The Census Bureau’s Environmental Impacts Frame (EIF) is a microdata infrastructure that combines individual-level information on residence, demographics, and economic characteristics with environmental amenities and hazards from 1999 through the present day. To better understand the long-run consequences and intergenerational effects of exposure to a changing environment, we expand the EIF by extending it backward to 1940. The Historical Environmental Impacts Frame (HEIF) combines the Census Bureau’s historical administrative data, publicly available 1940 address information from the 1940 Decennial Census, and historical environmental data. This paper discusses the creation of the HEIF as well as the unique challenges that arise with using the Census Bureau’s historical administrative data. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:24-66 |
| By: | Sacht, Stephen; Wedemeier, Jan |
| Abstract: | Hydrogen serves as an energy source and represents an important cornerstone for achieving the goal of maintaining a level of zero-carbon-dioxide emissions in industry production processes. Our analysis is based on the computable general equilibrium framework and focuses on a partial switch to hydrogen used in production in northern Germany, particularly in the Bremen region. The simulation results indicate that Bremen's chemical, steel, and copper industries could replace up to 1.5, 15, and 35%, respectively, of petroleum and natural gas with hydrogen, without negative effects on overall production, until 2032. The share of electricity based on renewable sources in the production of hydrogen amounts to approximately 74%. This step can be seen as required for the production of green hydrogen, i.e., in the absence of fossil energy sources. |
| Abstract: | Wasserstoff als ein potenzieller Energieträger der Zukunft stellt einen wichtigen Grundstein für die Erreichung des Ziels einer CO2-freien Industrieproduktion dar. Anhand eines CGE-Modells werden die Effekte der teilweisen Umstellung auf Wasserstoff als Energieträger in der Produktion in Norddeutschland, insbesondere in der Region Bremen, untersucht. Die Simulationsergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Bremer Chemie-, Stahl- und Kupferindustrie bis zum Jahr 2032 bis zu 1, 5, 15 bzw. 35% Erdöl und -gas ohne negative Auswirkungen auf die Gesamtproduktion durch Wasserstoff ersetzen könnten. Zudem beträgt der Anteil erneuerbaren Stroms bei der Wasserstoffproduktion etwa 74%. Dieser Schritt kann als notwendig für die Produktion von grünem Wasserstoff, also ohne fossile Energieträger, angesehen werden. |
| Keywords: | Computable General Equilibrium Model Analysis, Hydrogen Economy, Regional and Industrial Development, Bremen |
| JEL: | C68 O13 Q21 R13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hwwiwp:308096 |
| By: | Schukei, Harry; Rowangould, Dana |
| Abstract: | Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transportation poses a significant challenge in rural communities and at the edges of metropolitan areas where rural and urban populations meet, otherwise known as exurban fringe. Populations living in these areas rely more heavily on personal vehicle travel than nonrural populations do and are more likely to have trouble getting to and from important destinations. One approach to curtailing transportation GHG emissions is through land use planning, for example by directing population growth into compact, walkable communities with access to transit. However, nearly all research to date on this topic has focused on urban and suburban areas, leaving decision-makers in exurban and rural communities with little guidance for how to effectively reduce GHGs through changes to land use and development in their communities. Researchers at the University of Vermont sought to answer the question: is the relationship between travel and the built environment the same in urban and rural areas? They analyzed nationwide data from the United States Federal Highway Administration on nearly 110, 000 people and detailed information on land use and development from the United States Environmental Protection Agency Smart Location Database. They determined what aspects of the built environment in different types of locations (urban, rural, etc.) were associated with sustainable travel behaviors such as greater rates of walking and biking, less reliance on automobile travel, and fewer vehicle miles traveled or VMT, which is the number of miles driven in a car. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that research and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Built environment, travel behavior, VMT, mode choice, rural |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt85d2f9d5 |
| By: | Tommaso Oliviero (University of Naples Federico II and CSEF); Sandro Rondinella (University of Calabria); Alberto Zazzaro (University of Naples Federico II, CSEF and MoFiR) |
| Abstract: | Green investment by private companies is essential to sustainable growth paths in advanced economies. Whether, and to what extent, investments by green firms are hampered by lack of external finance is an open question. We estimate the sensitivity of investment to internal finance in firms engaging in green innovation, finding that the elasticity of investment to cash flow is four times less for green than for non-green firms. This result is stronger among smaller firms and robust to alternative definitions of "green firms". Our findings indicate that green firms are less financially constrained, consistent with the growing perception of the importance of the green transition, which potentially affects financial investors outside the company. |
| Keywords: | Green investment; cash flow; external finance; financial constraints |
| JEL: | E22 G30 Q55 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anc:wmofir:189 |
| By: | Ferid Belhaj |
| Abstract: | The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is at a critical juncture, facing an intricate polycrisis defined by interlinked challenges including energy insecurity, water scarcity, migration, conflict, and socio-political fragmentation. These crises are not isolated; their interconnectedness amplifies their impact, creating a destabilizing feedback loop that hinders sustainable development and peacebuilding efforts. This paper explores the concept of polycrisis through the lens of Edgar Morin’s complexity theory, examining how multiple crises in MENA converge and intensify one another. Key themes include the region’s energy dilemma amid global transitions, the strategic implications of acute water scarcity, climate-induced migration, and the persistent conflicts that fragment regional governance. The analysis highlights the compounded effects of these challenges on the region’s economic stability, environmental sustainability, and geopolitical dynamics. The role of non-state actors, external powers, and regional institutions is critically assessed, emphasizing the importance of integrated, cooperative approaches in addressing the polycrisis. The paper concludes by advocating for renewed regional collaboration, particularly through frameworks such as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), and by strategic adaptation to external geopolitical shifts. By acknowledging the interdependencies of MENA’s crises, this study underscores the urgency of comprehensive, multilateral responses to secure the region’s future, amid escalating global and regional pressures. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbcoen:pb_69-24 |
| By: | Gonzales, Teresa; Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan; Madero, Ana; Mittrick, Caitlin; Myers, Emily; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Rapadas, Amica |
| Abstract: | As floods increase in frequency and intensity due to climate change, anticipatory action (AA) programs offer a promising approach to mitigate their impacts. However, there is limited research about how AA programming can address the specific needs of women, who often face heightened vulnerabilities during disasters. This paper applies the Reach, Benefit, Empower, Transform (RBET) framework to examine gender dynamics in AA programming through case studies in Nepal and Nigeria—two flood-prone countries where AA initiatives have been piloted. Using data from key informant interviews and focus group discussions with stakeholders, including government agencies, NGOs, local advocacy groups, and direct beneficiaries of flood programs, we assess barriers and enabling conditions for AA to reach, benefit, and empower women and broader opportunities for transformation of gender norms and social inequalities. Our findings reveal key implementation challenges, including limited funding, weak integration with broader disaster risk reduction efforts, and inadequate early warning systems. However, we also identify practical strategies for improving AA’s gender responsiveness, such as relying on individual rather than household-level data, providing accessible early warning information, offering aid modalities that meet women’s specific needs (such as dignity kits), ensuring women’s participation in community decision-making, and facilitating ongoing inclusive household and community dialogues in flood-prone communities rather than only responding to specific flood warnings. The paper concludes with recommendations for scaling up gender-inclusive AA programming to enhance resilience and reduce the disproportionate impacts of flooding on women. |
| Keywords: | disaster risk management; flooding; gender; vulnerability; women; climate change adaptation; Nepal; Nigeria; Asia; Southern Asia; Africa; Western Africa |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2298 |
| By: | Zhou, Peng (Cardiff Business School); Jin, Shijie; Mazouz, Khelifa (Cardiff Business School); Ding, Wenjie |
| Abstract: | This paper demonstrates that green-labeling forms an integral part of financial investment vehicles. We use data from the EU green bond market to show that green labels reduce the required yields on bonds (the “greenium†) in the long run, with the effect being more pronounced when labels are externally certified. We also find that green bonds can increase investors’ short-term attention when they are externally labeled. Further evidence suggests that the greenium of self-labeled green bonds is mainly attributed to a weak signaling effect, whereas that of externally-labeled bonds results from a combination of signaling effect and pro-environmental preferences. Our findings indicate that investors value the reassurance that third-party certifications provide about the ethical use of bond proceeds. This highlights the potential benefits of introducing stricter oversight of green bond proceeds in the bond market. |
| Keywords: | Green Bond Label; Signaling Effect; Pro-environmental Taste |
| JEL: | G12 G41 Q59 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdf:wpaper:2024/21 |
| By: | Kurz, Antonia; Rubínová, Stela |
| Abstract: | Policies that affect t he c ost o f u sing f ossil f uels i n p roduction h ave a complex impact on the economy. In this paper, we focus on the role of these policies for the pattern of comparative advantage through their effect o n p roduction c osts in manufacturing industries. Using data on carbon prices and fossil fuel subsidies, we show that less stringent carbon pricing policies increase comparative advantage in carbon intensive industries. In the first step, we use a fixed-effects gravity model of trade to estimate the export capabilities that determine the pattern of comparative advantage. In the second step, we regress the change in export capability of a country in an industry on the change in the country's carbon pricing policy, interacted with the carbon intensity of the industry, controlling for country and industry fixed effects. O ur r esults s uggest t hat a 1 0% i ncrease i n c arbon p rice i s a ssociated with a decline in export capability in the most carbon-intensive industry by 0.3% to 0.7%. On the other hand, industries with low carbon intensity are barely affected. Overall, we estimate that changes in all the policy instruments combined can explain up to 1.2% of the changes in export capabilities in the periods 2012-2015 and 2015-2018. We then use the econometric results to illustrate the potential impact of removing fossil fuel subsidies on the pattern of comparative advantage in carbon intensive industries. Furthermore, we extend our analysis to consider potential policy spillovers along the supply chain. The results suggest that carbon pricing policies compound along the domestic supply chain so that an industry's export competitiveness increases when its carbon intensive domestic suppliers face lower carbon prices or higher fossil fuel subsidies. We also find s ome l imited empirical support for supply chain spillovers of foreign carbon prices. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Pricing, Fossil Fuel Subsidies, Fossil Fuel Taxes, Comparative Advantage, Competitiveness |
| JEL: | F18 Q48 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wtowps:308083 |
| By: | Melanie Craxton; Bettina Schaer; Tim Maddock; Carly Soo (The Treasury) |
| Abstract: | More fully understanding the impacts of climate change to New Zealand is a critical step in evaluating the potential threats or opportunities posed to New Zealanders’ living standards. Ngā Kōrero Āhaurangi Me Te Ōhanga | Climate Economic and Fiscal Assessment 2023 (CEFA), a joint report by the Treasury and the Ministry for the Environment, contributed to this task by collecting, organising and providing information on the economic and fiscal impacts of climate change to New Zealand. The CEFA also presented a framework for assessing these impacts. While new, this framework is strongly aligned with and has built upon a number of international approaches. The CEFA framework categorises climate impacts into two categories: physical and transition. These impacts are then presented as flowing through economic channels to economic impacts and feedback loops. These then flow through to fiscal impacts. An important characteristic of the framework is the influence of choice, including those made by policymakers. This paper serves as a background paper for the CEFA framework. It details the influence of other international frameworks and then walks through the components of the framework, explaining how they fit together to paint a more comprehensive picture. We also consider the framework to serve as a useful guide to identifying areas for further work and deeper understanding. This paper concludes by identifying and suggesting key questions to inform future direction of work in this space. |
| Date: | 2024–04–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nzt:nztans:an24/03 |
| By: | Pal, Barun Deb; Kapoor, Shreya; Rashid, Shahidur |
| Abstract: | Salt water intrusion and rising soil salnity are threatening food and livelihood security of paddy farmers in coastal Bangladesh. Visible manifestations of these challenges are degraded soils and chronic decline in tradtional farming, as it is becoming an increasingly infeasible means of livelihood. Promoting saline-tolerant paddy varieties (STRV) has been one of the major focuses of the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) and the attention to the problem has been intensified in recent years through a partnerhsip with a consortium of CGIAR centers. Howewer, robust empirical analysis has hitherto been limited. Using farm level data, this paper analyzes the determinants and impacts of the adopting these new varieties. We use a multi-variate logit model to identify the constraints to adoption, and Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Endogeneous Switching Regression methods to assess the impacts on yeilds, and net income of the paddy farmers. Results show that adopting saline-tolerant rice varieties raises crop yield by an average of 1 to 2 tons per hectare, equivalent to a net income increase of about US$100 per hectare of cultivated land. Yet, adoption rates remain low due to several institutional constraints and perhaps a lack of nudging farmers in the scaling up strategies. Robustness of the results are tested, and the implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | climate change adaptation; impact; livelihoods; saltwater intrusion; rice; seeds; soil; technology adoption; Asia; Southern Asia; Bangladesh |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2291 |
| By: | Yilong Xu (Utrecht University); Mikolaj Czajkowski (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Nick Hanley (University of Glasgow); Leonhard Lades (University of Stirling); Charles N. Noussair (University of Arizona); Steven Tucker (University of Waikato) |
| Abstract: | A large literature in behavioral science suggests that people’s emotional condition can have an impact on their choices. We consider how people’s emotions affect their stated preferences and willingness to pay for changes in environmental quality, focusing on the effects of incidental emotions. We use videos to induce emotional states and test the replicability of the results reported in Hanley et al. (2017). Additionally, we employ Face Reader software to verify whether the intended emotional states were successfully induced in our experimental treatments. We find that our treatments succeed in implementing the predicted emotional condition in terms of self-reported emotions, but had a variable effect on measured (estimated) emotional states. We replicate the key result from Hanley et al. (2017): induced emotional state has no significant effect on stated preference estimates or on willingness to pay for environmental quality changes. Moreover, we confirm that, irrespective of the treatment assignment or emotional state - be it self-reported or measured - we observe no significant effect of emotion on stated preferences. We conclude that stated preference estimates for environmental change are unaffected by changes in incidental emotions, and that preference estimates are robust to the emotional state of the responder. |
| Keywords: | behavioural economics, choice experiments, emotions, stated choice, experimental economics |
| JEL: | D01 D12 Q51 C91 D90 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2024-19 |
| By: | Kuhn, Annegret; Merk, Christine; Wunsch, Andrea |
| Abstract: | We compare public perceptions of restoring different ecosystems to increase CO 2 uptake in Germany, through focus groups and a general population survey. Among focus group participants forests were highly popular, peatlands evoked negative associations, and seagrass was largely unknown. Nevertheless, the restoration of all ecosystems was viewed positively. We contrast these reactions to those of survey respondents who had not received additional information on restoration. They voiced narrower, less diverse opinions centering around afforestation. Further, focus group participants preferred expert-led restoration decisions, citing low trust in politicians’ technical competence. Contrary to common policy recommendations, also beyond the German context, participants did not emphasize the need of citizen participation and were not strongly concerned about land use conflicts or compensation of affected user groups. The results imply that the public underestimates the political complexity of negotiation processes in ecosystem governance, which are becoming increasingly relevant in the international policy landscape. |
| Keywords: | Climate change mitigation, CO2 removal, Ecosystem restoration, Political trus, Political participation, Public perception |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:306554 |
| By: | Gregor Boehl; Flora Budianto; Elod Takats |
| Abstract: | The paper investigates the macroeconomics of an energy transition – a shift from brown to green energy production through carbon taxation. Using a medium-scale DSGE model with energy production sectors and endogenous innovation in the green energy sector, we show that an energy transition – initiated through a brown energy tax – resembles a large supply side shock, causing a surge in inflation and energy prices and a decline in consumption. Innovation increases the efficiency of green energy production and drives energy prices down in the medium run. We document that monetary policy plays a critical role for the dynamics and pace of the transition, even if the transition is not explicitly part of the policy rule. A monetary policy with less emphasis on inflation stabilization allows for temporarily higher inflation and energy prices, which boosts R&D and innovation, enhancing welfare and accelerating the transition. |
| Keywords: | energy transition, innovation, inflation dynamics, monetary policy |
| JEL: | O44 E31 E52 E58 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:1237 |
| By: | Frondel, Manuel |
| Abstract: | Eine effektive und kosteneffiziente Klimaschutzpolitik sollte vorwiegend auf den Preismechanismus und den Emissionshandel setzen. Dieser existiert in der Europäischen Union seit dem Jahr 2005, umfasst aber nur wenige Sektoren wie die Energiewirtschaft und die Industrie. In anderen Sektoren wird stattdessen versucht, den Treibhausgasausstoß mittels ordnungsrechtlicher Maßnahmen zu verringern, vor allem in Deutschland. In diesem Beitrag werden die Emissionsvermeidungskosten von ordnungsrechtlichen Maßnahmen wie den EU-Emissionsstandards für Pkw oder eines generellen Tempolimits auf Autobahnen abgeschätzt. Während die Kosten von ordnungsrechtlichen Maßnahmen notorisch intransparent sind, zeigen die Beispielrechnungen zum Tempolimit oder zur Förderung der Elektromobilität, dass damit hohe verdeckte Belastungen verbunden sein können. So zeigt sich, dass ein Tempolimit unter dem Aspekt der Kosteneffizienz eine eher ungeeignete klimapolitische Maßnahme darstellt, wenn die Opportunitätskosten von Pkw-Fahrern, üblicherweise gemessen durch den Stundenlohn, hoch ausfallen. Um Klimaschutz nicht teurer als unbedingt nötig zu machen, sollte die Politik daher künftig weitaus stärker auf das bewährte Instrument des Emissionshandels sowie dessen Ausweitung setzen und dafür auf ordnungsrechtliche Maßnahmen weitgehend verzichten. |
| Abstract: | An effective and cost-efficient climate protection policy should primarily rely on the price mechanism and emissions trading. This has existed in the European Union since 2005, but only covers a few sectors such as the energy sector and industry. In other sectors, attempts are instead being made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by means of regulatory measures, particularly in Germany. This article estimates the emission avoidance costs of regulatory measures such as EU emission standards for cars or a general speed limit on motorways. While the costs of regulatory measures are notoriously opaque, the sample calculations for speed limits or the promotion of electromobility show that they can entail high hidden costs. This shows that a speed limit is a rather unsuitable climate policy measure in terms of cost efficiency if the opportunity costs of car drivers, usually measured by the hourly wage, are high. In order to avoid making climate protection more expensive than absolutely necessary, policymakers should therefore rely far more heavily on the proven instrument of emissions trading and its expansion in future and largely dispense with regulatory measures. |
| Keywords: | Energiewende, Wärmepumpe, Emissionshandel |
| JEL: | Q21 I38 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwimat:308059 |
| By: | LARABI JAÏDI; RIM BERAHAB; SABRINE EMRAN |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the outcomes of COP29 in Baku, focusing on its achievements and shortcomings in advancing global climate governance. Key milestones included the adoption of the new collective quantified goal (NCQG), the tripling of climate finance commitments to $300 billion annually by 2035, and progress on Article 6 carbon markets to mobilize international cooperation and finance. However, finance remains insufficient to meet the needs of developing countries, and unresolved issues such as transparency and the risk of greenwashing challenge the integrity of carbon markets. The conference also failed to maintain momentum on fossil-fuel divestment, reflecting geopolitical divisions and waning ambition. As the world prepares for COP30 in Belém, Brazil, the credibility of the COP process depends on addressing these gaps and delivering stronger, actionable commitments to meet the Paris Agreement’s aim of keeping global warming within 1.5°C. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:rpcoen:pp_21-24 |
| By: | Filani, Iyanuoluwa; Butt, Ali A; Harvey, John T; Fulton, Lewis M |
| Abstract: | The goal of this study was to develop a framework and first order estimate of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the build-out and maintenance and rehabilitation of the world’s roadway infrastructure networks from 2020 to 2050. The GHG emissions from road pavement emissions, bridges, and maintenance and rehabilitation were calculated by decade based on the existing road networks and the modelling of their expansion. For comparison, the GHG emissions from vehicle manufacture and operation were estimated. Regional comparisons and sensitivity analyses were then performed. Based on one mid-range scenario, GHG emissions from new road construction account for roughly 0.1 to 4% of regional road transportation GHG emissions depending on the region; existing road maintenance accounts for 0.32 to 3%; vehicle manufacturing for 4 to 13% of regional GHG emissions; vehicle operation accounts for 82% to 93% of regional GHG emissions; and road roughness is responsible for approximately 2% of the total system impacts. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, transportation sector, global warming, global road networks, benchmark, road infrastructure |
| Date: | 2024–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt85s1v4pg |
| By: | Zuloaga, Gonzalo; Plückebaum, Thomas; Kulenkampff, Gabriele; Wissner, Matthias |
| Abstract: | This study analyses and quantifies the energy consumption and CO2 emissions associated with operating modern telecommunications access networks, both fixed broadband (FFTH) and mobile networks (4G/5G). To quantify the environmental impacts, specific bottom-up models for the fixed and mobile access network are developed and used to endogenously determine the asset-related quantities of active network elements and their respective energy consumption. The modelling task is carried out for Germany based on household and population data at municipality level from the German Federal Institute for Research on Building and Regional Planning (BBSR), energy consumption data from the EU Code of Conduct on Energy Consumption of Broadband Communication Equipment and the CO2 emission factor for the electricity mix from the German Federal Environment Agency, in order to capture the demand for VHCN fixed and mobile access services. Furthermore, the study investigates how different settlement structures shape the environmental footprint of telecommunications networks. Based on these findings, it is analysed whether the use of mobile networks represents a sustainable strategy for the supply of rural areas in comparison to fixed network technologies. From an environmental perspective, mobile networks, especially 5G, are considered as a possible substitute for the provision of broadband access in rural areas. The analysis shows that, from an environmental perspective, FTTH access networks perform better than mobile access networks. These findings hold for any regional structure but are even more significant for rural areas. The analysis focuses on energy consumption and CO2 emissions of network operations. Deployment-related emissions and spill-over effects induced by using ICT for eco-benefits in other sectors are beyond the scope of this analysis. |
| Abstract: | Die Studie untersucht den Energieverbrauch und die CO2 Emissionen moderner fester (FTTH) und mobiler (4G/5G) Telekommunikationszugangsnetze in Deutschland und überprüft damit die Umweltauswirkungen des Telekommunikationssektors aus dem Netzbetrieb. Zur Quantifizierung werden zwei Bottom-Up Kostenmodelle (für Fest- und Mobilnetz) entwickelt, die die benötigten Netzwerkelements und deren Energiebedarf bestimmen. Die Netze sind für VHCN-Verkehr dimensioniert. Emissionen aus dem Netzausbau werden wegen geringer Relevanz vernachlässigt. Die Studie bestimmt zudem die regionalen Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Besiedlungsstrukturen auf diese Infrastrukturen und deren Energieverbrauch und erarbeitet ein nuanciertes Verständnis der wechselseitigen Abhängigkeiten und Auswirkungen. Zum Abschluss bewertet die Studie das Potential mobiler Anschlussnetze aus Nachhaltigkeitsgesichtspunkten, FTTH Anschlussnetze substituieren zu können, insbesondere in ländlichen und dünn besiedelten Regionen. FFTH Anschlussnetze sehen sich z.T. vor großen Herausforderung im ländlichen Raum bzgl. der Kosten zum Zugang entlegender Häuser, für die 5G ein Ersatz sein könnte. Dazu werden die betrieblichen CO2 Emissionen beider Anschlusstechniken miteinander verglichen. Darüber hinaus gehende indirekte Auswirkung aus der Nutzung von IKT-Tools zur Energieeinsparung in anderen Sektoren werden nicht betrachtet, weil sie von der Wahl der Anschlussnetze nicht berührt werden. Im Ergebnis sind die FTTH Anschlussnetze aus der ökologischen Perspektive über alle Regioklassen deutlich besser, und dies insbesondere in den dünn besiedelten ruralen Bereichen. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wikwps:308078 |
| By: | Bulut, Hamid; Samuel, Robin |
| Abstract: | An increasing number of countries are considering implementing domestic carbon taxes to achieve the carbon-reduction targets set in the Paris Agreement. However, introducing such taxes presents significant challenges for policymakers worldwide. Despite their effectiveness, carbon taxes remain the least popular policy instrument. Furthermore, few studies focus on public support for carbon taxation in low- and middle-income countries, a crucial area of research given the global significance of their emissions. Therefore, we conducted a pre-registered full factorial survey experiment involving more than 13, 000 evaluations of policy designs in China, Germany, India, and the UK to address the most prevalent barriers to the popularity of carbon taxes, as discussed in academic research, policy analysis, and public discourse: perceived effectiveness, average household costs, the types of revenue recycling schemes implemented, and the extent of international cooperation. Our findings revealed striking differences in how the countries responded to carbon tax policies. The key findings included the following: cost transparency unexpectedly reduced support, whereas communicating the effectiveness of the policy increased it; preferences for revenue recycling schemes varied significantly across the four countries, highlighting the need for tailored approaches; and, surprisingly, international cooperation increased support only in Germany, challenging assumptions about global climate policy. These findings have profound implications for policymakers, suggesting that an effective carbon tax design must be carefully calibrated in the national context. This study provides a roadmap for designing carbon tax policies that are environmentally effective and politically viable for diverse global economies. |
| Date: | 2024–12–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:fq4tn |
| By: | Cory Davis; Boston Hart; Benjamin Stubbing (The Treasury) |
| Abstract: | The New Zealand ETS is the Government’s main tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As emissions budgets tighten towards the achievement of longer-term targets , so will the supply of carbon credits. This will exert upward pressure on the price of carbon, which will flow through to the price of carbon intensive goods and services. While this price signal is the key mechanism of the ETS, it will have regressive impacts on household cost of living, particularly in the short-term; cost increases may be unavoidable for lower income households, and will consume a larger fraction of their disposable income. In this paper we use Treasury’s TAWA microsimulation model to show how hypothetical increased carbon prices could flow through to household expenditures, and how the impacts could vary across the household equivalized disposable income (HEDI) distribution. The expenditure impacts are regressive. Different household types have different energy use and income characteristics and are covered by different income support payments. With an eye to potential mitigations of regressive cost-of-living impacts, we investigate expenditure impacts for various household types and for households receiving different income support payments. We then model the net household impact of increased carbon prices and hypothetical offsetting transfers, which include universal payments and increases to existing transfers. We compare the fiscal costs and poverty impacts of these transfers. This paper focuses solely on the hypothetical modelling exercise and does not comment on the relative merits of the different transfers modelled or more broadly on the use of ETS revenue. |
| Date: | 2024–03–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nzt:nztans:an24/02 |
| By: | John Voorheis; Jonathan Colmer; Kendall Houghton; Eva Lyubich; Mary Munro; Cameron Scalera; Jennifer Withrow |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces the Gridded Environmental Impacts Frame (Gridded EIF), a novel privacy-protected dataset derived from the U.S. Census Bureau’s confidential Environmental Impacts Frame (EIF) microdata infrastructure. The EIF combines comprehensive administrative records and survey data on the U.S. population with high-resolution geospatial information on environmental hazards. While access to the EIF is restricted due to the confidential nature of the underlying data, the Gridded EIF offers a broader research community the opportunity to glean insights from the data while preserving confidentiality. We describe the data and privacy protection process, and offer guidance on appropriate usage, presenting practical applications. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:24-74 |
| By: | Ana María Ibáñez; Maria Adelaida Ortega; Gauthier Marchais; Patricia Justino; Teresita Narvaez; Manuel de Vera; Ryan Tangalin; Benjamin Crost; Jorge Maldonado |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the impact of armed groups and their taxation practices on the municipal fishing sector of the Zamboanga Peninsula in Mindanao, Philippines. Leveraging novel qualitative and quantitative data, we find clear evidence of armed group presence, social implantation, and taxation in the coastal communities of Zamboanga. We analyse these taxation practices in light of the complex relationship between armed groups and the fishing sector and situate them in the historical context. |
| Keywords: | Armed conflict, Taxation, Fisheries, environmental impact, Philippines, Mixed methods |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-67 |
| By: | Fridahl, Mathias; Möllersten, Kenneth; Lundberg, Liv; Rickels, Wilfried |
| Abstract: | Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is considered as a future key technology to provide baseload electricity, heat, pulp, paper, and biofuels, while also enabling atmospheric carbon dioxide removal (CDR). Sweden seeks to lead the way in bringing this technology up to scale, introducing a EUR 3.6 billion reverse auction scheme to facilitate market entry of companies producing BECCS. We explore instrument design preferences among politicians, regulators, and prospective BECCS operators to identify trade-offs and explore feasible policy design. Based on 35 interviews with experts in the latent BECCS sector in Sweden, we identify under which circumstances prospective operators would be willing to place bids and discuss how actor preferences both align with and challenge auction theory. The analysis concludes that at least four dilemmas need attention. These concerns how to: (1) balance the state’s demand for BECCS to be implemented already in 2030 against the prospective BECCS operators’ fear of the winner’s curse, i.e., a fear of bidding for a contract that turns out to be too costly to implement; (2) allocate contracts at the margin of the auctioneer’s demand for BECCS without driving up costs; (3) design compliance mechanism to achieve effectiveness without undermining efficiency, and; 4) integrate the auction with the voluntary carbon market—if at all—in a manner that safeguards the environmental integrity of the auctions. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:306863 |
| By: | Massimiliano Bonacchi (Faculty of Economics and Management, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy); Luca Menicacci (Faculty of Economics and Management, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy); Fabio Zanderigo Jona (Faculty of Economics and Management, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy) |
| Abstract: | Il concetto tradizionale di successo aziendale, basato esclusivamente su fatturato e profitto, sta evolvendo verso una valutazione più completa che include l'impatto ambientale, sociale e di governance (ESG). Questo cambiamento riflette una nuova filosofia economica dove il profitto diventa strumento per realizzare un più ampio progetto aziendale rivolto agli stakeholder. In questo lavoro si è effettuata un'analisi delle prime 100 aziende altoatesine. I risultati rivelano trend positivi: a fronte di un aumento del fatturato del 50% in tre anni, le emissioni di CO2 sono cresciute solo del 3%, con un'intensità di emissioni in linea con i parametri europei. Sul fronte sociale, il costo medio per dipendente è aumentato dell'11% (2020-2022), mentre la governance mostra progressi nella presenza femminile nei CdA, sebbene oltre 60 consigli siano ancora composti solo da uomini. |
| Keywords: | ESG; private firms; sustainability reporting; carbon intensity; social accounting; women on board. |
| JEL: | M40 M41 Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bzn:wpaper:bemps107 |
| By: | Diego A. Martin (Harvard's Growth Lab); Jose Ramon Morales Arilla (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Alvaro Morales |
| Abstract: | Do refugees settle in destinations that are ecologically similar to their origins? We assess the relevance of “climate matching” theories of migration for Venezuelan refugees in South America. Leveraging social media data, we build and validate the first local bilateral matrix of Venezuelan flows across the region. We measure bilateral ecological similarities in terms of temperature, precipitation, elevation, and distance to the coastline. Performing Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood gravity models of migration, we show that Venezuelan flows are more likely between ecologically similar areas. Model predictions explain independent measurements of Venezuelans’ settlement choices at both bilateral and destination levels. |
| Keywords: | Refugees, Mass migration, Climate matching, Gravity migration models, Social media |
| JEL: | F2 O15 R23 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:glh:wpfacu:237 |
| By: | Rida Lyammouri; Boglarka Bozsogi |
| Abstract: | Communities around the Lake Chad Basin (LCB) rely on three major economic activities: farming, fishing, and livestock herding. The floods that began in August 2024 damaged and destroyed hundreds of thousands of hectares of farmland, killed thousands of livestock, and rendered fishing unsafe for fishermen. This climate shock caused families dependent on these activities to lose their primary sources of income. Worse still, these economic activities also serve as the main source of daily food consumption, putting communities at an even higher risk of food insecurity. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbcoen:pb_67-24 |
| By: | Rida Lyammouri; Boglarka Bozsogi |
| Abstract: | Communities around the Lake Chad Basin (LCB) rely on three major economic activities: farming, fishing, and livestock herding. The floods that began in August 2024 damaged and destroyed hundreds of thousands of hectares of farmland, killed thousands of livestock, and rendered fishing unsafe for fishermen. This climate shock caused families dependent on these activities to lose their primary sources of income. Worse still, these economic activities also serve as the main source of daily food consumption, putting communities at an even higher risk of food insecurity. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbecon:pb_67-24 |
| By: | Fujisaki, Maoko; Fujimaki, Shiori; Mochizuki, Taro; Mashimo, Naoki; Taki, Kenichi; Takasaki, Kenji; Saijo, Miki; Taoka, Yuki; Nakatani, Momoko; Ohashi, Takumi |
| Abstract: | This study explores the transition toward a sustainable meat and alternative protein supply chain in Japan using a transition design approach. Amid growing global demands for sustainability in livestock systems, Japan faces unique challenges, such as geographical and structural constraints and low consumer awareness regarding sustainability and animal welfare. The aim of this study is to address the structural issues within Japan’s protein supply system and present sustainable transition scenarios. Through detailed interviews with 21 frontrunners and co-creation workshops, the structural challenges of the current socio-technical regime that hinder transition were analyzed, and a theory of change was developed. The findings reveal that Japan’s meat and protein supply systems are locked into unsustainable practices due to regulatory, cognitive, and normative rules. Based on these insights, three transition scenarios are proposed: “Grazed Lean Beef as a Feast, ” “Localized Circular Communities, ” and “Food Printer”. These scenarios emphasize the importance of experimental networks, culturally grounded visions, and phased interventions. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of sustainable transitions in the food sector and provides practical strategies for policymakers and industry stakeholders in Japan. |
| Date: | 2025–01–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:uyqn7 |
| By: | Barbour, Elisa; Volker, Jamey; Kaeppelin, Francois-Xavier |
| Abstract: | This report investigates how local governments (cities and counties) are implementing California’s Senate Bill 743, adopted in 2013 to eliminate traffic delay, measured using level-of-service (LOS) standards, as a basis for analyzing and mitigating transportation-related impacts of development projects and plans as called for under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). Based on a survey of local planning directors in California, administered in Spring, 2024, the report finds that more thanfour-fifths of localities are continuing to apply LOS standards on an “off-CEQA” basis in the permitting process for individual development projects, as well as in community-level plans and policies. Most respondent localities reported that using both VMT and LOS at both the project- and plan-level has not created conflicts, indicating that they are able to align VMT and LOS. Mitigation strategies reported as effective in reducing VMT and also improving LOS include improving active travel facilities, supporting mixed-use development, and relaxing parking requirements; these strategies can be deemed “best practices” foraligning VMT and LOS objectives. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Law, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Senate Bill 743, California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) analysis and mitigation, level of service (LOS) standards, environmental review of transportation impacts of development, VMT impact standards and implementation |
| Date: | 2024–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt2vn3k4sr |
| By: | Mr. Fabien Gonguet; Junting Zhou |
| Abstract: | Economic output and livelihoods in Pacific Island economies (PIEs) rely greatly on ocean-related sectors and products, known as the ”Blue Economy”. Yet, marine ecosystems are under mounting pressure of climate change and human degradation, exposing PIEs to very large risks, while they have only limited technical and financial capacity to mitigate them. This paper aims: first to estimate the size of the Blue Economy in PIEs, based on comprehensive international input-output tables; and second to simulate the impact of selected shocks in PIEs, so as to provide insights on the resilience of the Blue Economy to shocks, including from climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Blue Economy; Pacific Island Economies; input-output analysis; global value chains |
| Date: | 2024–12–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/255 |
| By: | Kalaskar, Ritaj (Indian Institute for Human Settlements); Haldar, Stuti (CIRCLE, Lund University) |
| Abstract: | Over the last decade energy justice has rapidly emerged as an important research and policy agenda across disciplines. It seeks to address dilemmas between accelerated decarbonisation and democratisation of energy systems. However, different articulations and interpretations of energy justice have been co-opted into the dominant framework of the three tenets approach which risks (re)producing top-down and western centric knowledge on what counts as just (energy) transitions. Through this systematic literature review we address this gap by examining scholarship at the intersection of energy transitions and energy justice. From a total of 158 articles, we identified sixteen themes categorised into four groups – approaches to development, power and agency, policy and governance, and science, society and technology. Through these, we illustrate how nuanced articulations of justice emerge based on theoretical underpinnings, conceptual framings, geographical landscapes and historical contexts. Our findings suggest a need for mainstreaming feminist and postcolonial perspectives, and place-based community driven governance of energy systems- which reveal alternative traditions of ethics and philosophy for more equitable and just transitions. Our review concludes that plural conceptualizations of energy justice must be respected by scholars, renewable energy developers and policymakers to ensure that transitions are context sensitive and contribute to a larger societal, technological, political, environmental, and economic transformation that is just, equitable, and sustainable for people, communities and the planet. |
| Keywords: | energy justice; equity; just transitions; socio-technical transitions; capability approach; energy democracy |
| JEL: | O13 O33 P18 Q40 |
| Date: | 2024–12–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2024_022 |
| By: | PIERRI Erika (European Commission - JRC); EGLE Lukas (European Commission - JRC); MILIOS Leonidas (European Commission - JRC); SAVEYN Hans (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The absence of a consistent legal framework on end-of-waste for certain waste streams creates uncertainty for waste operators and for entities trading and using secondary raw materials. The implementation of EU-wide end-of-waste criteria can address these disparities between Member States and across different actors in the value chain, ultimately increasing the uptake of high-quality secondary raw materials in manufacturing processes. The aim of this study was to develop technical proposals for EU-wide end-of-waste criteria for plastic waste, in accordance with Article 6 of Directive (EC) No 2008/98. The selection of this waste stream stems from the results of a scoping study carried out by the JRC to identify top-candidate streams for the development of EU-wide end-of-waste or by-product criteria. Plastic waste was ranked as the first priority stream for end-of-waste criteria. The report contains background information on plastics, plastic waste and the recycling value chain and additional information that is of relevance for the development of EU-wide end-of-waste criteria, namely market-related aspects, technical requirements and standards, relevant legislation as well as environmental and human health impacts. It also includes an overview and detailed analysis of national end-of-waste criteria for plastic waste in Member States. The technical recommendations have been produced by the JRC based on the contributions of relevant stakeholders in the plastic value chain. They consist of a proposal for a set of EU-wide end-of-waste criteria, including requirements on input materials, treatment processes and techniques, product quality, quality assurance and provision of information. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139303 |
| By: | Olympia Nisiforou; Christopher Deranian; Angelos Alamanos; Jorge Andres Garcia; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | The maritime sector faces multiple techno-economic, environmental and development challenges, requiring careful investment decisions. The need for holistic solutions that can address these considerations simultaneously is becoming increasingly pressing. In this paper we present the application of a free, open-source Investment Decision Support Tool, called MaritimeGCH: a least-cost linear optimization model that reflects operational and investment variables and constraints within the shipping industry. The model aims to optimize fleet composition under techno-economic, environmental, operational factors and European environmental regulations. Through this, we are able to test the effect of different technologies, their respective costs and carbon abatement potential within the Greek shipping fleet. China has the largest maritime fleet globally, with a merchant fleet of 249.2 million gross tonnes, overtaking Greece, while Greece follows closely with about 249 million GT. Greece ranks first in deadweight tonnage (DWT), accounting for 17.77% of the global capacity, with a fleet of 364 million DWT. This importance stems from a deep-rooted tradition of maritime expertise and a strategic focus on global shipping markets, positioning it as a crucial component of international trade and economic stability (Alexandropoulou et al., 2021; Papandreou et al., 2021) |
| Date: | 2025–01–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2507 |
| By: | Dang, Hai-Anh; Carletto, Calogero; Jolliffe, Dean |
| Abstract: | Existing data are severely insufficient for monitoring progress on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly for poorer countries. While we should continue efforts to produce new, high-quality data, this approach seems not feasible for all poorer countries. We call for a more systematic use of recent innovations with techniques such as data imputation to address existing data challenges. Given some resistance to utilizing new methods for filling data gaps, efforts aiming at changing the current perception and employing a mix of new data collection and data imputation can be useful. We also note that the best and most cost-effective approach would be highly context-specific and depends on various factors such as available budget, logistical capacity, and timeline. |
| Keywords: | poverty, imputation, Sustainable Development Goals, developing countries |
| JEL: | C15 I32 O15 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1539 |
| By: | Filippo Cicoli (Department of Economics, Society & Politics, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the impact of political polarization and populism on climate change discourse. Political polarization, driven by ideological and affective divides, hampers effective climate communication and policy-making. Populist rhetoric, characterized by anti-elite sentiments and simplistic narratives, further exacerbates these divides. Social media platforms amplify these polarizing messages, creating echo chambers and reinforcing extreme views. Addressing this polarization requires nuanced communication strategies that bridge ideological gaps and promote fact-based, inclusive discourse, fostering better policy outcomes and collaborative solutions. |
| Keywords: | Polarization; Climate Change; Misinformation; Populism |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:urb:wpaper:24_03 |
| By: | Kim, Keuntae; Byrd, Daniel; Handy, Susan |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this literature review is to assess what is currently known about the ability of travel demand forecasting models (TDMs) to provide accurate forecasts for different types of transportation plans and projects with respect to different outcome measures of interest. The role of TDMs in assessing the implications of highway expansions for vehicle miles of travel (VMT) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is of particular interest given the current regulatory context. Relevant studies for this review were found using a variety of search terms in the Transport Research International Documentation (TRID) database and Google Scholar. The report reviewed the available studies with respect to the themes of limitations of the models, validity testing and sensitivity testing, and VMT forecasting. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Travel demand forecasting, travel demand models, induced travel |
| Date: | 2024–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt20v0f1r8 |
| By: | Aysegül Kayaoglu; Ghassan Baliki; Tilman Brück |
| Abstract: | Climate change and violent conflict are defining challenges of our time. However, it is not yet understood how they interact in shaping human welfare and food security, how their interaction shapes gendered outcomes, or how social protection systems can mitigate their impact. To address these knowledge gaps, we first examine how household food insecurity relates to conflict and climate shocks and whether these associations are gender-sensitive. Second, we test what mechanisms can reduce the negative impacts of these shocks. |
| Keywords: | Gender, Climate change, Conflict, Food security, Social protection, Sudan |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-75 |
| By: | Jacqueline Mosomi (SALDRU, University of Cape Town.); Wendy Cunningham (The World Bank) |
| Abstract: | To adequately prepare the labor force for the green economy, policymakers and workers require a detailed understanding of the nature of green jobs. This study profiles green jobs in the South African labour market. We use labour force survey data and apply an occupational task-based approach to identify current green occupations and associated jobs, count them, and profile their workers and wages. We find that 5.5 percent to 32 percent of South Africa’s jobs can be labelled as “green”, where the former estimate uses a strict definition and the latter uses a broad definition. The share of strictly green jobs has not changed over eight years. While 65 percent of strictly green occupations can be classified as high (skill)-occupations, only 55 percent of workers are in these occupations, reflecting numerous employment opportunities in mid-level and elementary green occupations. Strictly green occupations tend to be male-dominated and held by prime-age (25-44) workers with post-secondary school. However, the profile of those in the greenest of the green occupations are older (age 45-65) workers and black African with lower than matric qualifications. Policies to prepare South Africans to engage in the green economy include developing a strategy to teach new and existing workers to use green technologies, targeting green occupations in youth development programs, making a concerted effort to support women in STEM, helping low-skilled green workers to organize and improve their work conditions, and continuing to collect and analyze data to better track South Africa’s progress in becoming a green labour force. |
| Keywords: | green jobs, green occupations, South Africa, task-based approach, labour market structure |
| JEL: | J21 Q01 Q50 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ldr:wpaper:305 |
| By: | PONTI Marisa; PORTELA Manuel; PIERRI Paola; DALY Angela; MILAN Stefania; KAUKONEN LINDHOLM Riikka (European Commission - JRC); MACCANI Giovanni; PETER DE SOUZA Siddharth; THABIT GONZALEZ Sara (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Drawing upon the ambitious policy and legal framework outlined in the Europe Strategy for Data (2020) and the establishment of common European data spaces, this Science for Policy report explores innovative approaches for unlocking relevant data to achieve the objectives of the European Green Deal. The report focuses on the governance and sharing of Green Deal data, analysing a variety of topics related to the implementation of new regulatory instruments, namely the Data Governance Act and the Data Act, as well as the roles of various actors in the data ecosystem. It provides an overview of the current incentives and disincentives for data sharing and explores the existing landscape of Data Intermediaries and Data Altruism Organizations. Additionally, it offers insights from a private sector perspective and outlines key data governance and sharing practices concerning Citizen-Generated Data (CGD). The main conclusions build upon the concept of "Systemic Data Justice, " which emphasizes equity, accountability, and fair representation to foster stronger connections between the supply and demand of data for a more effective and sustainable data economy. Five policy recommendations outline a set of main implications and actionable points for the revision of the INSPIRE Directive (2007) within the context of the common European Green Deal data space, and toward a more sustainable and fair data ecosystem. However, the relevance of these recommendations spills over Green Deal data only, as they outline key elements to ensure that any data ecosystem is both just and impact-oriented. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139026 |
| By: | Fan, Huiying; Lu, Hongyu; Guin, Angshuman; Guensler, Randall |
| Abstract: | A previous National Center for Sustainable Transportation (NCST) study examined pandemic-related changes in MARTA transit system service and ridership in Atlanta, GA, and the combined effects on energy use and per-passenger energy use (Fan, et al., 2022). For that previous study, General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) and the Automated Passenger Counter (APC) datasets were used to develop the transit network and derive distance and passenger load information within the TransitSim analytical framework. The research coupled ridership data with energy use and emission rates from MOVES-Matrix to assess how the changes in transit service and ridership affected energy use and emissions on a per passenger-mile basis. Research performed in this supplemental NCST study improved model algorithms to increase analytical efficiency and to integrate ridership demographics, so that energy use impacts could be assessed across demographic groups for use in social sustainability analysis. This report summarizes improvements that generated TransitSim 3.0 and provides a social sustainability modeling demonstration. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Transit service, transit energy use, transit ridership, transit demographics, social sustainability analysis |
| Date: | 2024–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3171b0j4 |
| By: | Mishra , Ashok (Arizona State University); Hazrana , Jaweriah (Arizona State University); Yamano , Takashi (Asian Development Bank); Sato, Noriko (Asian Development Bank); Arif, Babur Wasim (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Many rice farmers burn stubble and straw after harvest, which worsens air pollution. This paper examines the impact of training on the adoption of advanced rice harvesting technologies that reduce the need for crop burning. It uses data from a cluster randomized controlled trial in Pakistan. The results reveal that the training program improved the farm performance of rice growers. The cost–benefit analysis shows that farmers who received the training and used improved mechanical rice harvesting generated higher profits, an average gain of PRs19, 784 per acre. The results highlight the potential of targeted extension strategies to accelerate the adoption of productivity-enhancing and sustainable technologies among smallholder farmers. |
| Keywords: | rice farming randomized control trial; difference-in-difference method; revenues; harvest losses |
| JEL: | C31 O33 Q12 Q16 |
| Date: | 2024–12–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0758 |
| By: | Emerson Felipe Per Pinto; Katia Regina Gar Punhagui |
| Abstract: | A industria da construcao contribui com cerca de 7% do PIB global (ano 2023) e e responsavel por grande demanda de recursos naturais (40%), producao de residuos (50%) e emissoes de gases de efeito estufa (39%). Desta forma, estrategias tem sido implementadas; placas solares, boiler de aquecimento solar de agua tornaram-se cada vez mais frequentes em habitacoes. Assim, esta pesquisa objetiva estimar a valoracao destas “tecnologias verdes (TV)” em habitacoes unifamiliares na cidade de Foz do Iguacu-PR (ano base 2023). Atraves de estratificacao das habitacoes com tais artificios, analisou-se a variacao do valor de mercado de unidade habitacional por meio de analises descritivas e inferenciais, no qual os resultados mostraram que casas com tecnologias verdes apresentam maior valoracao no mercado de imoveis local. Placas fotovoltaicas podem incrementar entre 6, 9% e 10, 3% e boiler com aquecimento solar entre 12, 6% e 12, 7% no valor da habitacao. Verificou-se tambem que 62, 3% destes imoveis sao sobrados e 65, 6% localizam-se em condominios. Portanto, espera-se contribuir com a implementacao de solucoes sustentaveis no setor da construcao com apoio do mercado imobiliario. |
| Keywords: | Green technologies; real estate; sustainability; Sustentabilidade; Tecnologias verdes; Valoração de imóveis; Valuation of properties |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lre:wpaper:lares-2024-4dqe |
| By: | Christian.Probstin (KU Leuven) |
| Abstract: | To identify the households most affected by a carbon tax I set up a multi-sector model with putty-clay technology. A $100-per-ton carbon tax cuts emissions by 25% after 5 years, but reduces output by 3% in the short run and 4% in the long run. Initially, the tax is progressive despite poorer households spending more on carbon-intensive goods, the prices of which rise. The complementarity of capital and energy causes a sharp decline in capital income, affectingtop earners the most, and leads to job cuts in capital goods-producing industries that employ high-income earners. over time the tax incidence flattens. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax, putty-clay, input-output linkages, Income Distribution |
| JEL: | D57 E62 Q52 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202410-460 |
| By: | Robin Boadway (QueenÕs University, Canada); Anwar Shah (World Bank and Brookings Institution) |
| Abstract: | We review the types of federal-state transfers used in federations in OECD and developing economies and outline their purposes. We discuss economic principles and better practices in the design of transfers, and we summarize the ways in which actual transfers deviate from better practices. We offer some examples of innovative, yet simple and pragmatic, ways of designing equalizing transfers. Traditionally, federal transfers have been used to facilitate decentralized governance by financing decentralized expenditures and dealing with regional fiscal disparities. While the traditional focus remains pre-eminent, emerging newer roles for these transfers include citizen-based accountability for results, protecting the environment, preserving biodiversity, promoting nature conservation, coping with climate change, natural disasters and calamities, and responding to fiscal shocks. We reflect upon relevant economic principles and design considerations for fiscal transfers to support these roles. We emphasize political decision-making as an important constraint on transfer design and highlight how design and practice can be compromised by political considerations. Finally, we identify future challenges likely to face the design of federal-state transfers. We emphasize that federations are very diverse in their level of development, their heterogeneity, their degree of decentralization and their social and political norms. No one transfer design fits all. Nonetheless, the basic function of federal-state transfers as instruments for creating incentive structures that facilitate efficient and equitable decentralized provision of public services, strengthen government accountability, preserve and protect the environment and overcome the adverse impact of fiscal shocks, apply universally and informs the effective design of transfers. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ays:ispwps:paper2408 |
| By: | C. GRISLAIN-LETREMY (Banque de France); J. SIXOU (INSEE); A. SOTURA (Banque de France) |
| Abstract: | During heat waves, urban heat islands (UHIs) affect city neighbourhoods in heterogeneous ways due to differences in urban form, building quality, vegetation and human activity. Some populations are particularly vulnerable, such as the elderly, young children and low-income households, who have fewer options for dealing with UHI. In this article, for the first time we measure household exposure to UHI as a function of income in the main French cities. We construct and compare finely localised data on temperature, vegetation, residential building density, height and period of construction, and socio-economic characteristics of households in nine of France's largest cities. We find that the relationship between exposure to UHI and income depends on pre-existing spatial sorting. In cities such as Paris, the French capital, where affluent and low-income households reside close to the city centre, exposure to UHI as a function of income follows a U-shaped curve. In contrast, in cities where affluent households live in wealthy suburbs, such as Lyon, France's second largest city, exposure to UHI decreases with income. We also find that vulnerable households, defined by both age and income criteria, are slightly more exposed but much less able to renovate their homes or leave the city during heatwaves. |
| Keywords: | climate change; urban heat islands; urban areas; spatial inequalities |
| JEL: | Q54 R11 R14 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nse:doctra:2024-21 |
| By: | Ambec, Stefan; Coria, Jessica |
| Abstract: | Public consultations are widely used in regulatory processes, allowing stakeholders to present their viewpoints despite their inherent biases. Some stakeholders, such as firms, are known to be pro-business, while others, such as environmental NGOs, are pro-environment. We develop a framework to analyze how a regulator should process information provided by biased stakeholders. We distinguish between stakeholders whose biases are high and known and those whose biases are small but unknown, such as national authorities. We show that the regulator should follow the advice that runs counter to a stakeholder’s typical bias, i.e., to regulate if firms so advise, and not to regulate if environmental organizations so advise. Without such advice, she should prioritize the comments provided by stakeholders with smaller but unknown bias. Next, we contrast our theoretical results with the regulation of chemicals in the European Union. In line with our theory, we find that support for regulation has a strong and significant impact on the decision to regulate when the support comes from firms but not when it comes from NGOs and environmental agencies. We also find that national authorities have a stronger influence than other stakeholders in the regulation decision, both by the number of comments and the relative support. |
| Keywords: | Environmental policy; incomplete information; cheap talk; biased expertise;; private politics; chemicals, REACH |
| Date: | 2024–12–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:130037 |
| By: | Aneli Bongers (Department of Economics, University of Malaga); Cesar Ortiz (Department of Economics, Thompson Rivers University); Jose L. Torres (Department of Economics, University of Malaga) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the Dynamic Integrated Space-Economy (DISE) model, which is designed to study the economic implications of alternative policies aimed at mitigating orbital debris. The DISE model combines a standard neoclassical growth model with a physical space model for orbital debris dynamics. The economic model categorizes capital assets into two types: Earth's capital and Space's capital (i.e., satellites). DISE is intended to calculate the cost of space debris and its impact on the global economy. The model is simulated for a 200-year period under different scenarios, including a clean space environment, laissez-faire, de-orbiting policy, debris-free launch systems, a combination of de-orbiting and debris-free launch vehicles, and collision avoidance. |
| Keywords: | Outer space; Orbital debris; Satellites, Integrated Assessment Models; Mitigation policies. |
| JEL: | D62 E22 H23 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bhw:wpaper:03-2024 |
| By: | Meg Adachi-Sato (Research Institute for Economics & Business Administration, Kobe University, JAPAN and Faculty of Business Administration and Accountancy, Khon Kaen University, THAILAND) |
| Abstract: | This study examines how for-profit firms obtain capital from values-based, socially responsible investors by undertaking environmental, social, and governance (ESG) actions within a search model. In this model, the two parties are matched and benefit from informational advantages throughout the search process. The paper shows that an increase in the number of socially responsible investors encourages the for-profit firms capable of taking ESG actions to consistently take such actions, even if doing so may result in negative marginal pecuniary returns. Consequently, the paper concludes that regulators aiming to encourage firms to adopt more ESG actions should incentivize investors to prioritize ESG performance in their investment decisions. It also demonstrates that strengthening shareholder rights or promoting corporate governance reforms does not necessarily motivate firms to pursue ESG actions. |
| Keywords: | ESG; Search; Social impact; Socially responsible investor; Competitive capital market; Bargaining; Value versus values motivations |
| JEL: | D83 G23 G32 M14 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kob:dpaper:dp2025-01 |
| By: | Rowangould, Gregory; Ahmadnia, Narges; Nelson, Clare; Quallen, Erica; Clarke, Julia |
| Abstract: | Smaller and rural communities are often automobile dependent, a fact that has raised considerable concerns about the equity and effectiveness of market-based climate strategies including carbon taxes and carbon cap and trade schemes in rural states like Vermont. A lack of research and data describing how people in smaller and rural communities respond to changes in transportation costs is a critical gap to informing the design of market-based greenhouse gas mitigation policies and evaluating their potential outcomes. This report describes several related studies that focus on understanding the opportunities and constraints that people face in changing how they travel in small and rural communities in Vermont and also evaluates the equity implications of gas tax alternatives. The research is informed by data collected by the researcher team from interviews, surveys and unique administrative datasets. Findings show that urban, suburban, and rural households all made significant travel adjustments in response to higher gas prices. Urban households were more likely to substitute their mode of transportation or move, and rural households were more likely to adopt an electric vehicle (EV); however, most people in all community types were able to reduce the amount they travel by making fewer or shorter trips. Greater accessibility and more transit options were noted as barriers to change in all communities studied. Significant concerns about the feasibility of EVs were common and also shared across all communities. Overall, these findings suggest that market-based climate policies could be effective, even in smaller and rural communities. The authors also find that many people misunderstand how the gas tax is collected and what it funds, resulting in widely held beliefs that a mileage base fee alternative would be unfair, particularly to rural households. Using motor vehicle registration and inspection records, the researchers demonstrate that a mileage based user fee would be somewhat less regressive than the current gas tax and also less costly than the gas tax to rural households on average in Vermont. They also find that providing simple, factual, information about the gas tax and alternatives can significantly shift public support for gas tax alternatives in Northern New England. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Travel behavior, rural, travel cost, mode choice, mileage fee |
| Date: | 2024–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt03w2v8h7 |
| By: | Berlemann, Michael; Eckmann, Timur; Eurich, Marina |
| Abstract: | For governments, the occurrence of natural disasters creates the opportunity to demonstrate their willingness and competence in providing prompt and efficient disaster aid. A number of studies has investigated the political consequences of providing disaster aid by analyzing the effects of such aid on subsequent election results. However, the findings of these studies have not yielded a coherent picture. This paper makes a contribution to the existing literature by employing high-frequency survey data on presidential approval. The combination of this data with wildfire data and information on Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) aid approvals and denials reveals that Barack Obama gained in support among (potential) voters for whom FEMA aid was approved by the president, while he was not punished for denials of FEMA assistance. We show that this effect is exclusively driven by voters without party affiliation and the that the effect is temporary. |
| Abstract: | Für die Regierungen bietet das Auftreten von Naturkatastrophen die Möglichkeit, ihre Bereitschaft und Kompetenz zur schnellen und effizienten Katastrophenhilfe unter Beweis zu stellen. In einer Reihe von Studien wurden die politischen Folgen der Katastrophenhilfe untersucht, indem die Auswirkungen dieser Hilfe auf die nachfolgenden Wahlergebnisse analysiert wurden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studien führten jedoch zu keinem einheitlichen Ergebnis. Die vorliegende Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zur bestehenden Literatur, indem sie hochfrequente Umfragedaten zur Zustimmung des Präsidenten verwendet. Die Kombination dieser Daten mit Daten über Waldbrände und Informationen über bewilligte und verweigerte Hilfen bereitgestellt von der Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) zeigt, dass Barack Obama bei (potenziellen) Wählern, denen der Präsident FEMA-Hilfen bewilligte, an Unterstützung gewann, während er bei Verweigerung von FEMA-Hilfen nicht abgestraft wurde. Wir zeigen, dass dieser Effekt ausschließlich von Wählern ohne Parteizugehörigkeit getrieben wird und dass der Effekt vorübergehend ist. |
| Keywords: | Presidential approval, natural disasters, wildfires, disaster aid, disaster declarations, FEMA |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hwwiwp:308095 |
| By: | Irene Jacqz; Tugba Somuncu; John Voorheis |
| Abstract: | Tens of millions of people in the U.S. may be exposed to drinking water contaminated with perand poly-fluoroalkyl chemicals (PFAS). We provide the first estimates of long-run economic costs from a major, early PFAS source: fire-fighting foam. We combine the timing of its adoption with variation in the presence of fire training areas at U.S. military installations in the 1970s to estimate exposure effects for millions of individuals using natality records and restricted administrative data. We document diminished birthweights, college attendance, and earnings, illustrating a pollution externality from military training and unregulated chemicals as a determinant of economic opportunity. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:24-72 |
| By: | Russo, Joseph; Holmén, Britt A. |
| Abstract: | Given that today’s real-world diesel fuel supply is comprised of biodiesel as a blendstock with petrodiesel, understanding how addition of biodiesel affects exhaust particle properties and their subsequent effect on human health is critically important. Here, samples of a commercial waste vegetable oil biodiesel B100 fuel were subject to thermal oxidation at 110oC for 5, 10 or 20 hr before diesel engine dynamometer emissions testing as the neat fuel (B100) and as a 20% v/v biodiesel blend (B20) with petrodiesel. Exhaust particulate matter samples collected using impingers were tested for the ability of the particles to initiateformation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using the abiotic dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. DTT Activity [nmol DTT consumed per minute per mg PM] of three B20, three B100 as well as petrodiesel (B0) fuels over a total of 13 emissions tests with a light-duty diesel engine were compared. Combining data for emissions tests by fuel blend and oxidation status, mean DTT Activity was similar between B0 and B20 (10hr oxidized), B100 (neat) and B100 (5 hr). Particles from the B20 neat and B20 (20 hr) fuels had the highest measured DTT Activity whereas the B100 neat and B100 (5 hr) had the lowest DTT Activity. Twenty hours of thermal oxidation conditions resulted in the highest measured DTT Activity (or highest potential to form ROS) for both B20 and B100 fuels and IP=0. An inverse relationship between storage stability (opposite of degree of fuel oxidation) of the biodiesel fuel as measured by induction potential (IP) and the ROS formation potential: higher DTT Activity was noted for the B100 fuels with the lowest IP. Results suggest that mixing of B20 from certified B100 fuel may lead to oxidation of unsaturated FAMES and subsequent higher ROS formation potential. Future work should examine how the detailed chemical composition of biodiesel exhaust PM, especially when waste oil B100 is blended with petrodiesel at 20 % v/v, may be related to DTT consumption or other metrics for ROS formation potential. Further, future emissions studies should provide information on property differences between Bxx blends and the neat B100 fuel that result not only from biodiesel storage, but from fuel handling. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Biodiesel, dithiothreitol (DTT), ROS, B20, B100, oxidative stability, FAMEs |
| Date: | 2024–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt8j59b5hf |
| By: | Cavalcanti, T.; Mohaddes, K.; Nian, H.; Yin, H. |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the long-term impact of air pollution on firm-level R&D human capital composition and innovation, as well as the strategies firms adopt to mitigate these effects. Using a spatial regression discontinuity design based on China’s Huai River heating policy and exploring a novel dataset with detailed information on firm-level R&D sector, we show that prolonged exposure to air pollution significantly reduces the proportion of R&D workers with advanced degrees, such as PhDs and master’s degrees. To counteract these challenges, firms in polluted areas increase their reliance on external strategies, such as acquiring technology and collaborating with universities, and adopt internal measures, including enhanced welfare subsidies for R&D staff and greater investment in experimental instruments. Despite these efforts, firms in polluted areas still produce lower R&D value compared to those in cleaner regions. Our results highlight the key importance of internal human capital in complementing external technological investments. |
| Keywords: | adaptive strategies, air pollution, firm value, innovation, R&D human capital composition |
| Date: | 2024–11–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camjip:2428 |
| By: | Cavalcanti, T.; Mohaddes, K.; Nian, H.; Yin, H. |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the long-term impact of air pollution on firm-level R&D human capital composition and innovation, as well as the strategies firms adopt to mitigate these effects. Using a spatial regression discontinuity design based on China’s Huai River heating policy and exploring a novel dataset with detailed information on firm-level R&D sector, we show that prolonged exposure to air pollution significantly reduces the proportion of R&D workers with advanced degrees, such as PhDs and master’s degrees. To counteract these challenges, firms in polluted areas increase their reliance on external strategies, such as acquiring technology and collaborating with universities, and adopt internal measures, including enhanced welfare subsidies for R&D staff and greater investment in experimental instruments. Despite these efforts, firms in polluted areas still produce lower R&D value compared to those in cleaner regions. Our results highlight the key importance of internal human capital in complementing external technological investments. |
| Keywords: | adaptive strategies, air pollution, firm value, innovation, R&D human capital composition |
| Date: | 2024–11–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2466 |
| By: | Temel, Anna; Thiel, Patrick; Vance, Colin |
| Abstract: | The value of open space is often reflected by the higher prices of the homes located in its proximity. But is closer always better? We examine this question by estimating a hedonic regression using pooled crosssectional data from Germany spanning 2007 until 2023. We distinguish two types of open space, parks and protected areas (PAs), and explore heterogeneity in the effects of the latter according to prevailing environmental attitudes, as measured by the share of the Green party vote. Results suggests that increasing distance to parks substantially decreases home prices, with the magnitude of the effect weakening as distance increases. Increasing distance to PAs likewise decreases home prices, but the effect is smaller and hardly varies by distance. More strikingly, we find a negative effect of PAs on prices for homes located within their boundaries, with no evidence that this effect is mediated by the share of Green voters. One possible explanation is that the restrictions that often accompany PAs may offset their amenity value, irrespective of local political support for conservation, a reaction that planners would be wise to anticipate in siting decisions. |
| Abstract: | Der Wert von Freiflächen spiegelt sich oft in den höheren Preisen für Häuser in ihrer Nähe wider. Aber ist näher immer besser? Wir untersuchen diese Frage, indem wir eine hedonische Regression mit gepoolten Querschnittsdaten aus Deutschland für den Zeitraum 2007 bis 2023 schätzen. Wir unterscheiden zwischen zwei Arten von Freiflächen, Parks und Schutzgebieten, und untersuchen die Heterogenität der Auswirkungen der letzteren in Abhängigkeit von der vorherrschenden Umwelteinstellung, gemessen am Wähleranteil der grünen Partei. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass mit zunehmender Entfernung zu Parks die Immobilienpreise erheblich sinken, wobei der Effekt mit zunehmender Entfernung schwächer wird. Mit zunehmender Entfernung zu Naturschutzgebieten sinken die Immobilienpreise ebenfalls, aber der Effekt ist geringer und variiert kaum je nach Entfernung. Noch auffälliger ist, dass die Preise für Eigenheime, die sich innerhalb der Grenzen der Naturschutzgebieten befinden, negativ beeinflusst werden, wobei es keinen Hinweis darauf gibt, dass dieser Effekt durch den Anteil der Grünen-Wähler vermittelt wird. Eine mögliche Erklärung dafür ist, dass die mit den Schutzgebieten oft einhergehenden Beschränkungen ihren Wert für die Allgemeinheit aufheben, unabhängig von der lokalen politischen Unterstützung für den Naturschutz - eine Reaktion, die die Planer bei ihren Standortentscheidungen berücksichtigen sollten. |
| Keywords: | Open space, house values, hedonic price framework, valuation |
| JEL: | R30 R58 H41 Q51 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:306839 |
| By: | Benseny, Graciela |
| Abstract: | The district of General Pueyrredon (Argentina), with Mar del Plata as its main city, has a large peri-urban territory with scenic, agricultural and cultural characteristics that favour rural tourism, based on local cultural traditions and contact with nature. In recent decades, it has become a strategy for economic diversification that favours sustainable development and careful management of the effects of touristification, which can lead to the commodification of culture and the loss of local identity. The aim is to explore the opportunities and challenges of rural tourism in the district of General Pueyrredon, analysing its relationship with sustainable development and the implications of touristification in the region. An exploratory and descriptive study is carried out, consulting bibliographic, documentary, graphic and virtual sources, taking as a case the Estancia Santa Isabel, whose productive diversification allows its positioning as an innovative reference of rural tourism. |
| Keywords: | Turismo Rural; Desarrollo Sustentable; Turistificación; Partido de General Pueyrredon; |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4243 |
| By: | Merk, Christine; Meissner, Leonie P.; Griesoph, Amelie; Hoffmann, Stefan; Schmidt, Ulrich; Rehdanz, Katrin |
| Abstract: | Switching to a diet lower in red meat has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Using a unique time series of daily sales data from three German university canteens from 2017 to 2019, we analyse the effects of a monthly Veggie Day in a food-away-from-home context. We find that the temporary ban on meat dishes did not lead to a widespread boycott – as the heated public debates might have suggested. In our setting, a Veggie Day could reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 66%. However, especially at the site with a higher share of meat eaters on regular days, up to 22% of customers bypassed the meat-free main dishes on Veggie Days and ate at other on-site alternatives where meat was available. However, total on-site sales did not decrease significantly. Students were less likely to switch to alternatives than staff and guests. A less stringent implementation of a Veggie Day where only beef dishes were removed from the menu, did not result in a significant shift to alternatives but could reduce emissions by up to 51%. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:306606 |
| By: | Harvey, John T; Mateos, Angel; Buscheck, Jeff; Rahman, Mohammad; Brotschi, Julian; Fonturbel, Julia; Cazares-Ramirez, Anai; Elkashef, Mohamed; Jones, David |
| Abstract: | The goal of the research presented in this report is to study how the mechanical properties of hot mix asphalt change upon the addition of high contents of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and the inclusion of any amount of recycled asphalt shingles (RAS), with between 25% and 50% binder replacement and to consider the addition of recycling agents to reduce the increase in stiffness and corresponding decrease in fatigue resistance. To achieve this goal, 16 mixes and the corresponding binders were fabricated and tested in the laboratory. The mix factorial includes a control gradation, two virgin binders (PG 64-16 and PG 58-28, from different sources), two RAPs with different levels of aging (PG high temperatures of 102°C and 109°C), one RAS, and two recycling agents (a petroleum-derived aromatic and a tall oil). The testing of the binders included performance grade (PG), shear stiffness, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The testing of the mixes included stiffness, four-point flexural fatigue resistance, rutting resistance, and the IDEAL cracking tolerance (IDEAL-CT) test. The main conclusion from this study is that most of the increased stiffness effects of high RAP and/or RAS addition can be offset by using recycling agents and/or reducing the stiffness of the virgin binder by reducing the PG binder grade. Two approaches are proposed to determine an appropriate dosage of recycling agent. The first focuses on restoring the mechanical properties of the mix with high RAP/RAS content back to the properties of a control mix with either no RAP/RAS or a low RAP/RAS content. The second approach focuses on meeting the required performance-related specifications within the balanced mix design framework by using the minimum amount of recycling agent. It was found that restoring the PG high temperature of the binder blend, a commonly followed approach, may result in unnecessarily high recycling agent doses with a consequent increase in cost and greenhouse gas emissions and the over-softening of the mix at intermediate and low temperatures. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), recycled asphalt shingles (RAS), recycling agent, recycling agent, balanced mix design (BMD) |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt9gn079w4 |
| By: | Koski, Heli; Kuosmanen, Natalia; Kuusi, Tero |
| Abstract: | Abstract This brief presents key findings from Etla’s “Innovation-Driven Pathways to Economic Growth” project, which deepen the understanding of the mechanisms behind innovation-driven growth and evaluate the role of innovation policy in promoting sustainable growth in Finland. The findings underscore the critical role of foreign inventors and skilled employees in driving innovation and economic renewal. Immigration of highly skilled individuals enhances knowledge and diversity, boosting the effectiveness of innovation policy measures, such as R&D subsidies. Fully realizing this potential requires the effective integration of foreign experts into research and innovation activities. Supporting the green transition simultaneously presents Finland with significant opportunities to strengthen its competitiveness. While Finland’s share of green production currently lags behind international leaders, the country’s industrial structure and high-tech expertise provide a solid foundation for growth. Effectively targeted R&D subsidies can boost productivity and improve societal welfare. Targeting support for high-innovation-capacity companies can accelerate structural economic reforms. However, policymakers must consider adjustment costs, which can reduce the impact of growth policies. |
| Keywords: | Innovations, Immigration, Productivity, Economic growth |
| JEL: | D23 F22 J61 O3 |
| Date: | 2024–12–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:briefs:147 |
| By: | Claudia Daniel Escurza González; David Pérez Neira; Xavier Simón Fernández |
| Abstract: | Los sistemas de cultivo actuales, de carácter intensivo, deben abordar importantes desafíos relacionados con la insostenibilidad ambiental, económica y social. Este estudio presenta una Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura (SLR) sobre la evaluación de la sostenibilidad mediante Análisis Multicriterio (MCA) de los sistemas y de los manejos agrícolas alternativos a los convencionales, destacando el potencial de este enfoque para integrar todas las dimensiones de la sostenibilidad. Se identificaron 60 estudios relevantes, a través de los cuales se pretendía valorar el impacto de la transición hacia una producción agraria ecológica, así como identificar los sistemas y prácticas más prósperas. Como cabía esperar, los resultados evidencian frecuentes trade-offs entre las dimensiones de la sostenibilidad, particularmente entre los objetivos ambientales y económicos, así como discrepancias dentro de cada ámbito. No obstante, prácticas como la diversificación de cultivos (especialmente cuando se diversifica con leguminosas), las técnicas de riego eficiente y los sistemas integrados de cultivo-ganado destacan por sus numerosos impactos positivos. En contraste, la labranza reducida presenta importantes limitaciones. Asimismo, los sistemas alternativos sufren dificultades comunes, incluyendo elevados costes iniciales, mayor complejidad operativa y la falta de formación adecuada. Estas limitaciones destacan la necesidad de políticas de apoyo que fomenten la adopción de métodos de producción sostenibles, a través de la educación y de la cooperación, y faciliten el acceso a recursos financieros. En conclusión, el estudio demuestra que los sistemas alternativos pueden disminuir los impactos ambientales sin perjudicar los aspectos económicos y sociales, siempre que las estrategias se diseñen teniendo en consideración tanto las especificidades locales como a todos los grupos de interés involucrados en ellos. |
| Keywords: | Sistemas de cultivo, alimentación sostenible, evaluación multicriterio, impacto ambiental, impacto socioeconómico |
| JEL: | Q15 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vig:wpaper:2403 |
| By: | Flensborg, Karen Ivana |
| Abstract: | El presente trabajo se adscribe a la problemática vinculada al cambio climático, energía y turismo. Se propone como objetivo determinar niveles de implementación de medidas vinculadas al uso racional, a la eficiencia energética y a las energías renovables en alojamientos turísticos. A fin de lograrlo, este estudio se encuentra sustentado en diferentes decisiones metodológicas, algunas secuenciales, otras simultáneas y otras recurrentes. Los resultados dan cuenta que los niveles de implementación difieren en los alojamientos en términos de climatización, agua caliente sanitaria, iluminación, lavandería y cocina. Asimismo, se evidencia que todos los alojamientos tienen posibilidades de mejoras en su desempeño energético. |
| Keywords: | Turismo; Transición Energética; Eficiencia Energética; Energías Renovables; Alojamientos Turísticos; |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4241 |
| By: | Lu, Hongyu; Rodgers, Michael O.; Guensler, Randall |
| Abstract: | The Georgia Tech research team developed MOVES-Matrix 3.0 based on the EPA's MOVES3 (version 3.1.0) energy use and emission rate model by running MOVES3 thousands of times on the PACE supercomputing cluster across all combinations of input variables and storing the output as lookup tables. MOVES-Matrix 3.0 allows on-road energy consumption and emissions modeling to be conducted more than 800 times faster than running MOVES, while it generates the exact same results, as verifiedin this report. MOVES-Matrix 3.0 was designed similarly to its predecessor, MOVES-Matrix 2014, but required extensive code modifications to accommodate changes in the MOVES3 environment (including a shift from MySQL to MariaDB and incorporation of new vehicle source sub-types and operating parameters). The review of the fuel and I/M scenarios indicated that MOVES3 now defines 122 modeling regions, as compared with 109 regions in MOVES 2014b (different matrices need to be developed each modeling region). The development of matrices for each modeling region takes approximately 15-20 days on the PACE supercomputing cluster given our assigned resources (compared with only 5-7 days to develop matrices for MOVES 2014). A case study of 3, 000 roadway links using Atlanta's matrices confirmed that MOVES-Matrix 3.0 produces the exact same energy consumption and emissions results as MOVES3, but execution modules operate 800 times faster using MOVES-Matrix lookupsthan running MOVES for any single run. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Emission Rate Modeling, Energy Use Modeling, MOVES, MOVES-Matrix |
| Date: | 2024–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4cs5q28b |
| By: | McCartney, Gerry; Hill O'Connor, Clementine; Laughlin, Sue; Robertson, Tony; Bunse, Lukas; Crighton, Matthew; McLeod, Aileen; Cochrane, Phoebe; Stuart, Francis; Black, Iain; McMaster, Robert |
| Abstract: | The Scottish Government published its 10-year National Strategy for Economic Transformation (NSET) in 2022. The NSET set out an ambition to create a Wellbeing Economy, but NonGovernmental Organisations (NGOs) who advocate for a Wellbeing Economy and environmental sustainability were critical both of the contents of the NSET, and the process used to create it. This paper seeks to provide a review of evidence to better inform the future development of economic strategy in Scotland, and rebalance the advice the original NSET was based upon, such that it might have a better chance of realising a Wellbeing Economy in the future. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:penwps:308087 |
| By: | GOLEBIOWSKA-TATAJ Daria |
| Abstract: | This policy paper assesses the means to enhance European competitiveness in alignment with core European values of fairness, sustainability, and strategic autonomy. It critically examines Ursula von der Leyen's Political Guidelines for the 2024–2029 European Commission and Mario Draghi's report, "The Future of European Competitiveness, " focusing on re-industrialisation, education, AI, and regional growth. The paper underscores the imperative of radical transformation to maintain Europe's socio-economic model in light of geopolitical shifts, advocating for sustainable industrial policies, transformational education systems, generative AI integration, and regional growth strategies. It proposes policy recommendations that include re-industrialisation with a focus on decarbonisation and sustainable jobs, fostering a resilient education system with lifelong learning, leveraging AI for innovation, and closing the innovation gap through strengthened regional ecosystems. The paper concludes that Europe must adapt to ensure competitiveness and influence in the future, guided by an ethos of change to preserve its values and prosperity. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc139560 |
| By: | Nathalie de Marcellis-Warin; Martin Trépanier; Thierry Warin |
| Abstract: | With the collaboration of Lucien Chaffa, Sarah Elimam, Aïchata Kone, Molivann Panot, Jeremy Schneider, Bilal Siddika and Adam Touré. The study of competitiveness has long been constrained by traditional trade analyses, which focus on inter-industry flows between countries while overlooking the intricate interconnectedness of supply chains. This position paper advocates for the use of digital twin technology to replicate complex economic systems, enabling the modeling of firm-to-firm interactions and uncovering the micro-level impacts of macroeconomic phenomena. We present an integrated analytical framework to analyze the bi-national Great Lakes-St. Lawrence (GLSL) region, spanning Canada and the United States. The creation of a digital twin for this region represents a transformative step in the digitalization of regional economies. This framework provides an integrated analysis of trade, transportation, and environmental systems, enhancing our understanding of regional competitiveness and supporting strategic decision-making. It emphasizes the critical role of multimodal transportation networks, particularly in addressing the challenges posed by climate change, as a key determinant of regional competitiveness. Avec la collaboration Lucien Chaffa, Sarah Elimam, Aïchata Kone, Molivann Panot, Jeremy Schneider, Bilal Siddika et Adam Touré. L’étude de la compétitivité a longtemps été limitée par les analyses traditionnelles des flux commerciaux, centrées sur les flux inter-industries entre pays tout en négligeant l’interconnexion complexe des chaînes d’approvisionnement. Cet article propose l’utilisation d'un jumeau numérique pour répliquer les systèmes économiques complexes, permettant de modéliser les interactions entre entreprises et de révéler les impacts microéconomiques des phénomènes macroéconomiques. Nous présentons un cadre analytique intégré pour analyser la région binationale du Saint-Laurent et des Grands Lacs (SLGL), englobant le Canada et les États-Unis. La création d’un jumeau numérique pour cette région constitue une étape innovante dans la numérisation des économies régionales. Ce cadre offre une analyse intégrée des systèmes de flux commerciaux, de transport et d’environnement, améliorant notre compréhension de la compétitivité régionale et appuyant la prise de décisions stratégiques. Il met en lumière le rôle critique des réseaux de transport multimodaux, notamment face aux défis posés par les changements climatiques, en tant que déterminant clé de la compétitivité régionale. |
| Keywords: | Competitiveness, Digital Twin, Complexity Economics, Global Value Chains, Machine Learning, Multimodal Transportation, Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region, Compétitivité, Jumeau numérique, Économie de la complexité, Chaînes de valeur mondiales, Apprentissage automatique, Transport multimodal, Région du Saint-Laurent et des Grands Lacs |
| Date: | 2024–12–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:circah:2024pr-04 |
| By: | Aneli Bongers (Department of Economics, University of Malaga); Benedetto Molinari (Department of Economics, University of Malaga and CREA); Sebastien Rouillon (Department of Economics, University of Bordeaux); Jose L. Torres (Department of Economics, University of Malaga) |
| Abstract: | Although it is probably too early to define a new field of economics named "Economics of Outer Space", the rising importance of outer space for scientific, economic, and social development is beyond discussion. Nowadays, commercial satellites offer various vital services to Earth's consumers at the cost of congesting and polluting space with orbital debris. However, this is just the beginning of history, and several new commercial exploitations of outer space will appear in the future, with the consolidation of an almost autonomous industry in space, further congesting and producing additional market failures. This paper reviews seminal and initial works in this new field on various topics and discusses the connection with existing well-established fields in economics. Human activities in outer space involve several economic and legal issues related to regulation and property rights, congestion, pollution, militarization and weaponization, and exploitation of natural resources. These issues should be addressed as soon as possible to mitigate conflict among spacefaring agents and loss of welfare for humankind. Finally, we suggest future research directions in this promising and highly unexplored area. |
| Keywords: | Outer space; Satellites; Earth's orbit; Orbital debris; Anti-satellite weapon systems; Space industry; Satellite data. |
| JEL: | D62 E22 H23 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bhw:wpaper:01-2024 |
| By: | Jamel Saadaoui; Russell Smyth; Joaquin Vespignani |
| Abstract: | Ensuring a stable supply of critical minerals at reasonable prices is essential for the clean energy transition. The security of supply of critical minerals is particularly susceptible to geopolitical risk. In this paper, we use constant and time-varying parameter local projection (TVP-LP) regression models to examine the effect of geopolitical risk on prices of six critical minerals: aluminium, copper, nickel, platinum, tin and zinc. We propose a conceptual framework in which we make two predictions. The first is that the responsiveness of prices for critical minerals to geopolitical risk will depend on the non-technical risk associated with procuring each critical mineral, which will be reflected in the elasticity of supply. The second is that geopolitical threats will have a bigger effect on critical mineral prices than geopolitical acts. With the exception of platinum prices, which have suffered a downward structural demand side shock associated with the growth of the electric vehicle market, we find empirical support for the first prediction. Our results are also consistent with the second prediction. We find considerable evidence that the effect of geopolitical risk on the prices of critical minerals are time varying with time-varying effects of geopolitical shocks observed during the Gulf War, following the 9/11 terrorist attacks and during the COVID-19 pandemic with the time varying effects generally being stronger for geopolitical threats than geopolitical acts. |
| Keywords: | critical minerals, energy security, geopolitical risk |
| JEL: | C14 Q20 Q41 Q43 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2024-69 |
| By: | Adeyanju, Dolapo; Amare, Mulubrhan; Andam, Kwaw S.; Bamiwuye, Temilolu; Gelli, Aulo; Idowu, Ifetayo |
| Abstract: | This paper examines Nigeria’s Home-Grown School Feeding Program (HGSFP), an initiative that enhances traditional school feeding by supporting local agriculture. Operating across federal, state, and school levels, the HGSFP sources meals from local smallholder farmers, aiming to stimulate rural economies and improve food security. The program creates demand for locally grown food, encouraging farmers to increase productivity and adopt sustainable practices while providing them with stable income. The HGSFP has successfully expanded its impact beyond students to benefit farmers, communities, and local businesses; despite these achievements, the program still faces challenges including funding constraints, logistical issues, and monitoring difficulties. By analyzing successful implementations in other countries that are characterized by strong government support, well-developed supply chains, and active community participation, the paper offers insights for improvement. The discussion concludes with evidence-based recommendations for policymakers and program administrators. These suggestions aim to enhance the HGSFP’s effectiveness, efficiency, and long-term sustainability, ultimately contributing to Nigeria’s broader agricultural and economic development goals. |
| Keywords: | school feeding; efficiency; sustainability; agricultural development; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Western Africa; Nigeria |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2290 |
| By: | Sehgal, Mrignyani; Clarke, Rebecca Namara; Marshall, Quinn; Kumar, Neha |
| Abstract: | Key Findings • Research in Tanzania has focused on cultivated food environments in rural contexts, while urban and peri-urban contexts, and market food environments are understudied; • Seasonality limits affordability and availability of nutritious foods; wild food environments may help maintain diet quality and food security, but access to them is threatened by deforestation and conservation efforts; • Informal food vendors are important sources of fruit and vegetables in urban areas. |
| Keywords: | capacity development; diet quality; food environment; food security; rural areas; Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Tanzania |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:159872 |
| By: | Lacaze, María Victoria; Lupín, Beatriz |
| Abstract: | En los actuales entornos productivos, globalizados y deslocalizados, los mercados alimentarios vienen afrontando crecientes demandas de información que se traducen en mayores requerimientos de calidad y pautas de estandarización, como las que brindan las certificaciones ambientales que resultan particularmente relevantes en la actividad pesquera. El eco-etiquetado es una certificación ambiental que señaliza la trazabilidad de la cadena productiva, verificando el carácter sustentable del manejo pesquero y otorgando una garantía de conformidad. En consecuencia, opera como herramienta de agregado de valor que incentiva la diferenciación y estimula el comercio (Lacaze, 2018; Lupín & Fernández, 2023). Bajo la pregunta de investigación ¿cuál es el estado de situación de la certificación Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) en las pesquerías del Mar Argentino?, el trabajo se propone presentar una reseña al respecto. |
| Keywords: | Certificación; Valor Agregado; Actividad Pesquera; |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4230 |
| By: | Rochet, Jean-Charles; Collard, Fabrice; Habib, Michel; Panizza, Ugo |
| Abstract: | We study the sustainability of sovereign debt under the assumption of involuntary and costly default: governments do their utmost to avoid default, which reduces the resources available for debt service. We show that costly default tightens Blanchard’s g > r condition. We derive a formula for a government’s maximum sustainable debt (MSD), which depends on the mean and the volatility of the country’s growth rate, the government’s maximum primary surplus, the risk-free rate, and the fraction of resources available to the government in default. We compute MSD for 12 Eurozone countries and examine the role of the European Stability Mechanism in increasing MSD. |
| Keywords: | Sovereign Debt; Default; Maximum Sustainable Debt |
| JEL: | E62 F34 H63 |
| Date: | 2024–12–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:129958 |
| By: | CIRANO |
| Abstract: | CIRANO dedicated its 2023-2024 thematic year to the biofood industry, on the theme of “Accelerating the transition to a sustainable and innovative biofood sector”. This initiative addressed the whole chain, from production to consumption, processing and distribution. Thanks to a research community made up of recognized experts in the field, CIRANO explored solutions for strengthening sustainability and innovation in Quebec's biofood sector. → Baromètre de la confiance des consommateurs québécois à l'égard des aliments Nathalie de Marcellis-Warin, Ingrid Peignier and Thomas Gleize → Dynamiques territoriales du bioalimentaire au Québec Annie Royer, Patrick Mundler and Julie Ruiz → Achat local, produits du terroir, tourisme gourmand et saveurs du Québec : Quelles sont les stratégies gagnantes ? Bernard Korai and Rémy Lambert → Réduire le gaspillage et les pertes alimentaires : Quels sont les facteurs de succès ? Jacinthe Cloutier, Karima Afif and Marie-Claude Roy Le CIRANO a consacré son année thématique 2023-2024 à l’industrie bioalimentaire, sous le thème « Accélérer la transition vers un secteur bioalimentaire durable et innovant ». Cette initiative a permis d’aborder tous les maillons de la chaîne, de la production à la consommation, en passant par la transformation et la distribution. S’appuyant sur une communauté de recherche composée d’experts reconnus dans ce domaine, le CIRANO a exploré des solutions pour renforcer la durabilité et l’innovation dans le secteur bioalimentaire québécois. → Baromètre de la confiance des consommateurs québécois à l'égard des aliments Nathalie de Marcellis-Warin, Ingrid Peignier et Thomas Gleize → Dynamiques territoriales du bioalimentaire au Québec Annie Royer, Patrick Mundler et Julie Ruiz → Achat local, produits du terroir, tourisme gourmand et saveurs du Québec : Quelles sont les stratégies gagnantes ? Bernard Korai et Rémy Lambert → Réduire le gaspillage et les pertes alimentaires : Quels sont les facteurs de succès ? Jacinthe Cloutier, Karima Afif et Marie-Claude Roy |
| Date: | 2024–11–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:circah:2023rj-03 |
| By: | Lacaze, María Victoria |
| Abstract: | Las certificaciones ambientales establecidas mediante sistemas de eco-etiquetado, son los estándares de calidad más importantes del sector pesquero. Señalizan la trazabilidad de la cadena, verifican el carácter sostenible de la gestión pesquera y otorgan una garantía de conformidad que permite identificar productos que causan menos impacto en el ambiente y constatar, a través de un proceso de certificación, el cumplimiento de estándares ambientales evaluados a través de criterios y parámetros establecidos. Constituyen una herramienta de agregado de valor y de diferenciación. Al generar una expansión en los mercados de productos diferenciados por atributos de procesos, recompensan las buenas gestiones pesqueras y promueven cambios en las gestiones deficientes. |
| Keywords: | Certificación; Productos Pesqueros; Comercio Mundial; |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4229 |
| By: | ISBASOIU Ancuta (European Commission - JRC); FELLMANN Thomas (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The Common Agricultural Policy Strategic Plans (CSPs) of the EU Member States (MSs) introduce a new CAP delivery model for the programming period 2023-2027, establishing a common framework for CAP payments, while granting MSs the flexibility to design interventions for direct payments, sectoral interventions, and rural development tailored to the needs of their agricultural sector. This report serves a dual purpose: Firstly, it provides an overview of the CSPs Master file, which consolidates all 28 CSPs to facilitate a structured analysis of the new CAP, along with essential concepts characteristic to the CSPs. Secondly, the report presents a comparative analysis of the initially approved CSPs, focusing on the financial aspects and specifics of their implementation across MSs, as well as some insights into the contributions to organic farming. The analysis of all CSPs highlights significant diversity and heterogeneity in the interventions adopted by the MSs. The CAP is supported by 307 billion EUR, comprising 264 billion EUR from the EU Budget and 43 billion EUR from national co-financing. Direct Payments are the most dominant component, with the Basic Income Support for Sustainability remaining the most important CAP tool to support EU farmer income, accounting 51% of direct payments, followed by eco-schemes at 24%. Rural Development allocations also show considerable diversity across intervention types and MSs. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc138785 |
| By: | Raszap Skorbiansky, Sharon; McFadden, Jonathan; Saavoss, Monica |
| Abstract: | Cellular agriculture is the production of animal products, such as meat, seafood, milk, and eggs, with no or minimal use of animals. This system includes both precision-fermented proteins and fats (e.g., from meat, seafood, eggs, and dairy) treated by encoding genetic material into an organism and cell-cultured meats and seafood. Between 2015 and 2023, cumulative invested capital in cell-cultured meat and seafood reached $3.1 billion. During the same period, invested capital in precision fermentation reached $2.1 billion. These increases are partially in response to growing interest in the environmental and animal welfare dimensions of conventional livestock production, concerns about disease transmission between humans and animals, and issues of global access to protein. Although novel, products using cellular agriculture have been commercialized to meet rising consumer demand for animal-free foods that are close substitutes to conventional dairy, eggs, meat, and seafood. Using data from publicly available sources, this report introduces the economics of cell-cultured and precision fermentation foods and documents the growth in the sector. Areas of emphasis are market drivers, structural aspects of the industry, the U.S. regulatory environment, government research funding, and market challenges as of 2023. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Industrial Organization, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Marketing, Production Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersrr:348715 |
| By: | Bachmann, Ronald; Janser, Markus; Lehmer, Florian; Vonnahme, Christina |
| Abstract: | Using a text-mining approach applied to task descriptions of occupations together with worker-level administrative data, we explore the growth in the greenness of employment in Germany between 2012 and 2022. We first show that the greening of occupations over time ("within-effect") is as important for the overall greening of employment as shifting occupational employment shares ("between-effect"). Second, we examine which occupations and task types contribute most to the within-effect, and which worker flows are mainly responsible for the between-effect. Third, we demonstrate that the employment prospects of foreign and of low-skilled workers are most at risk from the green transition. |
| Abstract: | In diesem Papier untersuchen wir die Entwicklung der ökologischen Transformation auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt zwischen 2012 und 2022. Wir zeigen zunächst, dass diese Entwicklung sowohl durch eine Zunahme umwelt- bzw. klimaschutzbezogener beruflicher Tätigkeiten als auch durch einen Rückgang von umwelt-/klimaschädlichen Tätigkeiten erfolgt. Darüber hinaus ist diese Veränderung innerhalb von Berufen im Laufe der Zeit ('Within-Effekt") mindestens ebenso wichtig für die Gesamttransformation der Beschäftigung wie die Verschiebung von Beschäftigungsanteilen zwischen Berufen ('Between-Effekt"). Zweitens zeigen wir, welche Berufe und welche Tätigkeiten ('brown" oder 'green") am meisten zum Within-Effekt beitragen und welche Beschäftigtenflüsse hauptsächlich für den Between-Effekt verantwortlich sind. Drittens untersuchen wir die Folgen der ökologischen Transformation der Beschäftigung auf individueller Ebene. Wir stellen fest, dass die Beschäftigungsaussichten von Menschen mit ausländischer Staatsangehörigkeit und gering qualifizierten Beschäftigten am stärksten durch die ökologische Transformation gefährdet sind, was wiederum bestehende Ungleichheiten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt verstärken kann. |
| Keywords: | Green transition, job tasks, occupational mobility, worker flows |
| JEL: | J23 J24 O33 Q55 R23 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:306826 |
| By: | YUDA Michio |
| Abstract: | An unexpected mega natural disaster that dramatically changes the living environment disrupts educational opportunities for school-aged children, which has a significant negative effect on the cognitive and non-cognitive skills and educational achievement necessary for human capital development. However, little attention has been paid to the impact on their physical health of the reduction in physical activity opportunities that are simultaneous side-effects of the disaster. Given the positive correlation between academic and athletic performance, the educational returns from the negative shocks resulting from a mega disaster may have been underestimated. This study uses individual data including detailed athletic ability from government statistics to estimate the impact of a local mega natural disaster on the development and athletic performance among school-aged children. Using a difference-in-differences approach, the results show that the disaster has little overall effect on children’s development but significantly increases their bodyweight and obesity in the specific areas where more stricter restrictions on outdoor activity were imposed. These effects persist even after terminating the severe restrictions. I also find that the disaster has significantly negative average treatment effects on athletic performance, but that such effects are temporary, with limited long-term effects. Moreover, the negative effects on physical health capital accumulation are consistent with the literature on the fetal origin hypothesis and on early health shocks in the life course. This evidence strongly suggests that athletic performance during school age would be an important confounder in the causal inference models on educational achievement and its return for future socioeconomic outcomes. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rdpsjp:24031 |
| By: | Yuri Barreto; Rodrigo Oliveira |
| Abstract: | The economic literature has shown that exogenous transitory shocks affect education by changing the opportunity cost of children. We argue that this is only part of the explanation. When permanent, shocks may change contracts and the organization of labour by eroding the productive structure and decreasing land values. This paper studies the long-term effects of a long-lasting environmental shock on individuals' educational achievement and earnings. We investigate the 1988 witches' broom outbreak in Brazil, the world's second-leading cocoa producer at the time. |
| Keywords: | Long-run effects, Education, Earnings, Child labour, Agriculture, Shocks |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-73 |
| By: | Marshall, Quinn; Hewavidana, Budni H. |
| Abstract: | As a sub-study within the R5N evaluation, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), University of Peradeniya, and Johns Hopkins University collected food environment data in 45 Grama Niladahari (GN) Divisions across 5 Districts of rural Sri Lanka from December 2020 to March 2024. These communities were in areas where the World Food Programme was targeting a nutrition sensitive resilience program (R5N) to smallholder farming families. The communities were in the agro ecological dry zone of Sri Lanka. The R5N program sought to increase their access to water for irrigation via creation and rehabilitation of community and household irrigation schemes, while also improving nutrition through a behavior change communication activity. In these contexts, the primary access points for food purchases are through periodic open-air markets (known as pola) and small village retail shops. Many of the communities were in relatively remote areas where the density of food vendors was low. Data collected primarily focused on food prices and food availability as a means of monitoring the cost of a healthy diet and the availability of nutritious food through monthly follow-ups. Other data collected have described market and shop characteristics—such as size, access to roads, electricity, and cold storage. |
| Keywords: | food environment; urban areas; nutrition; food prices; diet; typology; Asia; Southern Asia; Sri Lanka |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:159857 |
| By: | Hidrobo, Melissa; Mueller, Valerie; Roy, Shalini; Fall, Cheikh Modou Noreyni; Lavaysse, Christophe; Belli, Anna |
| Abstract: | Weather shocks can affect men and women differently, due in part to differences in their adaptive capacities. We merge weather data with survey data from a randomized control trial of a cash transfer program in Mali to describe how men and women cope with weather shocks and the role of cash transfer programs in supporting adaptive responses. We find that heavy rainfall reduces household’s consumption but that the cash transfer program mitigates these impacts, primarily by allowing households to draw down both men’s and women’s savings, increasing the value of livestock and farming assets held jointly by men and women, and facilitating a reallocation of men’s and women’s labor to livestock production and women’s labor to domestic work. |
| Keywords: | cash transfers; gender; men; rainfall; shock; women; social protection; Africa; Western Africa; Mali |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:2301 |
| By: | Hyago Maurício Muller; José da Costa M. Neto |
| Abstract: | A pandemia da COVID-19 e as crises existentes destacaram a necessidade de repensar as práticas do setor imobiliário e buscar uma visão de edifícios e cidades habitáveis, sustentáveis, acessíveis e resilientes. Nesse sentido, é necessário mitigar os efeitos de crises climáticas, financeiras e de saúde, proteger a identidade cultural das comunidades e garantir acesso justo e de qualidade à moradia e negócios. A reutilização adaptativa surge como uma solução para atingir metas de zero emissão de carbono líquido, permitindo a regeneração urbana sustentável. Ela consiste em uma grande mudança em um edifício, envolvendo alterações em sua estrutura e função, com o objetivo de transformá-lo para outros usos totalmente diferentes do original. Isso ajuda a prolongar a vida útil de edifícios existentes, evitando demolição e reduzindo o desperdício de energia e recursos utilizados em sua construção original. No Brasil, o termo reutilização adaptativa é pouco conhecido entre profissionais e empresas do setor imobiliário, embora a conversão de edifícios para diferentes funções seja comum em grandes centros como São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Porto Alegre. A pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar os principais desafios enfrentados por profissionais e empresas na implementação de projetos de reutilização adaptativa no Brasil. Um questionário survey foi aplicado a 30 participantes, incluindo arquitetos, engenheiros civis, diretores executivos, coordenadores e gerentes de projetos, diretores de obras, gerentes de desenvolvimento e engenheiros de manutenção. Os resultados indicaram que as principais barreiras são as restrições legais e burocráticas, seguidas por dificuldades financeiras. Para superar esses desafios, é fundamental desenvolver políticas e práticas mais eficazes, aumentar a conscientização sobre os benefícios da reutilização adaptativa e promover a colaboração entre as partes interessadas. Essas medidas permitirão uma transição mais eficiente e sustentável para o futuro do setor imobiliário no Brasil. |
| Keywords: | Adaptive Reuse; building conversion; conversão de edifícios; real estate sector; Reutilização adaptativa; setor imobiliário; sustainability; sustentabilidade, regeneração urbana; Urban Regeneration |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lre:wpaper:lares-2024-4dqj |
| By: | Ines Chaieb (University of Geneva - Geneva Finance Research Institute (GFRI); Swiss Finance Institute); Vihang R. Errunza (McGill University - Desautels Faculty of Management); Lucie Y. Lu (University of Melbourne, Faculty of Business and Economics) |
| Abstract: | We study how firm ESG performance affects domestic and foreign institutional investments. At the firm level, the marginal effects of ESG on institutional ownership vary across institution origin and investment destination countries. At the institution-firm level, institutions tilt towards high-ESG firms only when they are domestic. We term this asymmetry in ESG preference between domestic and foreign investment the "ESG home bias". We explore ESG information environment, country E&S awareness, and ESG factor discount as potential economic mechanisms and find that the ESG home bias reflects a combination of these factors, the most important being information asymmetry about the ESG outcome measured by ESG uncertainty. |
| Keywords: | institutional investors, international investment, ESG |
| JEL: | G15 G23 G32 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2471 |
| By: | Salessi, María Lucila; Aspromonte, Sofía Oriana; Castronuovo, Yanella; Mele, Mercedes |
| Abstract: | El presente artículo tiene como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento de diversos estándares técnicos en sostenibilidad que se aplican en establecimientos hoteleros en América Latina. A través de un enfoque metodológico mixto, que combina análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos, se lleva a cabo un análisis comparado de ocho estándares en los cuales se identifican las siguientes variables correspondientes al Consejo Global de Turismo Sostenible (GSTC) para Hoteles V.3 (2016): gestión sostenible, dimensión socioeconómica, dimensión del patrimonio cultural y dimensión ambiental. Desde una perspectiva y análisis cuantitativo de los datos, se determina la importancia o peso relativo de cada dimensión o variable sobre los estándares seleccionados y se describe cómo se presentan y ponderan esos datos/guarismos en cada modelo. Así, se identifican variaciones significativas entre las diversas certificaciones en términos de sus contenidos y especificidad. A modo complementario a dicho diseño metodológico, se realiza un análisis cualitativo no estándar de los datos utilizando la herramienta Atlas.ti para interpretar los resultados e identificar patrones emergentes. Los hallazgos destacan la diversidad de enfoques en las certificaciones y subrayan la importancia de adaptar estrategias de sostenibilidad a las particularidades locales y especificidad de cada arquitectura organizacional en el sector hotelero. |
| Keywords: | Sector Hotelero; Normas; Certificación; Sostenibilidad; Análisis Comparativo; |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4235 |
| By: | Karimi, Hanie; Mahdavi, Sara; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Soleimani, Zahra; Esfahani, Zahra; Masinaei, Masoud; Fateh, Sahar Mohammadi; Golestani, Ali; Dilmaghani-Marand, Arezou; Kompani, Farzad; Rezaei, Negar; Ghasemi, Erfan; Larijani, Bagher; Farzadfar, Farshad |
| Abstract: | This study aimed to investigate the estimated burden attributed to lead exposure (LE), at the national and subnational levels from 1990 to 2019 in Iran. The burden attributed to LE was determined through the estimation of deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) using the comparative risk assessment method of Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study presenting as age-standardized per 100, 000 person year (PY) with 95% uncertainty intervals (95% UI). Furthermore, the burden of each disease were recorded independently. Eventually, the age-standardized YLLs, DALYs, deaths and YLDs rates attributed to LE demonstrated a decrease of 50.7%, 48.9%, 38.0%, and 36.4%, respectively, from 1990 to 2019. The most important causes of LE burden are divided into two acute and chronic categories: acute, mainly causes mental disorders (DALYs rate of 36.0 in 2019), and chronic, results in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) (DALYs rate of 391.8) and chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) (DALYs rate of 26.6), with CVDs bearing the most significant burden. At the sub-national level, a decrease in burden was evident in most provinces; moreover, low and low-middle SDI provinces born the highest burden. The burden increased mainly by ageing and was higher in males than females. It was concluded that although the overall decrease in the burden; still it is high, especially in low and low-middle SDI provinces, in advanced ages and in males. Among IDID, CKDs and CVDs that are the most important causes of LE-attributed burden in Iran; CVDs bear the highest burden. |
| Keywords: | Environmental pollutants, Cardiovascular diseases, Death, Disability-adjusted life years, Global burden of disease, Lead |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:307098 |
| By: | Berg, Florian; Heeb, Florian; Kölbel, Julian |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of ESG ratings on fund holdings, stock returns, and firm behavior. First, we show that among five major ESG ratings, only MSCI ESG can explain the holdings of US funds with an ESG mandate. We document that downgrades in the MSCI ESG rating substantially reduce firms' ownership by such funds, while upgrades increase it. However, this response in ownership is slow, unfolding gradually over a period of up to two years. This suggests that fund managers use ESG ratings mainly to comply with ESG mandates rather than treating them as updates to firms' fundamentals. Accordingly, we also find a slow and persistent response in stock returns. For a one-year holding period, downgrades lead to an abnormal return of -2.37%. For upgrades, we find a positive but weaker effect. Yet, the extent to which ESG ratings matter for the real economy seems limited. We find no significant effect of up- or downgrades on firms' subsequent capital expenditure. We find that firms adjust their ESG practices following rating changes, but only in the governance dimension |
| Keywords: | Responsible investing, social impact, ESG ratings, asset prices, corporate investment, corporate governance |
| JEL: | G11 G12 G32 G34 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:308045 |
| By: | Monica Barahona-Varon; Toker Doganoglu (University of Wuerzburg); Lukasz Grzybowski (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines Eurobarometer survey data from 27, 438 individuals across 28 EU Member States in 2019 to evaluate the awareness and impact of EU Energy Labels. Specifically, we analyze the role of socioeconomic characteristics such as age, gender, education, financial stability, and political engagement. Our results suggest that individual characteristics have a greater effect on the influence of labels on purchase decisions than on label awareness. However, significant heterogeneity across countries persists even after controlling for individual characteristics. Using our model, we conduct three exercises in which we assume a policymaker can either increase label awareness among all unaware individuals or target those with specific characteristics, and we demonstrate the resulting impact on the share of people whose purchases are influenced by the label. The findings reveal that even when label awareness is at its highest level, it does not necessarily translate into substantially higher influence on purchasing decisions in some countries. Additionally, at the country level, certain socioeconomic and political variables are positively correlated with label awareness. |
| Keywords: | European Green Deal, Ecodesign Directive, Energy-efficiency |
| JEL: | D12 Q41 Q48 C83 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2024-23 |
| By: | Mio, Chiara; Fasan, Marco; Costantini, Antonio; Scarpa, Francesco; Fitzpatrick, Aoife Claire |
| Abstract: | Recent academic research exhibits considerable disagreement among ESG ratings from different agency providers. The consequences of this disagreement on the market are still under-explored; thus, we investigate whether this disagreement impacts the cost of equity capital. Using a sample of 23, 201 firm-month observations from January 2019 to March 2021, we find that ESG disagreement positively moderates the negative relationship between the average ESG score and cost of equity. By disentangling the aggregate ESG score, we find that the moderating effect of this disagreement does not hold for any pillar. Furthermore, the association between ESG rating disagreement and cost of equity is more pronounced in the presence of high analyst information uncertainty. Overall, our findings highlight that ESG rating disagreement jeopardizes investors' confidence in ESG ratings and weakens the role of these ratings in reducing the cost of equity, pointing to the need to improve convergence across agency providers. |
| Keywords: | ESG, rating, disagreement, information uncertainty, cost of equity capital |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:308046 |
| By: | Clarke, Rebecca Namara; Sehgal, Mrignyani; Marshall, Quinn; Kumar, Neha |
| Abstract: | Key Findings • Research has documented the availability of modern food retail (e.g. fast-food) in both urban and rural contexts, and its influence especially on adolescents. • Barriers to accessing healthy diets include the high cost of nutritious foods, especially vegetables and animal source foods, the time needed to cook fresh meals, and food safety • Most research to date has utilized cross-sectional designs, with relatively few studies examining associations with diet or health outcomes, or evaluating interventions. |
| Keywords: | adolescents; capacity development; diet quality; food environment; nutrition; Asia; Southern Asia; Sri Lanka |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:159865 |
| By: | Hammond, Fernando; Cassullo, María Florencia |
| Abstract: | Este informe presenta una revisión de la literatura científica sobre metodologías contables que permiten la internalización de costos sociales y ambientales en la fijación de precios, con el objetivo de contribuir con el desarrollo de un modelo de fijación de precios solicitado por la empresa contratante. La investigación aborda la necesidad de las empresas de productos sustentables de incorporar el enfoque de triple impacto en sus modelos de negocio. En ese sentido, se analizan distintas técnicas de costeo desde una perspectiva cuantitativa, cualitativa y mixta, además de factores que inciden en las preferencias de los consumidores por productos verdes. El informe concluye con recomendaciones sobre estrategias empresariales orientadas a mejorar la rentabilidad mediante la segmentación de mercados, la adopción de prácticas de marketing verde, certificaciones ambientales y sociales, y una comunicación efectiva. Sin embargo, se destacan las limitaciones actuales de las técnicas contables para valuar con precisión los activos sociales y ambientales, lo que representa un desafío para la implementación integral de modelos de fijación de precios que internalicen estos costos de manera adecuada. |
| Keywords: | Contabilidad Ambiental; Fijación de Precios; Triple Impacto; |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4233 |
| By: | Losacker, Sebastian (Justus Liebig University Giessen); Befort, Nicolas (NEOMA Business School); Kriesch, Lukas (Justus Liebig University Giessen); Lhuillery , Stephane (NEOMA Business School) |
| Abstract: | National governments worldwide have implemented strategies to transition towards biobased economies, primarily driven by technological progress. However, how this transition unfolds at the regional level remains under-researched. This paper aims to uncover regional trajectories towards a bioeconomy with a focus on bio-based technologies. We build on the geography of innovation literature and show that potential pathways towards regional bioeconomies are very heterogeneous, thus requiring place-based policy strategies to advance the bioeconomy and its innovations. Empirically, the paper combines two unique patent datasets to reveal how the bioeconomy patent portfolio of 617 regions from 27 OECD countries has changed from 1982 to 2014. We utilize geographical sequence analysis, a novel tool recently introduced to geographical research, and shift-share techniques to categorize and better understand the regional trajectories. |
| Keywords: | Bioeconomy; Sequence Analysis; Geography of Innovation; Sustainability Transitions |
| JEL: | O31 R11 R12 |
| Date: | 2024–12–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2024_021 |
| By: | Antonella Bancalari (UCL-IZA); Juan Pablo Rud (University of London/IFS/IZA) |
| Abstract: | We use quasi-exogenous variation in the redistribution of natural resource tax revenues in Peru to study whether transfers to local governments can stimulate economic activity. Resource windfalls to non-extractive municipalities between 2006 and 2018 changed the size and composition of local government expenditures and had positive effects on local labor markets and household welfare. We find an increase in labor force participation, earnings, and formality in the private sector. The windfalls spur improvements in sectors that do not directly serve municipalities and especially benefit poorer rural areas, which experienced increases in household income and consumption, along with a poverty decline. |
| Keywords: | government transfers, labor markets, rural economies, general equilibrium effects, Peru |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoz:wpaper:348 |