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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Nidhaleddine Ben Cheikh; Christophe Rault |
| Abstract: | While the financial inclusion would induce greater pollutant emissions through its impact of economic activity, the increased access to financial services may unleash investments in green technologies. This papier investigates whether the financial inclusion influences the dynamic of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in a sample of 70 countries during the last decade. We implement panel threshold techniques to explore the possible regime shifts in the environmental quality. Our results reveal that an increased financial access impacts air pollution depending on the level of economic development. While financial inclusion would increase CO2 emissions under lower-income regimes, the environment quality seems to be enhanced with more inclusiveness at later stages of development. Sounder environmental policies are needed for less developed countries to align financial inclusion initiatives with sustainable economic development. |
| Keywords: | financial inclusion, carbon emissions, panel threshold modelling |
| JEL: | C23 O16 O44 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11237 |
| By: | Elisa Belfiori; Manuel Macera |
| Abstract: | We study optimal climate policy in a global economy where regions differ in wealth and climate vulnerability. Carbon emissions from production lead to output losses, and there is a technology for emissions absorption. We provide an aggregation result: the model with heterogeneity can be cast into a representative region economy with a different discount factor and damage function. This result offers a simple rule to account for inequality in the design of climate policy. We show that wealthier regions should bear more responsibility for carbon capture to cleanse the atmosphere, and that inequality per se does not entail a compromise on emissions reduction. It is only if regions must contribute uniformly to carbon capture that the optimal climate policy dictates higher global net emissions relative to the first best. An important insight is that carbon capture serves as a redistribution tool when direct lump-sum transfers across regions are unfeasible. |
| Keywords: | heterogeneous regions, negative emissions, inequality, carbon capture |
| JEL: | Q54 D63 E60 H41 H21 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11239 |
| By: | Liu, Mengyu; Zhou, Xiong; Huang, Guohe; Li, Yongping |
| Abstract: | The sustainable development of China has been challenged by the misalignment of water demand and supply across regions under varying climate change scenarios. Here we develop a water stress prediction index using a fuzzy decision-making approach, which analyzes spatiotemporal variations of water stress and concomitant effects on the populace within China. Our results indicate that water stress will increase from 2020 to 2099 under both low and high emission scenarios, primarily due to decreased water supplies like surface runoff and snow water content. Seasonal analysis reveals that annual fluctuations in water stress are mainly driven by changes in spring and autumn. Water stress is projected to be considerably lower in southeastern provinces compared to northwestern ones, where, on average, over 20% of the Chinese population could be severely impacted. These changes in water stress could lead to the north-to-south migration of the agriculture sector, manufacturing sector, and human population. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124431 |
| By: | Mr. Rudolfs Bems; Luciana Juvenal; Weifeng Liu; Warwick J. McKibbin |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the economic effects of climate policies on different regions and countries with a focus on external adjustment. The paper finds that various climate policies could have substantially different impacts on external balances over the next decade. A credible and globally coordinated carbon tax would decrease current account balances in greener advanced economies and increase current accounts in more fossil-fuel-dependent regions, reflecting a disproportionate decline in investment for the latter group. Green supply-side policies—green subsidy and infrastructure investment—would increase investment and saving but would have a more muted external sector impact because of the constrained pace of expansion for renewables or the symmetry of the infrastructure boost. Country characteristics, such as initial carbon intensity and net fossil fuel exports, ultimately determine the current account responses. For the global economy, a coordinated climate change mitigation policy package would shift capital towards advanced economies. Following an initial rise, the global interest rates would fall over time with increases in the carbon tax. These external sector effects, however, depend crucially on the degree of international policy coordination and credibility. |
| Keywords: | Global climate policies; carbon tax; net-zero emissions; current account balances; international capital flows; dynamic general equilibrium modelling; G-Cubed; climate change mitigation policy package; current account response; IMF working paper 24/162; infrastructure investment; investment response; Current account; Greenhouse gas emissions; Productivity; Global; Europe |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/162 |
| By: | Kaldorf, Matthias; Shi, Mengjie |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that firm credit constraints impair climate policy. Empirically, firms with tighter credit constraints, measured by their distanceto-default, exhibit a relatively smaller emission reduction after a carbon tax increase. We incorporate this channel into a quantitative DSGE model with endogenous credit constraints and carbon taxes. Credit frictions reduce the optimal investment into emission abatement since shareholders are less likely to receive the payoff from such an investment. We find that carbon taxes consistent with net zero emissions are 24 dollars/ton of carbon larger in the presence of endogenous credit constraints than in an economy without such frictions. |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy, Credit Constraints, Emission Reduction, Corporate Capital Structure, Firm Heterogeneity |
| JEL: | E44 G21 G28 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bubdps:300704 |
| By: | Hanxin Zhao |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the adoption of a green ammonia economy in meeting challenges in China's sustainable development. First, key challenges in China's energy transition, industry decarbonziation and regional sustainable development are explored. The coal-dominated energy consumption has placed great obstacles in achieving energy transition and led to massive CO2 emission since the large-scale industrialization. The high dependency on oil and gas import has threatened the energy security. A DEA model is applied for obtaining green total factor productivities of China's six administrative regions, with which, imbalanced and unsustainable regional development is identified. Second, the role of green ammonia in meeting the sustainability challenges is analysed. Ammonia is examined to be a flexible and economic option for large-scale hydrogen transport and storage. Co-firing ammonia in coal power generation at 3% rate is evaluated as an option for achieving low-carbon transition by 2030. The adoption of a green ammonia economy in China is discussed from energy, environmental and economic aspects. The practice can decline fossil energy consumption, enhance energy security, and facilitate renewable energy delivery and storage, industry decarbonization, and regional development. We assume the findings and results contribute to addressing sustainability challenges and realizing a hydrogen economy in China. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.07632 |
| By: | David Haugh |
| Abstract: | New Zealand, like other countries, needs to address climate change on two fronts simultaneously. Adapting to a hotter world while meeting its emissions reduction targets. New Zealand will need to become better prepared for more extreme weather that climate change will bring about. Councils will need new sources of revenue to fund the infrastructure that adaptation requires. Maintaining a comprehensive package of private insurance for climate-related losses with sharper premium price signals will also be essential. Developing a long-term energy strategy that weighs up all the main options for reducing emissions, while ensuring security of supply in a hotter world, is also crucial. New Zealand has made important strides to strengthen the policy framework for reducing GHG emissions. An important part of the framework is the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). However, the ETS should be reviewed with a focus on the treatment of carbon removals through afforestation. New Zealand’s next overall emissions reduction plan should be underpinned by a rigorous and comprehensive cost-benefit comparison of the different emissions reduction options. |
| Keywords: | adaptation, climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, mitigation, New Zealand |
| JEL: | O13 O18 Q16 Q23 Q28 Q48 Q50 Q53 Q54 Q58 R11 R12 R14 R48 R52 |
| Date: | 2024–08–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1815-en |
| By: | Rudolfs Bems; Luciana Juvenal; Weifeng Larry Liu; Warwick J. McKibbin |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the economic effects of climate policies on different regions and countries with a focus on external adjustment. The paper finds that various climate policies could have substantially different impacts on external balances over the next decade. A credible and globally coordinated carbon tax would decrease current account balances in greener advanced economies and increase current accounts in more fossil-fuel-dependent regions, reflecting a disproportionate decline in investment for the latter group. Green supply, side policies, green subsidy and infrastructure investment — would increase investment and saving but would have a more muted external sector impact because of the constrained pace of expansion for renewables or the symmetry of the infrastructure boost. Country characteristics, such as initial carbon intensity and net fossil fuel exports, ultimately determine the current account responses. For the global economy, a coordinated climate change mitigation policy package would shift capital towards advanced economies. Following an initial rise, the global interest rates would fall over time with increases in the carbon tax. These external sector effects, however, depend crucially on the degree of international policy coordination and credibility. |
| Keywords: | global climate policies, carbon taxes, net-zero emissions, current account balances, international capital flows, dynamic general equilibrium modelling, G-Cubed |
| JEL: | F41 F42 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2024-50 |
| By: | Oche Joseph Otorkpa (TAU - Texila American University); Stephen Emmanuel (Taraba State University, Jalingo); Faith Obuye (FUL - Federal University Lokoja, Nigeria); Chinenye Oche Otorkpa (FUL - Federal University Lokoja, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Der Klimawandel stellt bedeutende Herausforderungen für die globale Gesundheit dar und hat weitreichende Auswirkungen auf die menschliche Gesundheit und das Wohlbefinden. Diese umfassende Übersicht synthetisiert Evidenz aus verschiedenen Disziplinen, um die komplexe Beziehung zwischen Klimawandel und Gesundheit zu verdeutlichen. Schwerpunkte liegen auf den direkten Auswirkungen extremer Wetterereignisse, Veränderungen in der Übertragung von Infektionskrankheiten, Luftqualitätsveränderungen, Problemen der Ernährungssicherheit und den Auswirkungen auf die psychische Gesundheit. Besonders betroffen sind vulnerable Bevölkerungsgruppen wie einkommensschwache Gemeinschaften und indigene Völker, was die Notwendigkeit gezielter Interventionen und gerechter Anpassungsstrategien unterstreicht. Methodisch wurde eine Suche in peer-reviewter Literatur durchgeführt, die Studien bis zum Jahr 2024 abdeckt. Sowohl quantitative als auch qualitative Studien wurden einbezogen, und eine thematische Analyse wurde angewendet, um Muster und Trends zu identifizieren. Die Übersicht hebt Lücken in aktuellen politischen Rahmenwerken und internationalen Kooperationsbemühungen hervor und fordert eine verstärkte Zusammenarbeit und Wissensaustausch, um den vielschichtigen Herausforderungen des Klimawandels für die Gesundheit zu begegnen. Darüber hinaus sind proaktive Anpassungsmaßnahmen, eine robuste öffentliche Gesundheitsinfrastruktur und inklusive Strategien entscheidend, um die negativen Gesundheitsauswirkungen zu mindern und die Widerstandsfähigkeit zu stärken. Durch prioritäre gemeinsame Maßnahmen und interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit können wir einer gesünderen und widerstandsfähigeren Zukunft im Angesicht des Klimawandels entgegenwirken. |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses significant challenges to global health, with far-reaching implications for human health and well-being. This comprehensive review synthesizes evidence from diverse disciplines to elucidate the complex relationship between climate change and health. Key areas of focus include the direct impacts of extreme weather events, alterations in infectious disease transmission, air quality changes, food security issues, and mental health effects. Vulnerable populations, including low-income communities and indigenous peoples, are disproportionately affected, emphasizing the need for targetedinterventions and equitable adaptation strategies. Methodologically, a search of peer-reviewed literature was conducted, covering studies published up to 2024. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were included, and thematic analysis was employed to identify patterns and trends. The review highlights gaps in current policy frameworks and international cooperation efforts, calling for enhanced collaboration and knowledge sharing to address the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change on health. Furthermore, proactive adaptation measures, robust public health infrastructure, and inclusive strategies are essential to mitigate adverse health impacts and foster resilience. By prioritizing collective action and interdisciplinary collaboration, we can work towards a healthier and more resilient future in the face of climate change. |
| Abstract: | Le changement climatique pose des défis significatifs pour la santé mondiale, avec des implications étendues pour la santé et le bien-être humains. Cette revue exhaustive synthétise les preuves issues de disciplines diverses pour élucider la relation complexe entre le changement climatique et la santé. Les principaux domaines d'intérêt incluent les impacts directs des événements météorologiques extrêmes, les modifications dans la transmission des maladies infectieuses, les changements de qualité de l'air, les problèmes de sécurité alimentaire et les effets sur la santé mentale. Les populations vulnérables, y compris les communautés à faible revenu et les peuples autochtones, sont disproportionnellement affectées, ce qui souligne la nécessité d'interventions ciblées et de stratégies d'adaptation équitables. Sur le plan méthodologique, une recherche de la littérature évaluée par des pairs a été menée, couvrant les études publiées jusqu'en 2024. Des études quantitatives et qualitatives ont été incluses, et une analyse thématique a été utilisée pour identifier les motifs et les tendances. La revue met en évidence les lacunes dans les cadres politiques actuels et les efforts de coopération internationale, appelant à une collaboration renforcée et au partage des connaissances pour relever les défis multifacettes posés par le changement climatique sur la santé. De plus, des mesures d'adaptation proactive, une infrastructure robuste de santé publique et des stratégies inclusives sont essentielles pour atténuer les impacts négatifs sur la santé et favoriser la résilience. En priorisant l'action collective et la collaboration interdisciplinaire, nous pouvons travailler vers un avenir plus sain et plus résilient face au changement climatique. |
| Keywords: | Climate change global health epidemiology environmental science public health and policy, Climate change, global health, epidemiology, environmental science, public health and policy |
| Date: | 2024–05–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04587989 |
| By: | Adel Ben Youssef (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UniCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Mounir Dahmani (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UniCA - Université Côte d'Azur); Mohamed Mabrouki |
| Keywords: | Energy, Climate change, Tunisia, Sustainability, Carbon dioxide emissions, Economic growth |
| Date: | 2024–07–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04647252 |
| By: | Muhammad Rofiqul Islam; Abdullah Al Mehdi |
| Abstract: | Many studies have examined the connection between the intention to start a business and environmental values. However, there still needs to be more knowledge in the extant literature about how climate change campaigns influence sustainable entrepreneurial intention. This study uses the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to develop a theoretical framework to explain how climate change campaigns affect the intention to start a sustainable business. This interdisciplinary conceptual research model bridges the gap between climate awareness, sustainable values, and entrepreneurial intentions, offering a robust framework for understanding and fostering sustainable entrepreneurial behaviors. Our study lays the groundwork for future empirical studies and real-world interventions to advance sustainability through entrepreneurship. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.16838 |
| By: | Kohnert, Dirk |
| Abstract: | Menschliche Aktivitäten haben den Planeten in einem in der Geschichte beispiellosen Tempo und Ausmaß verändert und irreversible Schäden an Gemeinschaften und Ökosystemen verursacht. Die Länder haben ihre Kapazitäten auf das Wirtschaftswachstum konzentriert und dabei den damit verbundenen externen Effekten im Hinblick auf die Umweltqualität wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Die Welt wird eine katastrophale Erwärmung nicht vermeiden können, wenn wohlhabende Nationen ihre eigenen Emissionsreduzierungen nicht beschleunigen und ärmeren Ländern dabei helfen, dasselbe zu tun. Nordamerika und Europa haben seit der industriellen Revolution 62 % der Kohlendioxidemissionen verursacht, während Afrika nur 3 % beitrug. Allerdings sind die Auswirkungen in Subsahara-Afrika (SSA) am schwerwiegendsten und die Menschen am stärksten gefährdet. Industrieländer sollten sich in ihrem eigenen Interesse darauf konzentrieren, Entwicklungsländern beim Ausstieg aus fossilen Brennstoffen und beim Übergang zu erneuerbaren Energien zu helfen. Es gibt jedoch Spannungen zwischen reicheren und ärmeren Ländern darüber, wer die Kosten der globalen Erwärmung tragen soll. Reiche Länder haben die Verantwortung, schneller zu handeln als ihre einkommensschwachen Länder. Dennoch subventionieren Regierungen weiterhin die Nutzung fossiler Brennstoffe, und Banken und Unternehmen investieren immer noch weitaus mehr in umweltverschmutzende Industrien als in Klimalösungen. Die Konsumgewohnheiten der reichsten 10 % der Menschen verursachen dreimal mehr Umweltverschmutzung als die der ärmsten 50 %. Schwellenländer wie China und Indien, die bis 2060 bzw. 2070 Netto-Null-Emissionen erreichen wollen, sollten sich den Industrieländern anschließen und die Emissionsreduzierung beschleunigen. Nicht nur die Art und Weise, wie wir Energie produzieren und nutzen, muss sich schnell ändern. Es ist die Art und Weise, wie wir Lebensmittel konsumieren, die Art und Weise, wie wir die Natur schützen. Es gilt alles, überall, und alles auf einmal zu ändern. Der Agrarsektor ist besonders gefährdet, insbesondere in SSA-Ländern, in denen die Landwirtschaft für Wirtschaft und Produktivität von zentraler Bedeutung ist. Zu den acht Ländern mit den höchsten kumulierten Nettoemissionen aus Land- und Forstwirtschaft sowie anderer Landnutzung gehören zwei SSA-Länder, Nigeria und die DR Kongo. Die meisten dieser Emissionen sind durch internationalen Handel induziert und werden durch den Konsum in industrialisierten Regionen wie Europa, den Vereinigten Staaten und China verursacht. Allerdings wird die Einrichtung des auf der COP27 vereinbarten Verlust- und Schadensfonds nicht ausreichen, um das Blatt zu wenden. Er wird sich auch nicht zwangsläufig in Verpflichtungen zur Klimafinanzierung niederschlagen, da bei der Bereitstellung der versprochenen jährlichen Klimafinanzierung in Höhe von 100 Milliarden US-Dollar durch die Reichen bisher keine Fortschritte erzielt wurden. Die afrikanischen Länder selbst müssen sich auf ihre eigenen Stärken besinnen und ihre Anstrengungen rechtzeitig und substanziell verstärken. |
| Abstract: | Human activity has transformed the planet at a pace and scale unprecedented in recorded history, causing irreversible damage to communities and ecosystems. Countries have focused their capacities on economic growth, with too little attention to externalities in terms of environmental quality. The world will not avoid catastrophic warming unless wealthy nations accelerate their reduction of own emissions and help poorer countries to do the same. North America and Europe have contributed 62 % of carbon dioxide emissions since the industrial revolution, while Africa has contributed only 3%. However, it is in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that the impacts are most severe and the people most vulnerable. Developed countries, in their own interests, should focus on ways to help developing countries phase out fossil fuels and transition to renewable energy. However, there are tensions between richer and poorer nations over who should pay the costs of global warming. Rich countries have a responsibility to act more quickly than their low-income counterparts. Yet governments continue to subsidise the use of fossil fuels, and banks and companies still invest more in polluting industries than in climate solutions. The consumption habits of the richest 10 % of people generate three times more pollution than those of the poorest 50 %. Emerging economies such as China and India, which plan to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060 and 2070 respectively, should join the developed world in accelerating emissions reductions. It is not just the way we produce and use energy that needs to change quickly. It's the way we consume food, the way we protect nature. It's everything, everywhere, all at once. The agricultural sector is particularly vulnerable, especially in SSA countries where agriculture is central to the economy. Among the top eight countries with the highest cumulative net emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land use are two SSA countries, Nigeria and DR Congo. Most of these emissions are embodied in trade and are caused by consumption in regions such as Europe, the United States and China. The establishment of the Loss and Damage Fund agreed at COP27 will not be enough to turn the tide, nor will it necessarily translate into climate finance commitments, given the lack of progress in delivering the promised US$100 billion in annual climate finance from rich countries. African countries themselves need to reflect on their own strengths and step up their efforts in a timely and substantial way. |
| Keywords: | Klimawandel, ökologische Nachhaltigkeit, CO2 Neutralität, Umweltverschmutzung, Subsahara Afrika, Südafrika |
| JEL: | E26 F18 F54 F64 H23 N17 O55 Z13 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:300881 |
| By: | Kohnert, Dirk |
| Abstract: | L’activité humaine a transformé la planète à un rythme et à une échelle sans précédent dans l’histoire, causant des dommages irréversibles aux communautés et aux écosystèmes. Les pays ont concentré leurs capacités sur la croissance économique, avec peu d’attention aux externalités associées en termes de qualité environnementale. Le monde n’évitera pas un réchauffement catastrophique à moins que les pays riches n’accélèrent leurs propres réductions d’émissions et n’aident les pays les plus pauvres à faire de même. L'Amérique du Nord et l'Europe ont contribué à 62 % des émissions de dioxyde de carbone depuis la révolution industrielle, tandis que l'Afrique n'en a contribué qu'à 3 %. Cependant, c’est en Afrique subsaharienne (ASS) que les impacts sont les plus graves et que les populations sont les plus vulnérables. Les pays développés devraient, dans leur propre intérêt, se concentrer sur les moyens d’aider les pays en développement à éliminer progressivement les combustibles fossiles et à passer aux énergies renouvelables. Cependant, des tensions existent entre les pays les plus riches et les pays les plus pauvres quant à savoir qui doit payer les coûts du réchauffement climatique. Les pays riches ont la responsabilité d’agir plus rapidement que leurs homologues à faible revenu. Pourtant, les gouvernements continuent de subventionner l’utilisation des combustibles fossiles, et les banques et les entreprises investissent encore bien plus dans les industries polluantes que dans les solutions climatiques. Les habitudes de consommation des 10 % les plus riches génèrent trois fois plus de pollution que celles des 50 % les plus pauvres. Les économies émergentes telles que la Chine et l’Inde, qui prévoient d’atteindre zéro émission nette d’ici 2060 et 2070, respectivement, devraient rejoindre le monde développé pour accélérer la réduction de leurs émissions. Ce n’est pas seulement la façon dont nous produisons et utilisons l’énergie qui doit changer rapidement. C'est la façon dont nous consommons la nourriture, la façon dont nous protégeons la nature. C'est tout, partout, à la fois. Le secteur agricole est particulièrement vulnérable, en particulier dans les pays d’ASS où l’agriculture joue un rôle central dans l’économie et la productivité. Parmi les huit pays ayant les émissions nettes cumulées les plus élevées provenant de l’agriculture, de la foresterie et d’autres utilisations des terres figurent deux pays d’ASS, le Nigeria et la République démocratique du Congo. La plupart de ces émissions sont incorporées dans le commerce et sont causées par la consommation dans les régions industrialisées comme l'Europe, les États-Unis et la Chine. Cependant, la création du Fonds pour les pertes et dommages convenu lors de la COP27 ne suffira pas à inverser la tendance, et ne se traduira pas nécessairement par des engagements en matière de financement climatique, compte tenu de l'absence de progrès dans la fourniture des 100 milliards de dollars de financement climatique annuel promis par les pays riches. Les pays africains eux-mêmes doivent réfléchir à leurs propres atouts et intensifier leurs efforts de manière opportune et substantielle. |
| Abstract: | Human activity has transformed the planet at a pace and scale unprecedented in recorded history, causing irreversible damage to communities and ecosystems. Countries have focused their capacities on economic growth, with too little attention to externalities in terms of environmental quality. The world will not avoid catastrophic warming unless wealthy nations accelerate their reduction of own emissions and help poorer countries to do the same. North America and Europe have contributed 62 % of carbon dioxide emissions since the industrial revolution, while Africa has contributed only 3%. However, it is in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) that the impacts are most severe and the people most vulnerable. Developed countries, in their own interests, should focus on ways to help developing countries phase out fossil fuels and transition to renewable energy. However, there are tensions between richer and poorer nations over who should pay the costs of global warming. Rich countries have a responsibility to act more quickly than their low-income counterparts. Yet governments continue to subsidise the use of fossil fuels, and banks and companies still invest more in polluting industries than in climate solutions. The consumption habits of the richest 10 % of people generate three times more pollution than those of the poorest 50 %. Emerging economies such as China and India, which plan to achieve net-zero emissions by 2060 and 2070 respectively, should join the developed world in accelerating emissions reductions. It is not just the way we produce and use energy that needs to change quickly. It's the way we consume food, the way we protect nature. It's everything, everywhere, all at once. The agricultural sector is particularly vulnerable, especially in SSA countries where agriculture is central to the economy. Among the top eight countries with the highest cumulative net emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land use are two SSA countries, Nigeria and DR Congo. Most of these emissions are embodied in trade and are caused by consumption in regions such as Europe, the United States and China. The establishment of the Loss and Damage Fund agreed at COP27 will not be enough to turn the tide, nor will it necessarily translate into climate finance commitments, given the lack of progress in delivering the promised US$100 billion in annual climate finance from rich countries. African countries themselves need to reflect on their own strengths and step up their efforts in a timely and substantial way. |
| Abstract: | Menschliche Aktivitäten haben den Planeten in einem in der Geschichte beispiellosen Tempo und Ausmaß verändert und irreversible Schäden an Gemeinschaften und Ökosystemen verursacht. Die Länder haben ihre Kapazitäten auf das Wirtschaftswachstum konzentriert und dabei den damit verbundenen externen Effekten im Hinblick auf die Umweltqualität wenig Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Die Welt wird eine katastrophale Erwärmung nicht vermeiden können, wenn wohlhabende Nationen ihre eigenen Emissionsreduzierungen nicht beschleunigen und ärmeren Ländern dabei helfen, dasselbe zu tun. Nordamerika und Europa haben seit der industriellen Revolution 62 % der Kohlendioxidemissionen verursacht, während Afrika nur 3 % beitrug. Allerdings sind die Auswirkungen in Subsahara-Afrika (SSA) am schwerwiegendsten und die Menschen am stärksten gefährdet. Industrieländer sollten sich in ihrem eigenen Interesse darauf konzentrieren, Entwicklungsländern beim Ausstieg aus fossilen Brennstoffen und beim Übergang zu erneuerbaren Energien zu helfen. Es gibt jedoch Spannungen zwischen reicheren und ärmeren Ländern darüber, wer die Kosten der globalen Erwärmung tragen soll. Reiche Länder haben die Verantwortung, schneller zu handeln als ihre einkommensschwachen Länder. Dennoch subventionieren Regierungen weiterhin die Nutzung fossiler Brennstoffe, und Banken und Unternehmen investieren immer noch weitaus mehr in umweltverschmutzende Industrien als in Klimalösungen. Die Konsumgewohnheiten der reichsten 10 % der Menschen verursachen dreimal mehr Umweltverschmutzung als die der ärmsten 50 %. Schwellenländer wie China und Indien, die bis 2060 bzw. 2070 Netto-Null-Emissionen erreichen wollen, sollten sich den Industrieländern anschließen und die Emissionsreduzierung beschleunigen. Nicht nur die Art und Weise, wie wir Energie produzieren und nutzen, muss sich schnell ändern. Es ist die Art und Weise, wie wir Lebensmittel konsumieren, die Art und Weise, wie wir die Natur schützen. Es gilt alles, überall, und alles auf einmal zu ändern. Der Agrarsektor ist besonders gefährdet, insbesondere in SSA-Ländern, in denen die Landwirtschaft für Wirtschaft und Produktivität von zentraler Bedeutung ist. Zu den acht Ländern mit den höchsten kumulierten Nettoemissionen aus Land- und Forstwirtschaft sowie anderer Landnutzung gehören zwei SSA-Länder, Nigeria und die DR Kongo. Die meisten dieser Emissionen sind durch internationalen Handel induziert und werden durch den Konsum in industrialisierten Regionen wie Europa, den Vereinigten Staaten und China verursacht. Allerdings wird die Einrichtung des auf der COP27 vereinbarten Verlust- und Schadensfonds nicht ausreichen, um das Blatt zu wenden. Er wird sich auch nicht zwangsläufig in Verpflichtungen zur Klimafinanzierung niederschlagen, da bei der Bereitstellung der versprochenen jährlichen Klimafinanzierung in Höhe von 100 Milliarden US-Dollar durch die Reichen bisher keine Fortschritte erzielt wurden. Die afrikanischen Länder selbst müssen sich auf ihre eigenen Stärken besinnen und ihre Anstrengungen rechtzeitig und substanziell verstärken. |
| Keywords: | changement climatique, neutralité carbon, dioxyde de carbon, pollution, Afrique subsaharienne, Afrique du Sud |
| JEL: | E26 F18 F54 F64 G38 H23 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:300879 |
| By: | Rismawati, W. |
| Abstract: | The rapid global population increase significantly contributes to environmental and natural resource exploitation. This phenomenon happens in Indonesia with a high population reached 278 million people in mid-2023. As the population grows, there is a heightened demand for essential resources, particularly in Bogor Regency, which faces challenges in providing sufficient clean water due to its high population density. The Ciburial spring, the largest and oldest raw water source in Bogor Regency, has experienced a 62% decline in discharge over the past two decades. This reduction is attributed to anthropogenic factors affecting land use change in the recharge area. To ensure water availability, particularly in preserving the green coverage of the Ciburial spring recharge area, effective land cover management is crucial. This research aims to assess the water provisioning services of green ecosystems in the recharge area, with specific objectives of measuring the water yield and estimating the economic value of water provisioning services in the Ciburial spring recharge area. This study is based on the InVEST Seasonal Water Yield (SWY) model and market-based approach. The results show that the potential of water yield or groundwater supply in the Ciburial spring recharge area fluctuated in the past decade, reaching 32, 613, 565.97 m3 in 2020. The InVEST SWY model also projects water yield for the next 10 years, considering climate scenarios like SSP370 and SSP585. In line with the first objective, the economic value of water provisioning services in the Ciburial spring recharge area was estimated at IDR 30, 855, 042, 497.22 in 2020. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344445 |
| By: | Lavinia Heisenberg; Richhild Moessner |
| Abstract: | The transition to net zero carbon emissions necessary to limit global warming importantly involves greater use of renewable energies, especially solar energy, and scaling up renewable energy storage and generation. This paper discusses expanding the use of molten salt for renewable energy storage and generation, in an environmentally friendly way and making use of existing infrastructure. This includes using molten salt to store solar energy in concentrated solar plants, replacing coal by molten salt to power thermal plants and thereby convert existing coal thermal plants to renewables, and linking these two uses. Additionally, the use of molten salt in thermal batteries for grid-scale energy storage and in green hydrogen production is explored. The paper also delves into the significance of green technology policies in facilitating the use of molten salt for these applications. |
| Keywords: | molten salt, energy storage, renewable energy, solar energy, concentrated solar power plants, grid storage, conversion of thermal coal plants, green technology support policies |
| JEL: | Q00 Q48 Q58 Q40 Q50 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11223 |
| By: | Roussel, Yannick; Audi, Marc |
| Abstract: | The paper delves into the intricate relationship between economic growth, tourism arrivals, and climate change, focusing specifically on the European economy over the period 1990-2019 using panel data analysis. The empirical framework examines the interplay between these variables and sheds light on their implications for environmental sustainability and economic development. The econometric analysis reveals several noteworthy findings. Firstly, the equation assessing economic growth underscores the positive correlation between tourist arrivals, energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, openness to trade, and economic growth. These results align with the prevailing literature, highlighting the multifaceted drivers of economic expansion in the context of tourism and trade. However, the study diverges from conventional wisdom by challenging the notion of a strictly positive correlation between tourism and climate change. While previous research predominantly suggests a positive association, our findings suggest an alternative hypothesis, wherein tourist arrivals exhibit a negative correlation with climate change indicators. This nuanced perspective underscores the complex dynamics at play and emphasizes the need for further investigation into the environmental implications of tourism. Furthermore, the application of fixed effects and GMM-system techniques provides additional insights into the determinants of carbon dioxide emissions. Income per capita and energy consumption emerge as significant drivers of CO2 emissions, highlighting the role of economic prosperity and energy consumption patterns in shaping environmental outcomes. Interestingly, tourism arrivals and squared income per capita demonstrate a negative correlation with CO2 emissions, suggesting that higher levels of tourism and income per capita may mitigate environmental pressures. Additionally, the analysis of tourism arrival determinants reveals that income per capita, openness to trade, and energy consumption exert a positive effect on tourism arrivals. These findings underscore the role of economic prosperity, trade openness, and energy infrastructure in driving tourist inflows, highlighting the interconnectedness of economic and tourism dynamics. The paper contributes to the growing body of literature on the nexus between economic growth, tourism, and climate change, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders. By elucidating the complex relationships between these variables, the study informs evidence-based policy interventions aimed at promoting sustainable tourism practices and mitigating the environmental impact of economic growth. Ultimately, a holistic approach that balances economic development objectives with environmental stewardship is essential for fostering long-term prosperity and sustainability in the European economy and beyond. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Energy Consumption, GMM-System Techniques, Income Per Capita |
| JEL: | C33 O13 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121529 |
| By: | Afiq bin Oslan |
| Abstract: | Political science has used natural disasters to study whether voters are sensitive to the environment. The complex nature of disasters, however, can present obstacles to causal identification. In this study, we look at a uniquely and overtly human-caused disaster—earthquakes from natural gas drilling in the Netherlands—to see whether these disasters persuade citizens to vote more environmentally. We combine polling station-level voting data with precisely calculated measures of earthquake impact, and we find that pro-environmental party vote share is generally higher in affected locations. These findings provide further support for the theory that environmental damage strengthens the preference for green parties, a relationship that will only become more important as human destruction of the environment worsens. |
| Keywords: | environmental politics, Green parties, natural disasters, exogenousvshocks |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpi:wpaper:tax-mpg-rps-2023-21 |
| By: | Yadav, Nishi |
| Abstract: | Sustainability is threatened by the changing climate, especially in the agricultural sector. The consequences of this changing climate can have strong repercussions on food security by affecting productivity through hazards like droughts and floods. The study employs a climate risk assessment, considering hazards, exposure, and vulnerability, aligning with SDG 13's goals. The study creates a climate risk index for 26 major states of India which correspond to different agro climatic zones. The study also explores the relationship between climate risk and rice productivity in Indian states using a panel data regression analysis. The results show that states such as Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu are most susceptible to climate risks. Whereas states such as Bihar, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand are least susceptible to climate risk. The regression analysis results show a negative relationship between climate risk and rice yield, indicating that an increase in climate risk can severely affect rice productivity and India’s food security. Since India is the second largest exporter of rice, climate risk can have global consequences. The results indicate immediate region-specific adaptation measures and advocate for sustainable mitigation practices. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344338 |
| By: | Ume, Chukwuma; Ume, Sunny |
| Abstract: | This study, conducted in Southeast Nigeria, investigates the impact of Smart Alternate Wetting and Drying (SAID) on sustainable rice farming, using a randomised controlled trial and focusing on water use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions. The research involved a pilot project with 15 rice farms, categorized into three groups employing SAID, manual Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD), and continuous irrigation methods. The results revealed that SAID led to a 30% reduction in water usage compared to continuous irrigation and significantly lowered methane emissions. These findings corroborate global research advocating for sustainable agricultural practices. The integration of digital technology in SAID resolved the limitations associated with manual AWD, potentially making agriculture more appealing to younger generations. This study not only confirms SAID's effectiveness in enhancing water conservation and reducing environmental impact but also suggests its applicability as a scalable solution for rice cultivation. The research supports the advancement of climate-smart agricultural technologies, which are crucial for addressing global challenges of water scarcity and environmental sustainability in farming. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344260 |
| By: | Dhaka, Surjeet Singh; Kyire, Samuel Kwabena Chaa; Asare, Jeffery Kofi |
| Abstract: | Climate change has become a global burden. In part, technological innovations (TIs), foreign direct investments (FDIs), and agricultural growth are potential factors contributing to overall emissions. However, empirical evidence on the interplay of these variables on CO2 emissions is rare in literature, particularly for BRICS countries, which is essential to investigate. In this quest, we sourced panel data obtained from World Development Indicators and FAO repositories. We found cross-sectional dependency in the panel data. Hence, the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (Pooled Mean Group regression) was used to analyse the short-run and long-run relationship. We found a long-run negative effect of TI on CO2 emissions, but no short-run effect was observed. Likewise, agricultural growth had positive significant effect on CO2 emissions only in the long-run. The Granger Causality test confirmed a causal relationship between agricultural growth, TI, and CO2 emissions in the BRICS countries. We recommend that BRICS countries should invest in innovative technologies, especially those that facilitate green production and renewable technologies to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, there is a need to embrace sustainable agricultural practices like tree-crop plantations, sustainable production technologies, and less-carbon-emitting inputs used to minimize the emissions from agriculture. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344316 |
| By: | Hale, Galina; Meisenbacher, Brigid; Nechio, Fernanda |
| Abstract: | In the past two decades, a number of banks joined global initiatives aimed to mitigate climate change by “greening” their asset portfolios. We study whether banks that made such commitments have a different emission exposure of their portfolios of syndicated loans than banks that did not. We rely on loan-level information with global coverage combined with country-industry information on emissions. We find that all banks have reduced their loan-emission exposures over the last 8 years. However, we do not find differences between banks that did and those that did not signal their sustainability goals, with the exception of early signers of Principles of Responsible Investments (PRI), who already had lower exposure to emissions through their syndicated lending. In addition, banks that signed PRI shortened the maturity of the loans extended to highly-emitting industries but only temporarily. Thus, we conclude that banks reduced their exposure to climate transition risks on average, but voluntary climate commitments did not contribute to syndicated loan reallocation away from highly-emitting sectors. |
| Keywords: | Economics, Banking, Finance and Investment, Applied Economics, Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services, Climate Action |
| Date: | 2024–07–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:ucscec:qt16x0k16m |
| By: | Altavilla, Carlo; Boucinha, Miguel; Pagano, Marco; Polo, Andrea |
| Abstract: | Combining euro-area credit register and carbon emission data, we provide evidence of a climate risk-taking channel in banks’ lending policies. Banks charge higher interest rates to firms featuring greater carbon emissions, and lower rates to firms committing to lower emissions, controlling for their probability of default. Both effects are larger for banks committed to decarbonization. Consistently with the risk-taking channel of monetary policy, tighter policy induces banks to increase both credit risk premia and carbon emission premia, and reduce lending to high emission firms more than to low emission ones. While restrictive monetary policy increases the cost of credit and reduces lending to all firms, its contractionary effect is milder for firms with low emissions and those that commit to decarbonization. JEL Classification: E52, G21, Q52, Q53, Q54, Q58 |
| Keywords: | carbon emissions, climate risk, interest rate, lending, monetary policy |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20242969 |
| By: | Cavalcanti, Francisco; Helfand, Steven M.; Moreira, Ajax |
| Abstract: | Climate change is likely to impact the occurrence of natural disasters such as drought. This paper calculates a standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and uses it to analyze the frequency, duration and severity of drought in Brazil (1901-2020). Second, the study uses annual panel data to estimate the causal effects of drought on agricultural production (1974- 2019), and calculates the distribution of impacts across municipalities. Third, the paper compares annual panel and long difference estimates to shed light on adaptation/intensification over a longer period. Finally, by combining the panel estimates with seven CMIP6 global climate models, the study provides a range of projections for drought impacts (2025-2075). Results indicate that drought severity increased substantially in the second half of the 20th century and again in the 2010s. Estimates show that ten percent of the time droughts reduced municipal production by about 25% or more, with considerable spatial heterogeneity. Long difference estimates indicate intensification in response to more extreme droughts, and (statistically insignificant) adaptation at the median. A substantial risk to agricultural production is identified in the 21st century, especially under more pessimistic global warming scenarios, with annual losses rising to over 35% by 2075. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344267 |
| By: | Lutz Sager |
| Abstract: | Air pollution generates vast health burdens and economic costs around the world. Pollution exposure varies greatly, both between countries and within them. But the degree of air quality inequality and its’ trajectory have not been quantified at a global level. I use economic inequality indices to measure global inequality in exposure to ambient fine particles smaller than 2.5 microns (PM2.5). I find high and rising levels of global air quality inequality. The global PM2.5 Gini Index rose from 0.30 in 2000 to 0.35 in 2020, exceeding levels of income inequality in many countries. Air quality inequality is mostly driven by differences between countries and less so by variation within them, as decomposition analysis shows. A large share of those facing the highest levels of PM2.5 exposure live in only a few countries. Building on the Global Burden of Disease framework, I find that mortality associated with PM2.5 exposure is even more unequal than pollution exposure itself. The findings suggest that the common focus on inequality within countries overlooks an important global dimension of environmental justice. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, inequality, health, environmental justice |
| JEL: | D63 I14 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11210 |
| By: | SASAKI, Hiroki; HORIE, Shinya; HORIE, Tetsuya; TANAKA, Katsuya |
| Abstract: | In this study, we explore the impact of "Nudge" and "Boost" methodologies on mitigating methane emissions from rice cultivation, a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. Through a cluster randomized control trial conducted in Japan, we assess whether strategic informational campaigns, incorporating these behavioral insight, can enhance the adoption of a prolonged mid-season drainage period, which can lower methane emissions from rice paddies. Our experimental results show notable differences in the effectiveness of basic communications from the local government as before (Control group) versus those enriched with social comparison messaging focusing on methane emission from paddy fields (Nudge). Specifically, we find a clear positive effect of social comparison messaging for farmers participating in community-based agriculture. Furthermore, our research indicates that targeted technical guidance (Boost), addressing prevalent concerns about altering traditional farming methods, significantly sways farmers' future intentions toward methane-reduction techniques. The study underscores the importance of combining nudges, which subtly alter the external choice architecture, with boosts that empower farmers' decision-making capabilities and counter cognitive biases, to effectively steer behavior towards environmentally sustainable practices. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344318 |
| By: | Yuan, Zhiming; Fan, Shenggen; Zhang, Yumei; Wang, Jingjing; Meng, Ting |
| Abstract: | In the current Chinese diets, merely 14% of residents adhere to the recent dietary guidelines. The excessive consumption of red meat presents significant health and environmental challenges, leading to increased pressure on protein feed imports. This study proposes a pragmatic solution wherein the entire population partially replaces red meat with soybeans in China, and evaluates the impacts. Employing meta-analysis and counterfactual analysis, we investigate the correlations between food intake and disease risk, calculating avoidable mortality and the associated disease burden. Consuming 50g/day of soybeans may prevent 1.2 million deaths annually, saving $250.74 million indirect costs and $3.52 billion in direct medical expenses. Through substituting, completely eliminating the population exceeding 100g daily red meat intake in China could preventing 0.28 million deaths, and saving $247.66 million indirect and $2.06 billion direct medical costs. Furthermore, utilizing a partial equilibrium model, we projected the regional impacts and costs of following the recommended soybean consumption on water use, land use, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus emissions. Through dynamic data validation, estimating a 19.6% reduction in carbon emissions, 5.4% less water use, 26.2% lower nitrogen footprint, and 24.6% less phosphorus footprint. These findings offer valuable evidence for improving agricultural economic policies and strategies in China. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344309 |
| By: | Skyrman, Viktor |
| Abstract: | To address Europe's environmental, economic, and geopolitical challenges, the European Commission has decided to proactively accelerate digital transformation and decarbonization through industrial policies. As the annual green investment gap exceeds 2 percent of the EU's GDP, of particular relevance is not least how the EU's industrial programs will be financed. Amid scarce fiscal resources and public sector austerity, paradigmatic cases of (financial) derisking aiming to "escort" private finance to green but unprofitable investments have been key to European policymakers' aim to accelerate the green transition. This paper offers two contributions in this context. Firstly, it examines to what extent and how finance for industrial policy has been provided in Europe since the early 2020s. Secondly, it conceptually advances the political economy of derisking literature by elaborating on progressive derisking and Big Green State policies as alternative industrial policy financing programs, and discusses those programs in relation to Europe's macrofinancial regime. |
| Keywords: | Industrial policy, derisking, macrofinancial regimes, climate change, the green transition, digital transformation, European policy studies, political economy, development finance, financialization |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:oefsew:300846 |
| By: | Kaldorf, Matthias; Rottner, Matthias |
| Abstract: | Does a shift to ambitious climate policy increase financial fragility? In this paper, we develop a quantitative macroeconomic model with carbon taxes and endogenous financial crises to study such "Climate Minsky Moments". By reducing asset returns, an accelerated transition to net zero exerts deleveraging pressure on the financial sector, initially elevating the financial crisis probability substantially. However, carbon taxes improve long-run financial stability since permanently lower asset returns reduce the buildup of excessive leverage. Quantitatively, we find that the net financial stability effect of ambitious climate policy is positive for low but empirically plausible social discount rates. |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy, Financial Stability, Financial Crises, Transition Risk |
| JEL: | E32 E44 G20 Q52 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bubdps:300701 |
| By: | Kubitza, Christoph; Eckert, Sandra; Lay, Jann |
| Abstract: | Despite the numerous ‘Western’ initiatives to improve the sustainability of global agricultural supply chains, there is little evidence on whether these initiatives can effectively reduce environmental degradation in tropical cultivation areas at scale. In our study, we analyze patterns in the establishment of oil palm plantations and deforestation on peatlands in Indonesia. We compare plantations established by investors from high-income countries (HIC), many of which are covered by sustainability certification, with plantations established by domestic investors or by investors from other low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Our dataset comprises 386 concessions in Kalimantan and Papua with their investment structure, annual satellite imagery on forest loss and oil palm cultivation, and spatial maps on peatlands. Our results show a divergence in production practices in global agricultural supply chains after 2011, with actors tied to HIC reducing degradation of peatlands within their concessions, while actors from LMIC continued to show no specific protection of these high conservation value areas. While this is good news in terms of the effectiveness of ‘western’ initiatives for sustainable supply chains, companies linked to HIC comprise only 10% of the concession area in the research region compared to companies from LMIC which will limit the overall impact of ‘western’ supply chain initiatives. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344268 |
| By: | Bello, S.; Onolemhemhen, R. |
| Abstract: | Exploring the role of carbon pricing policy in reducing carbon emission intensity remains an urgent and ongoing debate among academics and practitioner communities. Unlike the prior research relying on a single-factor indicator for carbon emission intensity with inadequate attention to endogeneity issues, this study investigates the influence of carbon pricing policy on Canadian provinces’ carbon emissions over the sample period 2000-2022. The study makes a novel contribution by developing a theoretically grounded empirical model to mitigate the risk of biased estimates from a single-factor indicator while allowing for heterogeneity and addressing the issue of endogeneity in its production SFA (stochastic frontier analysis) settings. The study’s SFA results reveal that carbon pricing policy significantly influences the level of the province's carbon emissions by reducing carbon inefficiency. Furthermore, economic growth mitigates carbon emissions intensified by an increase in the amount of capital equipment and energy consumption. On the other hand, multi-factor carbon emission efficiency exhibits significant variations across Canadian provinces. Thus, it is a worthy recommendation for Canadian policymakers to align the use of advanced equipment with carbon emission reduction targets. |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing policy, carbon emission intensity, stochastic frontier analysis, Canadian provinces |
| JEL: | Q5 C13 D24 H23 |
| Date: | 2024–07–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2445 |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Moldova’s economic recovery from the multiple shocks is proceeding, albeit at a slower pace than expected. Progress towards EU accession continues. Presidential elections are scheduled in October, to be combined with a referendum on EU accession. |
| Keywords: | EU agenda; Policy commitment; EU integration; weather events risk; EU integration agenda; Climate change; Climate finance; Climate policy; Credit; Natural disasters; Global |
| Date: | 2024–07–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2024/208 |
| By: | Amrita Goldar (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Sajal Jai; Diya Dasgupta |
| Abstract: | Using the ICRIER Prakriti Disaster Management Model, a regional input-output (RIO) model to study the impact of disasters on local businesses and the economy, the paper assesses two disaster-affected states of India- Assam (flooding) and Andhra Pradesh (cyclones). The modelling exercise highlighted that even though the states differ in terms of the direct impact experienced (with Andhra Pradesh being affected twice as much), the indirect impacts were found to be manifold. Three key results emerge from the analysis. First, cyclone instances in Andhra Pradesh led to a loss of 1.53 per cent in value of output in 2018-19, which is expected to rise in the future, as both the intensity and frequency of cyclones would increase with climate change. Second, despite its high direct losses, Assam was relatively much less affected when the loss of assets by private entities was accounted for. This may be reflective of the high annual frequency of flooding incidences in the state, and the state's high resilience towards this risk. Third, the analysis of the two states revealed distinct loss profiles influenced by their developmental patterns, with Andhra Pradesh experiencing significant losses in the chemical sector, whereas Assam's losses were mainly concentrated in water supply, rubber and plastics, and textiles industries. |
| Keywords: | Disasters, Input-output model, icrier |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:wpaper:422 |
| By: | Christos Giovanopoulos (Cultural H.ID.RA.N.T.) |
| Abstract: | The Cultural H.ID.RA.N.T project focuses on sustainable management of cultural and natural heritage in Chalandri (Athens), Greece. For additional information, see the [project overview](https://rsijournal.eu/wp-conte nt/uploads/CONF.2024.06.1.pdf). |
| Keywords: | Cultural Heritage, Sustainability, Management, H.ID.RA.N.T |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfb:cnfser:2024-5 |
| By: | Feld, Lars P.; Hassib, Joshua |
| Abstract: | Cohesion policy in the European Union (EU) has been widely accepted as a tool to advance the catch-up process, i.e., helping member countries with lower GDP per capita to grow faster economically in order to arrive at similarly high-income levels as member countries with higher GDP per capita. However, empirical studies provide contradicting evidence as to the success of structural funds in this regard. From a political economics perspective, EU structural funds and their instruments of cohesion policy, but also EU agricultural policy, are interpreted as providing for a compensation for poorer member countries' agreement on additional steps of European integration. In recent times, climate policy has entered the cohesion strategy of the EU as higher energy costs due to carbon pricing may require programs for transformation of the existing carbon intensive capital stock to a carbon-neutral capital stock. Structural funds should thus help countries in the transformation process to carbon neutrality such that they do not fall behind. An example is Next Generation EU (NGEU) that is aiming at member countries' transition to carbon neutrality. In this paper, the goals of EU cohesion policy are contrasted with the necessities of climate policy in order to fight climate change. Potential conflicts between the goals of cohesion policy and climate policy are highlighted. |
| Keywords: | Cohesion policy, Climate policy, Common market, Currency union, Multi-level governance, European Union |
| JEL: | F42 F55 Q58 R58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:300672 |
| By: | Afees A. Salisu (Centre for Econometrics & Applied Research, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa); Ahamuefula E. Ogbonna (Centre for Econometrics & Applied Research, Ibadan, Nigeria); Elie Bouri (School of Business, Lebanese American University, Lebanon); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the nexus between climate risks and the return volatility of the real estate investment trusts (REITs) market, a topic of increasing importance for market participants in both emerging and developed economies. Using sectoral REITs from 14 selected countries and alternative measures of climate risks involving both country-specific (climate change vulnerability index, based on climate news) and global (climate policy uncertainty index) measures, reflecting both physical and transition climate risks, we apply a predictive model that accommodates the salient features of the data. Our results indicate that REIT volatility generally increases in response to climate policy uncertainty in most countries. However, the resilience of REITs to the adverse effects of climate change is underscored, providing a sense of confidence in the market's ability to withstand these climate challenges. This outcome transcends the in-sample predictability as the out-of-sample forecast performance validates the predictive content of climate change risks for REITs return volatility. The findings have important practical and policy implications. |
| Keywords: | Climate risks, emerging and developed economies, sectoral REITs, realized volatility, feasible quasi-generalized least squares (FQGLS) method, forecast evaluation |
| JEL: | Q54 R3 C53 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202434 |
| By: | Paudel, Gokul P.; Chamberlin, Jordan; Nguyen, Trung Thanh |
| Abstract: | Sustainable intensification (SI) has been promoted within smallholder farming systems to improve agricultural productivity and reduce negative environmental externalities associated with agri-food systems. However, existing studies are concentrated towards the productivity effects of SI and input use efficiency impacts of SI are scant. This study assesses the impact of early sowing of wheat on productivity, nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, and combined fertilizer use efficiency in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains. We use the two-stage least squares instrumental variable approach to control the potential endogeneity that arises from both observed and unobserved sources of heterogeneity. We find that early sowing improves all resource use efficiency measures, as well as productivity. However, these impacts are unevenly distributed. Early sowing of wheat on large farms and farms applying doses of fertilizers exceeding the state recommendations are weakly associated with productivity and fertilizer use efficiency. Our findings suggest that while SI has potential to boost wheat productivity and fertilizer use efficiency, significant policy initiatives are required to minimize the over-application of fertilizers and mitigate the negative environmental externalities associated with agri-food systems in India. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344263 |
| By: | Brinkord, Marlen; Elsasser, Peter; Seintsch, Björn |
| Abstract: | Die Einschätzung der potenziellen Kohlenstoff-Speicherleistung in Wäldern stellt für Praktiker häufig eine Herausforderung dar. Um eine näherungsweise Orientierung zu ermöglichen, wurden die gängigen Ertragstafeln nach Schober für die Hauptwirtschaftsbaumarten Fichte, Buche, Kiefer, Eiche und Douglasie so aufbereitet, dass die in den Beständen gebundenen Kohlenstoffvorräte (und ihre Veränderungen) unmittelbar in Tonnen CO2 pro Hektar ablesbar sind und auch über frühe Jugendphasen Auskunft geben. Dabei wurde so weit wie möglich den international festgelegten Berechnungsvorgaben gefolgt, wie sie auch für die jährlich erscheinenden Nationalen Inventarberichte zum Deutschen Treibhausgasinventar verbindlich sind. Die Kohlenstoff-Ertragstafeln stellen ein nützliches Instrument dar, welches eine einfache und unkomplizierte Schätzung der CO2-Speicherung im Wald ermöglicht. Dadurch wird eine praxisnahe Herangehensweise an die Herausforderungen der Kohlenstoffbilanzierung im Wald erleichtert. |
| Abstract: | Practitioners often face challenges when estimating the carbon storage potential of forests. In order to provide an approximate orientation, the common yield tables according to Schober for the five main economic tree species in Germany: (spruce, beech, pine, oak, and Douglas fir) have been prepared in such a way that the carbon stocks bound in the stands (and their changes) can be read directly in tons of CO2 per hectare, and that they also provide information on early juvenile phases. These carbon yield tables can serve as a useful tool that enables a simple and straightforward estimation of the forest's potential to bind CO2. This facilitates a pragmatic approach to the challenges of carbon accounting in forests. |
| Keywords: | Kohlenstoffbilanzierung, Ertragstafeln, CO2, Klimawandel, Carbon accounting, yield tables, climate change |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:300636 |
| By: | Bi, Afrin Zainab; KB, Umesh |
| Abstract: | Vegetable production is an important constituent in Indian agriculture and has a vital role in achieving nutritional security. Factors such as perishability, high value and good yield response to external inputs has led to intensification of vegetable production. Measuring the sustainability of vegetable production and factors influencing it by employing suitable indicators will be helpful in designing of policy instruments and production practices for economically viable and environmentally sustainable production. Thus, the present study was designed to assess the plot level sustainability in Karnataka, a major vegetable growing state in India. Both the economic and environmental sustainability scores were low, proving the existence of ample opportunity to improve the sustainability of the vegetables in the state. Overall composite sustainability indicator for the economic pillar had better accomplishment than the environmental pillar for both the vegetables. The results show that the size of the holding, preference for higher incomes, years of experience in growing vegetables had significant and positive impact on economic sustainability. Flood irrigation decreases the economic sustainability in comparison to rainfed farming system. The low scores of sustainability reflects the crucial role of farmers’ productive decisions, which finally Determine the level of sustainability of each individual farm. Thus, there is room to incentivize producers to modify the way they manage their resources through appropriate policy instruments in order to upgrade their sustainability performance. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344307 |
| By: | Mgomezulu, Wisdom Richard; Machila, Kennedy; Edriss, Abdi-Khalil; Pangapanga-Phiri, Innocent |
| Abstract: | Different scholars have modelled the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) with a goal of improving farmer’s adaptive capacity to climate change. Nonetheless, through the conventional way of defining adoption decisions as one-time survey decisions, many scholars have failed to understand inconsistencies in adoption decisions and dis-adoption of such practices. Through a survey of 2100 maize farming households, the current study employed multivariate probit models to understand and compare one-time survey season adoption decisions and sustained (consistent) adoption decisions. The study notes that dis-adoption rates of SAPs range from 20 to 27 percent. As such, the determinants of dis-adoption were estimated to build a case for going beyond one-time adoption survey decisions. Furthermore, the study employed a Cox Proportional hazard model to understand the relative risk to adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices over time. The findings reveal the need for a modelling paradigm shift in understanding adoption decisions for sustainable benefits. Lastly, the findings reveal the need for intensifying knowledge and information dissemination on SAPs through field demonstrations, extension visits, trainings and radio programs in order to reduce dis-adoption and ensure sustained adoption. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344289 |
| By: | Bangsund, Dean A.; Hodur, Nancy |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2024–08–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nddaae:344617 |
| By: | Wang, Guihua; Fulton, Lewis |
| Abstract: | The concept of hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) is not new, but has gained renewed interest lately, especially for heavy-duty trucks. Different from hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), which represent a novel zero-emission technology, hydrogen engines are modified conventional engines running on hydrogen fuel instead of gasoline or diesel. This study presents a comparative review of hydrogen engines and fuel cells, based on existing reports and discussions with industry. We consider aspects such as vehicle efficiency, greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant emissions, hydrogen fuel purity, vehicle attributes, vehicle acquisition costs, total costs of ownership, and new policies. We find that hydrogen ICEVs offer some advantages and disadvantages: advantages include lower production cost and potentially greater reliability; disadvantages include potentially overall lower efficiency (and thus higher fuel cost) and lack of zero-vehicle-emission operation. While the technologies could be complementary (e.g., hydrogen ICEVs serving as a transition technology toward FCEVs), they also may compete, with success for hydrogen ICEVs resulting in setbacks for FCEV market success. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle, fuel cell electric vehicle, heavy-duty vehicle, zero-emission vehicle, total cost of ownership |
| Date: | 2024–08–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4bn4r7td |
| By: | Kroiher, Franz; Michler, Berit Annika; Ammer, Christian; Blaschke, Markus; Daur, Naomi; Degen, Bernd; Gärtner, Stefanie; Goßner, Martin; Kätzel, Ralf; Kleinschmit, Jörg R. G.; Krüger, Inken; Meyer, Peter; Michel, Alexa; Storch, Felix; Wirth, Christian; Bolte, Andreas |
| Abstract: | Am 20. und 21. April 2023 fand der 2. Fachworkshop zur Entwicklung eines nationalen Biodiversitätsmonitorings im Wald (NaBioWald) in Leipzig am Deutschen Zentrum für integrative Biodiversitätsforschung (iDiv) statt. Erneut kamen Fachleute aus der waldbezogenen Biodiversitätsforschung und dem Monitoring zusammen, um ihr Wissen für die Weiterentwicklung der NaBioWald-Initiative einzubringen. Die Impulsreferate befassten sich mit der konkreten Auswahl von Arten für ein Monitoring, den Ansprüchen an ein genetisches Monitoring sowie der potentiellen Nutzung von Proxys für die Biodiversitätserfassung. Es wurden zudem der aktuelle Stand der Literaturrecherche für den Lebensraum Wald im Rahmen des Projekts Faktencheck Artenvielfalt (FEdA Bundesinitiative zum Erhalt der Artenvielfalt) sowie die potentielle Einbindung des NaBioWald-Ansatzes in das Gesamtkonzept des NMZB vorgestellt. Bei den Arbeitsgruppen standen die vier festgelegten Einflussgrößen Waldwirtschaft, Klima, Pflanzenschutz-mitteleintrag und Luftverschmutzung im Fokus der Diskussionen. Hierbei wurden erste potentielle Artengruppen festgelegt, die bei einem Monitoring erfasst werden sollten und empfindlich auf die Einflussgrößen reagieren. Zudem sollten sie die waldtypische Biodiversität möglichst umfassend repräsentieren, um den Einfluss der Forstwirtschaft und anderer Einflussfaktoren abzubilden. Auch mögliche Habitatmerkmale bzw. Proxys, welche eine Vorhersage der Vorkommenswahrscheinlichkeit der Art(-engruppe) ermöglichen, wurden im letzten Arbeitsgruppenblock diskutiert. |
| Abstract: | On April 20 and 21, 2023, the 2nd expert workshop for the development of a national biodiversity monitoring in forests (NaBioWald) took place in Leipzig at the German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv). Once again, experts from forest-related biodiversity research and monitoring came together to contribute their knowledge to the further development of the NaBioWald initiative. Thanks to the broad expertise, many topics and areas of acquisition could be covered. The keynote presentations addressed the specific selection of species for monitoring, the requirements for genetic monitoring, and the potential use of proxies for biodiversity recording. There were also presentations on the current status of literature research for the forest habitat within the project 'Faktencheck Artenvielfalt' (FEdA Federal initiative for the preservation of biodiversity) as well as the potential integration of the NaBioWald approach into the overall concept of the NMZB. In the working groups, the discussions focused on the four defined parameters of forest management, climate, pesticide input and air pollution. In this context, the first potential species groups were selected, which should be recorded as part of a monitoring and which are sensitive to the drivers. The species should represent forest-typical biodiversity as comprehensively as possible to show the influence of forestry and other influencing factors. Possible habitat features or proxies that would allow prediction of the species' likelihood of occurrence were also discussed. |
| Keywords: | Zweiter Fachworkshop, nationales Monitoring, Biodiversität im Wald, Einflussfaktoren, Treiber, Second workshop, national monitoring, forest biodiversity, influencing factors, drivers |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:300643 |
| By: | Ozili, Peterson K |
| Abstract: | This study empirically examines the effect of economic policy on sustainable development using annual data for 22 countries from 2011 to 2018. The study also proffers some economic policy strategies for increasing the level of sustainable development. In the empirical analysis, a sustainable development index was constructed comprising of SDG proxy indicators: healthcare expenditures to GDP ratio (SDG3), percentage of people using safely managed drinking water services (SDG6) and the share of renewable energy to final total energy consumption (SDG7). The results show that the economic policy index has a significant positive effect on the sustainable development index particularly in non-European countries and in developing countries and a negative effect in European countries and developed countries. Changes in monetary policy, fiscal policy and regulatory policy have a significant impact on the level of sustainable development. Expansionary monetary policy via increase in broad money to GDP ratio increases the attainment of SDG6 while contractionary monetary policy via increase in central bank interest rate increases the attainment of SDG7. Expansionary fiscal policy via increase in consumer spending leads to the attainment of SDG3 and SDG7 but it adversely affects the attainment of SDG6. Effective regulatory policy via increase in institutional governance quality increases the attainment of SDG3 and SDG6. There is uni-directional causality between economic policy and sustainable development. Monetary policy and regulatory policy also have a uni-directional relationship with sustainable development, implying that changes in monetary and regulatory policies cause changes in the level of sustainable development. This study is the first to empirically examine the contribution of economic policy to sustainable development using composite indices. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development, economic policy, monetary policy, fiscal policy, regulatory policy, strategies |
| JEL: | E52 E62 E63 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121523 |
| By: | A Samuel Pottinger; Lawson Connor; Brookie Guzder-Williams; Maya Weltman-Fahs; Timothy Bowles |
| Abstract: | Climate change not only threatens agricultural producers but also strains financial institutions. These important food system actors include government entities tasked with both insuring grower livelihoods and supporting response to continued global warming. We use an artificial neural network to predict future maize yields in the U.S. Corn Belt, finding alarming changes to institutional risk exposure within the Federal Crop Insurance Program. Specifically, our machine learning method anticipates more frequent and more severe yield losses that would result in the annual probability of Yield Protection (YP) claims to more than double at mid-century relative to simulations without continued climate change. Furthermore, our dual finding of relatively unchanged average yields paired with decreasing yield stability reveals targeted opportunities to adjust coverage formulas to include variability. This important structural shift may help regulators support grower adaptation to continued climate change by recognizing the value of risk-reducing strategies such as regenerative agriculture. Altogether, paired with open source interactive tools for deeper investigation, our risk profile simulations fill an actionable gap in current understanding, bridging granular historic yield estimation and climate-informed prediction of future insurer-relevant loss. |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2408.02217 |
| By: | Sahoo, Dukhabandhu; Behera, Jayanti; Biswas, Chandrima |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to explore the determinants of the use of climate smart agriculture technology (CSAT) among agrarian households of Odisha, India. The effect of climate change and the consequent unpredictability of weather patterns make agricultural production vulnerable. It calls for a solution wherein it is required to transform the existing agricultural practices to make it more efficient, more productive and less prone to climate change. So, the farm inputs should be more adaptive that can be ushered in by adopting CSAT by the practitioners. It is a smart agriculture process that minimizes the negative effect of climate change on agricultural production and contributes towards sustainable agricultural system. The result of the Fractional and Beta regression reveals that higher the level of social capital, higher is the intensity of the use of CSAT by the households. The use of CSAT is less in households that are female headed and belong to the scheduled tribes in comparison to the households that are male headed and belong to the scheduled castes. However, the households having knowledge about the technology use it more than the households with no knowledge of CSAT. The households who think that CSAT is not women-friendly use the technology more in comparison to households that think that women do not have the skills to use the technology. The intensity of the use of CSAT is higher for households where the female takes agricultural decisions. Further, the use of CSAT is less in families where land is owned by the male members only. This calls for institutional arrangements to ensure wider usage of social capital, land ownership by the female members and their economic empowerment by providing them better wages and livelihood so that agrarian households will be interested to use CSAT in agriculture that can ultimately cater to the growing demand of food. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2023–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaewp:344215 |
| By: | Ashok Gulati (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Purvi Thangaraj (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)) |
| Abstract: | This brief discusses that the budget for the rural-agrarian sector is heavily skewed towards welfare measures and raises questions whether this is the most effective use of these funds. Despite Union government's focus on rural areas through various schemes to build toilets, and houses, and provide drinking water, rural roads, electricity supply, and free rations, rural incomes are not improving at a rate that can create significant demand for non-agri products at a scale. Therefore, augmenting rural incomes should be the main concern. To improve rural incomes, there is a need to shift to higher productivity, non-farm jobs. This could involve building rural infrastructure or urban development, requiring massive investments in skill development for higher productivity jobs. Industry participation is crucial for training people for meaningful employment. Within agriculture (engaging 45.8 percent of the workforce in 2022-23, PLFS), the focus should move from basic staples, like rice, to high-value agriculture such as poultry, fishery, dairy, and fruits and vegetables. With the rise in climate change-induced extreme weather events, India needs to invest in agriculture research and development (agri-R&D) and agri-extension towards climate-smart agriculture. |
| Keywords: | Re-aligning Agriculture Policy, Sustainable Agriculture, Subsidy, Agriculture R&D, Union Budget, Fertilizer Subsidy |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:ppaper:22 |
| By: | C\'esar Pedrosa Soares |
| Abstract: | This paper explores an innovative approach to Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scoring by integrating Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques with Item Response Theory (IRT), specifically the Rasch model. The study utilizes a comprehensive dataset of news articles in Portuguese related to Petrobras, a major oil company in Brazil, collected from 2022 and 2023. The data is filtered and classified for ESG-related sentiments using advanced NLP methods. The Rasch model is then applied to evaluate the psychometric properties of these ESG measures, providing a nuanced assessment of ESG sentiment trends over time. The results demonstrate the efficacy of this methodology in offering a more precise and reliable measurement of ESG factors, highlighting significant periods and trends. This approach may enhance the robustness of ESG metrics and contribute to the broader field of sustainability and finance by offering a deeper understanding of the temporal dynamics in ESG reporting. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.20377 |
| By: | Filipos Ruxho (Sustainable Regional Development Scientific Journal) |
| Abstract: | The 1st International Scientific Conference on Sustainable Regional Development will be held on October 17-18, 2024, in Prishtina, Kosovo. The conference focuses on "Demographic Transition in 2050 and Regional Policies." For more information, visit the [conference website](https://instituteikszq.org/en/k onferencat-e-ardhshme/). |
| Keywords: | Conference, Sustainable Development, Regional Policies, 2024 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfb:cnfser:2024-3 |
| By: | Heyen, Daniel; Tavoni, Alessandro |
| Abstract: | Solar geoengineering denotes a set of technologies that would enable a fast and relatively cheap global temperature reduction. Besides potential physical side-effects, a major concern is the strategic dimension: Who is going to use solar geoengineering and how would it affect others? How does the presence of solar geoengineering change the strategic incentives surrounding other climate policy instruments such as mitigation? We review the existing theoretical and experimental contributions to those questions and outline promising lines of future economic research. |
| Keywords: | climate policy; experiments; political economy; public goods; solar geoengineering; strategic interaction |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124448 |
| By: | O'Donoghue, Cathal; Immervoll, Herwig; Gizem, Zeynep; Linden, Jules; Sologon, Denisa |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:bp2025/3 |
| By: | Ariffin, H.; Ahmed, O.H.; Jalil, C. |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to review recent literature on bio-fertilizer production in Brunei and identifies different types of food wastes to be utilized for bio-fertilizer production and their benefits to Brunei Darussalam’s agricultural industry. The Systematic Literature Review was carried out through the use of electronic search engines, specifically the Scopus database and Google Scholar for non-Scopus databases. A combination of carefully chosen keywords was done in order to enhance the efficacy of the search. Initially, a total of 19 papers were retrieved on the subject of bio-fertilizer production in Brunei, and 2, 647 papers on organic bio-fertilizer made from food waste. However, after a rigorous screening process, only 2 papers were found to be relevant to bio-fertilizer production in Brunei and 26 papers concerning organic bio-fertilizer made from food waste were deemed eligible for inclusion in this review. Current research indicates that there is a dearth of information about Brunei Darussalam's use and production of biofertilizer, especially organic biofertilizer made from food waste. As a result, there is a need for extensive studies and field research in Brunei Darussalam. Hence, the presented review creates awareness on the need for adopting or introducing bio-fertilizers from food wastes for improving the soil and crop productivity without degrading the quality of the environment in Brunei Darussalam. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344450 |
| By: | Aude Farnault; Khalifa Sarr |
| Abstract: | This working paper provides an in-depth review of the opportunities and challenges surrounding water investment in Africa. It also presents the state of play in the use of ultimate sources of funding (the “3Ts”: tariffs, taxes, and transfers) and financing for water on the continent, showing that these sources are not currently being used to their full potential and in the most efficient and equitable way. In this context, there is a wide range of options to scale up and improve water finance in Africa and to achieve SDG 6 - and, by extension, all the Sustainable Development Goals - on the continent. This paper follows the lifecycle of a project, paying particular attention to equity and affordability. It presents concrete proposals to strengthen water policy investment frameworks, build well-prepared and investment-ready water projects, scale up risk mitigation instruments for water, and diversify financing instruments and sources. |
| Keywords: | Africa, economics, finance and investment, tariffs, taxes, transfers, water, water finance |
| JEL: | F30 G10 G20 H23 H54 H81 O13 Q21 Q25 Q28 O20 |
| Date: | 2024–08–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:248-en |
| By: | Elia Moretti; Michael Benzaquen |
| Abstract: | Biodiversity loss driven by agricultural intensification is a pressing global issue, with significant implications for ecosystem stability and human well-being. We design an integrated bio-economic agent-based model, informed by historical data from the French agricultural sector, to project future biodiversity trends and evaluate policy interventions. Our model predicts further biodiversity decline under a business-as-usual scenario, primarily due to intensified land consolidation. We evaluate two policy options: reducing pesticide use and subsidizing small farmers. While pesticide reduction rapidly benefits biodiversity in the beginning, it eventually leads to increased land consolidation and further biodiversity loss. In contrast, subsidizing small farmers by reallocating a small fraction of existing subsidies, stabilizes farm sizes and enhances biodiversity in the long run. The most effective strategy results from combining both policies, leveraging pesticide reduction alongside targeted subsidies to balance economic pressures and consistently improve biodiversity. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.19749 |
| By: | Sarah Peigné (G-SCOP - Laboratoire des sciences pour la conception, l'optimisation et la production - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Helmi Ben Rejeb (G-SCOP - Laboratoire des sciences pour la conception, l'optimisation et la production - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Elise Monnier (LITEN / CEA-DES - Laboratoire d'Innovation pour les Technologies des Energies Nouvelles et les nanomatériaux - CEA-DES (ex-DEN) - CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - INES - Institut National de L'Energie Solaire - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Peggy Zwolinski (G-SCOP - Laboratoire des sciences pour la conception, l'optimisation et la production - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the growing importance of eco-innovation in aligning sustainability with technological development. It explores the 'eco-design paradox, ' which emphasizes the tension between the need for flexible design and the availability of data required for assessing environmental impacts during early innovation stages. This paradox presents a challenge: the lack of detailed data can have an impact on the ability to make sustainable optimal design decisions as designs are still fluid. The study investigates the essential sustainability aspects to be evaluated in the initial phases of innovation and explores the involvement of decision-makers and entrepreneurs in the sustainability assessment process. The paper uses a robust action research methodology to examine various eco-innovation diagnostic tools in collaboration with two French Institutes of Technology (FITs). A comparative analysis is conducted to assess these tools' efficacity in evaluating several dimensions of sustainability, including environmental, social, and economic aspects. Our investigation identifies key criteria that are crucial for early-stage sustainability assessments, such as innovation description, systemic vision, functionality, and stakeholder involvement. The findings will guide policy makers, researchers and practitioners in the field of eco-innovation by providing a comprehensive framework for evaluating and promoting sustainable innovations in their early stages. The insights from our findings show how important expert knowledge is in the eco-innovation diagnostic process. They also demonstrate the need for more integrated approach to eco-innovation. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:cea-04662880 |
| By: | Victoria Junquera; Daniel I. Rubenstein; Simon A. Levin; Jos\'e I. Hormaza; I\~naki Vadillo P\'erez; Pablo Jim\'enez Gavil\'an |
| Abstract: | Spain is the largest producer of avocado and mango fruits in Europe. The majority of production is concentrated in the Axarqu\'ia region in the south, where subtropical fruit plantations and associated water demands have steadily increased over the last two decades. Between 2019-2024, the region underwent an extreme water crisis. Reservoir reserves became nearly depleted and groundwater levels dropped to sea level in several locations, where seawater intrusion is likely, causing large socioeconomic impacts including short-term harvest losses and a long-term loss in economic centrality. We examine the causal pathway that led to this crisis using a mixed-methods approach, combining data from key informant interviews, an exhaustive review of legal documents, and quantitative analysis of time series and spatially explicit data. In particular, we analyze dam water use for irrigation and urban use, meteorological data, reservoir and groundwater levels, and irrigation land cover maps. Our findings show that an unusual meteorological drought was the immediate cause for the decline in reservoir and groundwater reserves (hydrological drought), but the underlying cause was a chronic and structural long-term imbalance between water demand and resources resulting from several structural governance shortcomings: large uncertainties in water resource availability and use hampering effective planning, lack of enforcement of individual water quotas, and the absence of regulatory mechanisms to flexibly impose resource use restrictions at both micro and macro levels based on the overall resources of the system. We propose concrete policy interventions aimed at sustainably enhancing the resilience of the system that can be useful to efficiently manage water shortages in other regions with similar problems. |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2408.00683 |
| By: | Pollitt, M. G. |
| Abstract: | Paul Lewis Joskow (1947-) |
| Keywords: | Incentive regulation, vertical integration, emissions markets, electricity liberalization |
| JEL: | L43 L51 Q53 Q54 L94 |
| Date: | 2024–07–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2443 |
| By: | Ashok Gulati (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Reena Singh (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Ritika Juneja; Purvi Thangaraj |
| Abstract: | It is high time that the policy making in the country is geared towards sustainable and profitable agriculture. The need of this is the most in Punjab-Haryana belt where entrenched rice cultivation is causing ecological disaster. Peasants of Punjab and Haryana have done a yeoman’s job in feeding the country and it is obligatory on the part of the state as well as the centre to steer them towards crops that are less damaging to environment and yet are more profitable than paddy. This requires innovative policy solutions. One of such policy innovation is suggested in this policy brief, where farmers shifting from paddy to pulses, oilseeds, millets, and even kharif maize can be given roughly Rs 35, 000/ha on 50:50 basis under the joint package of the relevant state and the Centre. Haryana is already giving Rs 17, 500/ha and the Centre needs to double it up. Interestingly, there is hardly any additional expenditure involved. It is the savings on power, canal waters, and fertilizer subsidies that need to be given back to farmers in a different form. If this is done, India can save the most fertile plains of Punjab-Haryana from potential desertification. And that will be a great service to the country. |
| Keywords: | Re-aligning Agriculture Policy, Sustainable Agriculture, Punjab, Haryana, GreenHouse Gas Emissions, Ground-Water, Subsidy, Crop Diversification |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:ppaper:21 |
| By: | Maruejols, Lucie; Jaiswal, Ritu K.; Sibhatu, Kibrom T. |
| Abstract: | Global warming-induced climate change presents a significant threat to agriculture and food security, particularly in vulnerable regions like India. This study explores whether home-produced food can act as a source of resilience or vulnerability in the face of climate change. Using comprehensive national data from the National Sample Survey (NSS) 68th round and the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the paper quantifies the food consumption and security role of home-produced food across various Indian regions and examines the implications of climate-induced yield changes on food security. The study employs a deep learning approach to model the complex, non-linear relationships between climate change, agricultural yields, and household food consumption. Preliminary findings suggest that home produced food plays a critical role in food consumption and security, especially in rural areas. However, increased dependence on home production could heighten vulnerability to climate anomalies. While home-produced food has the potential to enhance resilience, its role must be carefully supported through policies that provide tools and knowledge for better agricultural practices. Conversely, if market participation increases, ensuring effective market functioning and affordable nutritious food becomes crucial. The study findings provide valuable insights for policymakers on balancing home production and market reliance in the context of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344295 |
| By: | Sakketa, Tekalign Gutu; Maggio, Dan; McPeak, John |
| Abstract: | Droughts are among the leading causes of livestock mortality and conflict among pastoralist populations in East Africa. To foster climate resiliency in these populations, Index Based Livestock Insurance (IBLI) products have become popular. These products, which allow herders to hedge climate risk, often utilize remote-sensed data to trigger indemnity payouts, thus ameliorating moral hazard issues associated with standard insurance products. We study how one such program, implemented in southern Ethiopia, impacted the experience of violent conflict among participating households. Using a causal mediation analysis, we show first that there is a strong link between rangeland conditions and violent conflict; a one- unit decrease in a standardized version of the normalized difference vegetation index (zNDVI) in the previous season is associated with a 0.3-3 percentage point increase in the likelihood of conflict exposure. Within the mediation framework, we leverage a randomized encouragement experiment and show that insurance uptake reduces the conflict risk created by poor rangeland conditions by between 17 and 50 percent. Our results suggest that social protection programs, particularly index insurance programs, may act as a protective factor in areas with complex risk profiles, where households are exposed to both climatic and conflict risks, which themselves may interact. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344274 |
| By: | Jia, Yilei; Wang, Gangyi |
| Abstract: | China is one of the countries with the richest Animal genetic resources (AnGR) in the world, and also the largest producer and consumer of pigs.The pig industry is huge, but more than 90% of pork consumption relies on imports, while local pig breeds are neglected, and many of them are even on the verge of extinction.In order to study the utilization status of local pig breeds and promote the protection、development, and utilization, this study conducted an in-depth analysis of the utilization status of local pigs by combing the utilization status and cost-benefit analysis.The results showed that the overall population of Min pig has increased and has been extensively used in production. However, due to the high input cost and low output income, the income is negative and production efficiency is low. Therefore, the pigs have not been fully and effectively utilized by the people.The study further observed that in the general commercialization environment over the years, a range of incentives and protection measures have achieved a balance. This has resulted in a certain level of balance between policy implementation and commercial development, leading to an increase in the number of pigs and improving the situation of endangered varieties. The findings of this study provide a theoretical foundation for the preservation, development, and sustainable utilization of local pig genetic resources. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344287 |
| By: | Müller, Lukas |
| Abstract: | Natural experiments have a long tradition in empirical corporate finance. Event study methodology is an incumbent approach for measuring the economic impact of an event on shareholder wealth. Within this context, this dissertation covers two main subject areas. The first part offers a methodological contribution to fundamental research in the field of corporate bonds. In fixed-income research, event study methodology lags far behind event studies in the field of equity, and existing approaches are insufficiently validated. In the first article, we replicate results from the previous literature and test the methodology for robustness to event-induced variance and illiquidity. We conclude that existing methods for analysing the impact on bondholder wealth are intractable and that researchers should carefully consider sample characteristics, liquidity, and the presence of event-induced variance. The second part of this dissertation is devoted to the application of event study methodology in equity markets to test existing theoretical frameworks with regard to political and regulatory risk and uncertainty. The second and third articles focus specifically on the carbon risk hypothesis and examine whether carbon emissions are priced in by investors. We show that market reactions to regulatory announcements are driven significantly by greenhouse gas emissions. The results provide short-term evidence supporting the carbon risk hypothesis. In the fourth article, we analyse the market impact of populist success in national elections. We show that the increase in OHLC volatility in the run-up to an election is a robust proxy for the sensitivity of a stock to the election outcome. On the one hand, this dissertation thus advances research in the field of corporate bonds, and on the other hand, it contributes to the verification of existing theoretical models on the influence of regulatory and political risks and uncertainties on shareholder wealth. |
| Date: | 2024–08–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:149163 |
| By: | Lambarraa-Lehnhardt, Fatima; Rosati, Adolfo; Hasnain, Syeda Aleena; Turchetti, Luca |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the interaction among potential and revealed resilience capacities, technical efficiency, and total factor productivity (TFP) in Italian olive farms using FADN data from 2013-2019. To achieve this objective, we use principal component analysis for evaluating potential resilience indicators and a stochastic frontier model (SFM) to assess farms' competitiveness and evaluate the impact of resilience measures on farms' efficiency and productivity. Results show that Italian olive farms exhibit higher resilience in transformability, followed by robustness and adaptability. Resilience indicators negatively impact technical efficiency. TFP growth is notably influenced by adaptability. Results suggest that balancing competitiveness and resilience is crucial to achieving a sustainable farming system. To face climate change challenges, policies should facilitate transitions to a climate-resilient farming system by incentivizing investments in climate adaptive technologies and designing careful subsidy programs that emphasize the long-term resilience benefits of sustainable farming practices rather than considering immediate efficiency gains. Farmer support through training and collaborative networks is vital to strengthening farms' adaptability and transformability capacities. |
| Keywords: | Production Economics, Productivity Analysis, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344256 |
| By: | Rachid Annane (Laboratory of Aquatic Ecosystem, National Centre for Research and Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture (CNRDPA) 11, Bd Amirouche, PO Box 67, Bou Ismaïl 42415 Tipaza, Algeria) |
| Abstract: | اجتذب قطاع الصيد البحري وتربية الأحياء المائية في الجزائر اهتماما كبيرا منذ عام 2018، وتأكدت المؤشرات المشجعة من خلال تطوره في عام 2022. ويمكن أن يعزى النمو الملحوظ الذي شهده إلى العديد من العوامل الرئيسية التي ساهمت في الزيادة الكبيرة في إنتاج تربية الأحياء المائية. وقد تم دعم هذا النمو من خلال سياسة قطاعية تركز على ترقية تربية الأحياء المائية، وتسهيل نقل التكنولوجيا، وتنفيذ التدابير التحفيزية. علاوة على ذلك، فإن إعادة توجيه رأس المال نحو هذا القطاع، خاصة بعد الركود في قطاع الأشغال العامة، أدى إلى تسريع النمو والتنمية. وتؤكد البيانات هذا النمو القوي، حيث خلق القطاع 115, 672 فرصة عمل مباشرة وشهد زيادة مذهلة في الإنتاج الإجمالي بنسبة 11.13%، مدفوعة في المقام الأول بارتفاع كبير بنسبة 21.43% في تربية الأحياء المائية. وارتفعت أحجام الصادرات بنسبة استثنائية بلغت 149.5%، مصحوبة بزيادة في القيمة بنسبة 68.07%، في حين شهدت الواردات انخفاضًا بنسبة -23.43%. كما شهدت قيمة التداول زيادة كبيرة بنسبة 15.57%. وبحلول عام 2022، اكتسب القطاع اعترافًا استراتيجيًا من طرف الحكومة، ليشكل 5% من إجمالي القطاع الزراعي، ويساهم بنسبة 0.2% في الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، ويدعم أكثر من 145 ألف وظيفة. ولعب المشهد الاستثماري أيضًا دورًا حاسمًا، حيث تم استثمار ما يقرب من 10 مليار دج في تربية الأحياء المائية وحدها، مما أدى إلى نمو ملحوظ بنسبة 67٪. وتمثل تربية الأحياء المائية حاليا 10% من إجمالي إنتاج القطاع، وقد تضاعفت في غضون عامين، مما يدل على نمو مزدوج الرقم ويهدف إلى تحقيق 33% بحلول عام 2035 و50% بحلول عام 2050 من خلال استثمارات كبيرة. وعلى الرغم من هذه الأرقام المثيرة للإعجاب، فإن التحديات مثل محدودية المخزونات السمكية الطبيعية تتطلب اتخاذ تدابير صارمة لضمان استدامة مصايد الأسماك. ومع ذلك، فإن هذه التطورات توفر فرصًا كبيرة للتنمية المستدامة للقطاع، وتعرض آفاقًا واعدة لمزيد من النمو، وخلق فرص العمل، والمساهمة الاقتصادية. علاوة على ذلك، فإن نجاح قطاع مصايد الأسماك وتربية الأحياء المائية في الجزائر يتماشى مع مبادئ الاقتصاد الأزرق، مع التركيز على الاستخدام المستدام والحفاظ على الموارد البحرية. ويعد تطوير هذا القطاع ضمن إطار الاقتصاد الأزرق أمرًا بالغ الأهمية لضمان الجدوى البيئية والاقتصادية على المدى الطويل، وتعزيز الابتكار، وتشجيع الممارسات المسؤولة. ولا يساهم هذا النهج في النمو الاقتصادي فحسب، بل يدعم أيضًا الحفاظ على البيئة، مما يجعل من الضروري استمرار نجاح القطاع والمساهمة في مستقبل مستدام . |
| Abstract: | The fisheries and aquaculture sector in Algeria has attracted significant attention since 2018, and these encouraging indicators were further confirmed by developments of what in 2022. The remarkable growth experienced can be attributed to several key factors that have contributed to the substantial increase in aquaculture production. This growth has been supported by a sectoral policy focused on promoting aquaculture, facilitating technology transfer, and implementing incentive measures. Moreover, the redirection of capital towards this sector, particularly after the recession in the public works sector, has accelerated growth and development. The data underscores this robust growth, with the sector generating 115, 672 direct jobs and witnessing an impressive overall production increase of 11.13%, primarily driven by a substantial 21.43% rise in aquaculture. Export volumes surged by an exceptional 149.5%, accompanied by a 68.07% increase in value, while imports saw a decline of -23.43%. Turnover also saw a significant increase of 15.57%. By 2022, the sector had gained strategic recognition, constituting 5% of the entire agricultural sector, contributing 0.2% to GDP, and supporting over 145, 000 jobs. The investment landscape has also played a crucial role, with approximately 10 billion DA invested in aquaculture alone, leading to remarkable growth of 67%. Aquaculture, currently representing 10% of the sector's total production, doubled within two years, demonstrating double-digit growth and aiming to achieve 33% by 2035 and 50% by 2050 through substantial investment. Despite these impressive numbers, challenges such as limited fish stocks necessitate stringent measures to ensure the sustainability of the fishery. Nevertheless, these advancements present significant opportunities for the sustainable development of the sector, showcasing promising prospects for further growth, job creation, and economic contribution. Moreover, the success of Algeria's fisheries and aquaculture sector aligns with the principles of the blue economy, emphasizing sustainable use and conservation of marine resources. The development of this sector within the blue economy framework is crucial for ensuring long-term environmental and economic viability, fostering innovation, and promoting responsible practices. This approach not only contributes to economic growth but also supports environmental conservation, making it imperative for the sector's continued success and contribution to a sustainable and prosperous future. |
| Keywords: | الاستدامة, التنمية, النمو, البحري, الاستثمار, Sustainability, Development, Growth, Maritime, Investment |
| Date: | 2024–07–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04655137 |
| By: | Amrita Goldar (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)); Sajal Jain; Kartik Nair; Ritika Verma |
| Abstract: | The ICRIER Sampada WSUT model assesses the direct and indirect impacts of waste management policies and consumption patterns on various macroeconomic parameters. The model incorporates data for monetary transaction values and physical quantities of waste flows, making it capable of accurately evaluating all stages of the consumption process, including purchase, use, and disposal. It provides a comprehensive view of Rajasthan's economy and waste flows in the form of a 47 by 47 matrix, which includes thirty-seven intermediate sectors, four waste treatment technologies (incineration, composting, landfill, and material recovery process), and six waste types (municipal solid waste – dry waste, wet waste, inert waste; hazardous waste; bio-medical waste; and plastic waste). |
| Keywords: | Circular economy, Economic modelling, Waste management |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:wpaper:424 |
| By: | Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Kishore, Avinash; Kumar, Anjani |
| Abstract: | The fertilizer response of yield has been one of the major indicators of agricultural productivity in both developed and developing countries. Filling the evidence gap remains vital regarding fertilizer response in Asia, particularly in South Asia, given the evolution and emergence of new challenges, including intensifying climate shocks. We aim to partly fill this knowledge gap by investigating the associations between climate shocks and fertilizer response in Bangladeshi rice production. Using three rounds of nationally representative farm household panel data with plot- level information, we assess fertilizer response functions regarding rice yield and how the shapes of these response functions are heterogeneous in relation to anomalies in temperatures, droughts, and rainfall. We find robust evidence that climate anomalies have adverse effects on fertilizer responses, including higher temperatures for the Boro and the Aman irrigated systems and higher temperatures and droughts for the Aman rainfed systems. These findings hold robustly under various fertilizer response function forms, i.e., polynomial function and stochastic Linear Response Plateau. Furthermore, results for stochastic Linear Response Plateau are also consistent for both switching regression type models and Bayesian regression models. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344280 |
| By: | Xinfu Chen; Yuchao Dong; Wenlin Huang; Jin Liang |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we consider a company can simultaneously reduce its emissions and buy carbon allowances at any time. We establish an optimal control model involving two stochastic processes with two control variables, which is a singular control problem. This model can then be converted into a Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation, which is a two-dimensional variational equality with gradient barrier, so that the free boundary is a surface. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution. Finally, some numerical results are shown. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.08477 |
| By: | Christoph Basten (University of Zurich; Swiss Finance Institute; CESifo (Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute)); Anastasia V. Kartasheva (University of St. Gallen - I.VW-HSG; Joshua J. Harris Alternative Investment Program; Swiss Finance Institute) |
| Abstract: | We assess the ability of the regulators and private monitors like credit rating agencies to evaluate and discipline the exposure of the insurance industry to natural catastrophe (NatCat) risks intensified because of climate change. We demonstrate that the rating agency A.M. Best is a more stringent monitor than the US insurance regulators in that it provides more adequate assessment of insurers' exposure to NatCat risk compared to regulatory risk-based capital standards; also, it has a long-lasting discipline effect by incentivizing insurers to improve their NatCat risk management. But A.M. Best's monitoring disciplines only a limited segment of the insurance market. We show that in response to stricter rating requirements for NatCat risks, many insurers accept the downgrades and become riskier. Meanwhile, the regulatory capital requirements are not capable of curtailing their excessive risktaking. |
| Keywords: | climate change and insurance, regulatory capital requirements, credit rating agency |
| JEL: | G22 G32 L11 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2438 |
| By: | Sakketa, Tekalign Gutu; Nkonde, Chewe; Nkonde, Mwelwa; Herrmann, Raoul |
| Abstract: | Nucleus-outgrower schemes (NOSs) are supposed to be a particularly effective private-sector mechanism to support smallholder farmers and contribute towards mitigating the problematic aspects of pure large- scale agricultural investments. Using two rounds of panel household surveys in Zambia, this study examines the impacts of the NOS of one of the largest foreign land-based investments in agriculture, Amatheon Agri Zambia (AAZ) Limited, on smallholder agricultural technologies adoption, sustainable land management (SLM) and productivity. The findings indicate that participation in the NOS increased the adoption of full- suite conservation agriculture (CA) practices. However, the impact on the adoption of other technologies, specifically the use of improved seed varieties, is less obvious and depends on the type of support provided and scheme design details such as crops promoted. The results also indicate that even if the impact on overall productivity is modest, the programme improves maize productivity during its initial phase compared to the later phase when the programme shifted its focus towards oilseed crops. In sum, the study suggests that NOSs, despite associated risks, have the potential to make substantial contribution to sustainable agricultural practices and to some extent improve productivity of smallholder farmers. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344286 |
| By: | Zimmermann, Klaus; Jochem, Dominik |
| Abstract: | Natural disturbances such as fire, drought, insect calamities and storm events have now become a central issue for Germany's forests and forestry companies. Economic damage due to reduced revenues after natural disturbances with high levels of damaged timber is taking on considerable proportions. In order to decouple the sale of damaged timber from severe natural disturbance events, forestry companies store large quantities of damaged wood, sometimes over periods of several years. The central aim of this work is to develop a method for estimating forest companies’ timber storage after severe natural disturbance events at the national level. This work is based to a large extent on the results of Zimmermann et al. (2018) and Zimmermann et al. (2021). For this purpose, the empirical operational data of the federal forestry test network (TBN-Forst) in connection with the natural disturbance events Lothar (1999) and Kyrill (2007) are transferred in several steps to a national timber storage model. The key input variables are the disturbance-related additional felling quantities (DAMcomp), the inflows into damaged timber storage (TSAcomp) and the outflows from damaged timber storage (TSOcomp) at the company level over a multi-year observation period. The individual steps of this study for transferring the operational information to estimate timber storage at the national level are structured as follows: In step 1, national disturbance-related additional felling quantities (DAMnat) are derived. Step 2 shows the inflows into damaged timber storage (TSAnat). Step 3 shows how a national timber storage model can be parameterized from the inflow and temporal course of the outflows from the damaged timber storage (TSOnat). The procedure for scaling the national tiber storage model is presented in step 4. The timber storage model is scaled on the basis of the national inflows into the damaged timber storage, which are derived from the national disturbance-related additional felling quantities. National timber storage is estimated for the natural disturbance events Lothar, Kyrill and the damage complex storm/drought/bark beetle... |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Risk and Uncertainty |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:344500 |
| By: | Molist , Adrià Menéndez i; Kallas, Zein; Fuentes , Omar Vicente Guadarrama |
| Abstract: | Effectively implementing innovations in agri-food supply chains (AFSCs) is contingent upon stakeholders’ preferences. Using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the objective of this research was to ascertain the degree of willingness among farmers, consumers, and various stakeholders (including processing companies, restaurants, and retailers) in the tomato supply chain of Catalonia (Spain) to shorten the chain and promote local procurement. Based on a set of social, economic, and environmental criteria encompassing sustainability in AFSCs, the results showed that economic factors, particularly profitability and affordability, were the key driving factors in the decisions of stakeholders. However, the considerable importance placed on strategic attributes, including local production, environmental sustainability, and product quality, particularly among consumers, seemed to present a chance to advocate for sustainable alternatives, such as short food supply chains (SFSCs). The AHP methodology facilitates differentiation with respect to the criteria of the decision-making process and serves as a valuable instrument for evaluating the reception of innovations within the AFSC and categorizing the stakeholders who exhibit the greatest interest in them. In order to improve the sustainability of agri-food systems, our findings may be incorporated into strategic plans developed by policymakers. |
| Keywords: | Demand and Price Analysis, Environmental Economics and Policy, Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344299 |
| By: | Gianmarco Del Sarto; Marta Leocata; Giulia Livieri |
| Abstract: | We develop a model based on mean-field games of competitive firms producing similar goods according to a standard AK model with a depreciation rate of capital generating pollution as a byproduct. Our analysis focuses on the widely-used cap-and-trade pollution regulation. Under this regulation, firms have the flexibility to respond by implementing pollution abatement, reducing output, and participating in emission trading, while a regulator dynamically allocates emission allowances to each firm. The resulting mean-field game is of linear quadratic type and equivalent to a mean-field type control problem, i.e., it is a potential game. We find explicit solutions to this problem through the solutions to differential equations of Riccati type. Further, we investigate the carbon emission equilibrium price that satisfies the market clearing condition and find a specific form of FBSDE of McKean-Vlasov type with common noise. The solution to this equation provides an approximate equilibrium price. Additionally, we demonstrate that the degree of competition is vital in determining the economic consequences of pollution regulation. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.12754 |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Selected Issues |
| Keywords: | growth experience; C. socio-economic Impact; C. policy response; impact of climate change; agriculture productivity; Climate change; Productivity; Food security; Global; Sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2024–07–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2024/250 |
| By: | Somit Dasgupta (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)) |
| Abstract: | This working paper examines as to what is the ideal parameter for decommissioning of coal-based generation. Is it the age of the plant, its station heat rate (SHR) or any other parameter? It also examines whether it would be possible for India to undertake this energy transition easily so as to become net-zero by 2070. |
| Keywords: | Coal, Decommissioning, Renewable, Coal-plants |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:wpaper:421 |
| By: | Soe, T.T.; Myint, T.; Aye, H.M.; Moh, M.; Hnin, C.H. |
| Abstract: | The health crisis has posed a threat not only to people’s health but also to their well-being after the COVID-19 pandemic. It has prompted a shift in dietary patterns and drinking habits based on people’s preference toward healthier behaviour and items with affordable prices. The objective of this research is to assess the drinking water and beverage intake among selected households in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar. Based on the selected respondents (n=400), majority of selected households were from the public sector, with a high level of education. On the average, food costs constituted 70% of the total expenditure and 60% of the income. An observed intake is that a significant percentage of households allocate spending to drinking water, coffee, and tea mix, excluding alcohol. In contrast to the average monthly per capita consumption, drinking water, coffee and tea mix and alcohol are commonly consumed. The commonly purified drinking water among the selected respondents leans toward a healthy food system and signifies a positive preference. Consequently, it is proposed that preferences and for various types of drinking water and coffee and tea mix be strengthened to meet local demand, thereby enhancing household health and nutrition. This behavioural and preference could also accelerate a healthy lifestyle for everyone. For further research and development, the accessibility of purified drinking water and beverages could be promoted to improve a healthy lifestyle and sustainable intake. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344454 |
| By: | Brückbauer, Frank; Kirschenmann, Karolin |
| Abstract: | Ongoing global trends like climate change require firms to invest in projects that support their transformation. In order to unlock the huge sums of private capital necessary for these investments, the engagement of institutional investors appears to be crucial. In a project funded by ZEW's Sponsors' Association, we investigate whether and how a better integration of the European banking system and capital markets can be an effective short- and medium-term solution to unleash the financial sector's potential in supporting the green transformation. Capital markets can support bank lending by financing assets on- and off-balance-sheet. Securitizations allow institutional investors to directly invest into cash flows from specific assets. Our analysis shows that the current market potential of European securitizations is much smaller than wished for and that the securitization model envisaged by the Capital Markets Union (CMU) project does not seem to fit the European context. Instead, policymakers should embrace a realistic view on the market potential of European securitizations. They also need to be clear in their communication about the trade-offs between unconventional central bank policies and the development of securitization markets. Additionally, they should closely watch the incentives that come with the new non-financial reporting indicators for banks regarding securitization. Most importantly, to accelerate the green transition, policymakers need to encourage the necessary private real investments in the first place by creating a conducive economic environment and the right incentives. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewpbs:300833 |
| By: | Andrew Clare; Carlos Manuel Pinheiro; Alberto Franco Pozzolo |
| Abstract: | Being uninvolved in day-to-day management of a company, Non-Executive Directors (NEDs) are arguably well-suited to oversee the drive for more sustainable business practices. Our study explores the correlation between the professional capital of NEDs and ESG performance for a sample of FTSE-350 listed companies spanning the years 2012 to 2022. Our findings reveal that board connectedness, particularly the simultaneous presence on boards of companies exhibiting superior ESG performance, significantly influences a company's overall ESG score. Our results highlight the relevance of board capital on corporate ESG performance, with practical implications for corporate governance. |
| Keywords: | ESG; Corporate Governance; Boards: Non-executive directors; Network Centrality |
| JEL: | G34 M14 D22 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–08–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:csl:devewp:494 |
| By: | Leal, Alan (Ph.D. candidate in Economics at Universidade of São Paulo); Bugarin, Maurício (Full Professor of Economics at University of Brasília) |
| Abstract: | Trade and environment are intertwined subjects. The literature on the impact of trade opening on environmental outcomes are vast. Lacking however is the literature in how trade can be used politically to induce better environmental outcomes. To model this properly, we develop a game theoretic model in which two countries engage in trade and choose their respective levels of deforestation and trade tariffs. We consider the scenarios of market and central equilibria and derive some useful insights into their relationship of these two variables. As an extension, we also propose different model specifications and develop a numeric generalization of the model, which allows testing our models prediction for several countries. As a result, we find that there is an incentive for free-riding from the countries less concerned with deforestation on the countries that suffer the most disutility of its own deforestation. |
| Keywords: | trade; deforestation; game theory |
| JEL: | F10 |
| Date: | 2024–08–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:nereus:2024_005 |
| By: | Buehler, Stefan (University of St. Gallen - SEPS: Economics and Political Sciences); Chen, Rachel R. (University of California, Davis - Graduate School of Management); Halbheer, Daniel (HEC Paris) |
| Abstract: | This paper develops an analytical framework to study product design and consumer participation in circular business models with recycling. When making their purchase decisions, consumers account for the environmental impact of end-of-life product disposal. We show that a circular business model does not necessarily achieve the promise of zero waste, and that stronger environmental preferences may increase the corporate waste footprint through demand expansion. Introducing competition among firms does not affect the choice of recyclability but undermines the viability of a circular business model. For a profit-maximizing firm, financial incentives such as product buyback or deposit-refund schemes will not generate profit from recycling, but have an indirect and positive impact on the overall profit because they alter the firm's choice of recyclability. If consumers have heterogeneous recyclability concerns, the firm strategically distorts the recyclability offered to regular consumers downward when selling two products. Nevertheless, introducing a product line for profit can be good for the planet. |
| Keywords: | Recycling; pricing; circular transition; competition; eco-segmentation |
| JEL: | M30 |
| Date: | 2022–12–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ebg:heccah:1465 |
| By: | Peter Doyle |
| Abstract: | The 2050 Global Target Framework needs to be reformulated and supplemented by Hard Intermediate Targets. And two global fiscal instruments are needed – neither of which is a carbon tax – to secure an efficient global strategy to deliver it. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nsr:niesrp:37 |
| By: | Alan Wm. Wolff (Peterson Institute for International Economics); Yeo Han-koo (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper addresses how South Korea, a mid-sized ally of the United States, can best navigate clearly identifiable risks, crafting a positive and pragmatic international trade policy. The authors' primary recommendations are that Korea should (1) increase mutually advantageous investment in and with the United States in key sectors; (2) enter into formal agreements with the United States to support each other's essential security interests, such as in fostering capabilities in semiconductors, batteries, critical minerals, and vaccine production; (3) find mutually beneficial solutions for Section 232 steel tariffs and explore Korea's participation in the green steel talks with other like-minded countries; (4) strengthen institutional supports to defense industrial collaboration, including in the shipbuilding industry; (5) engage more deeply with the Pacific region by joining the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership; (6) "materialize" the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework through concrete collaborative measures to support supply chain development and the clean economy, which calls for identifiable implementation results and entering into formal agreements with firm commitments; (7) continue to actively support the multilateral trading system with contributions of Korean talent and leadership; and (8) diversify into the Global South and provide assistance to the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement as part of its outreach. |
| Keywords: | South Korea, bilateral relations, geopolitics, trade, investment, economic security, climate change, semiconductors, steel, critical minerals |
| JEL: | F01 F13 F15 F52 F55 E22 Q56 L52 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp24-19 |
| By: | Amare, Mulubrhan; Ambler, Kate; Bamiwuye, Temilolu; Bloem, Jeffrey; Misra, Rewa; Wagner, Julia |
| Abstract: | Smallholder farmers in northeastern Nigeria face interrelated challenges of food insecurity, climate volatility, and conflict. Northeastern Nigeria has some of the highest levels of food insecurity in Nigeria (UNICEF, 2023), and more volatile rainy seasons have led to massive floods, depleted soil quality, and disrupted agricultural growing seasons. The changing climate, therefore, presents challenges for improving agricultural productivity and addressing food insecurity. Additionally, millions in the region have fled their homes due to conflict between pastoralist livestock herders and settled agricultural communities over land use and extremism (International Crisis Group, 2023; McGuirk and Nunn, 2023). Exposure to conflict itself contributes to reduced agricultural production (Adelaja and George, 2019) and increased food insecurity (George et al., 2020). Studies also indicate a decade-long increase in conflict levels, where poverty is associated with sustained conflicts. Northeast Nigeria is notably affected, with 49 per cent of households experiencing conflict between 2010 and 2017 (Azad et al., 2018). |
| Keywords: | biofortification; farm inputs; smallholder; food insecurity; climate variability; growth chambers; conflicts; agricultural production; Nigeria; Africa; Western Africa |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:149338 |
| By: | Peyman Khezr |
| Abstract: | Secondary markets and resale are integral components of all emission trading systems. Despite the justification for these secondary trades, such as unpredictable demand, they may encourage speculation and result in the misallocation of permits. In this paper, our aim is to underscore the importance of efficiency in the initial allocation mechanism and to explore how concerns leading to the establishment of secondary markets, such as uncertain demand, can be addressed through alternative means, such as frequent auctions. We demonstrate that the existence of a secondary market could lead to higher untruthful bids in the auction, further encouraging speculation and the accumulation of rent. Our results suggest that an inefficient initial allocation could enable speculators with no use value for the permits to bid in the auction and subsequently earn rents in secondary markets by trading these permits. Even if the secondary market operates efficiently, the resulting rent, which represents a potential loss of auction revenue, cannot be overlooked. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.07386 |
| By: | Leon Kempen; Johan Pouwelse |
| Abstract: | Current digital payment solutions are fragile and offer less privacy than traditional cash. Their critical dependency on an online service used to perform and validate transactions makes them void if this service is unreachable. Moreover, no transaction can be executed during server malfunctions or power outages. Due to climate change, the likelihood of extreme weather increases. As extreme weather is a major cause of power outages, the frequency of power outages is expected to increase. The lack of privacy is an inherent result of their account-based design or the use of a public ledger. The critical dependency and lack of privacy can be resolved with a Central Bank Digital Currency that can be used offline. This thesis proposes a design and a first implementation for an offline-first digital euro. The protocol offers complete privacy during transactions using zero-knowledge proofs. Furthermore, transactions can be executed offline without third parties and retroactive double-spending detection is facilitated. To protect the users' privacy, but also guard against money laundering, we have added the following privacy-guarding mechanism. The bank and trusted third parties for law enforcement must collaborate to decrypt transactions, revealing the digital pseudonym used in the transaction. Importantly, the transaction can be decrypted without decrypting prior transactions attached to the digital euro. The protocol has a working initial implementation showcasing its usability and demonstrating functionality. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.13776 |
| By: | Gupta, Disha |
| Abstract: | There has been a declining trend in groundwater depths in India and subsidies on farm electricity contributes to over-extraction of groundwater raising concerns about its sustainability for irrigation. In this paper, we estimate the reduction in groundwater pumping under volumetric pricing of farm electricity for Punjab where farm electricity is free. We use parcel-level cost of cultivation data from Ministry of Agriculture for 2011-12 to 2013-14 to estimate the production function for paddy using instrumental variable approach. We find that the estimated marginal product of water function is relatively flat at the level of the average water application. The average marginal product of water is 32 kilograms for additional thousand cubic meters of water per hectare, which is very low. Simulations show that increasing the price of electricity from current level of zero to the true cost of electricity supply leads to sharp cutbacks of 59 percent in water extraction using electric pumps. However, the decline in average paddy yields is 11 percent. We show welfare gains in terms of reduction of the deadweight loss under volumetric pricing. Finally, we quantify average lump-sum subsidy that can be given to farmers as direct transfers to keep their surplus unchanged and we show that this can be financed using collections done by state electricity board from pricing electricity. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344328 |
| By: | Guillaume Bataille (Aix Marseille Université); Benteng Zou (DEM, Université du Luxembourg) |
| Abstract: | Motivated by recent examples, this study proposes a dynamic multistage optimal control problem to explain the instability of International Fishery Agreements (IFAs). We model two heterogeneous countries that exploit shared fishery resources, and investigate the conditions that lead to a shift from cooperation to competition. We assume that countries differ in their time preferences, initially behave as if the coalition will last indefinitely, use fixed sharing rules during cooperation, and adopt Markovian strategies after withdrawal. Our findings reveal that, for any sharing rule, coalitions of heterogeneous players always break down in finite time. We use the dynamic Shapley Value to decompose the coalition’s aggregate worth over time, thereby eliminating the incentive to leave the agreement. Additionally, we show that a fishing moratorium policy accelerates the recovery of near-extinct fish stocks; however, fishing should resume under a cooperative regime once sustainable levels are achieved. |
| Keywords: | Fisheries, International Fishery Agreements, Dynamic games, Multistage Optimal Control. |
| JEL: | C71 C72 Q22 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:luc:wpaper:24-06 |
| By: | Rajesh Aggarwal (Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER)) |
| Abstract: | India's stance in World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations has long been characterized by a cautious approach, marked by resistance to expanding the negotiating agenda. The country has consistently avoided discussions on new issues such as e-commerce, climate change, and investment facilitation. This reluctance has sometimes earned India the label of a “spoiler” in international trade talks. India's trade negotiations strategy must keep pace with its desire to building a technology-driven economy and enhancing its global role, as outlined in its vision for "Viksit Bharat 2047". While safeguarding policy flexibility remains crucial for traditional sectors like agriculture and fisheries, India's status as a rising economic power—the world's fifth-largest economy—requires a different approach. To fully tap into emerging fields like the digital economy and high-tech manufacturing, India must actively engage in WTO discussions. It is in India's own interest to play a constructive role in shaping the evolving global regulatory framework in an era characterized by geoeconomics, disruptive technologies and environmental sustainability |
| Keywords: | World Trade Organization (WTO); Negotiations; E-commerce; Climate change; Investment facilitation; India's trade negotiations strategy; Viksit Bharat 2047 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdc:ppaper:19 |
| By: | Bromwich, Talitha; White, Thomas; Bouchez, Alice; Hawkins, Isobel; zu Ermgassen, Sophus; Bull, Joseph W.; Bartlett, Harriet; Bennun, Leon; Biggs, Elizabeth; Booth, Hollie (University of Oxford) |
| Abstract: | The use of Life cycle assessment (LCA) methods is rapidly expanding as a means of estimating the biodiversity impacts of organisations across complex value chains. However, these methods have limitations and substantial uncertainties, which are rarely communicated in the results of LCAs. Drawing upon the ecological and LCA literature on uncertainty and two worked examples of biodiversity footprinting, we outline where different types of uncertainty occur across multiple stages of the LCA process, from input data to the choice of biodiversity metric. Some uncertainties are epistemic, incorporating structural (e.g., the types of pressures included in models), parametric (e.g., uncertainty around conversion factors), and measurement uncertainty, as well as natural variability, stochasticity, and information gaps. Other uncertainties are linguistic (e.g., ambiguity around definitions of biodiversity) and decision-based (e.g., choices made when matching company data to inventory categories). We provide suggestions for understanding, reducing, and navigating uncertainties when using LCAs for biodiversity footprinting. Understanding the risks posed by these uncertainties, weighing them against the costs of inappropriate action or inaction, and ensuring decisions are robust to these uncertainties, is vital for designing effective biodiversity strategies. With a full understanding of these uncertainties, opportunities exist to utilise LCAs for high-level risk screening to prioritise action and highlight areas where focused effort and more granular data are needed, to track progress towards abating impacts year-on-year and identify low risk actions. However, biodiversity strategies should not be based solely on absolute LCA impact results. Instead, LCAs should be used alongside other approaches to guide location-specific and robust action to deliver a Nature Positive future. |
| Date: | 2024–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:th8j6 |
| By: | Dam, Adrita; Chatterjee, Soumitra; Kumar, Pramod |
| Abstract: | In India large proportion of population (54.6%) depends on agriculture for their livelihood contributing 17.4% of the country’s Gross Value Added (GVA). The study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the long-term performance of the Rice-Wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India over five decades (1970-71 to 2019-20). Assessing Total Factor productivity (TFP) across major states, the study reveals a troubling stagnation and decline in TFP for Rice, Wheat and the combined cropping system. Factors such as rising input costs, changing labour dynamics, ground water depletion and state-specific practices significantly impact productivity. Punjab benefits from progressive labour and mechanization, while Haryana faces declining productivity due to groundwater depletion. Uttar Pradesh realizes positive impacts from fertilizer use, while Bihar and west Bengal’s reliance on traditional practices hampers productivity. Socio-economic factors like Net National Income and rural electrification affect TFP, highlighting complex influences on agricultural productivity. The study recommends institutional and structural changes, suggesting privatization through contract farming to enhance efficiency and knowledge among cultivators. Addressing these challenges is crucial for revitalizing agricultural productivity in the region, demanding a multifaceted approach encompassing technological innovation, sustainable practices and inclusive policy interventions. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344317 |
| By: | Flora Lutz; Yuanchen Yang; Chengyu Huang |
| Abstract: | Canada’s muted productivity growth during recent years has sparked concerns about the country’s investment climate. In this study, we develop a new natural language processing (NPL) based indicator, mining the richness of Twitter (now X) accounts to measure trends in the public perceptions of Canada’s investment climate. We find that while the Canadian investment climate appears to be generally favorable, there are signs of slippage in some categories in recent periods, such as with respect to governance and infrastructure. This result is confirmed by both survey-based and NLP-based indicators. We also find that our NLP-based indicators would suggest that perceptions of Canada’s investment climate are similar to perceptions of U.S. investment climate, except with respect to governance, where views of U.S. governance are notably more negative. Comparing our novel indicator relative to traditional survey-based indicators, we find that the NLP-based indicators are statistically significant in helping to predict investment flows, similar to survey-based measures. Meanwhile, the new NLP-based indicator offers insights into the nuances of data, allowing us to identify specific grievances. Finally, we construct a similar indicator for the U.S. and compare trends across countries. |
| Keywords: | Investment Climate; Canada; Machine Learning; Sentiment Analysis; muted productivity growth; investmest climate; investment flow; NLP-based indicator; Climate finance; Competition; Infrastructure; Productivity; Mining sector; Global |
| Date: | 2024–07–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/165 |
| By: | Hirsch, Stefan; Barissoul, Ayoub; Möhring, Niklas; Koppenberg, Maximilian |
| Abstract: | Organic agriculture is a widely established production system that contributes to various sustainability goals. The European Commission has set the goal of 25% organic agriculture in 2030 in its Farm to Fork strategy, putting it further in the spotlight. However, in most European countries, progress towards this goal is still limited, and some farmers even move back to conventional production. The further expansion of organic farming will crucially depend on the development of organic markets and its financial competitiveness. However, evidence on the economic performance of organic farmers in the EU and the decision to revert back to conventional production is lacking. We analyze the causal effect of dairy farmers’ decision to produce organically on farm competitiveness measured by price markups and profitability. Moreover, we investigate the decision of organic farmers to revert back to conventional farming using survivorship analysis. Our results reveal that organic farms achieve higher markups and profitability. But, there is a high probability of exiting the organic market in the early phase after transition - especially for farms with highly volatile economic performance. The results provide insights that may help to reach the political targets with regards to the market share of organic agriculture. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management, Industrial Organization, Livestock Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344258 |
| By: | Weerahewa, Jeevika; de Alwis, Tharakabhanu; Dharmakeerthi, Saman; Nagarajan, Latha; Stewart, Zachary |
| Abstract: | The government of Sri Lanka has introduced a mix of controversial fertilizer policies amid its economic crisis. The objective of this study is to assesses economic feasibility of a range of fertilizer technologies and strategies being introduced for paddy based dry zone agricultural systems of the country. A linear programming model was developed for a small paddy land holder considering maximization of profits as the objective and lowland and highland extents, labor, irrigation water, subsistence consumption, and financial resources allocated for fertilizers as constraints. The simulation scenarios included tax on urea-based fertilizers, increase in the cash grant provided to farmers, innovative marketing arrangements for environmentally friendly products and innovative fertilizer technologies. The results of the simulation experiments provide some quantitative estimates on the magnitude of changes in farm enterprise profits, nitrogen usage by the crops, and wastage of nitrogen from the system owing to the policy changes. The simulation exercises underscored the positive impact of incorporating slow-releasing fertilizer types on farm enterprise profits and nitrogen wastage from the system, contingent upon the financial viability of such fertilizers. The study offers insights into the interplay of policy interventions in shaping the profitability and environmental dynamics of dry zone farming in Sri Lanka. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344278 |
| By: | Meghna Agarwala (Ashoka University); Shampa Bhattacharjee (Shiv Nadar University); Aparajita Dasgupta (Ashoka University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the relationship between electoral incentives and crop residue burning (CRB) in India. Exploiting the asynchronous nature of state legislative assembly elections, we investigate whether the proximity to election timing influences CRB incidence. We construct a novel dataset combining 1-km resolution daily NASA remote sensing data on CRB with state electoral constituency information. Our findings reveal a significant increase in CRB before elections, suggesting political incentives play a role in its persistence. We provide evidence that this pre-electoral spike is unlikely to be driven by increased crop production, pointing instead to the relaxed law enforcement for political gain. |
| Keywords: | Crop Residue Burning; environmental regulation; Political cycles |
| Date: | 2024–07–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:117 |
| By: | Thomas Chambon (L3I - Laboratoire Informatique, Image et Interaction - EA 2118 - ULR - La Rochelle Université); Ulysse Soulat (NUDD - Usages du Numérique pour le Développement Durable - ULR - La Rochelle Université); Jeanne Lallement (NUDD - Usages du Numérique pour le Développement Durable - ULR - La Rochelle Université); Jean-Loup Guillaume (L3I - Laboratoire Informatique, Image et Interaction - EA 2118 - ULR - La Rochelle Université) |
| Abstract: | Our research is interested in the effect of adopting a self-tracking application for one's carbon footprint and the consequences of the complexity of CO2 information on user behavior. We are combining methods from computer science and management science to examine decision-making and behavioral processes. |
| Date: | 2024–05–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04649625 |
| By: | Ngango, Jules; Musabanganji, Edouard; Maniriho, Aristide; Nkikabahizi, Ferdinand; Mukamuhire, Anitha; Ng’ombe, John N. |
| Abstract: | This study utilizes an endogenous switching regression model, complemented with coarsened exact matching, to ascertain the effects of adopting agroforestry on household food security. Our analysis employs data from a sample of 615 farms in Southern Rwanda. The findings indicate that the main determinants of agroforestry adoption include secure land tenure, membership in cooperatives, access to credit, household size, and farmers' awareness of agroforestry practices. Findings highlight the substantial contributions of agroforestry to food security, with adopters experiencing 19.81 percentage points higher food consumption scores compared to non-adopters. Moreover, the results reveal potential benefits for non-adopters through agroforestry adoption, thereby suggesting that even individuals who do not currently engage in agroforestry could enhance their food security by considering adoption. These insights emphasize the long-term potential of promoting agroforestry for current and prospective adopters. Policies reinforcing land security, supporting cooperatives, providing accessible credit, and promoting farmer sensitization are crucial for encouraging agroforestry adoption and improving food security. By identifying key determinants and quantifying impacts, this study offers targeted guidance for interventions that leverage agroforestry as a sustainable solution to enhance household food security |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344269 |
| By: | Kohnert, Dirk |
| Abstract: | L'Union européenne (UE) se trouve confrontée à un besoin critique de terres rares, en particulier de produits raffinés essentiels à la production de voitures électriques, de turbines et d'autres applications technologiques. Cependant, le processus de raffinage est non seulement énergivore, mais pose également des risques environnementaux importants. Par conséquent, les communautés locales, comme en témoignent les exemples en Espagne et au Portugal, s'opposent avec véhémence à de telles opérations dans leur voisinage, préconisant une politique du « chacun pour soi ». L’UE dépend actuellement fortement de la Chine, qui contrôle la majorité de la transformation mondiale, avec 90 % de toutes les terres rares et 60 % du lithium. En réponse à ces défis, l’UE a franchi une étape cruciale en novembre 2023 en concluant un accord préliminaire sur la loi européenne sur les matières premières critiques (CRMA). Cette initiative législative vise à améliorer et à diversifier l'approvisionnement de l'UE en matières premières critiques (CRM), à favoriser l'économie circulaire, à renforcer l'autonomie stratégique de l'Europe et à explorer des alternatives pour atténuer la dépendance. Les récentes crises transnationales, notamment les perturbations des chaînes d'approvisionnement lors de la pandémie de COVID-19 et l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie, soulignent l'impératif de garantir des chaînes d'approvisionnement sécurisées dans tous les secteurs économiques. Ces crises soulignent également l’influence considérable exercée par les principales économies émergentes, notamment les pays BRICS (Brésil, Russie, Inde, Chine et Afrique du Sud), qui dominent les principales chaînes d’approvisionnement mondiales, notamment celles des matières premières critiques (CRM). La Russie joue un rôle central en tant que l'un des plus grands fournisseurs mondiaux de palladium (40 % de l'offre mondiale), le deuxième fournisseur de platine (13 %) et de nickel (12 %) et un contributeur substantiel d'aluminium et de cuivre. En outre, la Russie possède le potentiel de devenir un acteur majeur sur le marché des terres rares grâce à ses vastes réserves. Le pays représente également une part considérable des acquisitions de l'UE, notamment le palladium (41 %), le platine (16 %), le cobalt (5 %) et le lithium (4 %). La Russie est notamment la principale source de l'UE pour la transformation des métaux du groupe du platine (iridium, platine, rhodium, ruthénium ; 40 %), l'extraction de la roche phosphatée (20 %), la transformation du lithium (4 %) et la transformation du scandium (1 %). Pour parvenir à une plus grande indépendance en matière de fourniture externe de CRM, l’UE doit réaliser des investissements importants dans ses installations d’extraction et de transformation. Cependant, l’exploitation minière ne représente que la phase initiale ; les étapes suivantes impliquent la séparation des éléments de terres rares (REE) des oxydes, le raffinage et le forgeage d'alliages, un processus complexe, hautement spécialisé et en plusieurs étapes. À cet égard, les nouveaux arrivants comme l’Europe sont à la traîne, la Chine ayant consolidé sa position dominante à chaque étape grâce à une stratégie industrielle concertée à long terme soutenue par des subventions publiques. |
| Abstract: | The European Union (EU) finds itself in a critical need for rare earths, particularly the refined products essential for the production of electric cars, turbines, and other technological applications. However, the refining process is not only energy-intensive but also poses significant environmental risks. Consequently, local communities, as evidenced by instances in Spain and Portugal, vehemently oppose having such operations in their vicinity, advocating a "beggar thy neighbour" policy. The EU currently relies heavily on China, which controls the majority of global processing, commanding 90% of all rare earths and 60% of lithium. In response to these challenges, the EU took a crucial step in November 2023 by reaching a preliminary agreement on the European Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA). This legislative initiative aims to enhance and diversify the EU's supply of critical raw materials (CRM), foster the circular economy, fortify Europe's strategic autonomy, and explore alternatives to mitigate dependence. Recent transnational crises, including disruptions to supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's invasion of Ukraine, underscore the imperative of secure supply chains across all economic sectors. These crises also underscore the significant influence wielded by major emerging economies, notably the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), which dominate key global supply chains, including those for critical raw materials (CRMs). Russia plays a pivotal role as one of the world's largest suppliers of palladium (40% of global supply), the second-largest supplier of platinum (13%) and nickel (12%), and a substantial contributor of aluminium and copper. Furthermore, Russia possesses the potential to emerge as a major player in the rare earths market due to its extensive reserves. The country also accounts for a considerable share of the EU's acquisitions, including palladium (41%), platinum (16%), cobalt (5%), and lithium (4%). Notably, Russia serves as the primary EU source for platinum group metals processing (iridium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium; 40%), phosphate rock extraction (20%), lithium processing (4%), and scandium processing (1%). To attain greater independence in external CRM provision, the EU must make significant investments in its mining and processing facilities. However, mining represents merely the initial phase; subsequent steps involve the separation of rare earth elements (REE) from oxides, refining, and alloy forging a complex, highly specialized, multi-stage process. In this regard, relative newcomers like Europe lag behind, as China has solidified its dominant position in each phase through a concerted, long-term industrial strategy supported by state subsidies |
| Abstract: | Die Europäische Union (EU) hat einen dringenden Bedarf an Seltenen Erden, insbesondere an raffinierten Produkten, die für die Produktion von Elektroautos, Turbinen und anderen technischen Anwendungen unerlässlich sind. Allerdings ist der Raffinierungsprozess nicht nur energieintensiv, sondern birgt auch erhebliche Umweltrisiken. Folglich lehnen lokale Gemeinschaften, wie Beispiele in Spanien und Portugal zeigen, solche Operationen in ihrer Nähe vehement ab und befürworten eine „Beggar-thy-Neighbour“-Politik. Die EU ist derzeit stark von China abhängig, das den Großteil der weltweiten Verarbeitung kontrolliert und über 90 % aller Seltenen Erden und 60 % des Lithiums verfügt. Als Reaktion auf diese Herausforderungen hat die EU im November 2023 einen entscheidenden Schritt unternommen, indem sie eine vorläufige Einigung über den European Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) erzielte. Diese Gesetzesinitiative zielt darauf ab, die Versorgung der EU mit kritischen Rohstoffen (CRM) zu verbessern und zu diversifizieren, die Kreislaufwirtschaft zu fördern, die strategische Autonomie Europas zu stärken und Alternativen zur Verringerung der Abhängigkeit zu erkunden. Die jüngsten transnationalen Krisen, darunter Unterbrechungen der Lieferketten während der COVID-19-Pandemie und der russischen Invasion in der Ukraine, unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit sicherer Lieferketten in allen Wirtschaftssektoren. Diese Krisen unterstreichen auch den erheblichen Einfluss großer Schwellenländer, insbesondere der BRICS-Staaten (Brasilien, Russland, Indien, China und Südafrika), die wichtige globale Lieferketten, einschließlich derjenigen für kritische Rohstoffe (CRMs), dominieren. Russland spielt eine zentrale Rolle als einer der weltweit größten Lieferanten von Palladium (40 % des weltweiten Angebots), als zweitgrößter Lieferant von Platin (13 %) und Nickel (12 %) und als wesentlicher Lieferant von Aluminium und Kupfer. Darüber hinaus verfügt Russland aufgrund seiner umfangreichen Reserven über das Potenzial, sich zu einem wichtigen Akteur auf dem Markt für Seltene Erden zu entwickeln. Auf das Land entfällt auch ein beträchtlicher Anteil der EU-Akquisitionen, darunter Palladium (41 %), Platin (16 %), Kobalt (5 %) und Lithium (4 %). Insbesondere dient Russland als wichtigste EU-Quelle für die Verarbeitung von Metallen der Platingruppe (Iridium, Platin, Rhodium, Ruthenium; 40 %), die Gewinnung von Phosphatgestein (20 %), die Verarbeitung von Lithium (4 %) und die Verarbeitung von Scandium (1 %). Um eine größere Unabhängigkeit bei der externen CRM-Bereitstellung zu erreichen, muss die EU erhebliche Investitionen in ihre Bergbau- und Verarbeitungsanlagen tätigen. Allerdings stellt der Bergbau lediglich die Anfangsphase dar; Nachfolgende Schritte umfassen die Trennung seltener Erdelemente (REE) von Oxiden, die Raffinierung und das Schmieden von Legierungen, ein komplexer, hochspezialisierter, mehrstufiger Prozess. In dieser Hinsicht hinken relative Newcomer wie Europa hinterher, da China seine dominierende Stellung in jeder Phase durch eine konzertierte, langfristige Industriestrategie, die durch staatliche Subventionen unterstützt wird, gefestigt hat. |
| Keywords: | terres rares, transition énergétique, changement climatique, pollution |
| JEL: | D24 D43 D52 E23 F18 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:300883 |
| By: | Oche Joseph Otorkpa (TAU - Texila American University); Chinenye Oche Otorkpa (FUL - Federal University Lokoja); Helen Shnada Auta (Federal University of Technology Minna); Andy Anyalewachi Ukah (NIEH - National Institute of Environmental Health, Abuja, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | Pestizide sind in der Landwirtschaft und im öffentlichen Gesundheitswesen unerlässlich, aber ihr Einsatz ist mit vielen negativen Gesundheitsfolgen verbunden. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, veröffentlichte Fallberichte zu überprüfen, um das Muster und die gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen der Exposition gegenüber verschiedenen Pestizidklassen zu klären, einschließlich Organochlorinen, Organophosphaten, Carbamaten, Pyrethroiden, Organosulfur, Botanika und Biopestiziden. Wir führten eine Überprüfung von Fallberichten durch, die sich auf die Gesundheitsauswirkungen der Pestizidexposition in verschiedenen chemischen Klassen konzentrierten. Suchen wurden in bedeutenden wissenschaftlichen Datenbanken durchgeführt und relevante Artikel basierend auf vorher festgelegten Einschlusskriterien ausgewählt. Datenextraktion und Synthese wurden durchgeführt, um häufige Gesundheitsauswirkungen zu identifizieren, die mit jeder Pestizidklasse verbunden sind. Organochlorine, obwohl weitgehend ausgesondert, stellen aufgrund ihrer Persistenz und Bioakkumulation immer noch Risiken dar, die mit neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen und Krebs in Verbindung gebracht werden. Organophosphate, bekannt für cholinerge Überstimulation, können zu Atemnot und Krampfanfällen führen. Carbamate, die die Cholinesteraseaktivität beeinflussen, können zu Atemlähmung und Koma führen. Pyrethroide stören das Nervensystem und können Krämpfe und Bewusstseinsstörungen verursachen. Organosulfur kann Leberschäden und Nierenfunktionsstörungen verursachen. Botanische Pestizide und Biopestizide, obwohl im Allgemeinen sicherer betrachtet, können ebenfalls schwere Toxizität verursachen, einschließlich Methämoglobinämie und Multiorganversagen, wie durch seltene Vergiftungsfälle belegt ist. Diese Übersicht hebt die vielfältigen gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen der Pestizidexposition in verschiedenen chemischen Klassen hervor. Sie verdeutlicht die Notwendigkeit für systematische Überwachung, Längsschnittstudien und vergleichende Bewertungen zwischen konventionellen Pestiziden und Biopestiziden. Interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit ist entscheidend für eine umfassende Risikobewertung und die Entwicklung gezielter Interventionen zur Minderung dieser schädlichen Effekte. |
| Abstract: | Pesticides are essential in agriculture and public health, but their use is associated with manyadverse health outcomes. The objective of the current study was to review published case reports toelucidate the pattern and health impacts of exposure to various pesticide classes, includingorganochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, organosulfur, botanicals, andbiopesticides. We conducted a review of case reports focusing on the health effects of pesticideexposure across different chemical classes. Searches were performed in major scientific databases, and relevant articles were selected based on predetermined inclusion criteria. Data extraction andsynthesis were carried out to identify common health outcomes associated with each pesticide class.Organochlorines, despite being largely phased out, still pose risks due to their persistence andbioaccumulation, with links to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Organophosphates, known forcholinergic overstimulation, can lead to respiratory distress and seizures. Carbamates, affectingcholinesterase activity, may cause respiratory paralysis and coma. Pyrethroids disrupt the nervoussystem and can induce convulsions and alter consciousness. Organosulfur can induce liver damageand renal dysfunction. Botanical pesticides and biopesticides, while generally considered safer, canalso cause severe toxicity, including methemoglobinemia and multiorgan failure, as evidenced by rarecases of poisoning. This review highlights the diverse health impacts of pesticide exposure acrossdifferent chemical classes. It exposes the need for systematic surveillance, longitudinal studies, andcomparative assessments between conventional pesticides and biopesticides. Interdisciplinarycollaborations are crucial for comprehensive risk assessment and the development of targetedinterventions to mitigate these detrimental effects. |
| Abstract: | Les pesticides sont essentiels en agriculture et en santé publique, mais leur utilisation est associée à de nombreux effets indésirables sur la santé. L'objectif de la présente étude était de passer en revue les rapports de cas publiés afin d'élucider le modèle et les impacts sur la santé de l'exposition à diverses classes de pesticides, y compris les organochlorés, les organophosphates, les carbamates, les pyréthroïdes, les composés organosulfurés, les pesticides botaniques et les biopesticides. Nous avons effectué une revue des rapports de cas en nous concentrant sur les effets sur la santé de l'exposition aux pesticides de différentes classes chimiques. Des recherches ont été menées dans les principales bases de données scientifiques, et les articles pertinents ont été sélectionnés sur la base de critères d'inclusion prédéterminés. L'extraction et la synthèse des données ont été réalisées pour identifier les résultats de santé courants associés à chaque classe de pesticides. Les organochlorés, bien que largement éliminés, posent encore des risques en raison de leur persistance et de leur bioaccumulation, avec des liens avec les maladies neurodégénératives et le cancer. Les organophosphates, connus pour la surstimulation cholinergique, peuvent entraîner une détresse respiratoire et des convulsions. Les carbamates, affectant l'activité de la cholinestérase, peuvent provoquer une paralysie respiratoire et un coma. Les pyréthroïdes perturbent le système nerveux et peuvent induire des convulsions et altérer la conscience. Les composés organosulfurés peuvent induire des lésions hépatiques et une dysfonction rénale. Les pesticides botaniques et les biopesticides, bien que généralement considérés comme plus sûrs, peuvent également causer une toxicité sévère, y compris une méthémoglobinémie et une défaillance multiviscérale, comme en témoignent de rares cas d'empoisonnement. Cette revue met en évidence les divers impacts sur la santé de l'exposition aux pesticides de différentes classes chimiques. Elle expose le besoin d'une surveillance systématique, d'études longitudinales et d'évaluations comparatives entre les pesticides conventionnels et les biopesticides. Les collaborations interdisciplinaires sont cruciales pour une évaluation complète des risques et le développement d'interventions ciblées pour atténuer ces effets néfastes. |
| Abstract: | 农药在农业和公共卫生中是必不可少的，但其使用与许多不良健康结果相关。本研究的目的 是通过回顾已发表的病例报告，阐明接触各种农药类别的模式和健康影响，包括有机氯化物 、有机磷酸酯、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯、有机硫化物、植物源农药和生物农药。我们对集 中在不同化学类别农药暴露的健康影响的病例报告进行了回顾。我们在主要科学数据库中进 行了检索，并根据预先确定的纳入标准选择了相关的文章。进行了数据提取和综合，以确定 每种农药类别相关的常见健康结果。尽管有机氯化物已被大规模淘汰，但由于其持久性和生 物累积性，它们仍然构成风险，与神经退行性疾病和癌症有关。有机磷酸酯因其胆碱能过度 刺激而闻名，可导致呼吸窘迫和癫痫发作。氨基甲酸酯影响胆碱酯酶活性，可能导致呼吸麻 痹和昏迷。拟除虫菊酯会干扰神经系统，可能引起抽搐和意识改变。有机硫化物会导致肝损 伤和肾功能障碍。尽管植物源农药和生物农药通常被认为更安全，但它们也会导致严重的毒 性，包括高铁血红蛋白症和多器官衰竭，罕见的中毒病例就是证明。这篇综述突出了不同化 学类别农药暴露对健康的多样影响。它揭示了系统监测、纵向研究以及传统农药与生物农药 之间比较评估的必要性。跨学科合作对于全面的风险评估和制定有针对性的干预措施以减轻 这些不利影响至关重要 |
| Keywords: | Chemical Classes Case Reports Health Effects Pesticides Pesticide Poisoning, Chemical Classes, Case Reports, Health Effects, Pesticides, Pesticide Poisoning |
| Date: | 2024–06–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04628849 |
| By: | Lubis, D.; Dewi, M.R.; Asmara, A. |
| Abstract: | Indonesia, which has the largest Muslim population in the world, is the second largest contributor to food waste worldwide. West Sumatra is famous for its strong Islamic cultural tradition, and Padang City, the capital of the province, is the largest contributor to food waste in West Sumatra Province. This study analyzed the factors influencing food waste behavior among Generation Z in Padang City, Indonesia. The research used a survey of 210 respondents, the data collected from February to April 2023 using a web-based questionnaire. The collected data were processed using structural equation modeling with smart-PLS software (SEM-PLS) to determine the effect of exogenous variables on endogenous variables. The results showed that attitude, perceived behavior control (PBC), and religious norms significantly influence the intention to avoid food waste. Habits have a significant influence on food waste behavior. Other variables such as subjective norm, lack of concern, and intention not to waste food did not significantly influence. Religious norms, habits, and PBC can prevent food waste behavior; therefore, it is necessary to increase religious understanding in respecting food, as well as education about the dangers of food waste behavior for the environment, economy, and food security of a country. This research can be a reference in formulating policies to prevent food waste behavior in the younger generation. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2024–04–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:asea24:344459 |
| By: | Blockeel, Johan; Grovermann, Christian; Finger, Robert |
| Abstract: | The European Union (EU) aims to increase the adoption of organic farming as part of its Farm to Fork Strategy. However, farmers face various adoption hurdles, such as the efficacy of crop protection, as well as implications for crop yields, costs, labour and ultimately farm income. Yet, we currently lack comprehensive large-scale empirical evidence on the economics of organic farming in the EU. Therefore, this study assesses the economic performance of organic farming in the EU using a large-scale cross-country dataset. It consists of an unbalanced panel of 151, 560 non-organic and 10, 531 organic farms from the European Farm Accountancy Data Network, covering seven different farm types and 16 EU countries. Our analysis specifically focuses on crop protection expenditures, total crop specific costs, as well as labour and gross farm income on a per hectare basis. We find that organic farming adoption significantly reduces crop protection expenditures as well as total crop specific costs across all farming types. Differences in farm-level labour inputs between organic and non-organic farms turned out to be only minor. Farm income is smaller for organic farms without subsidies but higher when accounting for subsidies. However, all effects are highly heterogeneous across farm types and across space. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the economic implications of organic farming within the EU. These insights can inform both practitioners and policy decision-makers and facilitate the achievement of regional organic farming targets. |
| Keywords: | Farm Management |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp15:344254 |
| By: | Santos, Felipe dos (Departamento de Economia, Universidade de São Paulo); Bícego, Samuel (Departamento de Economia, Universidade de São Paulo); Rocha, Ademir (Departamento de Economia, Universidade de São Paulo); Haddad, Eduardo (Departamento de Economia, Universidade de São Paulo) |
| Abstract: | Since the inception of the concept of the Blue Economy, numerous studies have made efforts to identify the contributions of the sea to national economies. This has required the use of disaggregated data, which is not always available for regions. In this context, the National Institute of Statistics (INE) has identified activities directly or indirectly related to the Blue Economy on the mainland and islands of Portugal. More specifically, in the Autonomous Region of Madeira (ARM), it is believed that the sea contributed €922 million of the regional output of 2017. Using the linkages provided by the Input-Output Matrix (IOM), we could make three significant contributions to this analysis. Firstly, a partial hypothetical extraction is a formal approach that accurately identifies the indirect effects of the marine sector on the entire Portuguese supply chain. Secondly, we can simultaneously impose restrictions on the demand side. This is relevant since most marine activities are labor-intensive and thus affect the payment structure. Finally, we can delve deeper into measuring the impact of Madeira's maritime economy on employment level and its composition, and regional CO2 emissions. Our findings reveal that the marine sector contributes €2.049 billion (28%) to Madeira's economy and €2.451 billion (0.70%) to Portugal’s gross output. Without the sea on the ARM, national employment levels for women, young people, and the immigrants would decline by 0.83%, 0.7% and 0.53%, respectively. |
| Keywords: | Blue economy; Portuguese islands; Economic impacts. |
| JEL: | Q56 R11 R15 |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:nereus:2024_008 |
| By: | Steffen Jahn (School of Economics and Business, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany); Daniel Guhl (School of Business and Economics, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany); Ainslee Erhard (Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Göttingen, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Efforts to promote sustainable resource use through reduced meat consumption face challenges as global meat consumption persists. The resistance may be attributed to the lower sales price of meat compared to most plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs). Addressing this, our research delves into the pivotal question of which PBMAs resonate most with consumers and how pricing affects demand. In a hypothetical restaurant context, we conducted 2 representative studies among 2, 126 individuals in the U.S. to scrutinize preferences for meat, analog, semi-analog, and non-analog burgers. First, in a survey, we assessed rankings of the four burgers, alongside evaluating participants' genuine consideration of these choices to discern a diverse preference distribution. Subsequently, in an experiment, we examined the influence of prices on participants' consideration and choice of PBMAs, thereby capturing both phases of the decision-making process. Our survey shows that meat has considerably higher utility and consumer preference than all PBMAs on average, but we also find substantial heterogeneity (i.e., some consumers prefer PBMAs over meat). In the experiment, we establish that there is a negative association between the consideration of meat and PBMA burgers, though consideration of any one PBMA is positively associated with considering other PBMAs. A noteworthy increase in consideration and choice is observed when prices of PBMAs are reduced, while changing the price of the meat burger only has minimal effect on demand. Such findings underscore the importance of affordability beyond price parity in catalyzing the shift towards plant-based diets. |
| Keywords: | Plant-based meat; Food decision making; Sustainability; Price elasticity; |
| JEL: | M31 L66 Q56 C11 C35 |
| Date: | 2024–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:509 |
| By: | Monika Zimmermann; Florian Ziel |
| Abstract: | Accurate forecasts of the impact of spatial weather and pan-European socio-economic and political risks on hourly electricity demand for the mid-term horizon are crucial for strategic decision-making amidst the inherent uncertainty. Most importantly, these forecasts are essential for the operational management of power plants, ensuring supply security and grid stability, and in guiding energy trading and investment decisions. The primary challenge for this forecasting task lies in disentangling the multifaceted drivers of load, which include national deterministic (daily, weekly, annual, and holiday patterns) and national stochastic weather and autoregressive effects. Additionally, transnational stochastic socio-economic and political effects add further complexity, in particular, due to their non-stationarity. To address this challenge, we present an interpretable probabilistic mid-term forecasting model for the hourly load that captures, besides all deterministic effects, the various uncertainties in load. This model recognizes transnational dependencies across 24 European countries, with multivariate modeled socio-economic and political states and cross-country dependent forecasting. Built from interpretable Generalized Additive Models (GAMs), the model enables an analysis of the transmission of each incorporated effect to the hour-specific load. Our findings highlight the vulnerability of countries reliant on electric heating under extreme weather scenarios. This emphasizes the need for high-resolution forecasting of weather effects on pan-European electricity consumption especially in anticipation of widespread electric heating adoption. |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2408.00507 |
| By: | Witten, Stephanie; Werner, Daniela; Veit, Christina; Schubbert, Antje; Kölln, Mareike; Kluess, Jeanette; Dippel, Sabine; Bussemas, Ralf; Bartels, Thomas; Baldinger, Lisa; Aulrich, Karen |
| Abstract: | Supplying monogastric livestock with amino acids is a key challenge in animal husbandry. In organic farming, the challenges are even higher due to legislative restrictions on the use of high-quality protein feed and especially synthetic amino acids, the latter being common practice in conventional livestock production. For this reason, there are currently derogations that allow the use of non-organically produced protein feed to a limited extent. These exemptions have been increasingly restricted in recent years. Under current EU law, it is still permitted to mix non-organic protein feed into the diet of young poultry and pigs weighing less than 35 kg up to a proportion of 5% in feed (dry matter) from agricultural sources if there is a proven lack of availability of organically produced protein feed. Until this derogation expires in 2026, all EU member states are required to prepare an annual report on the use and availability of organically produced protein feed. In addition, it is crucial to know the amino acid requirements of the animals, which protein feeds are available to meet these requirements and the effects on animal welfare and health, if the supply of amino acids is insufficient. Amino acid requirement depends on genetics, age, performance (predisposition) and husbandry conditions (exercise, climate, immune system, etc.). It is therefore difficult to determine exact requirements for each animal. Intake and bioavailability of amino acids also depend on the feeding regimen (feed used, ratio to energy and other nutrients, etc.). There are numerous studies that show that the potential to supply pigs with 100% organic feed without negative effects on animal welfare and health under good husbandry conditions. An extended suckling period and an optimized rearing feed after weaning can be important factors. For chickens, the challenge is particularly great in the early rearing phase, as they place high demands on protein quality during this period, regardless of the direction of use. |
| Abstract: | Die Versorgung von monogastrischen Nutztieren mit Aminosäuren ist eine zentrale Herausforderung in der Tierhaltung. Werden die Tiere unter den Bedingungen des Ökologischen Landbaus gehalten, wird die Versorgung durch Restriktionen bezüglich des Einsatzes hochwertiger Proteinfuttermittel und synthetischer Aminosäuren, die in der nicht-ökologischen Erzeugung üblicherweise eingesetzt werden, weiter erschwert. Aus diesem Grund gibt es derzeit Ausnahmegenehmigungen, die den Einsatz nicht-ökologisch erzeugter Proteinfuttermittel in einem geringen Umfang erlauben. Diese Ausnahmegenehmigungen wurden in den letzten Jahren immer weiter eingeschränkt. Derzeit ist es nach geltendem EU-Recht bei nachgewiesen fehlender Verfügbarkeit von Proteinfuttermitteln aus ökologischer Erzeugung noch erlaubt, in die Ration von Junggeflügel und Schweinen, die unter 35 kg wiegen, nicht-ökologische Proteinfuttermittel bis zu einem Anteil von 5 % einzumischen (bezogen auf die Trockensubstanz der Futtermittel landwirtschaftlichen Ursprungs). Bis zum Auslaufen dieser Ausnahmegenehmigung im Jahr 2026 wird jährlich von allen Mitgliedsstaaten der EU ein Bericht zum Einsatz bzw. der Verfügbarkeit von ökologisch erzeugten Proteinfuttermitteln erstellt. Zusätzlich ist es relevant, zu wissen, welcher Bedarf an Aminosäuren für die Tiere besteht, welche Proteinfuttermittel es zur Deckung dieses Bedarfes gibt und welche Effekte auf das Tierwohl inklusive der Tiergesundheit bei einer nicht ausreichenden (bedarfsgerechten) Versorgung mit Aminosäuren zu erwarten sind. In diesem Working Paper sind Informationen zu diesen Themen zusammengestellt. Der Bedarf an Aminosäuren ist abhängig von der Genetik, Alter, Leistung bzw. Leistungsveranlagung und Haltungsbedingungen (Bewegung, Klima, Immunsystem, u. a.). Es ist daher schwierig, exakte Bedarfsangaben für jedes Tier zu ermitteln. Die Aufnahme und Verfügbarkeit der Aminosäuren ist zudem abhängig vom Fütterungsregime (eingesetzte Futtermittel, Verhältnis zu Energie und anderen Nährstoffen, etc.). Es gibt zahlreiche Studien, die zeigen, dass die Versorgung von Schweinen mit 100%-Biofutter ohne negative Auswirkungen auf das Tierwohl unter guten Haltungsbedingungen möglich ist. Eine verlängerte Säugezeit und ein angepasstes Aufzuchtfutter nach dem Absetzen können wichtige Stellschrauben sein. Bei Hühnern ist die Herausforderung vor allem in der frühen Aufzuchtphase groß, da sie in diesem Zeitraum unabhängig von der Nutzungsrichtung hohe Ansprüche an die Proteinqualität stellen. |
| Keywords: | monogastrics, amino acids, animal welfare, Monogatrier, Aminosäuren, Tierwohl |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:300638 |
| By: | Bullock, David S.; Edge, Britanni; Mieno, Taro |
| Abstract: | Precision agriculture researchers began investigating "management zone" (MZ) delineation as variable-rate technology emerged in commercial markets in the 1990s. A large part of that research has focused pm questions about what clustering or delineation methods should be used on past yield data and spatial field and soil characteristics data to delineate MZs. The literature’s MZ delineation methods have grown in complexity over the years, but several widespread flaws in this literature persist. Using microeconomic theory to define MZs, we show that creating MZs for a generic input is suboptimal as the input type, management decisions, and zones are fundamentally connected. Specifically, a profitable MZ delineation requires a selected managed input and sufficient knowledge about site-specific yield response functions, and in particular marginal yield response to input application rates, which can only be estimated with data from on-farm precision experiments (OFPEs). Thus, OFPE is vital for the proper establishment of MZs. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2023–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaepa:344213 |
| By: | Bullock, David S.; Edge, Britanni; Mieno, Taro |
| Abstract: | Precision agriculture researchers began investigating "management zone" (MZ) delineation as variable-rate technology emerged in commercial markets in the 1990s. A large part of that research has focused pm questions about what clustering or delineation methods should be used on past yield data and spatial field and soil characteristics data to delineate MZs. The literature’s MZ delineation methods have grown in complexity over the years, but several widespread flaws in this literature persist. Using microeconomic theory to define MZs, we show that creating MZs for a generic input is suboptimal as the input type, management decisions, and zones are fundamentally connected. Specifically, a profitable MZ delineation requires a selected managed input and sufficient knowledge about site-specific yield response functions, and in particular marginal yield response to input application rates, which can only be estimated with data from on-farm precision experiments (OFPEs). Thus, OFPE is vital for the proper establishment of MZs. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2023–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaewp:344213 |
| By: | Tamirat, Tseganesh W.; Pedersen, Søren M.; Ørum, Jens E.; DeJonghe, Luc |
| Abstract: | Increasing demand for food with minimal traces of chemicals is challenging viticulture to move away from chemical weeding. In France, there is increasing trend towards mechanical weeding, but it is repetitive, labour intensive, and costly to farmers. Autonomous robotic systems may help tackle the labour challenge while also providing opportunities to improve input use efficiency and minimize CO2 emission. This study provides a cost benefit analysis of robotic mechanical weeding relative to conventional practices of chemical weeding and mechanical weeding using tractor based on a case study in France. The results show that the robotic system generates a little less net present value but considerably reduces labour and fuel use compared to conventional practice. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2023–09–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:haaepa:344214 |
| By: | Giller, James; Compostella, Junia; Iogansen, Xiatian; Young, Mischa; Circella, Giovanni |
| Abstract: | Transportation Network Companies (TNCs), also referred to as ridehailing companies, have experienced rapid growth in the past decade. This report focuses on the quickly evolving transportation patterns resulting from the adoption of ridehailing as part of the efforts accompanying the implementation of the Clean Miles Standard (CMS) regulation. Based on the analysis of survey data collected in four California metropolitan regions before the COVID-19 pandemic, this report summarizes the findings from three studies, focusing on (1) the use of ridehailing among traveler groups with different multimodal travel patterns, (2) the substitution of ridehailing for other modes, and travel induced by ridehailing, and (3) the use of pooled ridehailing services, in which multiple passengers share the same vehicle for all or a portion of their trips. The results from these analyses reveal that transit users are more likely to be ridehailing users. Individuals without a household vehicle and identifying with an underrepresented minority group are more likely to use ridehailing for essential (rather than for discretionary trip) purposes. Over 50% of the ridehailing trips replaced a transit, active, or carpooling trip, or created new vehicle miles. Lower-income individuals, people of color, females, and younger individuals are more likely to choose pooled ridehailing over the single-user ridehailing service. Trips that originate in high-density areas are also more likely to be pooled. Furthermore, being a frequent ridehailing user is associated with greater use of pooled ridehailing, whereas not having to pay for a trip (e.g., a work-related trip paid for by an employer) reduces the likelihood of pooling. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Ridehailing, modal substitution, modal replacement, pooled ridehailing, shared ridehailing, Transportation Network Companies (TNC) |
| Date: | 2024–05–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1x6982gf |
| By: | Beznoska, Martin; Wendt, Jan |
| Abstract: | Bis zum Jahr 2026 erhöht sich in Deutschland der CO2-Preis auf fossile Heizenergieträger und Kraftstoffe schrittweise jeweils zum Jahresbeginn. Zum 1. Januar 2024 stieg der Preis hierzulande von 30 auf 45 Euro pro Tonne CO2. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwkkur:300829 |