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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Climate Change Economics Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Environment-Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40056 |
| By: | Brian Blankespoor; Susmita Dasgupta; Wheeler, David |
| Abstract: | Biodiversity is essential for ecological stability, human well-being, and economic progress, providing critical ecosystem services such as clean water, food, and climate regulation. However, it faces unprecedented threats, with extinction rates accelerating to 1, 000 times the natural baseline due to habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, invasive species, illegal trade, and climate change. Effective conservation requires urgent, coordinated global action, as ecosystems and species habitats often transcend national borders. Collaboration among governments, industries, and communities is essential to restore habitats, protect endangered species, strengthen policies, and enforce conservation measures. The challenges of biodiversity conservation are particularly acute in geopolitically sensitive and overlapping regions, including non-determined legal status territories, fragile and conflict-affected situations, and transboundary ecosystems. In these areas, effective conservation is hindered by weak policies, inconsistent enforcement, and institutional fragility. This paper addresses these challenges by providing baseline data to guide conservation strategies. Using newly developed World Bank species occurrence maps based on open-access, date-stamped records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, the study evaluates species richness, endemism, and extinction risks across 35 non-determined legal status territories, 19 conflict-affected countries, 20 fragile states, 18 marine joint regimes, and 311 international river basins. The data sets reveal that these regions host numerous, often vulnerable, species. Biodiversity conservation emerges as a pathway for trust-building and collaboration, aligning stakeholders around shared goals such as climate resilience and sustainable livelihoods. Reliable and comparable data sets are critical for evidence-based planning, fostering dialogue and cooperation among divided groups. The estimates presented in this paper aim to support robust, data-driven strategies to safeguard biodiversity in geopolitically sensitive and overlapping regions, with far-reaching implications for global conservation and international cooperation. |
| Date: | 2025–02–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11076 |
| By: | Balasubramanian, Chitra; Sandra Baquie; Alan Fuchs |
| Abstract: | The Middle East and North Africa faces significant climate challenges, such as increasing temperatures, heightened flood risks, frequent droughts, and growing air pollution issues. These challenges are compounded by the large proportion of the population living below the poverty line in some countries in the region. Indeed, people living in poverty are more exposed to poor air quality and natural disasters as they disproportionately tend to live in hazard-prone areas. They are also more vulnerable as they may have scarcer resources to cope with shocks. This paper combines remote sensing, geospatial data, and household surveys to provide high-resolution assessments of the exposure and vulnerability of the region’s population and poor people to four types of climate shocks. With the data available, the paper estimates that almost the entirety of the extreme poor population is exposed to at least one climate shock. The region hosts climate-poverty hot spots in the Republic of Yemen and Morocco, where adaptation to climate change will be crucial to end poverty. The resulting high-resolution estimates of exposure and vulnerability can inform the targeting of climate adaptation measures. |
| Date: | 2025–03–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11092 |
| By: | Kanta Kumari Rigaud; Anmol Arora; Anna Gayatri Singh |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40236 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39862 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy-Power & Energy Conversion Energy-Renewable Energy Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39858 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Environment-Climate Change and Environment Environment-Ecosystems and Natural Habitats |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40116 |
| By: | Goran Dominioni; Isabelle Rojon; Rico Salgmann; Dominik Englert; Cáit Gleeson; Sotiria Lagouvardou |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Environment-Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Environment-Environmental Strategy |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39876 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Environment-Natural Resources Management |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39869 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Environment-Biodiversity Environment-Environmental Protection |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40118 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Environment-Climate Change Impacts |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40076 |
| By: | Héctor M. Núñez; Adán L. Martínez-Cruz; Jaime Sainz-Santamaría |
| Abstract: | Mexico City, that boasts the first place in electricity consumption among urban centers in the country, is actively advancing its energy transition by promoting renewable energies and tapping into its potential for solar and bio-energy. As households in emerging economies drive global energy demand, this study explores preferences of Mexico City's residents. Using a discrete choice experiment, 940 residents were presented with energy contracts featuring renewable energy sources, green job creation in the energy sector, renewable energy percentages in the energy mix, and electricity prices. Estimates reveal that respondents are willing to pay a 19.5% premium over the average price per kilowatt-hour if the energy source were exclusively solar and created 1000 green jobs. These findings offer insights for other megacities with similar challenges and renewable potential in pursuing a just energy transition. |
| Keywords: | Renewable energies;just energy transition;green jobs;middle-income households;Mexico City |
| JEL: | Q42 Q48 Q51 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdm:wpaper:2025-05 |
| By: | Taisuke Imai (The University of Osaka); Davide Pace (LMU Munich); Schwardmann Peter (Carnegie Mellon University); van der Weele Joel (University of Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | Policy makers frequently champion information provision about carbon impact on the premise that consumers are willing to mitigate their emissions but are poorly informed about how to do so. We empirically test this argument and reject it. We collect an extensive new dataset and find both large misperceptions of the carbon impact of different consumption behaviors and clear preferences for mitigation. Yet, in two separate experiments, we show that correcting beliefs has no effect on consumption in large representative samples. Our null results are well-powered and informative, as we target information for maximal impact. These results call into question the potential of correcting carbon footprint misperceptions as a tool to fight climate change. |
| Keywords: | climate change; carbon emissions; information provision; consumer behavior; |
| JEL: | C81 C93 D84 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:529 |
| By: | Bursens Floore; De Poli Silvia; Maier Sofia (European Commission - JRC); Verbist Gerlinde |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the distributive impact of a hypothetical carbon tax on households' transport and energy consumption in Belgium. It focuses on the welfare effects across population groups and along the income distribution, as well as on the expected budgetary and environmental effects, accounting for consumer responses under a partial equilibrium microsimulation framework. Given the well-known regressive features of consumption taxes in general, and of energy- or carbon-related taxes in particular, this study evaluates various methods for making the carbon tax more progressive and assesses how these methods affect the overall distributional outcomes. We assess both the expected results as well as the feasibility of each of the tax design scenarios, considering the effect on household income and its distribution vis-a-vis the expected reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:taxref:202501 |
| By: | Pere Suau-Sanchez; Frédéric Dobruszkes; Giulio Mattioli |
| Abstract: | This study evaluates the effectiveness of airport slot reductions as a strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, focusing on Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. Following the Dutch Government’s decision to reduce slots from 500, 000 to 440, 000, we analyse various risk scenarios using the D’Hondt method for proportional slot allocation and the Fuel Estimation in Air Transportation (FEAT) model to estimate fuel consumption. Strategies include proportional slot cuts, prioritising short-haul flights, and shifting to rail alternatives. Results show that short-term emissions reductions are modest and do not scale with slot reductions unless long-haul flights are significantly curtailed. Moreover, aircraft up-gauging could lead to increased emissions if airline behaviour is not addressed. Our findings challenge the effectiveness of slot reductions as a climate strategy, highlighting the importance of targeting long-haul flights and adopting comprehensive policies to achieve substantial emissions reductions. The study offers critical insights for sustainable aviation policy development. |
| Keywords: | Airport slots; Airport capacity; Aviation sustainability; Demand management; Amsterdam Airport |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/389974 |
| By: | Kamath, Ram Mohan Sasikumar |
| Abstract: | Given the adverse efects of climate change (such as drought and fooding, damage to ecosystems and infrastructure, depletion of resources, deterioration of human health), society needs to transition to using sustainable systems of production and consumption. Regions and countries increasingly view the creation of green-clusters that can nurture green-innovation and spur new green-industries, as a solution to this challenge. In fact, the formation of green-clusters, and the greening of existing industrial clusters has been identifed as an important tool to achieving the GHG-reduction goals of the European Green Deal. However, Green-clusters need not be intrinsically sustainable. Especially when green-clusters are derived from existing clusters, they will inherit unsustainable processes. This means before these clusters can help regions and nations transition, they must themselves transition to greener products and production techniques. The green-restructuring of clusters has become a key area of interest to Evolutionary Economic Geography; and to the emerging feld of Geography of Transitions, which bridges Evolutionary Economic Geography and Sustainability-Transition Studies. However, owing to extant cluster-evolution frameworks' and cluster-evolution studies' inability to settle still ongoing discussions regarding the development of clusters, scholarship risks falling behind policymakers. This thesis contributes to the resolution of some of these discussions. Most importantly, we address the debate regarding the dynamics behind the process of clusters' green-restructuring. We then address debates regarding the role of place-based structures in shaping cluster-evolution, the role of agency in shaping cluster-evolution, the role of proximitydimensions in shaping the greening of clusters, and the multiscalar nature of cluster-evolution. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Environmental Economics and Policy, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iamost:356433 |
| By: | Christoph Hambel; Frederick Van Der Ploeg |
| Abstract: | We analyze the effects of policy transition risk on asset pricing and the green transition using a global two-sector, macro-finance model of climate and the economy. Policy transition risk results from probabilistic changes between three policy states: no, modest, and ambitious carbon pricing. We show that policy transition risk leads to carbon premiums (i.e. higher expected returns on brown than on green assets), especially if the economy is still quite carbon-intensive and close to the temperature cap, and thus accelerate the green transition. Increased transition risk leads to more precautionary saving and falls in the risk-free rate. We offer extensions to deal with physical risks (temperature-related risk of climate disasters and climate tipping), technology transition risk, and more realistic policy tipping with endogenous transition probabilities. |
| Date: | 2025–03–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:wpaper:1075 |
| By: | Mattias Nasman; Grace Ballor |
| Abstract: | In the second half of the twentieth century, the car industry became a lightning rod for debates about human contributions to climate change. Widespread motorisation galvanised the green movements of the 1960s and 1970s, regulators increasingly demanded the use of pollution and climate mitigation technologies, and carmakers responded to this changing consumer and regulatory environment by gradually observing stricter emissions standards and innovating away from combustible engines at the turn of the millennium. This paper traces the arc of the relationship between car manufacturing and climate change through a business historical lens, from the development of internal combustion engines and their alternatives to the political economy of an energy transition and the decision to prioritise electric vehicles. Our analysis aims to lay a foundation for further research on industry and climate change. |
| Keywords: | environmental history, business history, automakers, regulation, climate governance |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcu:greewp:greenwp24 |
| By: | Wang, Wenjun; Khanna, Nina; Liu, Xu; Lin, Jiang |
| Abstract: | Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) is a systematic approach to tracking and documenting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and emission reductions. MRV can be used across all sectors and for all GHGs to track emissions patterns, evaluate programs, and promote transparency. As methane and other short-lived climate pollutants become critical to mitigating near-term climate change impacts, MRV systems become critical in improving emission inventories; facilitating the development of climate change policies and targets, and tracking and demonstrating progress towards sustainable development. This report focuses on current sectoral issues – including the emerging roles for satellites and remote sensing technologies - and international best practices in MRV policies and programs for non-carbon dioxide (CO2) GHGs including methane, nitrous oxide (N2O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in specific sectors. Based on international best practices and a review of China’s current MRV system, we offer suggestions for a possible path forward for developing and implementing a stronger non-CO2 MRV system. |
| Date: | 2023–12–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt76j3p5df |
| By: | Grimaud, André; Rougé, Luc |
| Abstract: | Technical progress is considered a key element in the ght against climate change. It may take the form of technological breakthroughs, that is, shocks that induce signicant leaps in the stock of knowledge. We use an endogenous growth framework with directed technical change to analyze the climate impact of such shocks. Two production subsectors coexist: one subsector is fossil-based, using a non-renewable resource, and yields carbon emissions; the other subsector uses a clean, renewable resource. At a given date, the economy benets from an exogenous technology shock. We fully characterize the general equilibrium and analyze how the shock modies the economys trajectory. The overall e¤ect on carbon emissions basically depends on the substitutability between the production subsectors, the initial state of the economy, and the nature and size of the shock. We notably show that green technology shocks induce higher short-term carbon emissions when the two subsectors are gross complements, but also in numerous cases when they are gross substitutes. |
| Keywords: | directed technical change; endogenous growth; technology shocks; climate; change |
| JEL: | O33 O44 Q32 Q54 Q55 |
| Date: | 2025–04–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:130495 |
| By: | Valentina Bosetti; Italo Colantone; Catherine E. De Vries; Giorgio Musto |
| Abstract: | This narrative review delves into the politics of climate policy, with specific focus on the so-called "green backlash". That is, rising resistance by voters, parties, and governments to the climate transition. We start by reviewing the literature on the political consequences of climate policies. The evidence points to a green backlash among citizens negatively affected by the decarbonization transition. Populist right forces emerge as main beneficiaries of the backlash. They tend to be more skeptical regarding anthropogenic climate change and less supportive of climate policies. Their electoral success has negative implications for countries' climate policy making and performance. Finally, we draw insights from the literature to reflect on what can be done to improve the political sustainability of climate policies. |
| Keywords: | Climate policies; green backlash; right-wing populism |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcu:greewp:greenwp26 |
| By: | Ireri Hernandez Carballo; Gian Maria Mallarino; Marco Percoco |
| Keywords: | EU ETS, Carbon policies, CO2 Emissions, Regional Economics, Economic Geography |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcu:greewp:greenwp27 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Air Quality & Clean Air Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Urban Development-Urban Housing |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39872 |
| By: | Aude-Sophie Rodella; editors; François Bertone; Esha Zaveri |
| Keywords: | Water Resources-Groundwater Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Climate Change Economics |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39917 |
| By: | Costanza Maria Fileccia (University of Bern); Eric Strobl (University of Bern) |
| Abstract: | The “European” agricultural model introduced during the first British settlement in 1788 proved unsuitable for the very different Australian environment, forcing farmers to adapt creatively. This study examines how climate shaped such adaptive behavior in wheat farming in Australia from the mid-19th century until just before the green revolution. Climate adaptation is modeled using a methodology that allows one to disentangle long-term from short-term responses of farmers to climate without explicit data on adaptation. We apply this approach to digitalized historical records on sub-national wheat yields and gridded climate reanalysis data for the period 1860 to 1960. There is evidence of significant adaptation to precipitation but no adaptation to temperature for wheat yields in the long run. The results broadly coincide with how adaptations are known to have developed differently across time and regions in Australia. |
| Keywords: | Wheat, Climate adaptation, Colonial Australia, Agri-cliometrics |
| JEL: | N00 N57 Q10 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hes:wpaper:0276 |
| By: | Ben Brunckhorst; Ruth Hill; Ghazala Mansuri; Trang Nguyen; Miki Doan |
| Keywords: | Poverty Reduction-Equity and Development Poverty Reduction-Poverty Reduction Strategies Environment-Climate Change Impacts Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39952 |
| By: | Sengupta, Sreerupa; Singhal, Divya; Chakraborty, Ananya |
| Abstract: | This study explores the transformative potential of local feminist perspectives in addressing systemic gender inequalities in India, focusing on women's health and climate action. Anchored in global frameworks, such as the Beijing Declaration (1995) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and rooted in India's historical milestones, such as the Towards Equality Report in 1974 (Government of India, 1974), this research examines how caste, class, gender, sexuality and disability intersect to perpetuate inequities. Despite progress in education, health, and political representation, deep-seated patriarchal norms and structural barriers continue to undermine women's agency, as reflected in India's low ranking on the Global Gender Gap Report 2024 (World Economic Forum, 2024). Using intersectional and eco-feminist frameworks, the study employs a qualitative, multi-method approach, including 31 key informant interviews and a stakeholder dialogue involving 40 participants from non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community organisations and feminist collectives. By integrating lived experiences with policy analysis, this study highlights how local feminist movements in India have challenged entrenched social norms, amplified marginalised voices and innovated to provide context-specific solutions. The findings reveal persistent health inequities among women, compounded by caste and disability, and critique health policies for their technocratic focus. Interventions by community organisations as well as governments, such as community health workers and self-help groups, have emerged as vital platforms for addressing reproductive and menstrual health needs while fostering social change. In climate action, women face disproportionate vulnerabilities due to caregiving roles and resource dependencies. However, localised initiatives, including women-led renewable energy programmes and sustainable agriculture practices, showcase their potential as agents of environmental resilience. The study advocates for recognising intersectional vulnerabilities, converging across sectors, improving participatory governance, strengthening capacity building of community organisations, and including divergent experiences of women in policy and intersectional funding models. By situating feminist knowledge within actionable frameworks, it presents a replicable model for integrating gender justice into health and climate strategies, offering lessons for global contexts. The report underscores the necessity of sustained collaboration among community actors, women's advocacy groups, policymakers and donors to foster systemic equity and resilience. |
| Keywords: | Gender, India, Feminism |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:313628 |
| By: | Lackner, Klaus; Arcusa, Stephanie; Azarabadi, Habib; Sriramprasad, Vishrudh; Page, Robert |
| Abstract: | Life cycle analysis (LCA) is deeply embedded in carbon accounting. LCA is valuable for qualitatively understanding technologies’ environmental footprints. However, ambiguities and insatiable data requirements make it ill-suited for quantitative analysis. Fortunately, accounting without LCA is possible, for example, by demanding that for every ton of carbon coming out of the ground, another ton must be sequestered. This “Carbon Takeback Obligation” (CTBO) policy would eliminate the need for tracking carbon through supply chains. With all supply chains already carbon balanced, it is sufficient to quantify the amount of carbon sequestered without subtracting upstream emissions. Our modeling shows that once full carbon neutrality is demanded, market forces alone will eliminate counterproductive sequestration technologies, approaches that release more CO2 than they store. Complications arise during the transition where some carbon extraction is not yet balanced out by sequestration, as under some policies, counterproductive technologies could be introduced solely to game the system. We explore the economics of four transition pathways: a simple CTBO, a CTBO combined with permits required for all unbalanced carbon, a CTBO combined with a futures market, and permit-future hybrid schemes. A simple CTBO that does not add an economic burden on unmitigated carbon would incentivize low-cost, counterproductive technologies. Contrastingly, a CTBO policy that includes permits and/or futures will render such technologies uneconomical at any point in the transition. A policy with controlled futures would allow for rapid permit phaseout. Hybrid systems could lessen the initiation shock and bridge the transition time when market demand exceeds sequestration capacity. |
| Date: | 2023–02–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:q9pzb_v1 |
| By: | Linckens, Sarah; Horn, Carmen; Perret, Jens K. |
| Abstract: | The sustainability trend of recent years is reflected in society's growing environmental awareness and the increasing promotion of green products and services in the market. The flip side is that most advertisements and green branding originate from companies that still have a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how greenwashing marketing campaigns are perceived despite increasing environmental awareness in society. This study answers how greenwashing is perceived, whether the perception differs depending on the degree of environmental consciousness, and which effects the perception has. In order to answer these questions, a qualitative study via expert interviews with participants belonging to Gen Z has been conducted, making specific reference to the "Conscious Spring" greenwashing campaign by H&M. The qualitative content analysis showed that the majority of participants recognized greenwashing through misleading word choice and contradictory actions that are advertised in the campaign. Nevertheless, there were also interviewees who were misled by the campaign. The campaign had an effect on the participants' attitudes towards the brand, both on their feelings and beliefs about the brand, as well as on their behavioral intentions. The findings are largely used to understand the advertising impact of greenwashing, but they will also be helpful for sustainable clothing companies in creating green campaigns or for NGOs working to combat greenwashing and educate consumers. |
| Keywords: | Clothing industry, Greenwashing, Perception, Generation Z, Advertising impact |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ismwps:313087 |
| By: | Aleksandrova, Mariya; Kanyangi, Washington Onyango; Atchadé, Assouhan Jonas; Atela, Joanes; Tonui, Charles |
| Abstract: | The new loss and damage funding framework under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) emphasises the importance of channelling support through national systems and mechanisms. This approach could prove particularly challenging for African least developed ountries (LDCs), which have been prioritised for support. These countries remain confronted with major challenges to access and utilise international climate finance, especially through direct access. National climate funds (NCFs) can have a potential role in delivering international loss and damage finance to African LDCs that is in line with their national priorities. NCFs can be defined as entities mandated to finance the implementation of national climate strategies and to manage and/or coordinate domestic and international sources of climate finance. NCFs can enhance the institutional capacities of countries by supporting the development of loss and damage strategies, facilitating access to international funding, aligning resource allocation with local priorities, and ensuring the effective tracking of loss and damage finance. This Policy Brief explores the role of NCFs in the evolving global loss and damage finance architecture with a focus on African LDCs. We examine the design features of five NCFs against criteria for assessing their relevance to support measures that address loss and damage. The studied NCFs are: the Benin National Fund for Environment and Climate, Ethiopia's Climate-Resilient Green Economy Facility, Burkina Faso's Intervention Fund for the Environment, the Mali Climate Fund and the Rwanda Green Climate Fund. |
| Keywords: | climate finance, loss and damage, least developed countries, UNFCCC, Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:idospb:315215 |
| By: | Brutti, Zelda (European Commission - JRC); Freo, Marzia (European Commission - JRC); Serlenga, Laura (University of Bari) |
| Abstract: | The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a cornerstone policy of the European Union, increasingly focused on promoting environmentally sustainable practices. In 2014, the CAP introduced Greening payments and a crop diversification requirement to enhance soil resilience and mitigate ecosystem degradation. Despite its economic significance, the policy's effectiveness across the EU remains largely limited. This study evaluates the impact of the Greening crop diversification requirement on crop diversity itself and on a set of subsequent outcomes, including agricultural land allocation, the economic performance of farms and indirect environmental outcomes. Using farm-level data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (2012-2017), causal relationships are identified, through a design that combines propensity score matching and difference-in-differences, by comparing farms needing to adapt to the new requirements to those who were already compliant. Additionally, a regression discontinuity design estimates local average treatment effects for 2017, thereby exploiting the diversification requirementâs threshold-based design. Both strategies corroborate the conclusion that Greening measures have significantly increased crop diversity across the EU; moreover, results for the remaining farm-level outcomes are consistent with adaptation responses to the new environmental requirements. Overall, the results highlight the policyâs effectiveness in promoting sustainable agriculture throughout the EU. |
| Keywords: | Crop diversification, Greening payments, Common Agricultural Policy, FADN |
| JEL: | Q18 Q51 Q12 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202503 |
| By: | Nauges, Céline; Wheeler, Sarah Ann; Grafton, Quentin R. |
| Abstract: | The allocation of water across space and time is a key challenge of water governance, with demand and supply often not well matched over time and place. Best practice water pricing and markets may promote water conservation, yet their application is limited. We highlight the governance principles needed for best practice water pricing and water markets, describe differences across regions, and provide six key water demand governance recommendations, for both Global North and Global South countries. |
| Keywords: | Global South; Global North; water trade; water markets; water crisis; water security; climate change; sustainable development; taxes; costs; tariffs; subsidies. |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:130501 |
| By: | Giorgio Musto; Marco Percoco |
| Abstract: | The share of the population living in urban centres has vastly increased in recent decades, and is predicted to further expand in the future. In this context, research on the environmental impact of different urban environments, in terms of both the form and built-up structure of cities, is particularly important to understand whether smart urban design can help mitigate the nefarious impacts of climate change. This study aims at investigating relevant associations between urban form (and specifically, urban compactness) and carbon dioxide emissions of the residential and on-road transport sectors on a global scale. The study also employs a recently established, internationally comparable definition of "urban centre", which follows population-based criteria to eliminate bias from socio-cultural or administrative factors potentially determining city boundaries. The results show that lower levels of emissions of the residential and transport sectors occur in urban environments taking on more compact shapes especially in Africa and Asia, whereas the impact of urban compactness is found to be limited in Europe and North America. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcu:greewp:greenwp25 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Coastal and Marine Environment Environment-Environmental Disasters & Degradation |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39985 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Climate Change Economics |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40228 |
| By: | Toker Doganoglu (University of Wuerzburg); Lukasz Grzybowski (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Joanna Rachubik (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyze the determinants of individual’s willingness to pay higher prices and taxes and to reduce their standard of living to support environmental protection. Using data from the 2020 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), Environment IV module from 26 countries on about 29, 000 individuals, we investigate the influence of socio-demographic factors, consumer behavior, environmental beliefs, opinions, and attitudes. The findings reveal significant variations in willingness to bear financial burdens for environmental protection across different countries and socio-economic groups. Our analysis highlights the critical role of education, religion, political affiliation, and trust in institutions in shaping environmental attitudes and behaviors. Moreover, after controlling for individual characteristics, significant international disparities persist, with countries like India showing exceptionally high willingness across all measures, while many European countries, despite their progressive environmental policies, show lower willingness for higher taxes due to possibly already high tax burdens. These findings underscore the importance of tailoring policy communications to different socio-economic groups, emphasizing both the immediate and long-term benefits of environmental protection to enhance acceptance among various demographic segments. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2024-24 |
| By: | World Bank; Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery |
| Keywords: | Environment-Natural Disasters Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40058 |
| By: | Kaitila, Ville; Kuusi, Tero; Pajarinen, Mika; Wang, Maria |
| Abstract: | Abstract This study examines the impacts of the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on corporate costs, adaptation strategies, and international trade. CBAM aims to supplement the EU’s emissions trading system and mitigate the risk of carbon leakage. The report evaluates the effects of CBAM’s initial phase and anticipates its future significance for Finnish enterprises. Through the use of gravity modeling, the study distinguishes the effects of CBAM from other trade-influencing factors. Furthermore, companies were surveyed regarding the administrative expenses incurred by CBAM and its influence on value chains. Findings indicate that CBAM decreases imports of covered products from non-EU countries and promotes intra-EU procurement. The system’s complexity and associated costs are deemed particularly burdensome for small businesses. |
| Keywords: | Carbon leakage, Carbon border adjustment mechanism, Gravity model, Survey, Administrative cost |
| JEL: | Q38 |
| Date: | 2025–04–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rif:report:162 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Growth |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40052 |
| By: | Peng, Liqun; He, Gang; Lin, Jiang |
| Abstract: | China has pledged to peak its carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. Decarbonizing the power system is key to achieving these targets. Pumped hydropower storage (PHS) can play a crucial role in greening China’s power system, by providing both short- and long-term energy storage, facilitating the integration of renewable energy, and maintaining grid stability. It's critical to evaluate the role of PHS in a power system with a high penetration of renewable energy sources and the amount of PHS needed to support the stability and reliability of a decarbonized power system. Our results indicate that the current PHS target (120 GW) is sufficient to balance the electricity supply and demand in the foreseeable future. However, the capacity of battery storage will witness a substantial increase between 2025 and 2050, emerging as a more economical solution to address the variability of renewable energy and accommodate demand growth. This study suggests that over-investment in PHS could lead to unnecessary electricity price inflation. Introducing market competition through an open and competitive bidding process for PHS development can more effectively control project costs and, consequently, electricity tariffs. |
| Date: | 2024–02–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:agrebk:qt5s56m1rm |
| By: | Chung, Weonhyeok (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)); Lee, Yerim (KOREA INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (KIEP)) |
| Abstract: | 본 연구에서는 2015년 네팔 지진이 경제성장에 미친 영향을 분석하고, 인도적 지원이 지진 피해 완화에 미친 효과를 평가한다. 자연재해와 같은 긴급한 상황에서는 이에 대한 대응이 어려운 개발도상국의 피해자에게 긴급구호기금이 신속히 지원된다. 이러한 지원은 피해자들의 생존과 회복을 돕고, 사회적인 안정과 장기적인 재건의 마중물 역할을 한다. 기후변화로 인해 환경 재해의 빈도가 높아지는 상황에서, 인도주의 지원의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. This study analyzes the impact of the 2015 Nepal earthquake on economic growth and evaluates the effectiveness of humanitarian aid in mitigating the damage caused by the disaster. In the aftermath of natural disasters, emergency relief funds are quickly allocated to support victims, particularly in developing countries that face challenges in responding to such crises. These funds help with immediate survival and recovery efforts while also contributing to societal stability and long-term reconstruction. As the frequency of environmental disasters increases due to climate change, the demand for humanitarian aid has grown significantly. (the rest omitted) |
| Keywords: | humanitarian aid; economic growth; developing country; 2015 Nepal earthquake |
| Date: | 2024–12–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kiepre:2024_003 |
| By: | Bin Ramli, Muhammad Sukri |
| Abstract: | Malaysia has become a major refugee-hosting country in ASEAN, facing considerable strain as it shoulders a disproportionate burden of refugee protection despite the absence of a formal legal framework for refugee status. This paper examines the mounting challenges Malaysia faces at the intersection of increasing climate-induced displacement and the vulnerabilities of these populations. Malaysia is also struggling with severe climate change impacts, such as flooding, while managing growing refugee populations. Recurrent climate threats, notably severe monsoon flooding which disproportionately impacts refugees and asylum seekers residing in flood-prone, affordable areas, exacerbate these vulnerabilities. This research investigates the interplay between humanitarian protection and climate vulnerability, highlighting the precarious livelihoods and housing conditions of displaced individuals in Malaysia, and how the absence of legal recognition compounds their susceptibility to climate extremes, creating a dual crisis. Analyzing the dynamic relationship between climate threats, refugee vulnerability, and the resultant strain on Malaysia, this study underscores the urgent need for comprehensive climate action and a collective response within ASEAN to mitigate these challenges. Furthermore, it includes a comparative analysis of Malaysia’s challenges with other ASEAN countries. By examining the causal links between these factors and analyzing Malaysia's current situation, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the necessity for robust regional and national frameworks. These frameworks must not only address the immediate needs of displaced populations but also prioritize long-term climate resilience and sustainable development strategies across the ASEAN region. |
| Date: | 2025–03–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:zra4x_v1 |
| By: | Penelope Ann Mealy; Ganslmeier, Michael; Stephane Hallegatte |
| Abstract: | Although the feasibility of introducing climate policies underpins global efforts to curb climate change, there has been limited analysis estimating the likelihood of introducing specific policies in different country contexts. Drawing on a dataset of climate policies introduced globally over the past 50 years, this paper explores patterns in climate policy adoption to quantify policy feasibility across countries. In constructing a ‘Climate Policy Space’ network based on the co-occurrence of policies across countries, the paper shows that climate policy adoption is path-dependent: countries are significantly more likely to introduce policies that are related to their prior climate policymaking experience. Exploiting this finding, the paper constructs empirically validated ‘Climate Policy Feasibility Frontiers’ which identify policies that are likely to be more feasible and could also increase the probability of the adoption of other policies. Complementing traditional cost-benefit analysis, feasibility frontiers can inform more realistic and strategic climate policy prioritization across countries. |
| Date: | 2025–03–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11094 |
| By: | C. LE THI (INSEE, OECD); K. MILLOCK (PARIS SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS, CNRS); J. SIXOU (INSEE) |
| Abstract: | The evidence on whether people adapt to climate extreme events by moving out of vulnerable areas is currently mixed. In this article, we analyse residential mobility following floods using comprehensive French data. Our identification strategy consists in comparing individuals living in areas exposed to flood risk which were actually subject to a flood, with individuals also residing in flood risk areas but which were not subject to flood. Our results suggest that residential mobility increases by 1 percentage point in the two years following a flood. Compared to the baseline inter-municipality mobility rate in our sample, it equates to a 30% increase in the probability of moving out of the municipality of residence following a flood. The effects are strongly heterogeneous. Mobility rates following a flood are observed to be lower for the bottom and the top quintiles of equivalised disposable income than for the middle quintiles. The effects are found to be more pronounced for private renters than for home-owners and others. An analysis of aggregate flows at the municipality level reveals no effect of flooding on residential mobility on average, confirming the importance of using granular individual data. However, the data do suggest changes in the composition of population outflows. We observe a lower share of homeowners in the population outflows from municipalities that have flooded. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Flood, Mobility, Natural Disasters, Residential location choice |
| JEL: | Q54 R23 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nse:doctra:2025-06 |
| By: | Jacopo Lunghi; Maurizio Malpede; Marco Percoco |
| Abstract: | This study shows how soil aridity (proxied with a measure of soil potential evapotranspiration) impacts child wellbeing in Sub-Saharan Africa. Using climate and infant health data from a grid of approximately 4, 000 cells in 34 African countries, we find that infants born in arid areas are comparatively more likely to die under the age of 5 and be systematically underweight at birth. In addition, we show how the aridity measure in this study reduces the effect of rainfall on child wellbeing and how aridification drives substantial heterogeneity in the estimated response to increasing precipitation. The findings are combined with model projections of future climate conditions to emphasize the importance of accounting for aridity alongside precipitations when assessing the economic impact of climate. |
| Keywords: | Rainfall, climate change, potential evapotranspiration, child mortality, infant health |
| JEL: | J1 J13 I15 Q54 Q56 O15 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcu:greewp:greenwp23 |
| By: | Fikru, Mahelet G (Missouri University of Science and Technology); Ahmed, Bruktawit (Missouri University of Science and Technology); Daher, Wassim |
| Abstract: | This study uses a two-stage game theoretic approach to derive and characterize optimal decarbonization policies, focusing on emission taxes and carbon capture and storage (CCS) subsidies. By maximizing a welfare function, the government first selects policy instruments, while carbon-intensive firms subsequently determine production levels and abatement efforts to maximize profit. The derived optimal policies are then analyzed through Monte Carlo simulations to assess their variability and sensitivity under different scenarios. Key findings are: (1) Emission tax and CCS subsidies are strategic substitutes where pollution damage governs this relationship, (2) The optimal policy mix could be a tax-only regime if carbon intensity exceeds a given threshold, otherwise the optimal policy mix either includes both instruments (if pollution damage is large enough) or is a subsidy-only regime (if pollution damage is not very large), (3) Optimal subsidies are relatively more variable than optimal emission taxes, and (4) Certainty in production and market parameters does not reduce optimal policy variability, but shifts the focus towards subsidies rather than taxes. These results highlight the need for flexible and adaptable decarbonization policies in dynamic markets with evolving technologies. |
| Date: | 2025–03–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:t2bzw_v1 |
| By: | Digvijay S. Negi (Ashoka University) |
| Abstract: | Can government imposed market integration and resultant specialization contribute to a large-scale negative environmental externality? I compare agricultural fire activity and air pollution levels in districts where the government interferes in the local grain markets with districts without such interference to establish a robust link between food prices and air pollution in India. This link comes about due to higher prices leading to increased agricultural fire activity in districts where the government procures food grains from the local markets. Estimates suggest a 21 percent increase in morbidity and a 19 percent increase in out of pocket medical expenditure associated with procurement led air pollution. The mortality cost of resultant pollution is USD 1 billion larger than gains to producers from higher prices. |
| Keywords: | Air Pollution; distortion; fires; India; price floor |
| Date: | 2024–10–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:129 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Marine Environment Environment-Coastal and Marine Environment Environment-Ecosystems and Natural Habitats |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40051 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Information and Communication Technologies-ICT Applications |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40222 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Coastal and Marine Environment Environment-Environmental Disasters & Degradation Environment-Environmental Economics & Policies Environment-Environmental Protection |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39984 |
| By: | BENCZUR Peter (European Commission - JRC); BOSKOVIC Ana (European Commission - JRC); CARIBONI Jessica (European Commission - JRC); GIOVANNINI Enrico; PAGANO Andrea (European Commission - JRC); SANDOR Alina-Mihaela (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The key drivers of wellbeing are not solely economic factors. Other factors, such as social relationships, environmental conditions, and access to social and healthcare systems, also play a significant role. Wellbeing in the EU has increased over the past decade, but it varies across Member States, with some countries having a good situation in certain areas while struggling in others. Northern and Western EU Member States record the best overall sustainable and inclusive wellbeing, while Eastern and Southern Member States show a weaker situation. The framework Developed by the JRC and other Commission services highlights the need to balance prosperity with environmental sustainability, as well as today’s and tomorrow’s wellbeing to ensure intergenerational fairnes. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc141068 |
| By: | Claudia N. Berg; Bettarelli, Luca; Furceri, Davide; Ganslmeier, Michael; Arti Grover; Megan Elizabeth Lang; Marc Tobias Schiffbauer |
| Abstract: | Are firms adapting to climate change? This paper studies this question by combining geocoded World Bank Enterprise Survey data with spatially granular weather data to estimate temperature response functions for nearly 160, 000 firms in 134 countries over a 15-year period. Our results show that market imperfections in low- and middle-income countries constrain firms’ ability to adapt. Small and medium-size firms in low- and low-middle income countries are most vulnerable, with revenues declining by 12 percent in years with temperatures 0.5◦C above historical averages. The impact is equally strong for manufacturing and services firms and result from declines in labor productivity and wages. Heat-sensitive sectors and less resilient firms are more severely affected, reinforcing the causal interpretation. Unique firm-level information on policy constraints including limited financing, burdensome regulations, and unsafe conditions suggest that such factors raise adaptation costs, undermining economic resilience to climate change. |
| Date: | 2025–03–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11081 |
| By: | Lausberg, Philipp; Rubio, Eulalia |
| Abstract: | Given an increasingly volatile geopolitical landscape and growing climate-related risks, this paper argues for strengthening the EU’s fiscal capacity for crisis prevention, preparedness and response, focusing on two fields: security and defence on one hand and natural catastrophes on the other. The analysis highlights lessons from responses to COVID-19, including not only the benefits of joint financial instruments (e.g. NextGenerationEU and SURE) but also their shortcomings, such as their temporary nature, weak alignment with long-term resilience, and inadequate parliamentary oversight. The current EU budget framework remains rigid, prioritising mid-term investment while offering limited flexibility for emergency responses. To address these shortcomings, the paper advocates for systematically integrating crisis preparedness and readiness considerations into EU budget and scaling up investments in defence and security, as well as in natural disaster prevention and response. Defence funding remains inadequate and fragmented, with insufficient EU-level contributions despite escalating security threats. Apart from repurposing cohesion funding towards security goals and better leveraging the spending power of national promotional banks, the paper proposes a permanent off-budget solution for defence financing to build a new European Security Funding Facility (ESeFF). Similarly, EU disaster relief funding is under-resourced. The EU Solidarity Fund and Civil Protection Mechanism require significant expansion, along with stronger incentives for climate adaptation. The introduction of a public-private climate catastrophe reinsurance scheme could help mitigate financial risks. |
| Date: | 2025–03–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:e5zyf_v1 |
| By: | Lausberg, Philipp; Rubio, Eulalia |
| Abstract: | Given an increasingly volatile geopolitical landscape and growing climate-related risks, this paper argues for strengthening the EU’s fiscal capacity for crisis prevention, preparedness and response, focusing on two fields: security and defence on one hand and natural catastrophes on the other. The analysis highlights lessons from responses to COVID-19, including not only the benefits of joint financial instruments (e.g. NextGenerationEU and SURE) but also their shortcomings, such as their temporary nature, weak alignment with long-term resilience, and inadequate parliamentary oversight. The current EU budget framework remains rigid, prioritising mid-term investment while offering limited flexibility for emergency responses. To address these shortcomings, the paper advocates for systematically integrating crisis preparedness and readiness considerations into EU budget and scaling up investments in defence and security, as well as in natural disaster prevention and response. Defence funding remains inadequate and fragmented, with insufficient EU-level contributions despite escalating security threats. Apart from repurposing cohesion funding towards security goals and better leveraging the spending power of national promotional banks, the paper proposes a permanent off-budget solution for defence financing to build a new European Security Funding Facility (ESeFF). Similarly, EU disaster relief funding is under-resourced. The EU Solidarity Fund and Civil Protection Mechanism require significant expansion, along with stronger incentives for climate adaptation. The introduction of a public-private climate catastrophe reinsurance scheme could help mitigate financial risks. |
| Date: | 2025–03–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:e5zyf_v3 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Finance and Financial Sector Development-Finance and Development |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40050 |
| By: | Tathiana, Precillia |
| Abstract: | Perluasan produksi dan konsumsi tekstil telah berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan polusi, kekurangan air, penipisan bahan bakar fosil dan bahan mentah, serta perubahan iklim. Produksi serat poliester, serat buatan manusia yang paling banyak digunakan, mengkonsumsi sumber daya tak terbarukan dan tingkat energi yang tinggi, serta menghasilkan emisi atmosfer. |
| Date: | 2023–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:g2kaz_v1 |
| By: | Fontana, Adele; Jarmulska, Barbara; Schwarz, Claudia; Scheid, Benedikt; Scheins, Christopher |
| Abstract: | Physical climate risks can have a large regional impact, which can influence mortgage loans’ credit risk and should be priced by the lenders. Motivated by the relevance of climate change for financial intermediaries, our paper aims at analysing if physical climate risks are being reflected in residential real estate loan rates of banks. We show that on average banks seem to demand a physical climate risk premium from mortgage borrowers and the premium has increased over recent years. However, there is significant heterogeneity in bank practices. Banks that were identified as “adequately” considering climate risk in the credit risk management by the ECB Banking Supervision charge higher risk premia which have been increasing particularly after the publication of supervisory expectations. In contrast, the lack of risk premia of certain banks shows that ECB diagnostics in the Thematic Review on Climate were accurate in identifying the banks that need stronger supervisory focus. JEL Classification: G12, G21, Q51, Q54, R32 |
| Keywords: | asset pricing, bank lending standards, climate change, residential mortgage backed securities, residential real estate |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253036 |
| By: | Nomikos, William G |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2025–04–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:globco:qt92k9q19c |
| By: | Nicola Francescutto |
| Abstract: | I employ geo-coded household-level data over 2015-2016 combined with a gridded dataset to quantify the impact of marine heatwaves on labor market outcomes in coastal India. I construct an average measure of exposure to marine heatwaves for each household and find that one additional degree heating week increases the probability of being unemployed by 1.9-2.3 percentage points. The effect is larger for households experiencing higher levels of marine heat stress, with an increased probability to be unemployed of 5.5-6.5 percentage points. Other findings highlight a decreased probability to work in the fisheries sector, an increased labor market participation of women as well as a lower chance of having a full year employment after a marine heatwave. These findings highlight the potential socio-economic challenges that climate change may pose to coastal households in the coming decades. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, marine heatwaves, India, Household survey |
| JEL: | I15 O10 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irn:wpaper:25-04 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Air Quality & Clean Air |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40244 |
| By: | Gessner, Johannes; Habla, Wolfgang; Rübenacker, Benjamin; Wagner, Ulrich J. |
| Abstract: | Many European companies face the challenge of lowering CO2 emissions from their company car fleets. A promising lever is to increase the notoriously low electric usage of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). This paper examines whether home charging infrastructure can help achieve these goals. We leverage quasi-experimental variation in the delivery and installation of home chargers to quantify the impact of this technology on energy use and CO2 emissions of PHEV company cars held by 856 employees of a large German company. Since fuel and electricity expenditures for these cars are covered by the employer, home charging mainly changes the non-monetary costs to an employee. We find that access to home charging increases electricity consumption by 317.9 (±23.3) kWh per quarter and decreases fuel consumption by 97.97 (±36.5) liters, reducing CO2 emissions by 38%. Moreover, access to home charging increases the employee's propensity to choose a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) upon renewal of the lease by 28.4 (±25.6) percentage points. We use these estimates to compute the private levelized abatement costs of home chargers for a range of scenarios characterizing the diffusion of BEVs and the effect of the program on vehicle choice. With current tax-inclusive energy prices, home chargers break even for the company within eight to 16 years. |
| Keywords: | home charging, charging infrastructure, plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles, company cars |
| JEL: | D12 L91 Q52 R42 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:315495 |
| By: | Karymshakov , Kamalbek (Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University); Azhgaliyeva , Dina (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Low-carbon energy transition, which includes the replacement of fossil fuels with low-carbon energy infrastructure, the removal of subsidies, and other measures, requires households to be able to pay for low-carbon energy services. Economic shocks such as the coronavirus disease pandemic and high inflation make paying for energy challenging for households. We use the Kyrgyz Integrated Household Survey data (2019–2021) to study the impact of income decline on energy consumption. We provide the following key results. First, the empirical results show that the effects of income decline on household energy consumption vary (positive or negative) according to income group. Second, the low-income group with income decline reduced energy consumption, while the higher income group (second quartile) increased energy consumption. |
| Keywords: | household energy consumption; coal consumption; fossil fuel consumption; income decline; Central Asia; energy transition |
| JEL: | Q31 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2025–04–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0773 |
| By: | Giorgio Fabbri; Paolo Melindi-Ghidi |
| Abstract: | The transition towards a sustainable food system requires comprehensive changes in food production and consumption, shaped by the interplay of public policy, market forces, and cultural norms. We develop a model to analyse the role of sustainable food culture in shaping consumption choices, particularly in terms of purchasing from short food supply chains. The model accounts not only for the heterogeneity of preferences and their evolution but also for the heterogeneity of incomes. This allows for a discussion of the effectiveness of policies fostering sustainable food consumption choices, considering their varying impacts across income levels. The results suggest that if policy makers seek to promote a sustainable food system, public policies must be carefully designed, as their effects can be uncertain and may impact low-income households. |
| Keywords: | Culture, Sustainable Food, Short Food Supply Chain, Income Distribution |
| JEL: | Q18 Q56 D31 D91 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gbl:wpaper:2025-02 |
| By: | Qiaoyi Chen (Fudan University); Nicholas Ryan (Yale University); Daniel Yi Xu (Duke University) |
| Abstract: | We study carbon offsets sold by firms in China under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). We find that offset-selling firms, meant to cut carbon emissions, instead increase them by 49% after starting an offset project. In a model of firm investment decisions and offset review, we estimate that CDM firms increase emissions due to both the selection of higher-growth firms into projects (35 pp) and because offset projects themselves boost firm growth and therefore emissions (14 pp). The CDM reduces global surplus by causing damages from increased emissions four times greater than private gains from trade in the offset market. |
| Date: | 2025–03–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2434 |
| By: | Gruener, Sven; Mußhoff, Oliver |
| Abstract: | Human-made climate change is one of the most pressing challenges of the 21st century. This paper examines how thinking about future consequences of climate change influences decision-making. Using priming experiments, we address ambiguity preferences, risk preferences, and willingness to cooperate among farmers, students, and representatives of the general population of Germany. The results show that farmers (who were asked specifically about the consequences for their profession) – but not students or representatives of the general population – increase their investments in uncertain assets. There are also common patterns across the subject pools, most notably willingness to cooperate remains largely unchanged. |
| Date: | 2025–03–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:7vdu6_v1 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Investment and Investment Climate Energy-Energy Resources Development Education-Education Finance Health, Nutrition and Population-Health Economics & Finance |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40174 |
| By: | World Bank; Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery |
| Keywords: | Law and Development-Infrastructure and Law Infrastructure Economics and Finance-Infrastructure Regulation Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Urban Development-National Urban Development Policies & Strategies |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39900 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy-Oil & Gas Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Inflation Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39928 |
| By: | Aparajita Dasgupta (Ashoka University); Devvrat Raghav (University of Virginia) |
| Abstract: | How does access to infrastructure mediate the processes of structural transformation in the presence of climate shocks? By exploiting a large-scale rural road construction program in India, we ask whether rural road connectivity can preserve the gains from structural transformation in emerging markets. In comparison to the existing literature, we provide a newer framework to study the effects of road infrastructure access in mitigating the impact of climate shocks on structural transformation. The program roll out criteria allows us to employ a fuzzy difference-in-discontinuity design to provide the first line of causal evidence in this area. Overall, we find a mixed effect of rural road connectivity on agricultural participation. Interestingly, we find that while road connectivity enables exits from farm labour it also raises the share of households in cultivation. Importantly, while temperature shocks drive down local demand, this effect is somewhat counteracted by access to paved roads. Our results suggest the role of rural infrastructure policies in alleviating the burden of rising temperature, which has first order policy relevance in the context of designing policy instruments to tackle long-term climate change, not just within the country but for all rural regions across the developing world. |
| Keywords: | Climate Shocks; India; Infrastructure; Labour markets; Road access |
| Date: | 2024–08–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:122 |
| By: | Hirschbuehl, Dominik (European Commission - JRC); Neuville, Aude (European Commission - JRC); Petracco Giudici, Marco (European Commission - JRC); Sanchez Arjona, Irene (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | While the importance of nature for economic production is undisputed, natureâs contribution is still underrepresented in economic modelling. Following previous studies, this work produces a âhigh-levelâ estimate of the dependencies of all EU economic sectors on ecosystem services by applying the ENCORE (Exploring Natural Capital Opportunities, Risks and Exposure) framework to an input-output model. Depending on the version of ENCORE used and on some other assumptions, between 19% and 36% of the EU economyâs gross value added (GVA) is found to be highly dependent on ecosystem services. International extensions of the analysis show that the economies of EU and China appear to be more dependent on nature than that of the United States. The analysis also reveals that the entire economy is vulnerable to nature degradation, as all sectors are interlinked through supply and customer connections, potentially leading to cascading effects along value chains. |
| Keywords: | Natural capital, nature degradation |
| JEL: | C67 Q5 Q57 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202504 |
| By: | Delera, Michele; Mathew, Nanditha (Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, RS: GSBE MORSE, RS: GSBE MGSoG); Treibich, Tania (RS: GSBE MORSE, Macro, International & Labour Economics) |
| Abstract: | The global fragmentation of production has important implications for the environment. As emerging economies increase their participation in trade, scale effects increase environmental impacts worldwide. Yet at the same time, access to international markets might help offset these impacts by increasing the efficiency of production. Existing literature suggests that trading firms tend to be more energy efficient than non-traders. However, this literature does not take into account the effect of firms’ product baskets. In this paper, we leverage a rich plantand product-level database from India to investigate the effects of importing on plant-level environmental outcomes. We first construct a measure of energy efficiency that is net of effects arising from plants’ product baskets. We then use an event study set up to compare outcomes between importers and future importers at the time of their entry into import markets. Our design takes advantage of plants’ staggered entry into importing to address issues of selection. Our findings suggest that after they start importing, plants experience increases in their energy intensity. Plants which start importing also grow larger and more productive, and diversify their product baskets. Our results suggest that access to international markets leads to gains in scale and productivity, but not in environmental performance. This finding suggests that there is an environmental cost to learning and product diversification. |
| JEL: | D22 F10 F14 F18 O11 O33 |
| Date: | 2025–03–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2025009 |
| By: | Silva-Zambrano, Carlos; Aravena, Claudia; McLaughlin, Eoin; Viteri, Cesar |
| Abstract: | This policy brief summarises key findings from the project Hidden Barriers to Conservation-Addressing Social Acceptability to Enhance Effective Management in the Galapagos Marine Reserve, conducted by Heriot-Watt University with the support of The Rufford Foundation, in collaboration with the Charles Darwin Foundation and the Galapagos National Park Directorate. It discusses tourist attitudes towards changes in entry fee policies in the Galapagos National Park. As one of the most biodiverse places on Earth, the Galapagos face several challenges for its conservation and sustainable development, including increased anthropogenic pressure due to the rapid growth of tourism. To address this, entry fees have been adjusted for the first time in 25 years, with the aim of regulating visitor flow while generating additional resources for the national park management. Entry fees are a key tool for managing nature-based tourism, and their adjustment is essential to restoring their effectiveness. However, little is known about how these changes impact the tourism sector. By analysing tourist attitudes and perceptions during the fee increase period, this study provides recommendations to guide future entry fee adjustments and the allocation of additional funds collected. Ultimately, these recommendations aim to facilitate an effective and timely implementation of entry fee policies, supporting both the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable management of the Galapagos. |
| Keywords: | public attitudes, individual preferences, tourism management, protected areas |
| JEL: | H23 Q26 Q57 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hwuaef:315466 |
| By: | Yang, Fionna |
| Abstract: | Artikel ini membahas tentang beberapa penelitian terkait dengan topik integrasi CSR, environmental management accounting, dan management control. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis terhadap artikel yang telah ditulis oleh Dianne Frisko Koan selama tahun 2020-2017 yang memiliki topik pembahasan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode analisis dokumen menggunakan ChatGPT. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan berbagai hal yang berguna bagi praktisi bisnis dan akademisi di Indonesia, termasuk rekomendasi dan strategi untuk meningkatkan kinerja keuangan, reputasi perusahaan, dan praktik bisnis yang berkelanjutan. |
| Date: | 2023–04–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:9avyr_v1 |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Energy-Energy Resources Development Energy-Energy and Environment |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40264 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Forecasting Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Climate Change Economics Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39930 |
| By: | Shefali Khanna (LSE); Kanika Mahajan (Ashoka University); Sudarshan RSA (University of British Columbia) |
| Abstract: | Crop residue burning (CRB) is a leading cause of high air pollution in developing countries. We examine the effectiveness of India’s largest ban on CRB using a difference-in-differences strategy that exploits its implementation in select states. We find that there was a reduction in fire counts by 30% of the pre-ban mean albeit waning to near-zero two-three years after the ban. Using state-level data on fines, we show that burning initially reduced in areas where the ban was relatively better enforced, generating uncertainty for farmers. However, low levels of overall enforcement led to a return to the old status-quo. |
| Date: | 2024–12–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:136 |
| By: | Meyerrose, Anna M |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2025–04–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:globco:qt2z517160 |
| By: | Hunter, Emma (Robert Gordon University); Stone, Rebecca Ann (University of Liverpool); Greatwood, Hannah; Griffiths, Claire; Hardman, Charlotte; Douglas, Flora; Lonnie, Marta (University of Aberdeen); Green, Mark Alan (University of Liverpool); Sritharan, Nilani; Thomas, Maddie |
| Abstract: | Food insecurity (FI), is defined as unreliable access to healthy and nutritious food, and is a major health concern in higher-income countries, primarily due to its association with an increased risk of obesity. Adherence to healthy eating recommendations promotes both a healthier and more environmentally sustainable diet. Supermarket-based interventions may influence population-level food purchasing behaviour, an antecedent to consumption, however, it is unclear whether there are specific characteristics that supermarket-based interventions should employ to resonate with vulnerable groups. This scoping review aimed to explore the characteristics of supermarket-based interventions that sought to support healthier and/or more environmentally sustainable food purchasing for people living with obesity and overweight (PLWO/Ow) and/or FI. A systematic literature search identified 35 studies, representing 43 interventions, eligible for inclusion. Most interventions focused on supporting the purchase of healthy food items, with three aimed at increasing the purchase of plant-based foods. No study applied a validated measure of FI. Area-level demographic data were used to identify FI related characteristics (i.e., area of low income, low socio-economic status) and in some cases, those living with obesity. Interventions utilised the behaviour change levers of price (n=8), promotion (n=2), placement (n=7), nudges (n=4) and education (n=2), or a combination of these (n=20). High heterogeneity in the way behavioural change levers were operationalised and combined, alongside the use of proxy measures to identify FI and PLWO/Ow, presents a challenge for determining intervention characteristics which best support changes in purchasing patterns in favour of heathy, sustainable food items in this population. |
| Date: | 2025–03–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:szbgc_v1 |
| By: | Brutti, Zelda (European Commission - JRC); Freo, Marzia (European Commission - JRC); Serlenga, Laura (University of Bari) |
| Abstract: | This study showcases a new class of administrative, geo-spatial data sourced from agricultural subsidy registers as a powerful tool for agricultural policy evaluation. Beyond full national coverage and accurate identification of land use, the key novel feature of GeoSpatial Aid Application (GSAA) data consists in the ability to link agricultural parcels managed by the same farm, enabling causal analysis at the holding level. Using Spanish GSAA data, we evaluate an EU-wide environmental regulation, also unveiling the occurrence of strategic behaviour among a subgroup of farm holdings. We concisely discuss implications for future research endeavours in the agricultural policy domain. |
| Keywords: | GSAA data, geospatial data, common agricultural policy, environmental policy evaluation |
| JEL: | Q12 Q18 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jrs:wpaper:202502 |
| By: | Laura Onofri; Conrad Landis; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | The study performs a qualitative meta-analysis of literature on economic valuation of spiritual values, to possibly assess and attach them a common meaning and content. We apply the qualitative meta-analysis procedure, developed by Atkins et al. (2008), and validated by econometric analysis, to (1) literature on spiritual ecosystem services (SES) valuations studies and to (2) literature on measurement of spiritual capital impacts on economies and markets, with a focus on religious markets. Markets and economies, in fact, are complex social structures, where the spiritual values originated in environmental and ecosystem contexts might change connotation and significance. Results show that when spiritual values are expressed as nature direct consumption or instinctual feedback from nature, they seem to have a use value at personal level and a negative impact at social level (economies and institutions). When spiritual values are expressed as responsibility and connection through nature they have a non-use value at personal level and a positive impact at social level (economies and institutions). In this perspective, qualitative meta-analysis results may offer a preliminary support for a better understanding, design and implementation of quantitative and monetary valuation methods for SES and other spiritual values. |
| Keywords: | spiritual values, ecosystems, spiritual ecosystem services, spiritual capital, spiritual capital impacts on economies and markets, qualitative meta-analysis |
| JEL: | Z12 Q01 Q57 O10 |
| Date: | 2025–04–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2530 |
| By: | Iftikhar, Younas; Abbas, Kashaf |
| Abstract: | A Study on Emergency and Disaster Management |
| Date: | 2023–03–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wuknr_v1 |
| By: | Behnaz Minooei Fard; Giovanni Di Bartolomeo; Willi Semmler |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the dynamics of the global rare earth element (REE) market, with a focus on China's dominant role as the primary supplier, which is crucial for the energy transition and digitalization. Using a game-theoretic approach, the research examines a potential duopoly market structure that may emerge over time, as well as potential shifts in supply from China to other countries in this scenario. It considers China’s low marginal costs and factors like resource extraction and discoveries. Additionally, the study examines the strategic market interactions, the role of technological advancements, and policy support in shaping market outcomes. The methodology incorporates the assumption that agents have limited foresight and use a learned value function to strategically assess outcomes based on their own and others' actions while accounting for environmental constraints. |
| Keywords: | Rare earth elements; Game theory; Duopoly; Known reserves dynamics; Policy support; Relative scarcity; NMPC; Reinforcement learning |
| JEL: | C61 C7 Q3 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sap:wpaper:wp260 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Energy-Energy Conservation & Efficiency Energy-Energy Consumption Energy-Energy Policies & Economics |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40239 |
| By: | World Bank; Energy Charter Secretariat |
| Keywords: | International Economics and Trade-Foreign Direct Investment Energy-Renewable Energy |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40087 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Inflation Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Growth |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39923 |
| By: | Lagemann, Andreas; Sacht, Stephen |
| Abstract: | Currently, achieving sustainable transformation toward a carbon-dioxide-free industrial production process is one of the greatest challenges. The chemical element hydrogen used as an energy source and a basic feedstock can play an important role in reaching this goal. Our analysis is based on the CGE framework and focuses on a total switch toward hydrogen used in production in northern Germany until 2045. The simulation results indicate that such a cost-intensive procedure can lead not only to a negative development in regional GDP and employment but also to a decline in the output of heavy industries such as chemical, steel, and copper. Reverse effects are obtained in the case of further deregulation, which has the potential to increase the efficiency of an established hydrogen core network. This observation emphasizes the need to accompany the transformation process by maintaining low-level regulation. |
| Abstract: | Die nachhaltige Transformation hin zu einem kohlendioxidfreien industriellen Produktionsprozess stelle eine große Herausforderung dar. Das chemische Element Wasserstoff kann als Energieträger und Rohstoff einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Erreichung dieses Ziels leisten. Unsere Analyse basiert auf einem CGE-Modell und konzentriert sich auf eine vollständige Umstellung der Produktion auf Wasserstoff in Norddeutschland bis 2045. Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigen, dass ein solch kostenintensiver Prozess nicht nur zu einer negativen Entwicklung des regionalen BIP und der Beschäftigung, sondern auch zu einem Rückgang der Produktion in der Schwerindustrie wie der Chemie-, Stahl- und Kupferindustrie führen kann. Umgekehrte Effekte ergeben sich bei einer weiteren Deregulierung, die das Potenzial hat, die Effizienz eines bestehenden Wasserstoff-Kernnetzes zu steigern. Diese Beobachtung unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit, den Transformationsprozess durch die Beibehaltung einer dezenten Regulierung zu begleiten. |
| Keywords: | Computable General Equilibrium Model Analysis, Hydrogen Economy, Regional and Industrial Development, Northern Germany, Regulations |
| JEL: | C68 O13 Q21 R13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hwwiwp:315476 |
| By: | Marzouk, Osama A. |
| Abstract: | Using observation records of wind speeds from weather stations in the Sultanate of Oman between 2000 and 2023, we compute estimators of the two Weibull distribution parameters (namely, the Weibull distribution's shape parameter and the Weibull distribution's scale parameter) in 10 weather station locations within eight Omani governorates. The 10 weather station locations in Oman and their corresponding governorates are Seeb (in Muscat), Salalah (in Dhofar), Buraimi (in Al Buraimi), Masirah (in Ash Sharqiyah South), Thumrait (in Dhofar), Sur (in Ash Sharqiyah South), Khasab (in Musandam), Sohar (in Sohar), Fahud (in Az Zahirah), and Saiq (in Ad Dakhiliyah). The obtained wind speed distributions at these weather stations are then used to predict the annual energy production (AEP) for a proposed reference amount of 1 MWp of wind turbine capacity, and this specific AEP is designated here by the term “normalized annual energy production (NAEP).” The direction of the wind is also analyzed statistically over the same period to identify the more probable wind directions. Four locations were clearly distinguishable as being windy compared to the others. The simulated probability of exceeding a feasible 6 m/s (21.6 km/h) wind speed in these locations is 41.71% in Thumrait, 37.77% in Masirah, 29.53% in Sur, and 17.03% in Fahud. The NAEP values in these four locations are estimated as 1.727 GWh/MWp/year, 1.419 GWh/MWp/year, 1.038 GWh/MWp/year, and 0.602 GWh/MWp/year; respectively. The wind in the location of Thumrait is not only the fastest (on average) among the selected locations, but also the most unidirectional, blowing almost always from the south–south-east (SSE) direction; and both features make this non-coastal location in southern Oman, with an altitude of about 467 m, an attractive site for utility-scale wind farms. We also statistically analyze wind data in the port city of Duqm; and we show that the simulated probability of exceeding 6 m/s wind speed there is 24.04%, the estimated NAEP there is 0.927 GWh/MWp/year, and the wind direction there is approximately blowing from the south–south-west (SSW) direction most of the time. When compared to photovoltaic (PV) solar energy systems, onshore wind turbine systems with the same installed capacity appear to be less effective in Oman. This study closes a gap in the field of wind energy where no similar standardized NAEP as the one we propose is present. |
| Date: | 2025–03–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:8jvcn_v1 |
| By: | DELRE Antonio (European Commission - JRC); KOWALSKA Malgorzata Agata |
| Abstract: | The Commission performed an assessment to verify the continued suitability and relevance of the EU Ecolabel criteria for graphic paper and the EU Ecolabel criteria for tissue paper and tissue products (Commission Decision (EU) 2019/70). The result of the assessment reports that they are still up to date. However, the User Manual needs to be updated to clarify some points that appeared unclear to the respondents of a questionnaire on the subject. The analysis strongly suggests revising the EU Ecolabel criteria set by Commission Decision (EU) 2019/70 in synergy with the development of the ecodesign criteria, which should be based on the knowledge generated by the BREF for the production of pulp, paper and board. The appropriate timing for starting the EU Ecolabel criteria revision will be clearer when the ESPR Work Plan is published (scheduled for March 2025). In the event that pulp, paper and board is not included in the first ESPR Work Plan, the EU Ecolabel criteria could be revised simply based on the knowledge derived from the BREF review. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc140219 |
| By: | Schweinle, Jörg; Banse, Martin; Barrelet, Johna; Brüning, Simone; Cyffka, Karl-Friedrich; Gordillo Vera, Fernando; Iost, Susanne; Kilian, David; Omidi Saravani, Faranak; Weimar, Holger; Wilske, Burkhard |
| Abstract: | This Thünen Working Paper presents the results of the research project "Joint Project: Expansion of a systematic monitoring of the bioeconomy - consolidation phase." The project aimed to further develop the monitoring concept for the German bioeconomy and to update initial monitoring results. This Working Paper refers to the Thünen Working Paper 149 and presents updated monitoring results on the one hand, and approaches to the monitoring of substitution and the recording and tracking of import commodities and their sustainability effects on the other. |
| Keywords: | Research Research Methods/Statistical Methods, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:355887 |
| By: | Jehlik, Paul J. |
| Abstract: | The continuing transition of rural development from its old to present day form is discussed, treating varied perceptions of its goals and the continuing resolution of approaches through legislation and appropriations. Some of the goals are community development, human resources development, natural resources preservation, and a more equitable distribution of benefits. The rural development dynamics to accomplish these goals include appropriations, the projects developed by State Agricultural Experiment Stations, and community improvement research. The Rural Development Act of 1972, the first concrete legislative commitment for a joint research-extension effort toward solving rural development problems, includes program, for education, research, credit and other financial assistance, and planning. The paper also cites some rural development crises--lack of organization of development efforts, the underdevelopment process and lack of alternatives (especially in relation to the land grant universities), food and energy shortages, and the depletion of natural resources. Overall, though, the assumption is made that despite a slow start and lack of strong viable support, rural development will continue as a program of interest and action for some time to come. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:356232 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Coastal and Marine Environment Environment-Climate Change and Environment Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Investment & Savings |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39860 |
| By: | Philipp Heimberger (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a critical assessment of the new EU fiscal framework, with a focus on its implications for public expenditure on the twin green and digital transition. According to the reformed rules, member states may commit to a package of investment and reform to extend the fiscal adjustment path from four years to a maximum of seven years, provided the European Commission agrees that the package meets predefined criteria, including the contribution to EU priorities (in particular, the European Green Deal and the EU digital strategy). However, the reformed framework does not provide any broad-based exemption for public investment in the twin transition, although the necessary large expansion in public assets is rather unlikely, given the requirement to reduce public liabilities relative to output over the medium term. This implies that, if member countries want to increase green and digital public spending, they will have to make room for it either by restraining other spending items (e.g. social protection, health or education) or by increasing taxes. A major fiscal consolidation will be required in a number of (big) euro area countries from 2025 onwards to comply with the reformed EU fiscal rules. However, the temporary exemption for additional defence spending will make the overall fiscal stance in EU countries more expansionary than it would otherwise have been. There is now a political focus in the EU on industrialisation through rearmament. The pressure to go for additional deficit-financed defence spending will, however, eventually raise the share of government interest payments in total tax revenue, and the political aversion to higher fiscal deficits must be expected to exert downward pressure on public spending on the green and digital transition. Against that background, this paper discusses three options for how to boost the fiscal space for the required additional public spending on the twin transition implementing changes to key assumptions in the technical substructure of the new fiscal framework when it comes to assessing country-specific debt sustainability; expanding national co-financing of EU programmes; and introducing an EU investment fund for climate and digitalisation. |
| Keywords: | Green transition, digital transition, EU fiscal rules, public investment, fiscal policy, austerity |
| JEL: | H41 H54 H60 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:pnotes:pn:94 |
| By: | Frédéric TIBERGHIEN (Conseiller d’Etat honoraire, France) |
| Abstract: | If an increasing role is now recognized to the States as a driving force and a stakeholders mobilizer, it mainly derives from the multiplication of international treaties and of the emergence of notions such as public goods or commons to protect. They also vote laws which determine obligations or proclaim new rights. They adopt strategies, programs, action plans or outlines as well as an environmental taxation and public aids. They establish dedicated institutions or agencies and a communication to the general public. But their actions find limits: conflicts of interests, difficulties in articulating science and politics, mobilization of sufficient financial resources and of the stakeholders on shared objectives; unprepared turnarounds in case of citizens resistance or political change. If supportive factors also comfort their actions, the increasing involvement of judges recall their obligations, condemn them in case of inaction or submit them to injunctions. S’il est désormais reconnu aux Etats un rôle moteur et mobilisateur des parties prenantes, cela tient surtout à la multiplication des accords internationaux et à l’émergence de la notion de biens publics ou de communs à protéger. Ils votent aussi des lois fixant des obligations ou proclamant de nouveaux droits. Ils adoptent des stratégies, des programmes, des plans ou des schémas ainsi qu’une fiscalité environnementale et des aides publiques. Ils mettent en place des institutions dédiées et une communication grand public. Mais leurs actions rencontrent des limites : les conflits d’intérêt ; la difficulté d’articuler action publique et science ; la mobilisation de financements suffisants et des parties prenantes sur des objectifs partagés ; les revirements improvisés en cas de résistance des citoyens ou de changement politique. Si des facteurs favorables soutiennent aussi leur action, l’intervention de plus en plus fréquente des juges rappelle leurs obligations, les condamne en cas d’inaction ou leur adresse des injonctions. |
| Keywords: | Développement durable, action publique, Droit dur et droit souple, Biens publics mondiaux, biens communs, Proclamation de nouveaux droits, fiscalité environnementale, Principe pollueur-payeur, Information et éducation du public, Financement des politiques |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crc:wpaper:2407 |
| By: | Strelnyk, Olena Oleksandrivna; Yuzva, Liudmyla; Zlobina, Tamara |
| Abstract: | The research in this discussion paper explores the significant role of feminist perspectives and actions in fostering sustainable gender-transformative changes within Ukraine, particularly during the ongoing defence against Russian aggression. It highlights the ability of feminist movements to catalyse long-term shifts towards gender equality and social inclusion, with a focus on women's and LGBT+ rights. Despite the challenges of war, feminist activists continue to push for transformative policies that not only address immediate wartime needs, but also lay the foundation for gender-responsive defence, inclusive recovery and post-war reconstruction. This study examines the impact of feminist actions and perspectives on various sectors of Ukrainian society, the barriers they face and the opportunities that remain for strengthening feminist policies during and after the war. The research timeline spans 2014-2024, corresponding to the duration of Russia's war against Ukraine, with a particular emphasis on the period of the full-scale invasion from 2022 to 2024. |
| Keywords: | Gender, Ukraine, Feminism |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:313627 |
| By: | Monica Barahona-Varon; Toker Doganoglu (University of Wuerzburg); Lukasz Grzybowski (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines Eurobarometer survey data from 27, 438 individuals across 28 EU Member States in 2019 to evaluate the awareness and impact of EU Energy Labels. Specifically, we analyze the role of socioeconomic characteristics such as age, gender, education, financial stability, and political engagement. Our results suggest that individual characteristics have a greater effect on the influence of labels on purchase decisions than on label awareness. However, significant heterogeneity across countries persists even after controlling for individual characteristics. Using our model, we conduct three exercises in which we assume a policymaker can either increase label awareness among all unaware individuals or target those with specific characteristics, and we demonstrate the resulting impact on the share of people whose purchases are influenced by the label. The findings reveal that even when label awareness is at its highest level, it does not necessarily translate into substantially higher influence on purchasing decisions in some countries. Additionally, at the country level, certain socioeconomic and political variables are positively correlated with label awareness. |
| Keywords: | European Green Deal, Ecodesign Directive, Energy-efficiency |
| JEL: | D12 Q41 Q48 C83 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2024-25 |
| By: | Kishore, P.; Roy, D.; Birthal, P.S.; Srivastava, S.K. |
| Abstract: | Policy supported technology-led intensification of agriculture has led to significant increases in agricultural productivity and food supplies in India. However, of late its negative externalities to natural resources, especially groundwater in semi-arid north-western region comprising the states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan have become visible. Recognizing this, Punjab and Haryana brought out almost an identical groundwater regulation in 2009 which aligned sowing of water-guzzling paddy crop towards onset of the monsoon to prevent falling groundwater level. This paper reveals reveal that overextraction of groundwater continued even the regulation being in force. This perverse outcome could be due policy offsets such as highly subsidized electric power for irrigation, excessive procurement of paddy at minimum support price, stagnation in investment in major and medium irrigation schemes, and lack of incentives for crop diversification and adoption of water-saving technologies. It suggests a holistic approach for groundwater management, encompassing policies, technologies, incentives, institutions, and regulations. I am sure that policymakers will take due cognizance of this while designing a framework for groundwater governance. |
| Keywords: | Dairy Production/Industries, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:icar24:344994 |
| By: | Anton Yang (Yale University); Jianwei Ai (Renmin University of China); Costas Arkolakis (Yale University) |
| Abstract: | We introduce a new methodology to detect and measure economic activity using geospatial data and apply it to steel production, a major industrial pollution source worldwide. Combining plant output data with geospatial data, such as ambient air pollutants, nighttime lights, and temperature, we train machine learning models to predict plant locations and output. We identify about 40% (70%) of plants missing from the training sample within a 1 km (5 km) radius and achieve R2 above 0.8 for output prediction at a 1 km grid and at the plant level, as well as for both regional and time series validations. Our approach can be adapted to other industries and regions, and used by policymakers and researchers to track and measure industrial activity in near real time. |
| Date: | 2025–04–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cwl:cwldpp:2435 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Coastal and Marine Environment Environment-Environmental Economics & Policies |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:39988 |
| By: | Thünen Institute Forest Sector Modelling (Ed.) |
| Abstract: | This working paper details the underlying structure of the Timber market Model for policy-Based Analysis - TiMBA - as well as the data and parameters used for modeling. TiMBA is a partial economic equilibrium model for the global forest sector. The market equilibrium is subject to market clearance and constraints, balancing raw materials, product manufacturing, and consumption while limiting international trade (Paul A. Samuelson 1952). The model structure distinguishes three types of roundwood (fuelwood, coniferous and non-coniferous industrial roundwood), two additional raw products for paper production (other fiber pulp and waste paper), two intermediate products (mechanical and chemical wood pulp) and eight finished products (coniferous and non-coniferous sawnwood, veneer sheets and plywood, particle board, fibreboard, newsprint, printing and writing paper, and other paper and paperboard). Except for sawnwood, intermediate and end products are produced from a mix of coniferous and non-coniferous industrial roundwood... |
| Keywords: | Land Economics/Use, Production Economics, Productivity Analysis |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:355886 |
| By: | Francis Addeah Darko; Akankshita Dey; Ritadhi, S. K. |
| Abstract: | This study examines the complex relationships between rainfall shocks, agricultural productivity, and rural economic activity in Rajasthan, India’s largest state. Using district-level agricultural data from 1990 to 2015, enterprise surveys from 2010 to 2016, and household consumption data from 2014 to 2016, the research analyzes three key relationships. First, positive rainfall shocks increase agricultural productivity by approximately 7 percent compared to negative shocks, with irrigation infrastructure significantly moderating this effect. Second, these weather-induced agricultural productivity changes have substantial spillover effects on rural non-farm enterprises, particularly those engaged in retail trade. Specifically, positive rainfall shocks in-crease enterprise revenues by 25.7 percent and value-addition by 30.3 percent, primarily through increased local demand for non-tradable goods. Third, rural household consumption responds positively to favorable rainfall conditions, with monthly per capita expenditures increasing by 6 percent during positive rainfall shocks. This increase is predominantly driven by higher spending on luxury goods rather than essential items, supporting the demand-side channel through which weather shocks affect non-farm enterprise performance. These findings highlight the strong interconnections between agricultural conditions and non-farm economic activity in rural areas, with important implications for policies aimed at building rural economic resilience in the context of increasing weather variability. |
| Date: | 2025–03–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11079 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Growth Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Climate Change Economics Environment-Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40053 |
| By: | Tetsuji Okazaki (The Faculty of Economics, Meiji Gakuin University, The Cann Institte for Global Studies (CIGS), and The University of Tokyo); Toshihiro Okubo (Faculty of Economics, Keio University); Eric Strobl (Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Sciences, University of Bern) |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tky:fseres:2025cf1246 |
| By: | Strupat, Christoph; Schäferhoff, Marco; Siegel, Martin; Hornidge, Anna-Katharina |
| Abstract: | At a time of global crisis and competing priorities, investing in health is among the most impactful and cost-effective decisions governments and stakeholders can make. Beyond being a fundamental right, health is a catalyst for growth, stability and resilience - particularly in uncertain times. The new Global Health 2050: the path to halving premature death by mid-century (Global Health 2050) report (Jamison et al., 2024) of the Lancet Commission on Investing in Health (the Commission) builds on a legacy of evidence-driven reports to provide strategies for making health a cross-cutting enabler of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Global Health 2050 provides a roadmap for further health improvements in all countries by mid-century, arguing that by 2050 countries can reduce by 50% the probability of premature death (PPD) in their populations. The Commission calls this goal "50 by 50". Germany has solidified its role in global health through significant investments in the health sector and by designating global health as a political priority, as demonstrated by its Global Health Strategy and the inclusion of global health as one of the core themes of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). Given this political priority, it is essential to assess the implications of the Global Health 2050 report for Germany's global health agenda, especially as global health stands at a crossroads following the withdrawal of the United States (US) from the World Health Organization (WHO) and cuts to its global health programmes. Therefore, the aim of this policy brief is to build upon the Commission's findings and draw from scientific evidence to provide key recommendations for Germany's global health agenda. Five recommendations have been synthesised that align with Germany's global health engagement and offer promising strategies to help achieve the 50 by 50 goal: 1. Sustain or ideally increase funding for the Gavi, The Vaccine Alliance, and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria at the upcoming replenishment conferences and strengthen Germany's global health leadership through strong bilateral support, investments in pandemic preparedness and response (PPR) and better interministerial coordination. 2. Reconsider non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in future strategic direction of German international cooperation by reducing financial and geo-graphical barriers to access to medicines and addressing key NCD risk factors. 3. Promote health taxes on tobacco, alcohol, and sugar-sweetened beverages that can serve as an effective strategy to improve public health and generate domestic revenue. 4. Increase funding for R&D in neglected diseases. Expand regional manufacturing, and enhance global health innovation coordination to strength-en global health security and reduce dependence on external supply chains. 5. Nepal serves as a good example of Germany's bilateral health and social protection support: advancing the 50 by 50 goal could be achieved by strengthening national health insurance, addressing climate risks, expanding health taxes and enhancing pharmaceutical access through the Arrow mechanism. |
| Keywords: | Global Health, Lancet report, policy recommendations |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:idospb:315212 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Conditions and Volatility Environment-Natural Disasters Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Inflation |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40068 |
| By: | Diana Carolina Garcia Rojas; Nishant Yonzan; Christoph Lakner |
| Abstract: | Global income inequality captures income differences among all individuals around the world. Global inequality around the world increased from 1820 to 1990 as incomes in richer countries grew faster than incomes in relatively poorer countries. However, these trends were reversed over the three decades starting in 1990. Inequality among all citizens of the world decreased as populous and relatively poorer countries, in particular China, reduced the income gap with richer parts of the world. Growth in average incomes played a critical role in this reduction, with differences within countries contributing relatively little. The Covid-19 pandemic abruptly halted the reduction in global income inequality and was responsible for the largest increase in global income inequality in at least three decades. The future of global inequality largely depends on how incomes grow in various parts of the world. If the trends of the last three decades continue, inequality may increase as growth in those countries that drove the reduction in inequality now contributes to increasing inequality, since these countries are in the upper part of the global distribution. However, if poorer countries today grow faster than their richer peers, global inequality could continue to fall. Climate adaptation and mitigation challenges will play an increasing role in shaping country-level growth trends and thus the changes in global income inequality. |
| Date: | 2025–03–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11093 |
| By: | Hagmann, David (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology); Liao, Yi-tsen; Chater, Nick; Loewenstein, George |
| Abstract: | Policy challenges can typically be addressed both through systemic changes (e.g., taxes and mandates) and by encouraging individual behavior change. In this paper, we propose that, while in principle complementary, systemic and individual perspectives can compete for the limited attention of people and policymakers. Thus, directing policies in one of these two ways can distract the public’s attention from the other—an “attentional opportunity cost.” In two pre-registered experiments (n = 1, 800) covering three high-stakes domains (climate change, retirement savings, and public health), we show that when people learn about policies targeting individual behavior (such as awareness campaigns), they are more likely to themselves propose policies that target individual behavior, and to hold individuals rather than organizational actors responsible for solving the problem, than are people who learned about systemic policies (such as taxes and mandates, Study 1). This shift in attribution of responsibility has behavioral consequences: people exposed to individual interventions are more likely to donate to an organization that educates individuals rather than one seeking to effect systemic reforms (Study 2). Policies targeting individual behavior may, therefore, have the unintended consequence of redirecting attention and attributions of responsibility away from systemic change to individual behavior. |
| Date: | 2023–04–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:z2vwb_v1 |
| By: | J Anthony Cookson; Emily Gallagher; Philip Mulder |
| Abstract: | Most homeowners do not have enough insurance coverage to rebuild their house after a total loss. Using contract-level data from 24 homeowner's insurance companies in Colorado, we show wide differences in average underinsurance across insurers that persist conditional on policyholder characteristics. Underinsurance matters for disaster recovery. Across households that lost homes to a major wildfire, each 10 percentage point increase in underinsurance reduces the likelihood of filing a rebuilding permit within a year of the fire by 4 percentage points. To understand why consumers purchase underinsured policies, we build a discrete choice insurance demand model. The results suggest that policyholders treat insurers that write less coverage as if they set lower premiums, forgoing options to get more coverage at the same premium from other insurers — a pattern we call coverage neglect. Our findings suggest that coverage limits are either not salient to consumers or difficult to estimate without the input of insurance agents. Under a counterfactual without coverage neglect, consumer surplus increases by $290 per year, or 10 percent of annual premiums, on average |
| Keywords: | Disaster Insurance; Disaster Recovery; Information Frictions and Limited Attention; Insurance Demand |
| JEL: | G22 G41 G52 G53 Q54 R22 |
| Date: | 2025–03–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:99690 |
| By: | Andreas Gerster (Johannes-Gutenberg University, Germany); Manuel Frondel (RWI – Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Germany); Kathrin Kaestner (RWI – Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Germany); Michael Pahle (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany); Puja Singhal (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Premium programs are seen as a politically attractive substitute for Pigouvian taxes to establish incentives for energy conservation, particularly when energy prices are high. Using an incentive-compatible survey experiment with almost 4, 500 participants, this paper analyzes consumers’ uptake of a savings premium paid when a household reaches a pre-defined energy conservation target. We find that the financial benefit of a savings premium motivates only 11 percent of households to opt for it. 42 percent of households never take part, irrespective of generous premium payments of up to 1, 500 euros. The remaining households prefer the conditional payment under the premium program to an equally large unconditional amount, which indicates that they use the premium program as a commitment device. Our findings challenge the view that premium programs and taxes are equivalent resource conservation policies. In particular, they imply that generous premium programs will be largely ineffective. |
| Keywords: | Energy conservation, commitment devices, goal setting, savings premium |
| JEL: | D12 D91 Q41 |
| Date: | 2025–03–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jgu:wpaper:2504 |
| By: | Espejo, Irene Ruiz; Bastable, Emily; Boxall, Jessica; Jacob, Chandni; Norton, Frankie; Pathak, Pathik |
| Abstract: | Background: The latest military assault on Gaza by Israel, which began after 7 October 2023, has led to an unprecedented humanitarian catastrophe, with tens of thousands killed, nearly two million displaced, and famine officially declared in 2024. The near-total siege cut off food, water, electricity, and medical supplies, while relentless bombardments destroyed critical infrastructure, rendering Gaza unliveable. Many donor nations have simultaneously provided humanitarian aid to Gaza while supplying military assistance to Israel, underscoring the structural hypocrisy in international responses to the catastrophe in Gaza. Methods: In this article, we introduce and develop the concept of justice-oriented counter-stories (JOCS) to critically examine how quantitative datasets on humanitarian aid flows can distort reality and obscure key disparities. Using aid to Gaza in 2023–2024 as a case study, we apply JOCS to identify biases in official reporting and make statistical adjustments to offer an alternative perspective. Results: Our justice-oriented analytical lens shows how the countries humanitarian aid rankings shift significantly when we factor in donor nations’ GDP, and the structural hypocrisy of offering humanitarian aid while simultaneously providing significant military assistance to Israel. Our paper also identifies some of the key methodological challenges in making such adjustments. Conclusion: We conclude by emphasising the broader implications of “justice-oriented counter-stories” for understanding not only aid flows, but social justice and the representation of social and environmental issues. |
| Date: | 2025–03–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:7zygu_v1 |