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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Mihaela Simionescu (Faculty of Business and Administration, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania; Institute for Economic Forecasting, Bucharest, Romania); Monica Raileanu Szeles (Faculty of Economic Sciences and Business Administration, Transilvania University of Brasov; Institute for Economic Forecasting, Bucharest, Romania); Beata Gavurova (Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies); Urszula Mentel (Rzeszow University of Technology, Department of Projects Management and Security Policy, Faculty of Management) |
| Abstract: | In light of the European Green Deal, contemporary Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) literature emphasizes non-income mechanisms for mitigating environmental degradation. In particular, the decarbonization potential of renewable energy relies heavily on institutional frameworks that facilitate or impede green initiatives. This study examines the Renewable Kuznets Curve across 10 Central and Eastern European (CEE) economies from 2006 to 2025. Alongside standard economic controls - economic freedom, foreign direct investment, private sector domestic credit, and labor productivity- the empirical framework incorporates institutional metrics from the Worldwide Governance Indicators alongside language-specific Google Trends data on corruption-related search volume. Employing Panel Dynamic OLS (PDOLS) and Pooled Mean Group (PMG-ARDL) estimation techniques, the findings reveal that government effectiveness curbs emissions across both short- and long-term horizons, whereas rule of law and corruption control yield substantial long-term ecological benefits. Furthermore, search-based corruption queries serve as a viable real-time proxy for institutional performance, offering practical value for environmental nowcasting. |
| Keywords: | renewable Kuznets curve, Google Trends, pollution, corruption |
| JEL: | C33 Q28 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sko:wpaper:bep-2026-04 |
| By: | Onur Polat (Institute of Informatics, Hacettepe University, Beytepe Campus, 06800 Çankaya, Ankara, Türkiye); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study examines whether Green GDP conveys a dynamic signal distinct from conventional GDP in terms of persistence by applying the Gaussian semiparametric local Whittle estimator to a global panel of 160 countries over the period 1970–2019. Our findings demonstrate that the cross-country mean memory parameter is 0.99 for real GDP and 0.97 for real Green GDP, with persistence estimates remaining statistically indistinguishable across all 160 jurisdictions. However, regional heterogeneity is markedly stronger for Green GDP than for unadjusted GDP. A component-level decomposition attributes dynamic departures entirely to natural resource depletion, whereas CO2 emissions and waste generation exhibit the same degree of persistence as aggregate economic activity, with CO2 emissions displaying the strongest regional clustering. Extending existing analysis on persistence of a smaller sample of Green GDP to a global sample, these results indicate that current green-accounting frameworks are dominated by environmental adjustments whose stochastic properties closely mirror aggregate macroeconomic dynamics, thereby dampening the informational value of Green GDP as an independent policy signal. |
| Keywords: | green GDP, long memory, local Whittle, fractional integration, environmental accounting |
| JEL: | C22 Q56 O44 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202628 |
| By: | Nazam Maqbool (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | Pakistan's groundwater crisis stems primarily from governance failures and policy distortions rather than an actual shortage of physical water resources. The unregulated expansion of tube wells over the decades, coupled with poorly designed energy and crop subsidies, has led to excessive groundwater extraction. Additionally, a consistent policy bias towards surface-water planning, along with fragmented institutional responsibilities, has hindered effective groundwater management. As a result, groundwater extraction has now surpassed natural recharge rates in many parts of the country, especially in the Indus Basin and major urban centers. Pakistan has become the world's fourth-largest user of groundwater and is home to the second most stressed aquifer globally. This quantitative strain is exacerbated by severe degradation of water quality, which includes widespread salinity, pollution, and arsenic contamination. This has critical risks to food security, public health, and climate resilience. Drawing on secondary data and institutional analysis, this paper presents a comprehensive framework for groundwater sustainability. The framework involves immediate regulation of abstraction, medium-term reforms in efficiency and pricing, and long-term transformations in institutional and legal arrangements. The findings emphasise that without decisive governance reforms, ongoing groundwater depletion will increasingly threaten Pakistan's economic stability and its capacity to adapt to climate change. |
| Keywords: | Groundwater Governance, Aquifer Depletion, Indus Basin, Climate Vulnerability, Agricultural Water Use, Groundwater Recharge. |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:wpaper:2026:7 |
| By: | Eleonora Cavallaro; Corentin Roussel |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the prudential and environmental implications of an environmentally targeted output floor. We extend an agent-based credit-network model by distinguishing brown and green non-financial corporate exposures and incorporating pollution dynamics and climate damages. We compare the standard Basel output floor with a brown output floor not applied to green non-financial corporate exposures. Both designs significantly affect banks’ Risk-Weighted Asset (RWA) densities, while the brown output floor preserves the reduction in RWA-density dispersion among IRB banks achieved by the standard regulation. Neither policy significantly contracts non-financial corporate lending, as banks adjust primarily through the interbank market. While the standard output floor is associated with significant increases in emissions and pollution relative to the no-output-floor benchmark, no statistically significant environmental deterioration emerges under the brown output floor. These results suggest that environmental targeting may reconcile prudential discipline with green-transition objectives. |
| Keywords: | Output Floor; Climate-Related Financial Risks; Green Prudential Policy; Credit Network. |
| JEL: | G21 G28 Q54 C63 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2026-29 |
| By: | Pinar Tat (Department of Economics, Gebze Technical University); Abdullah Altun (Department of Economics, Gebze Technical University); Halit Yanikkaya (Department of Economics, Gebze Technical University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the trade-related intensity of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. By integrating sector-level FDI inflows with detailed trade-related emission data, the study goes beyond conventional approaches by focusing not only on aggregate emissions but specifically on emissions embedded in exports. Using a comprehensive dataset covering 38 countries and 35 sectors from 2005 to 2020, the analysis provides new insights into how multinational production activities lead to global environmental outcomes. The findings reveal that FDI inflows increase emission intensity in trade in both developed and developing countries. The findings are particularly valid for the manufacturing sectors, regardless of trading partners. These results support the pollution haven and race to the bottom hypotheses, highlighting the need for stronger international environmental coordination. The study thus fills a critical gap in the literature by linking international investment strategies to trade-induced emissions and offers clear policy recommendations to align FDI policies with global climate objectives. |
| Keywords: | Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Trade-related Emissions, Emission Intensity, Greenhouse Gases (GHG) |
| JEL: | F18 F21 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2026–09–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:geb:wpaper:2026-01 |
| By: | Gordon-Strachan, Georgiana M; Parker, Stephanie Y; Harewood, Heather C; Parchment, Kimalie F; Smith, David C; Mendez-Lazaro, Pablo; Abdulkadri, Abdullahi O; Beggs, Paul J; Buss, Daniel F; Dasgupta, Shouro; Guthrie-Dixon, Natalie G; Greaves, Natalie S; Kennard, Harry; Maharaj, Sandeep B; Marshall, Kwesi G; McFarlane, Shelly R; McKenzie, Kimberley S; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Murphy, Madhuvanti; Mycoo, Michelle A; Ng Shiu, Roannie; Oli, Kelera S; Owfi, Fereidoon; Polson, Karen A; Rabbaniha, Mahnaz; Repke, Tim; Robinson, Elizabeth; Tabatabaei, Meisam; Walawender, Maria; Romanello, Marina |
| Abstract: | Small island developing states (SIDS) are particularly vulnerable to climate change, and people living in SIDS continue to bear the brunt of its manifestations, including sea-level rise, droughts, floods, and extreme weather events. The vulnerability of SIDS stems from their size, remoteness, geographical locations, and small economies. Collectively, SIDS produce less than 1% of the global greenhouse gas emissions, yet climate change presents an existential threat to them. In this report, we shed light on the disproportionate impact of climate change on SIDS and progress towards achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement by presenting the findings of specific indicators at the climate change–health nexus in SIDS. In this second iteration of the SIDS report, we present the findings of 28 indicators from five thematic areas: health hazards, exposures, and impacts; adaptation, planning, and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co-benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement in health and climate change. The report is compiled by 30 authors from 25 institutions. General statements about SIDS were only made for indicators with data coverage of at least 70%, with the number of SIDS with available indicator data explicitly stated when this threshold was not met. The 2025 report includes a dedicated chapter on financing with a deep dive into international climate financing for SIDS. |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2026–07–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140567 |
| By: | Ashraf, Shafaq; Clinton, Edward; Scheer, Antonina |
| Abstract: | Many companies are beginning to act on climate change by cutting their greenhouse gas emissions. However, the activities and new infrastructure this requires can have both positive and negative impacts on local communities. A central aspect of planning for a just low-carbon transition involves managing the social impacts of new infrastructure related to decarbonisation, such as renewable energy projects and transition mineral mines. If companies are to maintain their social licence to operate and mitigate the risk of public resistance to their operations, they will need to cultivate trust with local communities. The loss of a company’s social licence to operate can translate into material financial risk through project delays and cancellations. We focus on the negative social impacts of activities linked to the low-carbon transition, setting out an exploratory, evidence-based framework that can help investors and companies anticipate such risks. Combining insights from the academic literature with empirical data on corporate disclosure, the framework can support investors with identifying sector-specific priorities for shareholder engagement with companies. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2026–09–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140918 |
| By: | Riccardo Degasperi (Bank of Italy); Tara Hamadi (Queen Mary University of London); Filippo Natoli (Bank of Italy); Valerio Nispi Landi (Bank of Italy); Kevin Pallara (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | We examine the macroeconomic implications of the green transition, focusing on the role of carbon policy. Using high-frequency surprises around regulatory events in the EU Emissions Trading System and a Proxy-SVAR framework, we identify two distinct shocks: one to the current policy stance (current stance shocks) and another to the expected path of the green transition (expected path shocks). Both types of shocks reduce greenhouse gas emissions and economic activity, but differ in their inflationary effects. Current stance shocks raise inflation, while expected path shocks are deflationary. A structural scenario analysis shows that monetary policy easing following a path shock substantially mitigates output losses and moderates the decline in inflation. Moreover, path shocks lower expected growth, depress economic sentiment and increase uncertainty, while also encouraging a reallocation towards greener assets and reducing climate-related risks. These findings align with the predictions of an environmental New Keynesian model. Our results highlight the importance of forward guidance in climate policy, emphasizing its role in shaping macroeconomic expectations and accelerating the transition to a low-carbon economy. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, forward guidance, inflation, green transition |
| JEL: | C3 E3 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wptemi:td_1540_26 |
| By: | Alessandro Moro (Bank of Italy); Andrea Zaghini (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | Donald Trump's re-election and the United States' renewed withdrawal from the Paris Agreement marked a deterioration in the US green bond market: the share of green bonds in the US market dropped from 1.7 per cent in the pre-Trump period to just 0.6 per cent thereafter. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we estimate a decline of 4.4-6.0 percentage points in the probability of issuing green bonds and a reduction of 20-28 million USD in monthly green bond issuance per issuer. At the same time, the greenium - the typically negative yield spread between green and conventional bonds with similar characteristics - turned positive. This shift in the greenium, coupled with a decline in issuance, points to weakened investor demand for green assets, likely driven by both reduced environmental concerns and less optimistic outlook for environmentally conscious firms. The impact of Trump's re-election and policies on green bonds was stronger in the US than in other markets, highlighting diverging trajectories in sustainable finance at the international level. |
| Keywords: | sustainable finance, green bonds, greenium, political shocks, Trump's presidency |
| JEL: | G11 G12 Q51 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wptemi:td_1538_26 |
| By: | Babajić, Amra; Baraković Nurikić, Mirnesa |
| Abstract: | For decades, decision-makers at national, regional, and global levels have been adopting policies aimed at addressing environmental pollution. At the same time, the human population, global economy, and worldwide energy consumption continue to grow. Increasing investment in renewable energy sources has become imperative. In this context, the concept of a regenerative economy emerges, requiring investments in renewables, research, and innovation. The assumption is that countries with lower public debt have more fiscal space to invest in renewable energy, research, and development, while those with high public debt face limited opportunities for such endeavors. The main objective of this paper is to classify Southeast European (SEE) countries according to the level of development of their regenerative economies and to determine whether public borrowing serves as a catalyst for accelerating the transition toward a regenerative economy-or rather poses an obstacle to that path. The analysis will be conducted using indicators such as: Public Debt (% of Gross Domestic Product - GDP thereafter), Renewable Energy Share (%), CO₂ Emissions (tons per capita), R&D Expenditure (% of GDP), and Sustainable Development Goal 15 (SDG15), covering the period from 2010 to 2023. The main findings suggest that SEE countries differ significantly in terms of their regenerative economy development, and that public debt plays a substantial role in shaping their transition. These insights offer valuable guidance for policymakers in designing strategies to enhance national and regional competitiveness, attract foreign direct investment, and guide investors-especially since countries with higher R&D investment offer more favorable conditions for green investments and innovation development. Moreover, this cluster analysis can contribute to strengthening regional cooperation in SEE because it facilitates the identification of leader countries and countries that need additional support and knowledge transfer. |
| Keywords: | Public debt, regenerative economy, transition, Southeast Europe |
| JEL: | O40 F64 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esconf:343404 |
| By: | Ibrić, Muhamed; Kozarević, Emira; Kokorović Jukan, Meldina; Kešetović, Izudin |
| Abstract: | Rising environmental degradation and increasing public awareness have prompted countries to adopt policies to reduce ecological damage. Global warming, climate change, and biodiversity loss pose serious economic and social challenges. At the same time, CO₂ emissions continue to rise, particularly in developing countries like Bosnia and Herzegovina, which faces limited institutional capacity. Transitioning toward net-zero emissions by mid-century is essential to prevent irreversible climate risks. Energy efficiency improvements in energy-intensive sectors are central to mitigation efforts. However, financial constraints limit the widespread adoption of sustainable practices. Private initiatives alone are insufficient, highlighting the importance of public investment in green infrastructure at regional and local levels, filling gaps in private capital and stimulating further private-sector engagement. This paper examines the impact of public spending on environmental protection activities - including waste and wastewater management, pollution abatement, biodiversity and landscape preservation, and ecological R&D - on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Using panel data for EU member states and Bosnia and Herzegovina over 2014-2022, we employ regression models, specifically pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Fixed Effects (FE), and Random Effects (RE). Lagged effects are also considered, recognising that the benefits of public spending may materialise over time. The findings provide empirical evidence on the effectiveness of fiscal instruments in mitigating environmental degradation and offer insights for aligning regional and local budgets with the EU's and the Western Balkans' long-term climate neutrality objectives. This research further contributes to the limited empirical literature on the role of fiscal policy in reducing GHG emissions. |
| Keywords: | green public spending, fiscal policy, greenhouse gas emissions, environmental protection, climate neutrality |
| JEL: | H30 H61 H72 H76 C23 Q53 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esconf:343410 |
| By: | Ibrić, Muhamed; Kozarević, Emira |
| Abstract: | The European Green Deal and the Sofia Declaration on the Green Agenda for the Western Balkans emphasise sustainable natural resource management, biodiversity conservation, and the transition to a circular economy as central priorities in pursuing climate neutrality. The main objective is to improve management practices and prevent the overexploitation of natural resources while recognising the critical importance of ecosystem services. This priority is equally relevant for Bosnia and Herzegovina, considering its rich yet vulnerable natural capital, high dependence on natural resources for economic activities, and the need to align with EU environmental standards and sustainable development goals as part of its EU integration process. Across Europe, market-based policy instruments reinforcing the polluter-pays principle, such as environmental taxes, particularly resource taxes, have become increasingly favoured as tools for pollution control and natural resource management. This paper explores the relationship between resource taxes and resource productivity within the green and circular economy context, focusing on the EU member states and Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2014 to 2023. Using a panel dataset and static panel regression models - including pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Fixed Effects (FE), and Random Effects (RE) - the study examines whether fiscal instruments, especially resource taxes, are associated with improvements in resource productivity and progress toward EU environmental performance targets. The expected findings will provide empirical insights into the role of fiscal policy in supporting the green transition and identify potential pathways for Bosnia and Herzegovina to fulfil its commitments under the Sofia Declaration for the Western Balkans, the European Green Deal, and relevant national strategies. |
| Keywords: | resource taxes, environmental taxes, resource productivity, circular economy, panel regression |
| JEL: | H21 H22 H23 C23 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esconf:343368 |
| By: | Valdecantos, Sebastián |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the tensions that the transition toward a zero‑carbon economy entails for countries relying on natural resource exploitation as the main drivers of (net) exports, as in most South American economies. Given their relatively low diversification and high technology gaps compared to advanced economies, attaining higher prosperity levels driven by sustained economic growth has recurrently been hampered by balance of payments crises. Using a simple long-run demand-led theoretical model with balance of payments constrained growth we show that if the structural limitations in their productive structure are not overcome, the decarbonization of the economy, be it exogenously imposed by the rest of the world or sovereignly decided by each South American country, will be exposed to the dilemma of increasing growth or reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Underpinning this dilemma is the essential role of exports and their associated carbon intensity. Finally, we show that to solve this green transition dilemma, even structural change like the one proposed by the old Latin American structuralist school might not be sufficient – only through a process of green structural change will the long-lastingly desired prosperity of South American countries cease to be an impossible quest. |
| Keywords: | Cambio Climático; Transición Energética; Medio Ambiente; Desarrollo Sustentable; Política Energética; América del Sur; |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4609 |
| By: | Abeysinghe, Udya; Sharma, Archana; Munasinghe, Jagath |
| Abstract: | ABSTRACT Many developed economies are considering the use of Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) as a tool to enhance the climate resilience of urban areas and align with SDG 11 - Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. Yet, the integration of UGI in developing countries seems to be lagging. Thus, they are missing out on one of the instruments that could facilitate developing nations’ compliance with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This review examines the current state of UGI knowledge and implementation in Sri Lanka through a comprehensive literature review, an evaluation of UGI-related policies, guidelines, plans, and projects, and an assessment of stakeholder perspectives using the Delphi technique. As a result, the study identifies five significant challenges of mainstreaming UGI in Sri Lanka, such as lack of: clear consensual understanding of UGI- definition, ecosystem service functionality, implementation facilitative classification of UGI, design tool for UGI adaptation in constrained urban context, political willingness to integrate UGI planning principles in urban planning, robust legal framework and well-specified co-governance. Furthermore, the paper identifies concepts and tools as a forward path, such as a clear acknowledgement of current enabling conditions and gaps through known/ unknown diagram, categorization of multifunctional UGI such as with ecosystem service (ES) or place-making (PM) UGI, use of design syntax for adaptable design, and enhancement of regulatory framework. This review aspires to open the conversation on usefulness of UGI as a step towards climate resilience and SDG 11, at all levels of academic institutions to governmental agencies, in Sri Lanka. KEYWORDS: Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI), Nature-based Solutions (NbS), Climate Resilience, Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG 11), Urban Planning, Landscape, Design Syntax, Placemaking, Mixed method, Multimethod, Multicriteria, Analysis |
| Date: | 2026–09–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:784n6_v1 |
| By: | Burke, Josh; Doda, Baran; Laroche-Theune, Trevor; Ortiz Rivera, Victor; Taschini, Luca |
| Abstract: | In 2024, Taiwan launched a carbon fee under the Climate Change Response Act. The fee has applied to covered emissions since January 2025, with the first payments based on 2025 emissions collected in May 2026. As revenues begin to accrue, an important policy question is how they can be used most effectively. Drawing on international experience and in accordance with the 13 use cases of carbon fee revenues set out in Article 33 of the Act, this report explores options for the use of carbon fee revenues in Taiwan. The authors compare three fundamental approaches to using carbon pricing revenues identified in the literature: changing the tax mix, changing spending patterns and changing the fiscal balance sheet. They then analyse four international case studies that offer insights for Taiwan. Two case studies from Japan examine the Special Account for Energy Measures and GX Economic Transition Bonds, while the others review revenue use through the EU Innovation Fund and California Climate Investments. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140676 |
| By: | Deng, Zichen (Dept. of Economics, University of Amsterdam); Niu, Runxi (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration) |
| Abstract: | Pollution from regulated sources can cross administrative boundaries; consequently, jurisdiction-based treatment assignment may fail to accurately capture policy exposure at a given receptor. To address this, we construct a predetermined treatment intensity by combining regulatory assignment with pre-policy source characteristics and atmospheric source–receptor linkages, and use it in a continuous treatment difference-in-differences design. A formal framework and simulations clarify when cross-boundary transport attenuates jurisdiction-based comparisons and when the source–receptor design recovers policy effects. Applied to China’s Two Control Zones policy, both designs indicate post-policy reductions in local SO2 emissions. For SO2 dry deposition at receptors, the source–receptor estimate is negative and statistically significant, whereas the jurisdiction-based estimate is also negative but not statistically distinguishable from zero. The same exposure measure reveals declines in crop value per hectare in more exposed villages, which are less apparent in jurisdiction-based comparisons. Crop-specific response patterns are consistent with a sulfur-nutrient channel. |
| Keywords: | spillovers; air pollution; atmospheric transport; source-receptor design; Two-Control Zones; agriculture |
| JEL: | C21 C23 O13 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2026–09–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhheco:2026_013 |
| By: | Nikièma, H. Suzy |
| JEL: | N0 R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2026–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140862 |
| By: | Okereke, Chukwumerije; Emenekwe, Chukwuemeka; Nnamani, Uchenna; Emodi, Nnaemeka; Diemuodeke, Ogheneruona; Owebor, Kesiena; Michoud, Bruno; Ghersi, Frédéric |
| Abstract: | This research explores the macroeconomic and social impacts of five energy-explicit development pathways for Nigeria's economy: Baseline (BAU), Current Policy Scenario (CPS), Gas Economy Scenario (GES), Renewable Energy Scenario (RES) aligned with Nigeria's 2060 net-zero emissions pledge, and a RES variant with international support (RES+). The analysis leverages soft-linking of the top-down KLEM-NGA macroeconomic model and the bottom-up LEAP-NGA energy system model, utilizing a comprehensive energy-economy database including original input-output and energy balance tables. Under the RES scenario, achieving emissions reductions incurs a 3.5% GDP and 3.2% employment loss by 2060 compared to BAU, or a 4.5% GDP loss compared to GES, which fully utilizes gas reserves to fuel the domestic economy and sustain the trade balance. However, the RES+ scenario, augmented by international aid to bridge the investment gap between CPS and RES, results in GDP and employment performances comparable to GES while reducing emissions to 16 million tons of CO2 equivalent in 2060, versus 151 million tons under GES. This transition, conditional on international aid totaling 880 billion USD over 39 years—an average of 1.1% of Nigerian GDP annually from 2022 to 2060—could pivot Nigeria from a short-sighted gas economy towards a sustainable net-zero future. |
| Keywords: | decarbonization;hybrid energy-economy modelling;KLEM model;LEAP model;low-carbon development;Nigeria |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2026–08–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140493 |
| By: | Fasha, Andina; Kang, Cheryn; Lady Lady; Setiawan, Budi |
| Abstract: | Purpose: The escalation of ecotourism as sustainability-oriented travel highlights the inconsistency of tourists' responsible actions during visits, which is also known as the attitude-behavior gap, whereas environmental concern does not necessarily translate into action, as discussed in sustainable tourism literature. Research Methodology: A quantitative approach was employed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling, collected through questionnaire surveys from 478 tourists who had previously visited Ecotourism destinations in Batam City, Indonesia, using SmartPLS 4. Results: The findings show how direct environmental experiences at the destination were more effective in encouraging responsible tourist behavior than pre-visit digital exposure, which presumes that it is more likely to develop revisit intentions as long-term destination loyalty. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of environmental behavior in fostering revisit intention within ecotourism destinations and suggests that direct interpretive experiences at the destination may play a more influential role in shaping tourists’ behavior than digital promotional exposure alone. Limitations: This study was limited to one ecotourism site in Batam City, with cross-sectional self-reported data, which may have limited generalizability. Contributions: This study extends sustainable tourism literature by integrating digital green marketing, environmental belief, and environmental interpretation into a unified behavioral framework explaining revisit intention through environmental behavior and offer practical insights for ecotourism managers to strengthen sustainable behavior and long-term destination loyalty through effective communication and interpretation strategies. |
| Date: | 2026–07–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:w8u94_v1 |
| By: | Till Armbruster; Elina Dilger; Théo Konc; Linus Mattauch |
| Abstract: | How damages, economic impacts and policy responses jointly shape the politics of climate change remains poorly understood. In this article, we synthesise the recent wealth of empirical contributions on political outcomes from damages and mitigation policy with a focus on populism. We present a framework connecting climate policies and climate-induced extreme weather events to populist demand, addressing how the rise of populism shapes feasibility of climate policies. The framework comprises income effects, changes in the physical and social environment, behavioural restrictions and symbolic motives induced by climate damages and mitigation measures. We argue that how these elements translate into populist demand depends on both policy design – such as compensation and policy sequencing – and institutional context – such as media framing, procedural inclusion, crisis management and political competition. Climate policies and broader communication on net-zero goals should be designed to prevent climate damages and policy from becoming drivers of populism. |
| Date: | 2026–09–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdp:dpaper:0109 |
| By: | Lara Miranda, Isabel; Martinez, Juan Pablo; Yusuf, Alia; Sousa Gimenes, Fernanda; Gonçalves, Eduardo; Surminski, Swenja |
| Abstract: | In the context of intensifying climate change impacts, this report quantifies average annual fluvial flood losses for eight Brazilian cities under three climate scenarios covering 2025 to 2100. It highlights the economic case for adaptation, insurance and better financial planning for flooding, and by implication, other climate-related physical risks. The analysis is informed by stakeholder interviews including with Brazilian policymakers, international actors and the insurance sector. |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140697 |
| By: | Tatjana Dahlhaus |
| Abstract: | Climate change is becoming an increasingly important consideration for central banks because of its implications for economic stability, inflation, and output. In Canada, physical climate hazards such as wildfires, floods, and storms can destroy productive capacity, housing, and critical infrastructure while disrupting domestic and global supply chains. These shocks can reduce economic activity while simultaneously putting upward pressure on prices, creating challenging trade-offs for monetary policy. The challenge may be particularly acute in small open economies, where disaster impacts can also affect external demand and terms of trade. This note examines the implications of physical climate risks for monetary policy by reviewing evidence on how climate-related disasters affect output and inflation, with a focus on Canada, and by using a structural macroeconomic model to assess how more frequent and severe natural disasters could shape macroeconomic outcomes and the inflation-output trade-offs facing policymakers. |
| Keywords: | Monetary policy; Inflation dynamics and pressures; Monetary policy framework and transmission; Structural challenges; Climate change |
| JEL: | C C6 C68 E E1 E12 E3 E31 E5 E52 F F4 F41 Q Q5 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocsap:26-44 |
| By: | Yohann Berthelin (Université Lumière Lyon 2, CNRS, Université Jean-Monnet Saint-Etienne, emlyon business school, GATE, 69007, Lyon, France); Lise Clain-Chamosset-Yvrard (Université Lumière Lyon 2, CNRS, Université Jean-Monnet Saint-Etienne, emlyon business school, GATE, 69007, Lyon, France) |
| Abstract: | We address the question of whether macroprudential policy can extend its mandate beyond correcting financial frictions to also internalizing environmental externalities. We analyze a dynamic general equilibrium model with two externalities: financial frictions and pollution from using brown capital. Our model features heterogeneous agents with infinite lifetimes, of two kinds of capital, polluting and non-polluting, and of a macroprudential policy represented by differentiated loan-to-value (LTV) through a credit constraint faced by entrepreneurs. First, we derive closed-form expressions for optimal differentiated LTV ratios that replicate the social planner’s allocation. Second, the green LTV internalizes financial frictions only, while the brown LTV additionally accounts for pollution externalities, which can turn negative when environmental costs are sufficiently high, indicating that the first-best allocation instead requires a tax-like penalty on the financing of dirty capital rather than a conventional non-negative loan-to-value ratio. Third, the LTV associated with polluting capital becomes more stringent when environmental quality directly affects agents’ utility rather than total factor productivity. |
| Keywords: | Environmental policy, Macroprudential policy, Environmental transition |
| JEL: | E32 Q50 Q58 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gat:wpaper:2608 |
| By: | May, Liz |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2026–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140864 |
| By: | Jonathan Beynon (Center for Global Development); Edward Wickstead (Center for Global Development); Tom Veale (Center for Global Development) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to inform discussions on historical responsibility for climate change by presenting a comparative analysis of historical emissions from numerous datasets, using different measures of emissions, different classifications of developed and developing countries, and covering different time periods. We find that while the various datasets give significantly different estimates of total emissions, they are reasonably consistent in their estimates of developed country shares; that developed countries using the UNFCCC’s Annex I classification are responsible for about half of all GHG emissions since 1850, and less than 40 percent if limited to the 23 Annex II countries with a formal obligation to provide climate finance. These shares are lower if we consider contributions to global warming rather than GHG emissions, much lower if we only consider emissions since 1990, but higher if we restrict analysis to just CO2. We also find that taking account of colonial or consumption emissions makes relatively little difference to our results, and that developed country shares of cumulative per capita emissions (not that we think this is an appropriate measure) are even lower than for cumulative emissions. |
| Date: | 2026–09–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:755 |
| By: | Beltrán-Hernández, Andrés (Universidad Católica del Norte); Lufin, Marcelo |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the determinants of ecological footprint growth trajectories in 112 countries (2004–2017) using latent growth curve models (LGM). Unlike traditional panel methods, LGM captures dynamic trends and country-level heterogeneity in environmental impact over time. The approach integrates economic, institutional, and socio-geographic determinants into a unified causal framework. Results indicate that economic complexity mediates the relationship between economic growth and ecological footprint, promoting technological innovation and sustainable practices. Higher economic complexity also partially offsets environmental impacts from increased fossil fuel consumption. These findings underscore the need for policies fostering innovation, economic diversification, and sustainable urban planning to mitigate environmental degradation. |
| Date: | 2026–09–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:swrv5_v1 |
| By: | Bradley, Crystal; Taylor, Sarah; Vardon, Michael; Lyons, Mitchell; Clement, Sarah; Obst, Carl |
| Abstract: | Ecosystems and the services they provide underpin economic production and human wellbeing, yet these dependencies are poorly measured and rarely monitored. As a result, conventional economic statistics often fail to show how ecosystem decline may threaten production and wellbeing. The missing information can be supplied by the United Nations System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA), an international statistical standard for tracking environmental stocks and flows, including ecosystems and their services, which is interoperable with the System of National Accounts (SNA). We assess how a linked system of SEEA and SNA accounts can be used to measure and track nature-economy dependencies, including the transmission of physical risk. We argue that accounting for ecosystem services provides the main connection between nature and the economy. The connection depends upon accounts using consistent classifications and typologies, which we call material join keys, so that information about ecosystems, ecosystem services, industries and economic activities can be reliably linked. Applying the approach to Australia, a gap analysis shows that existing ecosystem service accounts already track several of the dependencies most important and at risk from ecosystem decline, but only partially, and that priority new accounts for water and food security, health, climate resilience and supply chain resilience are needed to close the remaining gaps. Realising the potential of integrated accounting supports the mainstreaming of natural capital considerations into decision-making and public policy, and the proactive management of nature-related risks. |
| Date: | 2026–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:mq6bv_v1 |
| By: | Nikolaos Kalyviotis; Georgina Calypso Kalogerakis; Georgios Kolliopoulos |
| Abstract: | This study examines emission interdependencies within the waste sector and between waste and other economic domains, energy, transport, water, and communications, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodologies with emphasis on process-based and hybrid approaches. The analysis employs the EXIOBASE multi-regional input-output database. Statistical correlation is applied to identify commonalities and divergences in emission drivers. Results indicate strong correlations among certain landfill waste streams, particularly organic-based materials, as well as links between plastics and wood, suggesting shared decomposition or management pathways. Moderate correlations appear in cross-sectoral interactions, especially between waste, energy, and transport, while weak correlations are observed in processes with distinct treatment mechanisms, such as landfill versus wastewater. Methodologically, the study highlights challenges posed by high-dimensional datasets, including multicollinearity, which limit the effectiveness of linear models. These findings underscore the complexity of sectoral interdependencies and the need for both integrated and material-specific strategies. By demonstrating how systemic tools like EXIOBASE can capture these linkages, the research provides a foundation for constructing more robust emission models and informing targeted mitigation policies. The results contribute to advancing environmental accounting frameworks while offering practical insights for emission reduction planning across interconnected sectors. |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2609.13713 |
| By: | Filippo Natoli (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | Hot temperatures are known to impair economic growth, but extreme cold also poses significant macroeconomic risks. Yet, despite the rising temperature volatility in a warming climate, the aggregate effects of cold shocks remain comparatively understudied, particularly regarding their transmission through the business cycle and their implications for inflation and monetary policy. I construct monthly unexpected heat and cold shocks for the United States using daily county-level temperatures. I find that heat shocks have negligible aggregate effects, whereas cold shocks significantly reduce industrial production, increase uncertainty, and are deflationary, triggering an endogenous monetary policy response. I show that identifying temperature surprises crucially depends on how expectations, extremes, and aggregation are defined. As climate instability increases the probability of cold air outbreaks in the US, adaptation policies should take account of unexpected cold spells, highlighting a dimension of climate risk that has received limited attention so far. |
| Keywords: | temperature shocks, cold shocks, climate change, monetary policy |
| JEL: | C32 E32 E52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2026–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wptemi:td_1541_26 |
| By: | van der Ven, Colette; Tuljapurkar, Sanvid |
| JEL: | N0 L81 |
| Date: | 2026–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140865 |
| By: | Laura Schuerer (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | In many countries, consumption-based emissions are increasingly concentrated at the top of the distribution, and there are growing calls in public debate for climate policy to target emission-intensive luxury consumption more strongly. Yet while financial distributional effects of carbon pricing are well studied, its impact on the distribution of emissions across households remains less well understood. This paper first characterizes the demandside conditions under which uniform carbon pricing increases or decreases consumption-based carbon inequality within countries in a simple partialequilibrium setting with heterogeneous households. Applying the main result to Germany suggests that uniform carbon pricing would slightly reduce carbon inequality, while a stylized approximation of carbon pricing in Germany increases it. The paper then compares differentiated carbon pricing, where luxury goods are priced at a higher rate than necessities, with the standard benchmark of uniform carbon pricing. While the latter is attractive in terms of efficiency, it does not necessarily outperform differentiated pricing, both regarding financial and emissions-based distributional effects. |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:old:dpaper:456 |
| By: | Raouf Boucekkine; Natalia Hritonenko; Yuri Yatsenko; Ullrika Sahlin |
| Abstract: | We study optimal growth in a Ramsey economy with irreversible pollution, where the natural absorption capacity is non-monotonic and non-concave a la Forster. In the absence of pollution control, the capital dynamics decouple from pollution, and we characterize a simple threshold on the maximal absorption capacity above which the optimal path is sustainable and below which an optimal regime of irreversible pollution sets in. We then introduce an optimal abatement pollution control to assess whether irreversible pollution ceases to be optimal. We derive a four-dimensional dynamical system for capital, consumption, pollution and the (shadow) cost of pollution, coupled with an algebraic rule for optimal abatement, which is eventually reduced to dimension three, with abatement linearly entering the pollution dynamics. Our main result is that optimal abatement shifts the irreversibility threshold but does not eliminate it. More importantly, we show that embedding the Forster's pollution dynamics into a Ramsey growth model generates a novel hybrid ecological irreversibility condition that is invisible in pollution-only frameworks. Coupling ecosystem curvature with the social discount rate, it is structurally robust and preeminent over all feasibility conditions amenable to policy intervention and defines the boundary between a world where sustainability is achievable and one where it is not. |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2609.12693 |
| By: | Belmartino, Andrea |
| Abstract: | As global demand for green products accelerates, emerging economies are increasingly seeking to leverage their existing capacities to support green transitions and capture high-growth market opportunities. This study examines the role of green and non-green relatedness in the development of new green specialisations across Argentine provinces, offering insights into potential pathways for green development. Using relatedness density as a measure of knowledge proximity, results show that the likelihood of developing a new green specialisation is positively associated with both green and non-green knowledge assets within a region. The findings highlight that green policies which neglect spatial disparities risk exacerbating regional imbalances in green economic opportunities. The methodology developed in this study offers a transferable framework for other developing economies aiming to assess and strengthen their regional green economy potential. |
| Keywords: | Desarrollo Regional; Diversificación de la Producción; Economía Verde; Argentina; |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4608 |
| By: | Nisar Ali (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | Urban sprawl in Karachi is one of the alarming issues that poses both environmental and social challenges. Over the past several decades, the city has gone through a massive spatial growth in the core areas as well as in the suburbs and peripheries. The increase in built-up areas has happened at the cost of loss of agricultural land and green spaces. In 1947, the land cover of metropolitan Karachi was 349 km2; since then, it has increased to 3780 km2, a spatial increase of 74.6 km2per year. The urban primary core has increased from 145.9 km2in 1990 to 363.5 km2in 2020. Unregulated expansion of housing societies and commercial buildings in the periphery of Karachi, rapid increase in population, informal settlements, increase in katchi abadies, implementation failures of master plans, and lack of enforcement of a stringent policy for urban management are the primary causes of urban sprawl in Karachi. The impacts of sprawl can be seen in the form of loss of green spaces and natural streams, urban flooding and long commuting distances. To manage the sprawl, it is recommended that vertical growth should be encouraged, a policy on the city's growth boundary should be formulated and implemented, illegal housing societies should be regulated properly, and urban planning should integrate modern and smart technologies for sustainable development. Introduction Karachi is the most populous city of Pakistan with a population of 20.3 million. The population is increasing at the rate of 4.8% per annum (Aslam et al., 2023). This increasingly growing population has not only put pressure on the resources but also pushed the boundary of the city outwards. The city is growing rapidly in a haphazard manner and has experienced urban sprawl. In order to understand the problem, defining it is an important step. In literature, urban sprawl has been defined using various approaches by different scholars. Mujahid and Begum (2023) define urban sprawl as an unplanned or uncontrolled growth o... |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:kbrief:2026:151 |
| By: | Abrell, Jan; Rausch, Sebastian |
| Abstract: | By extending carbon pricing to buildings and road transport through ETS2, the European Union is undertaking a major policy experiment in market creation. ETS2 overlaps national emissions budgets and technology requirements, raising a general question: when does a legal market govern allocation? We distinguish three functions of market effectiveness: scarcity, exchange, and allocation authority. Completing exchange and allocation authority lowers present-value EU policy costs over 2028-2048 by 25.5%, or EUR 1.33 trillion relative to legal market creation only. Allocation authority accounts for 76% of savings; 88% of member states benefit. Compensating remaining losses requires EUR 6 billion, only 0.2% of ETS2 revenues. Restoring allocation authority raises the allowance price but lowers policy cost, implying that the endogenous carbon price in an ETS is not a sufficient statistic for welfare across institutional designs. |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing, Emissions trading, Market design, EU ETS2, Effort Sharing Regulation, Equilibrium modelling |
| JEL: | H23 Q54 Q58 C68 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:343564 |
| By: | Azevedo, Cláudia; van der Ven, Colette |
| JEL: | N0 L81 |
| Date: | 2026–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140861 |
| By: | Charles F. Manski |
| Abstract: | Whatever the policy question under consideration, reasoned and realistic evaluation requires credible policy analysis under uncertainty. This holds particularly to the study of climate policy in the United States, where science and ideology have become increasingly entangled. Welfare economics provides a transparent formal framework to describe and evaluate the subtle tradeoffs that must be addressed when comparing alternative climate policies. The largely qualitative discussions of climate policy in public-facing reports suffer from failure to use welfare economics to assess tradeoffs. I use 2025 reports by the National Academies and by the US Department of Energy as case studies. |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2609.09337 |
| By: | Pennington-Gray, Lori; Kokorović Jukan, Meldina; Herić, Erna |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the potential of regenerative tourism as a sustainable development pathway for Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Renowned for its rich cultural heritage, diverse natural landscapes, and complex post-conflict socio-economic context, BiH has seen tourism emerge as a vital economic sector, contributing approximately 10-11% of GDP and 12% of total employment prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent growth in tourist arrivals and overnight stays underscores the sector's importance for national development. Regenerative tourism represents a paradigm shift beyond conventional and sustainable models, emphasizing ecosystem restoration, community empowerment, and socio-economic resilience while enhancing BiH's tourism products and experiences. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining a desk review and qualitative content analysis of key tourism strategies from both BiH entities with a survey of 46 stakeholders, including tourism professionals, hospitality providers, local authorities, NGOs, and academics. The conceptual framework, grounded in regenerative tourism and development literature, centers on five design dimensions: place-based orientation, systems thinking, ethical stewardship and regenerative action, collaborative governance, and transformative learning. Strategic documents were evaluated against these dimensions, and survey data were analyzed descriptively to assess stakeholders' knowledge, attitudes, and readiness for regenerative tourism. Findings indicate that while entity-level tourism strategies incorporate sustainability, inclusiveness, and competitiveness-focusing on product development, destination marketing, and human resource capacity-they lack explicit regenerative goals such as ecosystem restoration, net-positive impact, and transformative learning. Stakeholders exhibit moderate conceptual awareness but limited training, experience, and collaboration mechanisms to implement regenerative practices. The study contributes to academic and policy debates by situating regenerative tourism within BiH's post-conflict development context, highlighting key opportunities and challenges, and providing strategic recommendations for policymakers and practitioners. Ultimately, regenerative tourism emerges as a transformative pathway for BiH to enhance environmental restoration, social cohesion, and economic resilience while positioning itself as a competitive and responsible destination in the global market. |
| Keywords: | regenerative tourism, sustainability, governance, tourism policy, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| JEL: | Z30 Z32 Z38 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esconf:343403 |
| By: | John Ery; Erwan Koch |
| Abstract: | Catastrophe (cat) bonds overcome some lack of reinsurance by sourcing capacity from the wider capital markets. We present a new type of cat bond addressing the known trade-off between moral hazard and basis risk. As our main contributions we propose a trigger mechanism which is entirely transparent and simpler to evaluate compared to indemnity modeling techniques, as well as a methodology to price this cat bond. This is relevant for insurers and public authorities in a world where natural disasters are occurring with increasing frequency and severity due to climate change, but also for players willing to enter the cat bond market for whom the lack of transparency of this asset class has been a significant obstacle. Our trigger is derived from a cost random field which separates the physical hazard, a vulnerability function and the exposure. This allows the trigger to take a flexible form between parametric and modeled loss, in case exposure is taken into account. We present a case study based on historical windstorm events impacting Germany. Using wind speed data from historical storms, we fit a max-stable random field on a resolution which is standard in the reinsurance industry. The availability of industry loss and exposure data allows us to calibrate the vulnerability component to historical observations. Besides measuring the basis risk associated with our trigger, we perform a full model assessment and discuss numerical results. |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2609.22052 |
| By: | Ines Maranon (UMR Innovation - Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | This poster will present the initial methodological results of intervention research into the foundations of this transdisciplinary, interprofessional and societal living lab. It will focus on initial analyses of the participation processes at work and the prospects for stakeholder involvement in the "intermediate spaces" of value co-creation within the living lab. Lastly, we will discuss the first elements of analysis of the capacity for real-time inclusion of the needs expressed by the various stakeholders and end-users, in order to use varietal innovation to meet the challenges of territorial ecosystems in the face of the effects of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Viticulture, Living lab |
| Date: | 2024–10–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05743985 |
| By: | Alexandra-Anca Purcel (Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the effect of environmental protection effort, both the adoption and the size of environmental protection expenditure, as well as the energy dependence on total factor productivity (TFP) at the firm level. To this end, I focus on an extended sample of Romanian firms observed during the period 2020–2023. The results, consistent across different specifications, indicate that firms engaged in environmental protection activities have, on average, higher TFP than similar firms but that environmental protection expenditures induce additional costs, negatively influencing TFP. Moreover, energy intensity has a positive and significant effect on TFP. Overall, these findings provide important insights into the relationship between these indicators at the firm level and may lead to the development and improvement of more tailored associated policies. |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:carp26:09 |
| By: | Anna Maria Boros (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Anna Małgorzata Bartczak (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences; University of Warsaw, Robert Zajonc Institute for Social Studies) |
| Abstract: | Perceived realism of the policy scenario presented in stated preference (SP) valuation depends on trust in the scientific soundness of the projected policy outcomes (epistemic credibility) and in policymakers' capability to deliver them (implementation credibility). Using a discrete choice experiment (DCE) with 1, 100 Polish urban residents, we examine how policy scenario credibility shapes preferences for air pollution mitigation reducing risks from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We contrast domain experts and artificial intelligence (AI) with no-source control as information sources on policy outcome projections. We find that epistemic and implementation credibility are strongly correlated; thus, we treat credibility as a single variable affecting preferences. Using a hybrid mixed logit (HMXL) model, we demonstrate that higher perceived credibility increases programme support, lowers cost sensitivity, and thus elevates willingness to pay (WTP) for the programme and morbidity risk reduction. We find no evidence that the information source influences preferences or scenario credibility. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, artificial intelligence, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, credibility, discrete choice experiment, information source |
| JEL: | D91 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2026-33 |
| By: | Shahzada M. Naeem Nawaz (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | Energy transition refers to long-term technological, fuel, infrastructure, market, institutional, and socio-cultural changes in how energy services are supplied and used. According to recent policy discussions, the term means transitioning away from an energy system based on fossil fuels towards increased efficiency, electrification, and decreasing emissions. The literature shows that transitions tend to be path-dependent and intensive in infrastructure. But new technologies can diffuse rapidly as soon as their cost falls if other conditions are met. Recent research provides evidence for four key propositions. First, the flow of clean energy investments is rising. Second, reliability depends on grid capacity, flexibility, and end-use efficiency. Third, finance and institutional risk matter in the case of emerging countries. Fourth, badly-managed distributional consequences could undermine the legitimacy of a transition process. International experience further indicates that targets are operationalized only if procurement processes, network planning, industrial capacity, finance tools, and social protection are considered. For Pakistan, the brief proposes a workable definition of energy transition in terms of the coordinated transition of energy supply, demand, networks, markets, finance, industry, and institutions. The criteria of success include affordability, reliability, energy security, financial sustainability, access, competitiveness, emission reductions, and distributive impact. |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:kbrief:2026:158 |
| By: | Maxime Sebbane (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Mechthild Donner; Christian Duquennoi (UR PROSE - Procédés biotechnologiques au service de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Urban biowaste valorization is a promising pathway for the circular bioeconomy, yet the business models supporting it remain fragile and poorly understood. Research has mainly emphasized product-oriented biomass valorization, while service-based models have received less attention. This paper examines how urban biowaste is integrated into value creation, delivery and capture mechanisms, and whether the product/service distinction captures their diversity. Based on an exploratory qualitative study of ten French initiatives, it identifies three business model families (product-oriented, service-oriented and hybrid) and seven types: value-added product transformation; biowaste trading; product valorization supporting a social mission; core paid waste-management services; ancillary biowaste services; community and non-profit waste services; and integrated product-service approaches. Product-oriented models mainly capture value through marketable outputs, service-oriented models through collection, logistics, regulatory compliance and stakeholder support, and hybrid models through both mechanisms. Across these families, biowaste also creates relational and marketing value through customer engagement and CSR narratives, and social and territorial value through inclusion, education, community building and local resource loops. Environmental value cuts across these mechanisms through waste diversion, resource substitution and reintegration into material, energy or agronomic cycles. The study shows that the product/service distinction is useful but insufficient and contributes a multidimensional typology. It also complements the biomass value pyramid with a business model perspective accounting for product, service, relational, marketing, social and territorial forms of value. |
| Keywords: | Urban biowaste, Circular Economy, Business Model, s Service-Oriented, Product-Oriented, Value Creation, Bioeconomy |
| Date: | 2026–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05744014 |
| By: | Pinar Tat (Department of Economics, Gebze Technical University); Sebnem Sahin (UNDP Eurasia); Abdullah Altun (Department of Economics, Gebze Technical University); Halit Yanikkaya (Department of Economics, Gebze Technical University) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the existence of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions leakage within the framework of global value chains (GVCs) by comparing production-based and consumption-based accounting. We contribute to the literature by applying the most recent value-added decomposition methodology developed by Wang et al. (2017) and by using sector-level data from 186 countries across 25 sectors for the period 1990-2023. Our descriptive evidence demonstrates substantial differences between PBE and CBE and reveals the existence of emissions leakage across countries and sectors. Developing countries and upstream sectors appear as net exporters of emissions, while developed countries and downstream sectors emerge as net importers through global value chains. The empirical results demonstrate that GVC participation plays a central role in shaping this difference. The forward GVC participation is positively associated with net emission exports, whereas backward GVC participation is positively related to net emission imports. These findings highlight that emission responsibility cannot be adequately assessed using production-based measures alone. Instead, effective policies should account for consumption-based measures to reach an equitable responsibility-sharing framework in an increasingly fragmented global economy. |
| Keywords: | Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Leakage, Production and Consumption-Based Accounting, Forward GVC Participation, Backward GVC Participation |
| JEL: | F18 F64 Q56 |
| Date: | 2026–09–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:geb:wpaper:2026-02 |
| By: | Jaadla, Hannaliis; Davenport, Romola |
| Abstract: | Using high-frequency historical data on mortality (weekly) and temperature (daily), we examine the puzzle of the late decline of infant diarrhoeal mortality in British and Irish cities. While mortality from other faecal–oral diseases began falling before the 1880s alongside investments in urban water supply and waste disposal, large summer epidemics of infant diarrhoea persisted until the 1910s. We analyse a large panel of towns spanning the period 1893–1930 to characterise the temperature-infant mortality nexus and to identify turning points in this relationship. Two-way fixed effects models reveal the roles of flush toilet provision, reductions in fly populations, and infant feeding practices in the decline of infant diarrhoeal mortality. Our findings indicate that preventing lethal summer epidemics among young children required coordinated improvements in both domestic and environmental hygiene. We suggest that these findings provide historical support for contemporary calls for ‘transformative WaSH’ programmes. |
| Date: | 2026–09–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:zb6dn_v1 |
| By: | Rafat Mahmood and Pushkar Maitra |
| Abstract: | Natural disasters are a growing global threat, yet their consequences for gender-based violence (GBV) in high-income countries with strong institutional protections remain largely unknown. We address this gap using administrative crime records linked to disaster declarations at the Local Government Area level in Australia. Applying staggered difference-in-differences estimation techniques, we find that disasters cause short-run increase family, domestic and sexual violence with effects concentrated in the first one to three months following a disaster. Strikingly, these effects are larger in urban and affluent areas, an outcome that is difficult to reconcile with a pure economic-stress mechanism, and is more consistent with institutional strain and differential reporting environments. To probe the underlying pathway, we draw on complementary household survey evidence, which points to mental health deterioration and increased intra-household conflict as individual level mechanisms. Together, our findings suggest that even well-resourced institutional settings offer only incomplete protection against disaster-induced violence against women |
| Keywords: | Natural Disasters, gender based Violence, Event Study, Australia |
| JEL: | Q54 J12 J16 I18 K42 |
| Date: | 2026–09–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:paper_1789340702041_877 |
| By: | Hozova, Karolina; Havranek, Tomas; Irsova, Zuzana |
| Abstract: | Appointing more women to corporate boards is widely expected to also raise firms' environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance. We provide the first meta-analysis of this relationship, drawing on 533 estimates from 106 studies that measure ESG performance with Bloomberg or LSEG ratings. The average reported effect of a one-percentage-point increase in board gender diversity is about 0.28 ESG points, but much of it does not survive scrutiny. Correcting for publication bias with a battery of linear and non-linear methods lowers the effect to between roughly 0.08 and 0.17 points. A best-practice estimate that also imposes sound study design puts it near 0.12 for most of the world, markedly higher for the Middle East, and near -0.11 for the Southeast Asian markets that dominate the Asian evidence. The differences that remain across studies are systematic, driven mainly by geography and by the choice of estimation method rather than by the ESG-rating provider or the controls a study includes. Board gender diversity may be well worth pursuing on its own merits, but the evidence that it reliably raises ESG scores is weaker than the published record suggests. |
| Keywords: | board gender diversity, ESG ratings, meta-analysis, publication bias, corporate governance, female directors |
| JEL: | G34 M14 J16 C11 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:343305 |
| By: | Robinson, Elizabeth; Howarth, Candice; Zhou, Yanxi; Dasgupta, Shouro |
| Abstract: | Climate change is already having a measurable impact on labour forces across the globe, with far reaching implications for economic growth, worker health and productivity, firm profitability, poverty and inequality, and food security, to name but a few. This study quantifies UK workers’ perceptions of the impacts of heat on their health and the extent to which and how behavioural and infrastructural adaptation measures reduce their perceived negative impacts of extreme heat. We collected data during the UK 2024 and 2025 summers, just after periods of anomalous heat, surveying over 2, 000 people each year in the UK labour force when their recollection of the heat episode was fresh in their memories. Using microeconometric analysis and controlling for a rich set of demographic, occupational, and adaptation covariates, our results clearly show that workers perceive their health to be harmed by anomalously high temperatures, and both workers and employers rely on a wide range of adaptation measures to protect their health. However, these measures are only partially effective. For example, a 1°C positive temperature anomaly from the long-term average on average increased the probability of a worker reducing their hours by 9.9% and their effort by 9.5%; but for those workers who received advanced alerts of heat episodes, those probabilities are 6.2% and 6.7%, respectively. Advanced heat alerts also reduced the probability of workers reporting adverse health effects by approximately 5 percentage-points. |
| Keywords: | heat stress;labour force;temperature;adaptation |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2026–09–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140641 |
| By: | Lewin, Peter; , Danyelle; Zinn, Anna Kristina (University of Queensland); MacInnes, Sarah; Dolnicar, Sara (The University of Queensland) |
| Abstract: | Hotel sustainability research shows that pro-environmental behaviour‑change interventions are often effective in field experiments, but widespread adoption by hotels remains limited. One possible explanation is that hotels lack external recognition that would make adopting these measures visible to guests and rewarding to managers. This study investigates whether university-affiliated sustainability badges could serve as a recognition mechanism, testing their effectiveness across two studies drawing on Signalling Theory and Social Identity Theory. In an online experiment (N=975), prospective hotel guests viewed simulated hotel booking pages featuring one of the four badge options, or no badge, across budget, mid-range, and luxury hotel pricing segments. All badge variations increased perceived hotel sustainability and guests’ sense of belonging to a community of environmentally conscious travellers (group identification). Badges did not trigger negative emotions, but the university affiliated logo did not perform better than a generic environmental logo on almost all measures, suggesting these effects are based on the presence of any badge, rather than the university partnership specifically. Semi-structured interviews with ten hotel managers found conditional receptivity to university-affiliated badges, primarily through a sense of shared values and community orientation with the partnering institution (collective values) rather than the badge’s function as a credibility signal. These findings suggest that collective values and shared identities, rather than signalling, may be the more promising mechanism for engaging hotels and guests around sustainability initiatives, and offer an encouraging direction for potential university-hotel partnerships that may translate into the future implementation of pro-environmental behaviour change interventions. |
| Date: | 2026–09–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:2pv9b_v2 |
| By: | Tara Bedi (Trinity College Dublin and TIME); Anu Jose (University of Galway); Michael King (Trinity College Dublin and TIME); Samuel McArdle (Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI)) |
| Abstract: | Natural disasters impose high and lasting psychological costs, yet the distribution of these costs within households remains poorly understood. Using a unique panel dataset of couples in Malawi, this paper examines the effect of Cyclone Idai damage on couples' mental health. We find that female spouses experience a 5.65% erosion in self‐efficacy five to seven months after the cyclone, while their husbands show no significant change. We find no significant effects on depression or stress‐related disability for either spouse. To explain this gender divergence in self‐efficacy, we investigate differential access to labour market coping strategies. Following severe cyclone‐related losses, husbands are 14.5% more likely to engage in wage employment and report 26.8% higher wage earnings relative to husbands in low‐loss households, whereas wives' participation in income‐generating activities remains unchanged. Together, these findings show that the psychological effects of the disaster are gender‐differentiated within the household, and differential labour market opportunities may explain the divergent psychological outcomes observed between spouses. These patterns have implications for the design of disaster response and social protection policies. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disasters, Mental Health, Intrahousehold, Gender, Labour |
| JEL: | D13 D15 Q54 I10 I30 I32 |
| Date: | 2026–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcd:tcduee:tep1726 |
| By: | Kotzias, Cecilia; Uzun, Tamer; van Bellen, Hans Michael; Pacheco, Roberto; da Silva Zanuzzi, Cinthya Mônica; Selig, Paulo Maurício |
| Abstract: | Community-based and other sustainability-oriented initiatives across Brazil address problems central to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), yet their contributions may be less visible within formal SDG monitoring because they are distributed across numerous small actors and often expressed in local rather than SDG terminology. This study frames the challenge of making the contributions of such initiatives legible within SDG localization as a knowledge-translation problem and develops an exploratory digital mapping and classification procedure for identifying and interpreting digitally visible sustainability-oriented initiatives in relation to nationalized SDG targets. An iterative snowball mapping procedure on Instagram identified 2, 328 publicly visible profiles, from which 256 sustainability-oriented initiatives were classified in relation to nationalized SDG targets (230 assigned a primary SDG). A documented subset of 50 initiatives, including 47 examined using additional public sources, was analyzed in depth. Coding followed a transparent codebook, and an independent second coder recoded the documented subset, yielding moderate intercoder reliability (Cohen's κ = 0.57), followed by negotiated adjudication of disagreements. The findings indicate that many initiatives address SDG-relevant problems without using SDG terminology, that assigning a single primary SDG entails interpretive loss when representing multidimensional local practices, and that fewer than one quarter of the initiatives in the in-depth subset are directly recognized in Brazil's official civil society registry. The study introduces a transparent and auditable mapping-and-classification procedure grounded in this framing and provides empirical insights into both the analytical potential and the interpretive limits of translating situated local narratives into classifications aligned with nationalized SDG targets. |
| Date: | 2026–09–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:g4crh_v1 |
| By: | Nicu Sprincean (Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza“) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the influence of green rhetoric from central banks on banking institutions. Using a sample of 437 publicly listed banks from 43 countries between 2000 and 2019, I find a positive correlation between an increased proportion of climate-related discourse in central bank speeches and a reduction in both systematic and systemic risk for banks. This may be attributed to improved transparent communication by central banks, which reduces individual and systemic risk for banks. This, in turn, supports the accountability and independence of central banks, which are negatively correlated with bank risk-taking behavior. In a similar vein, central banks that are most vocal about climate issues are also leading the way in adopting climate-related policies that facilitate the transition to net zero, which are positively associated with financial stability. The findings of this study have significant policy implications in the context of central bank's growing involvement in climate-related issues and their consequent shaping of market participants' perceptions. |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:carp26:10 |
| By: | Geißler, Gesa; Hocke-Bergler, Peter; Hüben, Sarina; Kapitza, Katharina; Kelly, Ryan; Müller, Bernhard; Ristau, Sebastian; Schmidt, Nadine; Steinebrunner, Martin; Steinhoff, Mathias; Uthe, Anne-Dore; Weidlich, Oliver |
| Abstract: | Die Suche nach einem Endlager für hochradioaktive Abfälle zählt zu den langfristig bedeutendsten Infrastruktur- und Governanceaufgaben in Deutschland. Obwohl die Standortauswahl vorrangig durch Sicherheitsanforderungen und geowissenschaftliche Kriterien bestimmt wird, berührt sie zugleich grundlegende Fragen der räumlichen Entwicklung, der regionalen Zukunftsperspektiven, der Beteiligung betroffener Regionen sowie der gesellschaftlichen Legitimation des Verfahrens. Für Raumplanung und Raumentwicklung besteht die Herausforderung, sich aktiv und frühzeitig in den Prozess einzubringen. Das Positionspapier formuliert sechs Empfehlungen. Es plädiert dafür, die Standortsuche durch Maßnahmen der Regionalentwicklung und regionalen Innovation zu flankieren, die planungswissenschaftlichen Abwägungskriterien des Standortauswahlverfahrens zu überprüfen, Regionsabgrenzungen transparent und zweckbezogen zu gestalten sowie sozioökonomische Potenzialanalysen eng mit regionalen Entwicklungskonzepten zu verknüpfen. Darüber hinaus wird empfohlen, raumwissenschaftliche Expertise stärker in Umweltprüfungen und Fragen der Prüfung der Raumverträglichkeit einzubeziehen und die langfristigen räumlichen sowie gesellschaftlichen Auswirkungen der Standortauswahl durch kontinuierliche Analysen und ein begleitendes Monitoring zu erfassen. Das Papier kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass Raumplanung und Raumentwicklung wesentliche Beiträge zur Qualität, Transparenz und Zukunftsorientierung des Standortauswahlverfahrens leisten können. Sie sollten deshalb ihre wissenschaftliche und praktische Expertise stärker in die Endlagersuche einbringen, die öffentliche Debatte aktiv mitgestalten und sich als langfristige Partner einer nachhaltigen nuklearen Entsorgung etablieren. |
| Abstract: | The search for a repository for high-level radioactive waste is among the most significant longterm infrastructure and governance challenges in Germany. While site selection is primarily determined by safety requirements and geoscientific criteria, it also raises fundamental questions regarding spatial development, regional future prospects, the participation of affected regions, and the societal legitimacy of the process. For spatial planning and regional development, the challenge is to engage actively and at an early stage in this process. The position paper puts forward six recommendations. It advocates complementing the site selection process with measures to promote regional development and innovation; reviewing the planning-related assessment criteria applied in the site selection procedure; ensuring that regional delineations are transparent and purpose-oriented; and closely linking socioeconomic potential analyses with regional development strategies. Furthermore, it recommends strengthening the integration of spatial research expertise into environmental assessments and evaluations of spatial compatibility, while systematically capturing the long-term spatial and societal impacts of site selection through continuous analysis and accompanying monitoring. The paper concludes that spatial planning and regional development can make substantial contributions to the quality, transparency, and future-oriented character of the site selection process. They should therefore play a more active role in the search for a repository by contributing their scientific and practical expertise, helping to shape public debate, and establishing themselves as long-term partners in the pursuit of sustainable radioactive waste disposal. |
| Keywords: | Standortauswahlgesetz, Endlager für hochradioaktiven Abfall, Narrative der Endlagerung, Regionalentwicklung, Planungswissenschaftliche Abwägungskriterien, Sozioökonomische Potenzialanalysen, Regionsabgrenzungen, Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfungen, Monitoring, Site Selection Act, repository for high-level radioactive waste, narratives on final disposal, regional development, planning criteria, socio-economic potential analyses, regional boundaries, environmental impact assessments |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:arlpos:343994 |
| By: | Paula Prakash; Leon Stolle |
| Abstract: | We analyze how long-term electricity hedging design affects industrial investments in load-shifting capacity. These investments enable flexible electricity consumption and play a crucial role in integrating variable renewable energy. We develop a theoretical model of flexibility investment by a risk-averse industrial firm facing uncertainty about renewable generation and electricity prices. We compare a conventional baseload hedge with a renewable energy profile (REP) hedge, a hedge with a fixed price but varying quantity proportional to renewable generation. The key difference is the consumer’s risk exposure and how it affects flexibility investment. Under the baseload hedge, flexibility provides an uncertain arbitrage value from shifting consumption across hours, so risk aversion reduces investment. Under the REP hedge, flexibility acts as a physical hedge against renewable profile risk by aligning the firm’s consumption with the contracted profile. This insurance value can increase flexibility investment under risk aversion. Numerical simulations illustrate the mechanism for realistic hourly price and renewable generation profiles. We further show that the REP hedge can reduce risk-adjusted total costs for flexible firms once baseload contract prices reflect observed profile risk premia. The results identify long-term hedging design as a potential channel to unlock industrial demand-side flexibility. |
| Keywords: | Industrial demand response, long-term contracts, renewable energy, investment, risk aversion, profile risk |
| JEL: | Q41 Q48 D21 D81 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2180 |
| By: | Mogge, Lukas; Roeckert, Julian; Rukundo, Emmanuel Nshakira; Krähnert, Kati |
| Abstract: | We study stated and realized demand for a new parametric insurance product against excessive rainfall among rice farmers in Vietnam's Mekong Delta, a region highly exposed to climate change. Using a household survey of 3, 000 rice-farming households, we elicit willingness to pay (WTP) using a multiple-bounded dichotomous choice approach. Stated demand is substantial: 33% of respondents report a WTP of at least half the market price, and 18% report a WTP equal to or higher than the market price. Stated demand is significantly higher among men, younger respondents, and respondents reporting better self-assessed product understanding. Yet when insurance agents offered the product at a subsidized price below respondents' stated WTP, no respondent purchased it. We discuss mechanisms that may explain this discrepancy between stated and realized demand, including limited incentive compatibility of the WTP elicitation mechanism, changes in valuations, and contextual barriers to insurance adoption. |
| Abstract: | Wir untersuchen die geäußerte und die tatsächliche Nachfrage nach einem neuen parametrischen Versicherungsprodukt gegen übermäßige Niederschläge bei reisanbauenden Haushalten im vietnamesischen Mekong-Delta - einer Region, die stark vom Klimawandel betroffen ist. Auf der Grundlage einer Befragung von 3.000 reisanbauenden Haushalten ermitteln wir die Zahlungsbereitschaft mittels eines "Multiple-Bounded Dichotomous Choice"-Verfahrens. Die geäußerte Nachfrage ist substanziell: 33 % der Befragten geben eine Zahlungsbereitschaft von mindestens der Hälfte des Marktpreises an, und 18 % nennen einen Betrag, der dem Marktpreis entspricht oder darüber liegt. Die geäußerte Nachfrage ist bei männlichen Befragten, jüngeren Befragten sowie Befragten, die ihr eigenes Produktverständnis höher einschätzen, signifikant höher. Als Versicherungsvertreter das Produkt jedoch zu einem subventionierten Preis anboten, der unter der angegebenen Zahlungsbereitschaft der Befragten lag, erwarb kein einziger Teilnehmer das Versicherungsprodukt. Wir erörtern Mechanismen, die diese Diskrepanz zwischen geäußerter und tatsächlicher Nachfrage erklären könnten, darunter die eingeschränkte Anreizkompatibilität des Verfahrens zur Ermittlung der Zahlungsbereitschaft, Veränderungen der Bewertung sowie kontextuelle Hindernisse für den Abschluss der Versicherung. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, parametric weather insurance, Vietnam, willingness-to-pay |
| JEL: | G52 Q14 Q12 O12 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:343540 |
| By: | Kay Jowers; Lala Ma; Christopher D. Timmins |
| Abstract: | The use of managed retreats, or “buyouts, ” of flood-prone properties is likely to grow as an adaptation response to increasing flood risks. This paper investigates the role of race and ethnicity in buyout bargaining outcomes and how those outcomes affect longer-run neighborhood change. We combine nationwide administrative data on federal property acquisitions, housing sales transactions, and restricted-use Census microdata to estimate whether there are systematic differences by race in buyout payments relative to a property’s fair market value. We then use a database tracking individual movement over time to examine the quality of the neighborhoods to which participants move and how neighborhood outcomes vary by race and program participation. We find that the buyout compensation received by households of color is at least 6 percent lower than that received by white households. White participants relocate to higher quality neighborhoods and are better off than white nonparticipants. Black participants, on the other hand, move to worse neighborhoods and are worse off than Black non-participants. Our work highlights how government policy, aimed to address increasing climate impacts, may exacerbate the burden of climate change on vulnerable communities. |
| JEL: | D30 D63 Q50 R23 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35726 |
| By: | Guglielmo Barone; Giulia Romani |
| Abstract: | Declining trust in supranational institutions may undermine the effective management of global challenges requiring cross-border coordination. We estimate the causal effect of supranational financial assistance following major adverse shocks on citizens' trust in supranational institutions. Our empirical setting is the European Union (EU), where the European Union Solidarity Fund (EUSF) - the EU's main instrument for post-disaster support - provides a uniquely suitable empirical setting for identifying the political effects of supranational assistance following major natural disasters. Identification relies on plausibly exogenous variation in exposure to EUSF assistance together with the "impressionable years" hypothesis. Combining individual-level survey data with geocoded information on natural disasters and EUSF interventions over the 2002-2018 period, we find that exposure to EUSF assistance generates a sizable increase in confidence in the EU that remains detectable several years after the intervention. The effect is economically meaningful and substantially stronger in regions characterized by lower-quality local governance and among more risk-averse individuals, consistent with institutional substitution and insurance mechanisms. Finally, using regional macroeconomic data, we provide supporting evidence that EUSF interventions mitigate the economic downturns associated with natural disasters, suggesting that supranational assistance in moments of distress can generate both economic and political returns. |
| JEL: | D91 H11 H84 I38 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp1231 |
| By: | Hari, Siddharth; Laporsek, Suzana; Santos, Indhira; Vodopivec, Milan |
| Abstract: | Countries in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) are facing a variety of climate-related events that pose risks to their socio-economic stability, prompting a reevaluation of unemployment insurance systems. This report explores how climate change and the green transition affect the design and operation of unemployment insurance, recommending reforms and complementary programs to enhance resilience. It includes a database detailing unemployment insurance characteristics across the ECA region and emphasizes expanding traditional measures - such as unemployment benefits, employment services, and training to incorporate targeted actions like partial benefits, tailored services, and support for displaced workers. Job preservation tools, including short-time work, furlough programs, wage insurance, and into-work subsidies, are highlighted as essential for maintaining employment and income levels during climate disruptions. Additionally, the report introduces a new stress test to evaluate how well unemployment insurance systems can respond to climate-related shocks and broader structural changes, such as economic crises, pandemics, trade shifts, or technological advancements. |
| Date: | 2026–06–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hdnspu:203609 |
| By: | Beltrán-Hernández, Andrés (Universidad Católica del Norte); Lufin, Marcelo |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the key determinants shaping the dynamic relationship between economic growth and CO2 emissions in 220 European NUTS2 regions from 2000 to 2021, using a bivariate latent growth curve model (BLGM). Unlike traditional methods, the BLGM framework addresses a critical gap in modeling latent growth processes, variable interactions, and regional heterogeneity, significantly advancing previous methodologies. The approach integrates determinants of regional economic structures, energy consumption patterns, labor market characteristics, and educational attainment. The results highlight the crucial role of financial structure, spatial centrality, and educated development, offering insights for adaptive and effective regional climate and sustainability strategies and emphasizing the need for coordinated policies that integrate technological innovation, territorial planning, labor market diversification, and sustained investment in education. |
| Date: | 2026–09–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:83jf6_v1 |
| By: | Papadonikolaki, Eleni; Krystallis, Ilias; Morgan, Bethan |
| Abstract: | Absorptive capacity in construction is crucial for effectively managing change amidst the twin transition (digital and green transitions) that is significantly affecting existing practices in the sector. Concentrating on construction sector, this research examines how firms assimilate and use digital decarbonisation practices to improve their performance. Building on a multi-method qualitative dataset comprising interviews with 53 industry experts in the UK construction sector, archival data, and validation of our findings through focus group data, the study highlights the vital role of absorptive capacity in enabling firms to navigate and benefit from digitalisation and sustainability initiatives. The findings indicate that the potential absorptive capacity (acquisition and assimilation of knowledge) takes place mainly in firms whereas the realised absorptive capacity (transformation and exploitation) takes place mainly in the boundaries of projects they deliver. This offers a mutually reinforcing cycle of exploration and exploitation that can equip firms to meet contemporary challenges and institutional demands effectively to cope against the twin transition. Our study contributes with a four-phase process model for understanding the organisational change management processes required for the twin transition in project-based settings. Most existing research on absorptive capacity focuses on either organisational or industry-level dynamics, our study examines the loci of absorptive capacity (e.g., by examining firm and project boundaries) in a highly complex, project-driven industry such as construction. |
| Keywords: | dynamic capabilities;green transitition;knowledge absorption;net zero;digitalisation;digital innovation |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2026–03–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:140977 |
| By: | Won-Ki Seo; Kyungsik Nam |
| Abstract: | Anthropogenic forcing components follow different long-run paths, while persistent temperature change can involve distributional changes beyond the mean. Scalar regressions aggregate these components and retain only mean temperature, obscuring how distinct forcing paths relate to persistent distributional change. We develop new testing, estimation, and inference methods for long-run relations between an integrated predictor vector and a density-valued response. These comprise a residual-based test of between-cointegration (whether predictor trends account for all stochastic trends in the response density), a fully modified least-squares estimator of predictor-specific functional responses, and simulation-based inference for interpretable projections. We apply the methods to densities of observed local temperature anomalies and anthropogenic effective radiative forcing divided into CO$_2$ and non-CO$_2$ portfolios. The test results are consistent with persistent movements in these portfolios statistically accounting for the persistent evolution of the anomaly distribution, with no additional stochastic trend detected in the residual. A joint test rejects the common-response restriction imposed by aggregating the two portfolios. The fitted CO$_2$ response mainly shifts mass toward warmer anomalies and increases central concentration, whereas the non-CO$_2$ response produces a smaller shift but greater dispersion and off-center reshaping. Positive fitted mean responses for both portfolios conceal these contrasts, demonstrating the information lost through scalar aggregation. |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2609.16509 |
| By: | Gary D. Libecap |
| Abstract: | The US federal government owns and administers 472, 892, 659 acres or 21% of the land area of the lower 48 states, the country’s largest landowner. The resource is held and managed as a collective resource, the Federal Lands, through political and bureaucratic interpretation of the Multiple Use principle and generally, the biological aim of maximum sustained-yield. By contrast, access, exchange, and investment for most other US natural resources are through private property rights and markets. Despite the magnitude of the resource, economists have devoted relatively limited attention to the economic and welfare impact. The objective is to suggest economic implications and to encourage additional economic analyses. The discussion summarizes federal lands privatization through 1891, when withholding of federal lands began. The literature reveals no demonstratable market failure or increased resource scarcity from private exploitation between 1870 and 1957 when most lands were withheld. Because land was nonmobile and observable private property rights could have been assigned and any externalities addressed via Pigouvian restrictions or Coasean exchange. Federal ownership was not obviously required. Progressive Era reformers, driven by concerns of impending resource depletion, called for scientific, sustained-yield management by government officials. The institutional change is economically important. As outlined by Dixit and others, private rights holders have high powered incentives for efficient resource use that are lacking in decision making by agency officials who do not hold exchangeable property rights and do not directly bear the economic costs and benefits of their actions. Consequential public goods delivery could be an offset, but these are not measured for tradeoff calculations. Following Krueger, a rent-seeking framework is presented for comparing outcomes with economic property rights and political management. The analysis suggests that a.) federal lands will have lower production value than comparable private, all else equal; (b). federal lands management will be less responsive to shifts in economic costs and benefits. Public goods may be provided for high amenity, recreation, and ecological areas, but the dominant Multiple Use management principle provides no objective criteria for allocation or for periodic outcome assessment and adjustment. A literature review and data for contemporary federal forests, range, and oil and gas lands are provided. |
| JEL: | N4 N52 N53 Q11 Q18 Q20 Q23 Q24 Q26 Q28 Q29 Q30 Q32 Q33 Q35 Q38 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:35745 |
| By: | Yoon, Yeochang |
| Abstract: | As the share of variable renewable energy such as solar and wind rises rapidly, ensuring adequate investment in facilities that prevent outages and maintain reliable supply has become more important. Yet, Korea's wholesale electricity market relies on rigid pricing rules that fail to provide appropriate investment incentives, delaying the expansion of required resources. It is therefore desirable to reform the pricing framework so that market prices reflect demand and supply conditions effectively as signals for investment and system operation. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kdifoc:343514 |
| By: | Serati, Reza; Zinn, Anna Kristina (University of Queensland); Layeghy, Siamak; Grün, Bettina; Portmann, Marius; Dolnicar, Sara (The University of Queensland) |
| Abstract: | As the world transitions to renewable energies, the structure of national electricity markets will change. Queensland (Australia) is a pioneer market; it is one of the most highly electrified markets internationally. This study analyses drivers of household grid electricity imports using operational smart-meter data from 1, 119, 389 households and two linked surveys. Solar and battery ownership, dwelling type, household size, pool and electric-vehicle ownership, and climate zone are key drivers. Having a solar system, living in a unit and in smaller households is associated with lower electricity imports. Larger households with a pool and electric vehicles import more electricity. We discuss these findings in the context of previous studies of drivers of household electricity use conducted in more traditional power markets. By distinguishing grid imports from total household consumption, we show how distributed generation and storage reshape network demand and provide new evidence for forecasting and planning in highly electrified markets. |
| Date: | 2026–09–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:gqpb4_v1 |
| By: | Maria Montez Rath (Stanford University) |
| Abstract: | Analyzing core body temperature in field settings presents unique challenges, including high-frequency longitudinal measurements, individual physiological variability, and the environmental noise of active work shifts. This presentation discusses a comprehensive workflow in Stata for processing and modeling data from a crossover trial designed to evaluate cooling interventions (bandanas and mitts) among California farmworkers. I detail the steps necessary to move from raw, minute-by-minute sensor data to statistical inference. Key methodological hurdles addressed include (1) high-frequency data cleaning and the use of mipolate for data interpolation; (2) data smoothing using lowess to manage data artifacts; (3) the calculation of area under the curve (AUC) using integ; and (4) the application of mixed-effects REML regression to account for the crossover design, including trial week, carryover effects, and time-invariant physiological covariates (BMI, age, and sex). While the primary focus is on the analytical steps rather than the efficacy of the interventions, I demonstrate how Stata’s margins, contrast, and coefplot packages can be used to visualize complex longitudinal results and their sensitivity to model specifications. This toolkit offers a reproducible framework for researchers handling complex thermal or physiological time-series data in occupational health. |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:biep26:06 |
| By: | Chizmar, Stephanie; Parajuli, Rajan; Lamichhane, Sabhyata; Frey, Gregory E.; MacFarland, Katherine; Pinyan, Mary; Teague, Suzanne |
| Abstract: | Agroforestry practitioners face numerous barriers, including narrowly focused agricultural and forest land support programs that are targeted toward conventional crop and timber production. Preferential property tax programs (PPTPs) are one of the critical support programs that offer economic relief for landowners of enrolled lands. However, eligibility criteria for these programs may prevent inclusion of agroforestry lands, and thus, disincentivize the diversification of working lands. This study reviewed State statutes, administrative rules, tax guides and manuals, and other supporting publications to determine the compatibility of PPTPs for agricultural, forest, and horticultural lands with the characteristics of agroforestry systems. Results suggest that at least one of the five agroforestry practices of interest may be eligible for preferential assessment in each of the 50 States. PPTPs for agricultural lands may welcome a mixed agriculture-forestry interface more than PPTPs for forest lands. Silvopasture was found to be the most common practice potentially allowed under the preferential tax classifications. Productivity and land cover requirements and prohibited activities were identified as the primary limiting factors restricting eligibility of agroforestry practices. The findings from this study may be used to inform discussions related to landowner decision making and natural resource policy. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:412744 |
| By: | Klühspies, Johannes; Blow, Laurence E. |
| Abstract: | Maglev technology offers significant advantages for urban passenger transportation, including reduced noise pollution and zero particulate emissions, making it particularly valuable in densely populated areas. However, challenges such as high capital costs remain substantial. Medium-speed maglev systems hold the greatest potential in applications like urban ring lines, airport links, and routes through topographically challenging areas. For short-distance urban transport, traditional systems like trams and buses are still more practical and cost-effective. A key concern is the aesthetic design of maglev guideways, as their current brute, concrete appearance makes them unappealing for broader market adoption. While cost, design, and infrastructure challenges currently limit the widespread use of urban maglev, its potential to enhance urban mobility remains significant. Keywords: Disruption; Barriers to Acceptance; Infrastructure Design; Environment, Urban Planning, Mobility Challenges, Cost-Benefit. |
| Abstract: | Die Magnetschwebetechnologie bietet erhebliche Vorteile für den städtischen Personenverkehr, darunter eine geringere Lärmbelastung und das Fehlen von Feinstaubemissionen, wodurch sie insbesondere für dicht besiedelte Räume attraktiv ist. Gleichzeitig bleiben Herausforderungen wie hohe Investitionskosten erheblich. Mittelgeschwindigkeits-Magnetschwebebahnsysteme besitzen das größte Potenzial bei Anwendungen wie städtischen Ringlinien, Flughafenanbindungen und Strecken in topographisch anspruchsvollen Gebieten. Für kurze innerstädtische Distanzen sind konventionelle Systeme wie Straßenbahnen und Busse weiterhin praktikabler und kostengünstiger. Ein wesentlicher Kritikpunkt betrifft die ästhetische Gestaltung der Magnetbahnfahrwege, da ihre derzeit oft massive Betonoptik einer breiteren Marktakzeptanz entgegensteht. Obwohl Kosten-, Gestaltungs- und Infrastrukturfragen die großflächige Einführung urbaner Magnetschwebebahnen derzeit begrenzen, bleibt ihr Potenzial zur Verbesserung der städtischen Mobilität erheblich. Schlagwörter: Disruption; Akzeptanzbarrieren; Infrastrukturdesign; Umwelt; Stadtplanung; Mobilitätsherausforderungen; Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse. |
| Keywords: | Barriers to Acceptance, Disruption, Innovation, Infrastructure Design, Environment, Urban Planning, Cost-Benefit, Technology Assessment |
| JEL: | R40 R41 R49 R42 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esconf:343524 |
| By: | Ragnhof, Emma |
| Abstract: | Temperate cities compete to rank the world’s most livable, while competing under the same premise: A summer period with relatively abundant life on the streets, and a winter period with relatively sparse life on the streets, owing to cold stress. Yet these cities – Copenhagen, London, New York, Melbourne, Paris, Vancouver, Vienna – have been implementing strategies that are directly detrimental to the elongation of their streets’ active seasons: Motivated by increasingly frequent and intense heat events, they have set out to mitigate urban heat island effects, aiming to eliminate any time that any surface exceeds the upper limit of the human thermal comfort range. But with no spatial or temporal limit to these strategies and guidelines – the approach is consistently the more heat island mitigation the better – these strategies inadvertently incentivize a complete, systematic prevention of warm microclimates that, while they may be too hot during the heat waves, can be highly attractive the rest of the year. Therefore this thesis employs a tri-seasonal rhythmanalysis to explore the dynamic use of places that are subject to urban heat island effects as well as of places which are subject to cooling effects. In the terminology of the author, these places together constitute an area with “high microclimate niche development”, which stands in contrast to the areas with low niche development that are predictably reproduced when focusing on UHI mitigation, and when optimizing according to the parameter of total yearly comfort hours. It finds that when the warm niches are accessible – like at south facing ‘soft edges’ of interactive buildings – they significantly extend the local active season: That in early spring, when people first move out of the buildings, they tend to gravitate toward the warm, south facing edges of these buildings, after which a spillover effect happens from these warm niches, into adjacent cooler niches, and back, throughout the days as well as the seasons, whereby the warm niches exhibit a pulsing, gravitational pull. This descriptive model is synthesized into a prescriptive model and a series of preliminary methods of analysis, which aim to display and thereby enable assessment of microclimate diversity, and of synergy with complementary parameters. As proof of concept, these models are used to formulate re-designs. This approach is found to synergize with contemporary approaches for flood mitigation and for biodiversity, but demands one key shift: acknowledging that, in temperate cities, heat islands can play a substantial positive role. It argues that this shift appears as the logical conclusion of the development started by Jan Gehl when he defended the import of the (at the time) uniquely Mediterranean café culture to ‘cold’ northern Europe. It predicts that this shift may transform urban life in temperate cities in a similarly profound way. |
| Date: | 2026–05–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:hj7qd_v1 |
| By: | Arifai, Muhammad; Mariana, (Politeknik Negeri Lhoksemawe); Fahlevi, Heru; Indriani, Mirna; Darwanis, Darwanis |
| Abstract: | Objectives: This study examines the adoption of sustainability reporting in Public Sector Organizations (PSOs), focusing on (1) stakeholder expectations, (2) implementation challenges, and (3) the impact on accountability and value creation. It also identifies existing gaps in sustainability reporting frameworks and provides strategic recommendations to enhance transparency and effectiveness in public sector sustainability disclosures. Methodology: A Structured Literature Review (SLR) was conducted on 97 articles from Scopus (1990–2024), selected using keywords such as "sustainability reporting, " "public sector, " "GRI framework, " and "public sector organizations." Inclusion criteria ensured relevance to the public sector and methodological diversity. The articles were categorized by sustainability focus, country, research methods, and theoretical frameworks. This approach enabled the identification of research trends, key gaps, and best practices to support policy improvements in sustainability reporting. Findings: The review reveals that (1) research on sustainability reporting in PSOs is still limited and predominantly conducted in developed countries, (2) there is an increasing trend in sustainability reporting driven by demands for greater transparency and accountability, (3) major challenges include inconsistencies in reporting frameworks, varied stakeholder expectations, and difficulties integrating sustainability metrics, and (4) adoption is influenced by regulatory environments, political commitment, and resource availability. Although digital reporting tools are emerging, standardization and performance measurement issues remain unresolved. Conclusion: Despite progress, sustainability reporting in PSOs suffers from a lack of consistency, comparability, and stakeholder engagement. To improve credibility and effectiveness, harmonized standards, stronger regulatory oversight, and capacity-building initiatives are essential. Addressing these gaps will enhance accountability and foster long-term value creation in the public sector. |
| Date: | 2025–07–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:g8jy9_v1 |
| By: | Usama Abdul Rauf (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Saima Perveen (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | Pakistan has vast coastal resources and areas of saline and brackish-water lands that are suitable for shrimp farming; however, shrimp farming is not well developed because of inadequate hatchery capacity, poor infrastructure, lack of research and extension services, and low compliance with international quality standards. The Dhabeji farm has demonstrated that saline land can be utilized for intensive shrimp farming with modern production technology and integrated value chain systems to generate employment and export income. This model could be scaled to make shrimp farming a true cornerstone of Pakistan's Blue Economy. However, to achieve this potential, some constraints need to be overcome, such as hatchery development, infrastructure, research and extension, international certification and compliance with sustainability requirements, including Turtle Excluder Device (TED) requirements. The study suggests the scientific identification of suitable sites for shrimp aquaculture using the GIS based mapping, the development of integrated aquaculture parks with shared infrastructure, expansion of SPF hatchery capacity, productive utilization of idle and underutilized ponds and improvement of processing, certification, and export infrastructure to boost Pakistan's competitiveness in shrimp export and contribute to the development of the Blue Economy. |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:kbrief:2026:160 |
| By: | Susumu Annaka (Faculty of Social Sciences, Waseda University); Young-Jun Lee (Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hirosaki University) |
| Abstract: | Snow-related injuries are a recurrent public-safety concern in regions with heavy snowfall, yet the temporal effects of snowfall and their heterogeneity across accident mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. This study examines snow-related accidents in Aomori and Hirosaki, two cities in one of Japan’s heaviest-snowfall regions, using detailed accident records for fiscal years 2013–2022 linked to daily weather data. We estimate Poisson distributed-lag models of daily accident counts, allowing snowfall to affect accident incidence contemporaneously and for up to six subsequent days. We further estimate mechanism-specific models and an ordered logit model of injury severity. The results reveal a distinct temporal pattern. Same-day snowfall is associated with a lower incidence of snow-related accidents, whereas snowfall on preceding days is generally associated with higher accident incidence, particularly over the first several days following snowfall. Greater snow depth is also associated with increased accident incidence, while relatively warmer conditions are associated with fewer accidents. These relationships vary across accident mechanisms: high-place falls, same-level slips and falls, and injuries caused by falling snow or ice respond differently to current and lagged snowfall and snow depth. In the severity analysis, greater same-day snowfall is associated with less severe outcomes, while snow depth shows little association with severity. These findings demonstrate that snow-related injury risk depends not only on the amount of snow but also on its timing, accumulation, and the mechanism through which injuries occur. Accounting for these dimensions may improve the timing and targeting of warnings and preventive measures in heavy-snowfall communities. |
| Keywords: | snowfall; snow-related accidents; distributed lag; injury severity; accident mechanisms; Japan |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wap:wpaper:2612 |
| By: | Bonin, Daniel; McFadden, Jonathan; Dodson, Laura; Bailey, Sam |
| Abstract: | Genetically engineered (GE) crop varieties have achieved widespread adoption in major field crops, accounting for more than 90 percent of corn, soybean, and cotton acreage in the United States since 2013. This report examines adoption, costs, and the regulatory structure of agricultural biotechnology, focusing on both transgenic GE and emerging gene-edited crops. Major findings highlight that farmers pay higher prices for GE seeds relative to conventional seeds, primarily because GE seeds provide improved pest control, yield stability, and labor savings. Gene-editing technologies can enable faster and lower-cost development, and a wider variety of crop traits, than earlier genetic engineering methods. These traits may be especially well-suited for specialty crops, potentially bringing innovations to market with less time and expense than is required for traditional GE traits. Key challenges, like weed resistance to herbicides and insect resistance to pesticides, continue to spur innovations in new GE traits. A review of the literature suggests gene editing could reduce development costs by roughly 40−85 percent and decrease the time to commercialization by 25−38 percent as the technology adapts to a wider range of species and traits. The regulatory environment also plays a role: new products spent less time in regulatory review under revised USDA regulations for GE crops that were in effect from August 2020−December 2024. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Labor and Human Capital, Production Economics, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:413080 |
| By: | Charles Kenny (Center for Global Development) |
| Abstract: | The reach of electricity in Africa is rapidly extending, not least thanks to an explosion in imports of solar panels. This is good news for the quality of life of people in the region and is the primary route to sustainably extend electricity access, but it imposes some challenges on the utility sector. Most of the panels are being used domestically and at small scale. This worsens what were already considerable financial challenges for utility scale private provision. And it suggests a vital role for publicly funded electricity infrastructure to ensure high-quality, financially sustainable power provision, especially to industry. |
| Date: | 2026–09–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:ppaper:401 |
| By: | Daniel Davi-Arderius; Rabindra Nepal; Tooraj Jamasb |
| Abstract: | Whether merchant arbitrage acts as a counter force to the "merit order effect" of solar and wind is important, but little is explored in the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM). This study fills this gap by studying the impact of charging and discharging stand-alone Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) on spot electricity prices considering their rapid recent growth in the wholesale electricity market. Australia is a global leader in BESS, and this study context is also relevant to other countries decarbonizing their energy mix. We use 5-minute wholesale price data between 2024 and 2025 and apply Quantile Regressions with instrumental variables. We find that stand-alone BESS has impact on spot-prices, but the effect is asymmetric: charging BESS increases the spot price, while discharging them decreases the spot price and thus driving self-cannibalisation. The net impact of charging and discharging on the electricity prices on consumer prices can be negative, especially under large scale penetration of BESS. The findings also offer some policy recommendations. |
| Keywords: | electricity, storage, batteries, BESS, Australia, arbitrage |
| JEL: | L50 L94 Q28 |
| Date: | 2026–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2026-81 |
| By: | Lichtenthäler, Sarah; Bähr, Cornelius |
| Abstract: | Die Elektrifizierung des Verkehrs erhöht den Bedarf an Lithium, Nickel und Kobalt signifikant. Gleichzeitig verursacht die Herstellung der Fahrzeugbatterien einen großen Teil der Emissionen im Lebenszyklus eines Elektroautos, das im Betrieb emissionsfrei ist. Durch ein effizientes Batterierecycling können beide Herausforderungen adressiert werden, sodass Elektrofahrzeuge und deren Batterien klimafreundlicher werden. Werden die Batterien der bis 2045 in Europa neu zugelassenen Elektroautos am Ende ihres Lebenszyklus recycelt, lassen sich verglichen mit der Primärmaterialherstellung knapp 385 Millionen Tonnen CO₂ sparen. |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkkur:343508 |