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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Manning, Mark; Bowhay, Riona; Bowman, Megan; Knaack, Peter; Sachs, Lisa E.; Smolenska, Agnieszka; Stewart, Fiona; Tayler, Thomas; Toledano, Perrine; Walkate, Harald |
| Abstract: | Strategic, credible and suitably ambitious national transition planning could enhance confidence and trust in countries’ climate and sustainability commitments and mitigate legal challenge – steering a fair transition to net zero, while advancing climate resilience, sustainable development and energy security goals. This Handbook is designed to guide government decision-makers as they develop national transition plans and processes. The Handbook provides guidance, reference material and practical, in-depth examples across five action areas of recommendations. The principles behind these recommendations are introduced in an accompanying policy report, Taking the lead on climate action and sustainable development: recommendations for strategic national transition planning at the centre of a whole-of-system climate response. The two reports are designed to be read together. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2024–09–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129315 |
| By: | Calacino, Anthony (University of Oxford); Martinez-Alvarez, Cesar |
| Abstract: | Are policies that contribute to reducing climate vulnerability electorally advantageous? Political science has long studied the politics of carbon dioxide mitigation, but we know less about the political logic of climate impacts. As adaptation lies at the intersection of environmental, social, and disaster policy, its electoral effects are puzzling from a theoretical perspective. We address this gap by studying a program to improve the ability of households to withstand episodes of water scarcity in Mexico City, implemented between presidential cycles. In contrast to conventional forms of social policy, this intervention prioritizes building future resilience instead of immediate material benefits. We take advantage of the means-tested nature of the program to reduce imbalances between treated and control neighbors and estimate a difference-in-differences to evaluate its impact on electoral outcomes. We find that neighborhoods receiving this adaptation policy had, on average, higher levels of support for the party in charge of its implementation at the presidential and gubernatorial levels, compared to similar neighborhoods that did not receive the program. We also posit that reductions in reliance on inadequate water sources are a mechanism that explains this result. Our findings suggest that climate adaptation may be less contentious than mitigation, therefore giving politicians strong incentives to implement them. Moreover, we contribute to the climate politics literature by providing a theoretical framework to understand the political logic of adaptation action, regardless of its specific form or domain. |
| Date: | 2025–08–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:24jkx_v1 |
| By: | Seifert, Stefan; Low, Guy; Kodama, Wataru; Britz, Wolfgang; Heckelei, Thomas; Hüttel, Silke |
| Abstract: | Climate change impacts farms’ risk profiles and farms’ expected returns; yet farms seem to be reluctant to invest into adaption measures. Previous literature suggests that delayed adaptation is due to the real option nature of such investments: irreversibility, flexibility in timing, and (economic) uncertainty. We test these theoretical considerations by empirically examining irrigation uptake among Danish farms. We consider production inefficiency, market and weather risk, and experienced climate extremes as determinants of irrigation adoption behavior. Our analysis uses a panel of 1, 104 farm-level observations from the FADN for 2007–2020 combined with weather, climate and price data. We model farms’ persistent inefficiency using a 4-component stochastic frontier; a panel logit quantifying the effects of inefficiency, climate extremes, and price and weather volatility on adoption. Our results align with predictions from real options theory: higher market uncertainty lowers adoption rates, whereas exposure to extreme drought increases the probability of investing. Results also suggest that crop-market signals matter, suggested by higher adoption rates under greater potato price volatility, indicating anticipatory investment when upside price risk is salient. We find that higher farm-level efficiency is associated with a lower propensity to invest, pointing either to substitution toward other risk-management or yield-enhancing strategies, or to less binding water constraints on already efficient farms. Our current results therefore suggest that additional policy initiatives may be required to foster adaptation levels adequate for expected climate change development. |
| Keywords: | Irrigation investment, Real option, Climate Extremes, Denmark |
| JEL: | Q12 D20 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esconf:324746 |
| By: | Andrés Ham (Universidad de los Andes); Emmanuel Vazquez (CEDLAS-IIE-FCE-UNLP); Monica Yanez-Pagans (Education Global Practice. The World Bank) |
| Abstract: | Transitioning toward sustainable development practices is expected to result in broad changes to economic activity, which will subsequently impact labor markets and change the demand for skills. India established the Skill Council for Green Jobs to identify green jobs and define the skills required for these occupations. This paper applies the Skill Council for Green Jobs definition of green jobs and an international definition of carbon-intensive jobs to data from the 2019-20 Periodic Labour Force Survey to estimate the size of green and carbon-intensive employment, document patterns between and within occupations, characterize workers by attributes and skills, and study wage differentials. The results highlight the importance of monitoring green and carbonintensive jobs with robust labor market monitoring systems to guide decisions on the sustainability transition and suggest key aspects to consider when investing in green skills and the potential distributive consequences of sustainability policies on the population. |
| JEL: | J23 J24 J49 Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dls:wpaper:0354 |
| By: | Xiyuan Zhou; Xinlei Wang; Xiang Fei; Wenxuan Liu; Bai-Chen Xie; Junhua Zhao |
| Abstract: | In response to China's national carbon neutrality goals, this study examines how corporate carbon emissions disclosure affects the financial performance of Chinese A-share listed companies. Leveraging artificial intelligence tools, including natural language processing, we analyzed emissions disclosures for 4, 336 companies from 2017 to 2022. The research demonstrates that high-quality carbon disclosure positively impacts financial performance with higher stock returns, improved return on equity, increased Tobin's Q ratio, and reduced stock price volatility. Our findings underscore the emerging importance of carbon transparency in financial markets, highlighting how environmental reporting can serve as a strategic mechanism to create corporate value and adapt to climate change. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2508.17423 |
| By: | Jonas Heim; Thomas Nitschka |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates whether CO2 emission levels or emission intensities are firm characteristics that drive Swiss firms’ stock returns. We show that standard characteristics such as size and the book-to-market equity ratio are more important determinants of firm-level stock returns than are CO2 levels (intensities). Brown firms (high CO2 levels or intensities) tend to be large and exhibit low book-to-market equity ratios, whereas their green counterparts are small and exhibit high book-to-market equity ratios. This explains why return differences between brown and green firms are statistically indistinguishable from zero after controlling for exposures to standard risk factors. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, CO2 emissions, Event study, Risk premium |
| JEL: | G12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:snb:snbwpa:2025-13 |
| By: | Mweemba, C. E.; Amarnath, G.; van Koppen, B. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Climate Change, Crop Production/Industries |
| Date: | 2024–12–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:369087 |
| By: | Manning, Mark; Bowhay, Riona; Bowman, Megan; Knaack, Peter; Sachs, Lisa E.; Smolenska, Agnieszka; Stewart, Fiona; Tayler, Thomas; Toledano, Perrine; Walkate, Harald |
| Abstract: | This report develops a set of principles-based recommendations for strategic national transition planning. The guidance is designed to steer, accelerate and coordinate whole-of-government and whole-of-economy action towards a just, low-emissions, climate-resilient and nature-positive future, while advancing sustainable development and energy security goals. On current policies, the world is significantly off-track in meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement. Given the scale of transformation required across the economy, governments must play a decisive role at the centre of a whole-of-system response – including through national transition planning. The report is accompanied by a Handbook to strategic national transition planning that contains supplementary guidance and examples. The two reports are designed to be read together. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2024–09–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129339 |
| By: | Jena, Pratap Kumar; Paltasingh, Kirtti Ranjan; Mohapatra, Souryabrata; Mishra, Ashok |
| Abstract: | Weather variability disrupts food grain production and agricultural sustainability. While existing literature highlights the stationary relationship between weather variables and agricultural outcomes, it often overlooks their bearing on land use changes. This study investigates the dynamic effects of weather variations on crop yields, farmland use and intensity in Odisha, India, using district-level data from 2001-18. By employing a panel autoregressive distributive lag model, we assess long-and short-term relationships between weather parameters and agricultural yields. Results reveal a negative yield elasticity to rainfall deviation, ranging from-0.16 for wheat to-0.48 for green gram in the long term. In the short term, however, elasticity is positive for some pulses (green gram, urad) and oilseeds (groundnuts). Rainfall deviation and maximum temperature adversely affect the rate and intensity of farmland use but enhance crop diversification in both the short and long term. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Crop yield response; Land use intensity; Panel ARDL model; Odisha, India |
| JEL: | C33 Q15 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125806 |
| By: | Josué, ANDRIANADY |
| Abstract: | Madagascar, highly vulnerable to climate change, faces a significant climate finance deficit, securing only USD 385 million in 2022 against the USD 13.4 billion needed by 2030, as outlined in its Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC2). This study examines the barriers limiting Madagascar’s access to global climate finance, including weak institutional and technical capacities, a global bias favoring mitigation over adaptation, and heavy reliance on multilateral donors like the World Bank, which contributed 55\% of 2022 funding. Analysis of financial flows from 2015–2022 reveals volatile funding patterns, with peaks driven by large-scale projects and troughs reflecting institutional constraints. The energy sector dominates allocations, marginalizing critical adaptation needs in agriculture and water management. To bridge this gap, the paper proposes strengthening institutional capacity through centralized coordination, advocating for equitable global finance at forums like COP, and scaling innovative mechanisms such as local-currency green bonds and partnerships with PROGREEN and PROBLUE. Enhanced regulatory frameworks and transparency are critical to attract private investment and ensure equitable resource distribution. These systemic reforms, combining domestic action and international cooperation, are essential for Madagascar to achieve resilient, sustainable development amidst escalating climate risks. |
| Keywords: | Climate finance, Madagascar, Adaptation, Mitigation, Institutional capacity, Funding gap, Multilateral donors, World Bank, Green bonds, Public-private partnerships, Transparency, Regulatory frameworks, Vulnerability, Resilience, NDC2, COP26, Energy sector, Agriculture |
| JEL: | G00 G32 Q5 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125620 |
| By: | Probowo Erawan Sastroredjo; Marcel Ausloos; Polina Khrennikova |
| Abstract: | Through its initiative known as the Climate Change Act (2008), the Government of the United Kingdom encourages corporations to enhance their environmental performance with the significant aim of reducing targeted greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2050. Previous research has predominantly assessed this encouragement favourably, suggesting that improved environmental performance bolsters governmental efforts to protect the environment and fosters commendable corporate governance practices among companies. Studies indicate that organisations exhibiting strong corporate social responsibility (CSR), environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria, or high levels of environmental performance often engage in lower occurrences of tax avoidance. However, our findings suggest that an increase in environmental performance may paradoxically lead to a rise in tax avoidance activities. Using a sample of 567 firms listed on the FTSE All Share from 2014 to 2022, our study finds that firms associated with higher environmental performance are more likely to avoid taxation. The study further documents that the effect is more pronounced for firms facing financial constraints. Entropy balancing, propensity score matching analysis, the instrumental variable method, and the Heckman test are employed in our study to address potential endogeneity concerns. Collectively, the findings of our study suggest that better environmental performance helps explain the variation in firms tax avoidance practices. |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2509.08450 |
| By: | Wingenroth, Jordan (Resources for the Future); Bartuska, Ann (Resources for the Future); Wear, David N. (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Anticipated growth in renewable energy will substantially curtail the US energy sector’s greenhouse gas emissions but has implications for land-based sectors of the economy. US climate policies and energy markets now provide especially strong incentives for expanding solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity. As a result, conversion of agricultural and forested lands to utility-scale solar facilities has accelerated over the past decade. Energy projections indicate a rapid expansion in the rate of solar development and land use changes, especially where high electricity demand coincides with access to transmission infrastructure. This implies a concentration of effects on ecosystem services. Rising public alarm regarding solar siting, initially focused on agricultural land, portends challenges for land-based sectors and the clean energy transition.This report provides a rapid assessment of potential conversions of forestland to solar facilities. We evaluate the current land use footprint of solar facilities in the United States and land use conversions to support solar production. We examine the policy structures that currently organize the development of solar capacity and evaluate the potential for future land use change. And we explore the associated economic and ecological implications of changes, social concerns, and emerging policy responses.Our analysis starts with a survey of the literature on solar land use, compilation of available data, and development of a simple projection model. Because the published literature on forest conversion is sparse, we also sought out experts in state forestry organizations, the land trust community, and the energy sector, and we interviewed them about the scope and scale of forest conversion to solar farms, as well as ways in which stakeholders may be affected. We specifically sought insights into patterns of conversion, data sources, and societal issues (e.g., equity, loss of wildlife habitat). Interviewees also weighed in on emerging policies aimed at mitigating the consequences of solar conversions.As is the case for land development more broadly, converting forests and native grasslands to solar facilities alters the provision of ecosystem services, ranging from commodities such as timber and carbon storage to public goods related to water quality, species’ habitat, recreation, and aesthetics. Consequences include those that accrue to deforestation in general but also issues specific to solar operations. The spatial concentration of solar development implies an uneven distribution of effects. As well as balancing the provision of renewable energy with loss of valuable ecosystem services, best practices for the design of new facilities need to address local communities’ concerns. At all levels of government, policy is still adapting to the challenges associated with solar-driven land use change. |
| Date: | 2025–02–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-25-02 |
| By: | Krosnick, Jon A. (Resources for the Future); McDonald, Jared; MacInnis, Bo |
| Abstract: | Scholars have shown that low-income communities and communities of color suffer worse outcomes than affluent and whiter communities in the domains of housing (Grinstein-Weiss et al., 2020), policing (Davis et al., 2018; Glaser 2014), healthcare (World Health Organization, 2018), and education (Brown, 2010; Noltemeyer et al., 2012). Yet for many years, issues related to the environment and climate change were viewed as distinct from those related to justice and fairness. People who engaged in environmentalism were perceived as working on a “rich person’s problem, ” and this perception was especially strong among poorer individuals (Laidley, 2013; Latkin et al., 2021).However, more recently, scholars and community members have increasingly viewed the issue of climate change through the prism of justice and fairness. This realization about the inequitable effects of climate change is the foundation of the environmental justice movement, which has existed since the 1960s, to address the unfair exposure of people in lower-income communities and communities of color to the harms of pollution and the general degradation of the natural environment (Schlosberg, 2007). The first generation of environmental justice scholarship in the 1980s and 1990s focused on the location of toxic waste near low-income communities and communities of color (Bullard, 1990; Chavis and Lee, 1987). More recently, the field has expanded to recognize climate change as having important and unequal effects on some segments of society (Vanderheiden, 2016).As natural disasters and instances of extreme heat result in property damage, displacement, hospitalizations, and even death, experts note that many of the negative consequences of climate change are borne disproportionately by people with fewer resources—individuals who often are members of lower-income communities or communities of color (Mohai et al., 2009).Environmental injustice as it relates to climate change may stem from three sources of inequality. First, poorer and minority groups may live in places that put them at increased risk for particular climate-related events. For example, in cities, the abundance of concrete and scarcity of trees in impoverished neighborhoods create “urban heat islands, ” which lead lower-income people or people of color to experience higher temperatures than communities with more high-income or white people in the same city (Harlan et al., 2006).Second, economically disadvantaged Americans may be less resilient to the effects of climate change. They have fewer resources to prepare for, respond to, and recover from heat and extreme weather. These factors make them especially vulnerable in the future, as climate change increases the frequency and severity of extreme weather and wildfires (Environmental Protection Agency, 2022).Increased risk and lower resiliency may be addressed through effective government policies, which brings us to the third source of inequality: differential government responsiveness. Although local, state, and federal governments may be able to help lower-income communities and communities of color invest in mitigation efforts, many experts have found that government has done more to help affluent and whiter communities prepare for and recover from climate change-related weather events. Policies that are intended to help all people recover after a disaster may inadvertently exacerbate issues of inequality, helping wealthier and whiter homeowners more than lower-income people and people of color.Extensive literature has shown that Black and Hispanic Americans, by virtue of their personal experiences with environmental deprivation, have been more concerned about issues of the environment than white Americans (Jones, 1998, 2002; Jones and Carter, 1994; Jones and Rainey, 2006; Mohai, 2003; Taylor, 1989). Although much of this research has focused on the immediate local environment, being personally exposed to the negative consequences of climate change could create similar patterns in public opinion, especially as extreme weather events associated with climate change have direct and local impacts.In light of the multitude of climate change-related problems facing lower-income people and people of color in the United States, and given the solutions proposed by policy advocates, we explored a number of questions related to environmental justice with the 2024 Climate Insights Survey. We wondered: do poorer people or richer people view climate change as a greater threat to them personally? Are people of color aware of their increased vulnerability to the negative effects of climate change? Given the disproportionate risks faced by and the lower resiliency of lower-income communities, do people in the United States view climate change as more likely to hurt poorer people than richer people? Finally, do people support government policies intended to address environmental injustices in the United States, and what factors predict that support? |
| Date: | 2024–12–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-24-26 |
| By: | Seyhan Sevde Cagiran (CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Amélie Bourceret (CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sophie Drogué (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | The main challenge facing the agricultural landscapes of the Mediterranean and North African regions is not only climate change, but also the degradation of ecosystem services and the loss of biodiversity. The aim of this study is to investigate the adoption of agroecology as a solution to these problems by farmers in a case study in Algeria. To begin with, we determine the farmers' position in the agricultural system and their relationship with other components of the system using Ostrom's Social-Ecological System framework (SESF) (2009). In this step, we also identify the factors that affect farmers' decision-making processes. Subsequently, we enhance an existing bio-economic model with the outcomes of the previous step in order to assess farmer's adoption to agroecology. Finally, using bio-economic model we will determine policy scenarios to accelerate of agroecological transition. |
| Keywords: | Bioeconomic model, Agroecology, North Africa |
| Date: | 2024–06–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05216202 |
| By: | Fraas, Arthur G. (Resources for the Future); Joiner, Emily (Resources for the Future); Lee, Brielle; Liu, Krystal |
| Abstract: | Growing demand for electricity and increased interest in affordable clean energy sources have created a rich economic opportunity for renewable energy developers in recent years. However, developers have long expressed frustration with the myriad obstacles to building new generation projects—in particular, selecting a site and securing the necessary leases and federal permits. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) establishes a process of environmental review that is compulsory for any major action, including the financing of solar and wind projects and construction of utility-scale renewable energy projects on federal lands. Utility -scale projects are projects with a capacity greater than 20 megawatts (AC), as FERC has adopted 20 megawatts as the cut-off for large merchant generators. 20 megawatt or greater capacity is considered competitive for wholesale power markets (NARUC and U.S. AID n.d.; Urban Grid 2019). Its requirements are often mentioned as a major obstacle to renewable energy development, but does the NEPA process significantly delay renewable energy projects? Would adjustments to NEPA accelerate the clean energy transition? We examine the experience for solar, wind, and geothermal power plants that completed the NEPA process from 2009 to 2023 to provide new insights into these questions. Over this period, we find that the solar and wind projects subject to NEPA review account for only a small fraction of the total utility-scale renewable capacity brought online from 2010 through 2023. These renewable projects completed the formal NEPA process in less time than the average time for all project types across all federal agencies. Almost two-thirds of these solar and wind projects did so within one to two years; however, a number of the remaining projects required substantially longer. |
| Date: | 2025–08–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-25-14 |
| By: | Gries, Thomas (University of Paderborn); Naudé, Wim (RWTH Aachen University) |
| Abstract: | We present a model of economic growth that bridges Green Growth and Degrowth perspectives. The model demonstrates that a minimum physical per capita consumption level can be maintained without recourse to tech-optimism, and moreover with degrowth in material resource throughput - respecting planetary boundaries. We critically discuss the assumptions necessary for this result, explore relaxing these, and illustrate that eventually a full transition to renewable energy and materials will be needed to sustain consumption levels in a post-growth economy. We identify areas for future growth modelling, emphasising that these require genuine interdisciplinary cooperation. |
| Keywords: | post-growth, degrowth, economic growth, green growth, sustainability |
| JEL: | O44 Q32 Q56 Q55 |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18110 |
| By: | Halkos, George; Aslanidis, Panagiotis-Stavros |
| Abstract: | The present report assesses the Greek inclusive wealth over 1990–2020 using the Inclusive Wealth Index (IWI), decomposing human, produced, and natural capital and benchmarking against the EU-28. The results show that the produced capital expanded markedly but plateaued after the financial crisis of 2008. Furthermore, the human capital per capita remains ~46% below the EU average, reflecting gaps in education, ICT and managerial skills, labour productivity, and the effects of brain drain and regional disparities. Essentially, the natural capital has been pressured by biodiversity loss, deforestation, marine pollution, and limited circular-economy uptake. Overall, these dynamics place Greece in the lower-middle tier of EU countries for inclusive wealth, therefore, the report outlines priorities to close the gap. The proposed policies target, one the one hand on human capital, by strengthening tertiary and vocational pathways, fostering innovation and university and industry linkages, expanding female employment, enhancing ICT skills, and rebuilding institutional trust. On the other hand on natural capital, through strategies on sustainable forest and land management, marine ecosystem protection, circular-economy incentives, and recognition of socio-cultural ecosystem services to support conservation and eco-tourism. To conclude, the improvement of human and natural capitals is pivotal for long-term wellbeing, intergenerational equity, and alignment with the EU sustainability agenda. |
| Keywords: | Inclusive wealth; beyond GDP; sustainable development; Greece. |
| JEL: | E01 O44 Q01 Q50 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–08–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125927 |
| By: | Zakirov, Bekzod |
| Abstract: | Critical raw materials (CRMs) and rare earth elements (REEs) are emerging as strategic resources driving the global energy transition and digital transformation, with demand projected to rise sharply over the coming decades. This paper examines Uzbekistan’s growing role in the critical minerals economy, analyzing its mineral endowments, policy reforms, and positioning within shifting geopolitical supply chains. It reviews global strategies of major powers, assesses Uzbekistan’s assets, governance challenges, and foreign investment patterns, and identifies risks related to environmental standards and overreliance on single partners. The study argues that Uzbekistan can leverage its resource base to advance green industrialization and economic diversification if it adopts transparent governance, strengthens domestic processing capacity, and pursues a balanced, multipolar partnership strategy. Policy recommendations are offered to integrate the sector into sustainable development objectives and avoid the pitfalls of resource dependency. |
| Keywords: | critical minerals, rare earth elements, Uzbekistan, supply chains, green industrialization, resource governance |
| JEL: | F52 |
| Date: | 2025–08–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125749 |
| By: | Coppens, Léo; Dietz, Simon; Venmans, Frank |
| Abstract: | We analyse the large and diverse literature on technical change in integrated assessment models (IAMs) of climate change, with a view to understanding how different representations of technical change affect optimal climate policy. We first solve an analytical IAM that features several models of technical change from the literature, including exogenous technical change in abatement technologies, exogenous decarbonisation of the economy, endogenous technical change via learning-by-doing, and endogenous technical change via R&D (in particular, directed technical change). We show how these models of technical change impact optimal carbon prices, emissions and temperatures in often quite different ways. We then survey how technical change is currently represented in the main quantitative IAMs used to inform policy, demonstrating that a range of approaches are used. Exogenous technical change in abatement technologies and learning-by-doing are most popular, although the latter mechanism is only partially endogenous in some models. We go on to quantify technical change in these policy models using structural estimation, and simulate our analytical IAM numerically, assessing the effect of technical change on optimal climate policy. We find large quantitative effects of technical change and large quantitative differences between different representations of technical change, both under cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness objectives. |
| Keywords: | climate change; cost-benefit analysis; directed technical change; induced innovation; integrated assessment models; learning-by-doing; technical change |
| JEL: | C61 O30 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–09–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129025 |
| By: | Georges da Costa (IRIT-SEPIA - Système d’exploitation, systèmes répartis, de l’intergiciel à l’architecture - IRIT - Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - TMBI - Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse); Atom Deutsch-Filippi (IRIT-SEPIA - Système d’exploitation, systèmes répartis, de l’intergiciel à l’architecture - IRIT - Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - TMBI - Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse); Igor Fontana de Nardin (IRIT-SEPIA - Système d’exploitation, systèmes répartis, de l’intergiciel à l’architecture - IRIT - Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - TMBI - Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse, UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse); Jean-Marc Nicod (FEMTO-ST - Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) - UTBM - Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard - ENSMM - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UFC - Université de Franche-Comté - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE]); Veronika Rehn-Sonigo (FEMTO-ST - Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) - UTBM - Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard - ENSMM - Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UFC - Université de Franche-Comté - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE]); Patricia Stolf (IRIT-SEPIA - Système d’exploitation, systèmes répartis, de l’intergiciel à l’architecture - IRIT - Institut de recherche en informatique de Toulouse - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - UT - Université de Toulouse - TMBI - Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut - UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès - UT - Université de Toulouse - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse) |
| Abstract: | Abstract Since the Paris Agreement, there has been increased focus on decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to power supply. Data centers are a huge energy consumer sector due to their continuous operational demand. A way to reduce their impact on GHG is by using renewable energy in their power supply. However, renewable energy introduces production intermittence since it depends on the climate conditions. Geo-distributed data centers can exploit diverse climate conditions to diminish the problem. This work presents a geo-distributed data center marketplace only supplied by renewable energies. In our marketplace model, the data centers are independent and compete for the users' jobs. The winner data center is defined using a reverse auction process. We compare different aspects, such as centralized/distributed architectures and cooperative/non-cooperative marketplaces. Our results show that the cooperative and distributed data center model earns more money (5.39% more money), wastes less energy (3.81% less energy), and provides higher QoS (improvement of 4.31% for services and 2.71% for tasks). |
| Keywords: | Renewable energy, Auction, Marketplace, Cloud computing |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05239473 |
| By: | Arenas-Arroyo, Esther (Vienna University of Economics and Business); Fabian, Jacob; Mengel, Friederike (University of Essex); Schmidpeter, Bernhard (Vienna University of Economics and Business); Serafinelli, Michel (King's College London) |
| Abstract: | How does firms' skill demand change as the business landscape evolves? We present evidence from the green transition by analyzing how hurricanes impact demand for green skills. These disasters signal the risks of not acting on environmental issues. Using data from U.S. online job postings (2010--2019) and hurricane paths, we create a new measure of green job postings. Firms in areas affected by hurricanes are 6.4\% more likely to post jobs that require green skills after the event, particularly those serving local markets. |
| Keywords: | online job postings, green transition, green skills, hurricanes |
| JEL: | J23 Q54 L20 J24 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18102 |
| By: | Robertson, Molly (Resources for the Future); Krupnick, Alan (Resources for the Future); Look, Wesley (Resources for the Future); Ko, Eunice; Bambrick, Conor; Perez, Celeste; Bautista, Eddie |
| Abstract: | New York State is working to implement policies that will decarbonize the state’s economy and meet the full requirements of the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA). The CLCPA requires the state to reduce statewide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 40 percent by 2030 and 85 percent by 2050 (relative to 1990 levels) and to achieve net-zero GHG emissions economy-wide. Additionally, the state must direct at least 35 to 40 percent of climate investments and benefits to disadvantaged communities, as defined by the Climate Justice Working Group.Since 2023, the state has been designing a cap-trade-and-invest (CTI) program to help meet its emissions reduction requirements. CTI would encourage decarbonization by pricing emissions and increasing the costs of using fossil fuels while also subsidizing (the “invest” side) the adoption of low-carbon technologies, such as heat pumps and electric vehicles. The program would establish an auction for emissions allowances and require emitting entities to purchase allowances based on their emissions.Analyses from the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) and Resources for the Future (RFF) offer evidence that a CTI program, alongside other emissions reduction investments and policies the state has adopted or is considering, can significantly reduce GHG and conventional air pollution emissions in New York State, compared with both a business-as-usual scenario and the historical baseline of emissions (NYSERDA and DEC 2024; Krupnick et al. 2024). Additional work by RFF has found that program guardrails like facility-specific caps can further reduce harmful emissions near disadvantaged communities and improve air quality across much of the state without adding significantly to costs (Krupnick et al. 2024; Robertson et al. 2024a, 2024b).Despite the air quality and health improvements that could result from a CTI program (Krupnick et al. 2024; Robertson et al. 2024a, 2024b; NYSERDA and DEC 2024), some state policymakers and business groups, expressing concern about the affordability of the program and the additional costs that New York households could incur, have argued for dampening the program’s ambition on emissions reductions to ensure lower costs (Marcus 2024). This paper analyzes the affordability of CTI for different income groups and communities by exploring how the program may affect the cost of fossil fuels and deliver benefits to households in the form of program subsidies and what we call “dividends”—payments not tied to particular energy-saving behaviors or investments.We investigate how different allowance-funded investment and dividend strategies can affect transportation and residential energy costs (both gross and net) faced by New York households. We analyze two allowance price ceilings (informed by Scenarios A and C in the NYSERDA and DEC 2024 analysis) and potential strategies for distributing revenues and decarbonization incentives. Across these scenarios, we consider how different distributions from the Consumer Climate Action Account (CCAA) could affect average costs for low- and middle-income households. We find the following:A CTI program can financially benefit households across most income groups and geographies in New York State.New Yorkers across income groups could pay less to operate an electrified household than to operate a household that runs on fossil fuels.Compared with a low allowance price (NYSERDA-DEC Scenario C), a high allowance price (NYSERDA-DEC Scenario A) could make many New Yorkers better off by increasing the revenue available for dividends to households.Targeting dividends by geography and income can help cover costs and create more savings for households earning up to $200, 000 per year.The electrification observed in our study is largely driven by existing federal and state policies, but investment of CTI revenues can lower costs for households transitioning to heat pumps for heating and cooling and electric vehicles. Investments to reduce structural barriers that prevent certain households from electrifying could encourage further heat pump adoption.A high allowance price (Scenario A) would result in significantly greater reductions in GHG and copollutant emissions (i.e., SO2, NOX, and direct PM2.5) compared with the low allowance price scenario (Scenario C). |
| Date: | 2025–01–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-25-01 |
| By: | Anyfantaki, Sofia (European Central Bank); Blix Grimaldi, Marianna (Financial Stability Department, Central Bank of Sweden); Madeira, Carlos (Bank for International Settlements); Malovana, Simona (Czech National Bank); Papadopoulos, Georgios (Bank of Greece) |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses a major risk to financial stability by affecting sovereign credit risk through transition and physical risks. Using data from 52 developed and developing countries over two decades, the study finds that transition risk leads to higher sovereign yields, especially in developing and high-emission countries post-Paris Agreement. Physical risks, such as temperature anomalies, generally aren’t priced in, but high debt levels amplify yield increases during acute climate events. Medium-term projections show varied sovereign yield responses to different climate disasters, with the effects differing by income level and fiscal space, highlighting the complex financial impact of climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate risk; sovereign risk; transition risk; temperature change; natural disasters |
| JEL: | C23 E62 H63 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:rbnkwp:0453 |
| By: | Taron, A.; Sathiskumar, A.; Mateo-Sagasta, J.; Singha, R.; Dejen, Z. A.; Chipatecua, G. P.; Bastidas, R. R. |
| Abstract: | Livestock waste poses significant environmental and public health challenges in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly through water pollution and the spread of infectious diseases. Nutrient-rich runoff from this waste contributes to eutrophication, while pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella contaminate surface waters, posing serious risks to human and animal health. Yet, this waste stream also presents opportunities for circular bioeconomy solutions. When converted into biogas, organic fertilizer, or aquaculture feed, livestock waste can help mitigate environmental harm, generate energy, enhance soil health, and support rural livelihoods. This report synthesizes findings from 135 global cases and further presents an in-depth analysis of 26 livestock waste recovery initiatives to highlight diverse models and regional strategies. The available data show that in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa, biodigestion is primarily used for household or commercial energy and revenue generation. South and Southeast Asian countries, meanwhile, focus on producing compost, aquaculture feed, and vermicompost. Government support, including subsidies, incentives, and technical assistance, often underpins these efforts, sometimes in collaboration with the private sector. Three broad business models emerge: (i) energy and biofertilizer recovery, (ii) soil nutrient recovery, and (iii) food nutrient recovery for aquaculture. Government-led community initiatives tend to exhibit higher economic feasibility, while private-sector models tend to scale better commercially. With average payback periods of five to six years and cost-benefit ratios ranging from 1 to 2, these models offer scalable solutions—when backed by enabling policies, institutional coordination, and localized feasibility assessments—to promote sustainable rural development and address critical environmental risks. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Dairy Farming, Farm Management, Financial Economics |
| Date: | 2025–07–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:369095 |
| By: | Catalina Posada-Borrero (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Driss Ezzine-De-Blas (UPR Forêts et Sociétés - Forêts et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Cirad-ES - Département Environnements et Sociétés - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Emmanuelle Lavaine (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Sébastien Roussel (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the preferences of smallholder farmers residing in the agricultural frontier of the Colombia Amazon's Forest, specifically in the department of Guaviare, regarding interventions aimed at promoting the adoption of sustainable land-use systems. We focus on the transition from extensive livestock systems to sustainable livestock systems and agroforestry systems. The adoption of silvopastoral systems presents a significant opportunity for sustainable development, offering land-saving advantages that can be leveraged by programs to encourage other sustainable value chains, such as timber in agroforestry systems. Through a discrete choice experiment, we examine farmer preferences concerning land allocation, cash bonuses for permanence, and technical assistance. Additionally, we assess how socioeconomic factors influence farmers' decision-making in participating in such programs. Our findings indicate that while farmers exhibit a preference for allocating land to silvopastoral systems over agroforestry, they also show considerable interest in interventions involving a small proportion of timber in agroforestry systems. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that permanence bonuses tied to individual effort can enhance participation, while collective goals may hinder it. |
| Keywords: | Discrete choice experiment : Incentive programs, Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES), Silvopastoral systems (SPS), Agroforestry, Cash bonus, Colombia, Guaviare |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05234900 |
| By: | Johannes Emmerling |
| Abstract: | Evaluation of "A Welfare Analysis of Policies Impacting Climate Change" for The Unjournal. |
| Date: | 2025–05–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:e1welfareclimatechange |
| By: | Lutter, Stephan; Maus, Victor; Luckeneder, Sebastian; Tost, Michael |
| Abstract: | Water input in copper mining varies substantially across sites worldwide, with implications for local sustainable resource management. We quantify water use in global copper mining at unprecedented spatial resolution, using machine learning to estimate site-level water withdrawal and identify geographic hotspots of pressure on water resources. Results reveal that global water intensity is two-fold higher than previously known. Between 2015 and 2019 copper mines withdrew 13.6 trillion litres of water, with water use increasing at a rate 50% higher than copper production. In 2019, more than half of global copper output came from sites with decreasing freshwater availability and rising water demand, with notable contribution from Latin America, the largest copper producer and water user. Our analysis is relevant to public and corporate policy, revealing concerning spatial patterns on water use that can threaten future mine production, cause local conflicts and ultimately put global sustainability strategies at risk. |
| Keywords: | Copper mining; Water use; Water scarcity; Machine learning; Earth observation |
| Date: | 2025–08–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus045:76571587 |
| By: | Nadra, Yonit MHort (RHS) |
| Abstract: | Domestic gardens in peri-urban areas play a crucial role in urbanised society, by their potential contribution to ecosystem services and human well-being. Understanding homeowner behaviour is key for promoting sustainable practices. This study explores the drivers and barriers influencing sustainable garden management practices such as low paving ratio, irrigation effectiveness and pest control, among female homeowners in a peri-urban region known for its progressive views. Data collection methods include an online survey (n=100) and five semi-structured interviews, complemented by biophysical surveys of participants' gardens. Additionally, the interviewed women completed a New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) questionnaire to assess the role of environmental beliefs. Findings reveal a positive correlation between relational values (emotional connection) and sustainable gardening practices, aligning with existing research on the link between human-nature connectedness and positive garden ecosystem services. However, no significant association was found between fundamental ecological beliefs (measured by NEP) and garden-related attitudes or practices. |
| Date: | 2025–08–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:juyc6_v1 |
| By: | IWMI-Tata Water Policy Program |
| Abstract: | The IWMI-Tata Partners’ Meet 2024 was held from 18-20 September at the National Dairy Development Board Campus in Anand, India, brought together over 270 national and international participants to deliberate on critical issues at the intersection of water, energy, climate, agriculture, and rural livelihoods in India. Organized by the IWMI-Tata Water Policy Research Program, a co-equal partnership between IWMI and Tata Trusts, this flagship event featured curated plenary sessions and 18 technical sessions across four thematic tracks: Water-Energy-Livelihoods Nexus, Catalyzing Smallholder Prosperity, Water Governance and Risks and Emerging Themes. This document outlines the detailed three-day agenda of the Partners’ Meet, including a range of presentations, moderated panels, and field visits showcasing ITP's action research pilots in Dhundi and Saatordi in Gujarat. Plenary highlights included sessions on philanthropy’s role in water security, the media-practitioner-policy interface, and emerging challenges and solutions in the water sector. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Climate Change |
| Date: | 2025–08–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:369088 |
| By: | International Water Management Institute (IWMI) |
| Abstract: | The Solar Irrigation for Agricultural Resilience (SoLAR) program, led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) with support from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), has advanced climate-resilient, gender-equitable, and socially inclusive farming livelihoods in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan since 2019. By promoting solar irrigation pumps (SIPs), the initiative supports clean energy transitions in agriculture, reducing reliance on diesel and helping farmers adapt to rainfall variability without significantly increasing groundwater use. Key learnings from the program emphasize four pillars for sustainable transitions: robust evidence for policy, diverse and scalable business models, inclusive policy advocacy, and strengthened gender and social inclusion through community engagement and capacity building. Beyond South Asia, SoLAR is fostering South-South collaboration to extend these lessons to East Africa, contributing to global pathways for sustainable and inclusive agricultural resilience. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Climate Change |
| Date: | 2025–09–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:369082 |
| By: | Frank Venmans |
| Abstract: | Evaluation of "A Welfare Analysis of Policies Impacting Climate Change" for The Unjournal. |
| Date: | 2025–05–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:e2welfareclimatechange |
| By: | Paul, Arindam; Sahoo, Dukhabandhu; Mohapatra, Souryabrata; Behera, Manash Kumar |
| Abstract: | Amidst the growing issues of global warming and non-inclusiveness, inclusive green growth (IGG) has become an aspiration for all countries. Countries worldwide, including those in the European Union (EU), are transitioning from non-renewable to renewable energy to preserve the environment. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive research investigating the nexus between energy transition and IGG. This paper aims to explore the impact of energy transition on IGG in 25 EU countries from 1995–2021. We develop composite indices for both IGG and renewable energy transition targeted to EU economies and employ advanced econometric approaches such as the pooled mean group-autoregressive distributed lag (PMG-ARDL) model, Driscoll-Kraay standard errors (DKSE) method, feasible generalised least square (FGLS) method, panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) method, to uncover relevant associations. The PMG-ARDL deals with potential endogeneity and simultaneously provides short-run and long-run estimates, while the DKSE, FGLS, and PCSE methods provide consistent outcomes in the presence of cross-sectional dependence, autocorrelation, and heteroscedasticity among the error terms. Results indicate that the renewable energy transition hampers IGG in the short run but fosters it in the long run in the EU economies. Additionally, financial development and internet access enhance IGG, whereas government expenditure, inflation, and economic globalisation have negative impacts. The findings suggest that EU countries should stimulate investment by public-private partnerships in renewable energy technologies and promote the use of renewable energy to make their economic growth green and inclusive. |
| Keywords: | Energy transition, Inclusive green growth, European Union, Panel analysis |
| JEL: | C23 N34 O44 Q30 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125807 |
| By: | Dahlan, Rolan; Prayoga, Aan; Zulkarnain, Ismail; Yudha, Graha; Mushthofa, Eri; Nugraha, Alvin; Jannet, Zukhruf |
| Abstract: | This study examines the relationship between the neoclassical, net-zero, and climate neutrality perspectives, an area that has received limited attention in formal economic analysis. Adopting the concept of factor substitution, we model the production function as a set of discrete, substitutable options to explore the properties and interactions of these three perspectives. The findings demonstrate that each perspective yields a non-empty subset of solution options. Climate neutrality solutions are situated between neoclassical and net-zero solutions, exhibit discrete convexity, and are influenced by the level of GHG credit costs. Lower GHG credit costs tend to favour neoclassical solutions, while higher costs shift preference toward net-zero solutions. This highlights the importance of GHG credit pricing in guiding the transition to a low-emissions economy. Moreover, the framework enables the categorization of new climate mitigation options based on their effects, whether they are irrelevant, complementary, or disruptive. Overall, the proposed model provides an alternative formal approach that enhances the economic analysis of climate change mitigation strategies. |
| Keywords: | neoclassical, net zero, climate neutrality, substitution, production function |
| JEL: | D24 D61 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–07–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125725 |
| By: | Sarun Kamolthip |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effects of daily temperature fluctuations on subnational economic growth in Thailand. Using annual gross provincial product (GPP) per capita data from 1982 to 2022 and high-resolution reanalysis weather data, I estimate fixed-effects panel regressions that isolate plausibly exogenous within-province year-to-year variation in temperature. The results indicate a statistically significant inverted-U relationship between temperature and annual growth in GPP per capita, with adverse effects concentrated in the agricultural sector. Industrial and service outputs appear insensitive to short-term weather variation. Distributed lag models suggest that temperature shocks have persistent effects on growth trajectories, particularly in lower-income provinces with higher average temperatures. I combine these estimates with climate projections under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios to evaluate province-level economic impacts through 2090. Without adjustments for biases in climate projections or lagged temperature effects, climate change is projected to reduce per capita output for 63-86% of Thai population, with median GDP per capita impacts ranging from -4% to +56% for RCP4.5 and from -52% to -15% for RCP8.5. When correcting for projected warming biases - but omitting lagged dynamics - median losses increase to 57-63% (RCP4.5) and 80-86% (RCP8.5). Accounting for delayed temperature effects further raises the upper-bound estimates to near-total loss. These results highlight the importance of accounting for model uncertainty and temperature dynamics in subnational climate impact assessments. All projections should be interpreted with appropriate caution. |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2506.20105 |
| By: | Osei-Amponsah, C.; Quarmine, W. |
| Abstract: | The guide, Participatory Scenario Building for Climate Resilience, offers a practical framework for inclusive climate resilience planning, tested in Ghana. It emphasizes the need for participatory approaches to address climate risks and vulnerabilities, especially among marginalized groups. Using the Three Horizons Framework, the guide helps communities analyze current climate challenges (H1), envision resilient futures (H3), and identify transformative pathways (H2). It outlines six phases: preparation, vulnerability assessment, envisioning futures, identifying pathways, action planning, and monitoring. Tools such as the Vulnerability Assessment Matrix and Participatory Capacity and Vulnerability Analysis (PCVA) support structured analysis. The guide also provides facilitation techniques to ensure inclusive, equitable participation and strong community ownership. It is tailored for community leaders, planners, nongovernmental organizations, and local officials engaged in climate adaptation efforts. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Climate Change, Sustainability |
| Date: | 2025–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:369092 |
| By: | Seyhan Sevde Cagiran; Amélie Bourceret (CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sophie Drogué (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Agroecology is a sustainable agricultural system based on and respects the ecosystem in which agriculture is practiced and the ecosystem elements within it while promising resilience and sustainability not only to the ecosystem, but also to farmers, consumers and managers, both socially and economically (Wezel et al. 2009, Perfecto et al. 2010). |
| Keywords: | Algeria, Social ecological system, Agroecology |
| Date: | 2024–10–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05216443 |
| By: | Clay, Karen (Carnegie Mellon University); Severnini, Edson (Boston College); Wang, Xiao (Carnegie Mellon University) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses U.S. TRI data on industrial air lead emissions to provide IV estimates of the e?ects of air lead concentration on infant mortality. The causal e?ect of lead on infant mortality is identified by variation in air fugitive lead emissions interacted with wind speed near reporting plants, which together determine local ambient lead concentration. Unlike stack emissions, which occur routinely and may prompt avoidance behavior, fugitive emissions are intermittent and influenced by both historical and current factors, such as wind speed variation, making them di?cult to avoid. The paper has two main findings. First, higher air lead concentration causes higher infant mortality in the first month and in the first year, suggesting that both in utero and environmental exposures matter. Second, higher lead concentration increases deaths from low birthweight, sudden unexplained infant death, and respiratory and nervous system causes, which is consistent with findings from animal studies, even when accounting for behavioral responses. Back of the envelope calculations indicate that declines in industrial air lead emissions prevented 300+ infant deaths per year, generating benefits of $3.5+ billion annually in 2023 dollars. |
| Keywords: | Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), airborne lead pollution, infant mortality |
| JEL: | I12 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18090 |
| By: | Johannes Emmerling; Frank Venmans; David Reinstein; Ben Balmford |
| Abstract: | Evaluation of "A Welfare Analysis of Policies Impacting Climate Change" for The Unjournal. |
| Date: | 2025–05–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:evalsumwelfareclimatechange |
| By: | Jean-Philippe Meloche; Fanny Tremblay-Racicot (University of Toronto) |
| Abstract: | Eco-fiscal tools are tax measures that target behaviour or the consumption of goods or services that contribute to environmental degradation. These taxes, fees, or charges correct market price signals to help internalize the social and environmental costs of individual choices, while providing financial resources to supply public goods and services. In Canada, an important part of the eco-fiscal debate focuses on carbon emissions (such as the carbon market and carbon taxes). Although central governments are backtracking on efforts to limit environmental degradation, municipalities are playing an increasingly important role in the eco-fiscal field. The tools they are using do not raise significant revenues, but they are helping to change behaviours. This paper explains the main arguments for the use of eco-fiscal tools and reviews the literature on their impact. It explores the range of eco-fiscal tools implemented by Canadian municipalities and proposes innovative tools that could be implemented in the future. |
| Keywords: | Eco-fiscal tools, environmental taxes, local public finance, municipalities, Canada |
| JEL: | H23 H71 R51 |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mfg:wpaper:71 |
| By: | Richard S. J. Tol |
| Abstract: | A large database of published model results is used to estimate the distribution of the social cost of carbon as a function of the underlying assumptions. The literature on the social cost of carbon deviates in its assumptions from the literatures on the impacts of climate change, discounting, and risk aversion. The proposed meta-emulator corrects this. The social cost of carbon is higher than reported in the literature. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2507.01804 |
| By: | Fraas, Arthur G. (Resources for the Future); Joiner, Emily (Resources for the Future); Lee, Brielle; Liu, Krystal |
| Abstract: | The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is often identified as a major obstacle to renewable energy projects locating on federal public lands or seeking federal funding. Once NEPA permits have been issued, a project may face additional delays if a federal agency’s decision is challenged in court. The delays associated with NEPA permitting for renewable generation projects have been explored by Fraas et al. (2023, 2025), but the effect of environmental court challenges to renewables projects has received less attention. This paper builds on Fraas et al. (2023, 2025), examining the legal challenges faced by each project and presenting the timeline in months for each case. Nearly a third of solar projects and half of wind projects completing NEPA environmental impact statement reviews faced court challenges. Almost all cases were filed after the government agencies had issued their permitting decisions. Although the courts typically ruled in the government agencies’ and project developers’ favor, the majority of cases were appealed. Court challenges in both federal and state courts caused or contributed to the termination of three projects, and six additional projects experienced significant delays as developers awaited court appeal decisions. We find that wind and solar projects that faced court challenges took an average of about 15 months longer to reach operational status than projects without court challenges. |
| Date: | 2025–08–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-25-15 |
| By: | Deinert, Olaf (Ed.) |
| Keywords: | Green Deal, Ecological-economic decoupling, Co-determination, Labour law, EU social policy, EU states |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hsiwps:324880 |
| By: | Belhaj Fraj, M.; Rabi, A.; Murrar, A.; Samhan, S.; Fragaszy, S. R.; Ruckstuhl, S.; Abdelwahab, N.; Samarasekara, V. |
| Abstract: | This baseline study draws on Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions (RNBWS) pilot interventions undertaken by the Al Murunah project in the upper catchment of Wadi Al-Fari’a, specifically in the communities of Ras Al-Fari’a, Wadi Al-Fari’a, and the Fari’a Refugee Camp in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT). It provides a detailed account of the 2023 analysis of the biophysical, socio-economic, agricultural, and policy contexts shaping the technical, social, and market design of the pilot, as well as broader project activities, including capacity building, training, and policy engagement. The study presents a synthesis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) related to RNBWS in Wadi Al-Fari’a, and outlines strategies for the planned pilot, alongside general recommendations for advancing RNBWS and the integrated development of agricultural and water resources in the West Bank. By linking local insights to policy priorities, Al Murunah aims to forge a strategic pathway for implementing RNBWS, strengthening agricultural resilience, and fostering inclusive, sustainable socio-economic growth. The pilot and its recommendations seek to position the project’s approach as a scalable model for sustainable development across the OPT, contributing to the Palestinian Authority’s vision for water security, food production, and effective climate change adaptation. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Climate Change |
| Date: | 2025–08–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:369084 |
| By: | King, Andy |
| Abstract: | This report compares and contrasts the UK’s fiscal and emissions budgeting processes and recommends ways to strengthen the process around emissions to improve the ability of relevant authorities to hold the Government to account on setting policy to meet its emissions targets. In particular, it recommends establishing an annual parliamentary event and surrounding processes to improve the salience of the Progress Report assessments produced by the Climate Change Committee (CCC) and to focus policy effort where delivery gaps have been identified. |
| JEL: | E6 N0 |
| Date: | 2024–10–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129314 |
| By: | Elizabeth Kopits; Daniel Kraynak; Bryan Parthum; Lisa Rennels; David Smith; Elizabeth Spink; Joseph Perla; Nshan Burns |
| Abstract: | This paper synthesizes evidence on climate change impacts specific to U.S. populations. We develop an apples-to-apples comparison of econometric studies that empirically estimate the relationship between climate change and gross domestic product (GDP). We demonstrate that with harmonized probabilistic socioeconomic and climate inputs these papers project a narrower and lower range of 2100 GDP losses than what is reported across the published studies, yet the implied U.S.-specific social cost of greenhouse gases (SC-GHG) is still greater than the market-based damage estimates in current enumerative models. We then integrate evidence on nonmarket damages with the GDP impacts and recover a jointly-estimated SC-GHG. Our findings highlight the need for more research on both market and nonmarket climate impacts, including interaction and international spillover impacts. Further investigation of how results of macroeconomic and enumerative approaches can be integrated would enhance the usefulness of both strands of literature to climate policy analysis going forward. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2509.00212 |
| By: | Riya Kinnarkar; Mansur Arief |
| Abstract: | Traditional power grid infrastructure presents significant barriers to renewable energy integration and perpetuates energy access inequities, with low-income communities experiencing disproportionately longer power outages. This study develops a Markov Decision Process (MDP) framework to optimize renewable energy allocation while explicitly addressing social equity concerns in electricity distribution. The model incorporates budget constraints, energy demand variability, and social vulnerability indicators across eight major U.S. cities to evaluate policy alternatives for equitable clean energy transitions. Numerical experiments compare the MDP-based approach against baseline policies including random allocation, greedy renewable expansion, and expert heuristics. Results demonstrate that equity-focused optimization can achieve 32.9% renewable energy penetration while reducing underserved low-income populations by 55% compared to conventional approaches. The expert policy achieved the highest reward, while the Monte Carlo Tree Search baseline provided competitive performance with significantly lower budget utilization, demonstrating that fair distribution of clean energy resources is achievable without sacrificing overall system performance and providing ways for integrating social equity considerations with climate goals and inclusive access to clean power infrastructure. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2509.00008 |
| By: | Mohapatra, Souryabrata; Paltasingh, Kirtti Ranjan; Peddi, Dayakar; Sahoo, Dukhabandhu; Sahoo, Auro Kumar; Mohanty, Pritisudha |
| Abstract: | Climate change poses significant threats to Indian agriculture, markedly through its impact on crop yields. While most existing research focuses on climate-sensitive crops like rice, relatively climate-resilient cereals such as sorghum, maize and finger and pearl millets have received less attention. This study uses district-level data from four southern states over 26 years to conduct a moment-based analysis of the effects of various climatic and non-climatic factors on these crop yields. The research offers nuanced insights into how different weather patterns influence crop yields, yield variability (risk) and downside yield risks. The study disaggregates climate variables into seasonal effects, showing that winter maximum temperatures positively affect the yields of maize and sorghum but negatively impact rice. In contrast, summer maximum temperatures generally reduce yields across all crops except finger millet, which thrives due to its heat tolerance. Monsoon rainfall boosts the yields of pearl millet, although excessive rainfall during the monsoon season increases downside risks for maize and rice. Evapotranspiration shows mixed effects, while wind speed tends to negatively affect yields, especially during the summer and monsoon seasons. Additionally, the study finds that excessive irrigation can harm rainfed crops like maize and pearl millet, while technological advancements such as HYV seeds and fertilisers positively impact yields. These findings underscore the urgent need to promote climate-resilient crop varieties, restructure irrigation subsidies and provide targeted support to smallholder farmers to enhance food security in the face of increasingly erratic seasonal conditions. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Cereal crops; Production risks; Southern India; Moment-based analysis |
| JEL: | D81 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125803 |
| By: | Roy, Nicholas (Resources for the Future); Russo, Suzanne (Resources for the Future); Burtraw, Dallas (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Washington State is exploring linking its cap-and-invest emissions trading system with the already linked market of California and Québec. To inform the discussions, Resources for the Future analyzed auction allowance revenue and emissions both with and without linkage and studied how the range of outcomes could affect Washington’s environmentally overburdened communities designated as highly impacted by air pollution.Our analysis found that linkage would lead to greater regional emissions reductions, more regional environmental benefits, and a more affordable program because of the expanded emissions reduction opportunities across the linked jurisdictions. However, assuming no new state policy interventions, Washington’s revenue would be moderately lower and the rate of emissions reductions moderately slower.As part of its due diligence in exploring linkage, Washington is exploring potential environmental justice consequences and has received a memo from the state’s Environmental Justice Council outlining concerns as well as a set of recommendations for how to mitigate against these concerns. In this report, we look at three of those recommendations:limit the use of banked allowances to mitigate the influence of the California-Québec allowance bank on Washington’s allowance revenue and emissions;align offset rules to ensure environmental benefits in linked states; andimplement a facility-specific emissions cap.Limiting the use of banked allowances would be the least feasible because of financial regulations governing such assets. Aligning the rules for the eligibility and use of offsets across a linked market would require modifying California’s rules and therefore may be difficult to achieve. A facility-specific emissions cap, however, could be implemented independently by Washington, and enforcement could be tailored to align with existing policies. This approach would provide a market-based backstop to support emissions reductions at emitting facilities in environmentally overburdened communities.We also analyzed effects of an emissions containment reserve and found that it would likely generate more state revenue without sacrificing cost efficiency for covered entities, but only if it is adopted across all linked jurisdictions. That and other programmatic and policy adjustments could help preserve revenues and ensure that the emissions reductions in environmentally overburdened communities meet or exceed the state’s average facility-level emissions reduction rate. |
| Date: | 2025–03–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-25-05 |
| By: | Sebastian G. Nosenzo; Rafael Kelman |
| Abstract: | Agricultural residues represent a vast, underutilized resource for renewable energy. This study combines empirical analysis from 179 countries with a case study of a pelletization facility to evaluate the global potential of agricultural pelletization for fossil fuel replacement. The findings estimate a technical availability of 1.44 billion tons of crop residues suitable for pellet production, translating to a 4.5% potential displacement of global fossil fuel energy use, equating to 22 million TJ and equivalent to 917 million tons of coal annually. The economically optimized scenario projects annual savings of $163 billion and a reduction of 1.35 billion tons of CO2 equivalent in emissions. Utilizing the custom-developed CLASP-P and RECOP models, the study further demonstrates that agricultural pellets can achieve competitive pricing against conventional fossil fuels in many markets. Despite logistical and policy challenges, agricultural pelletization emerges as a scalable, market-driven pathway to support global decarbonization goals while fostering rural economic development. These results reinforce the need for targeted investment, technological advancement, and supportive policy to unlock the full potential of agricultural pellets in the renewable energy mix. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2508.12457 |
| By: | Parkes, R.; Fragaszy, S. R.; Belhaj Fraj, M.; Abdelwahab, N.; Mandouri, H.; Slehat, F.; Hayajneh, A.; Rabi, A.; Amleh, N.; AbdelMeguid, A.; Maowod, G.; Khatib, B.; Ferando, S.; Hayek, F.; Samarasekara, V. |
| Abstract: | The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region is one of the most water-scarce in the world, with agriculture accounting for 65% of total water use. This challenge is compounded by land degradation and the intensifying impacts of climate change. In response, the Al Murunah project—meaning “flexibility” in Arabic—was launched to enhance water security through resilient nature-based water solutions (RNBWS) in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT). Al Murunah is a five-year initiative funded by the UK’s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in partnership with the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The project promotes the integration of nature-based solutions for water (NBSW) with agricultural water management (AWM) to address water scarcity and build resilience across the region. This report, titled Development of a Capability and Skillset Framework for the Implementation of Resilient Nature-Based Water Solutions (RNBWS) in the MENA Region, defines the capacities—knowledge, skills, and capabilities—required to implement RNBWS in the four project countries. These capacities form the foundation of the RNBWS Capacity Framework, a key output designed to guide implementation, support pilot initiatives, inform upscaling efforts, and serve as a tool for institutional analysis. The report is structured around three core components: • Development of stakeholder personas representing typical RNBWS users; • Identification of the capacities required by these personas for successful implementation; • Development of an RNBWS Training and Certification Framework to guide the review of training and certification processes for the identified capacities of personas in the project countries and through remote online platforms. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2025–06–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:369096 |
| By: | Arega Getaneh Abate; Xiaobing Zhang; Xiufeng Liu; Dogan Keles |
| Abstract: | Integrating electric mobility (electric vehicles (EVs), electric trucks (ETs)) and renewable energy sources (RES) with the power grid is paramount for achieving decarbonization, efficiency, and stability. Given the rapid growth of decentralized technologies and their critical role in decarbonization, two critical challenges emerge: first, the development of a digital platform for operational coordination; and second, rigorous research into their cost-benefit profile. This paper addresses this by presenting a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of an AI-driven operational digital platform (ODP) designed for holistic, cross-sectoral optimization. The ODP aims to enhance energy efficiency, grid reliability, and environmental sustainability. A seven-step CBA framework, aligned with EU guidelines, quantifies economic, reliability, and environmental benefits against capital and operational expenditures, explicitly linking benefit magnitude to AI-driven ODP and optimization efficiencies, such as quantified improvements in market arbitrage from ODP, enabled forecasting, and enhanced operational efficiencies across various services. |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2506.20631 |
| By: | Smolenska, Agnieszka; Poensgen, Ira |
| Abstract: | Climate transition plans are a versatile new tool for use by financial and non-financial firms, policymakers and prudential regulators. For banks, they are an important building block that supports their ability to respond adequately to short-, medium- and long-term risks arising from climate change. For central banks and prudential supervisors, assessing the transition plans and planning practices of banks can help overcome some of the limitations that existing prudential frameworks face when it comes to climate change risks, in particular by supporting the assessment of business models and the adequacy of banks internal governance and risk management. This report’s analysis is designed to support prudential authorities across jurisdictions as they integrate transition plans into their supervisory review and evaluation processes. It articulates how the different aspects of the emerging transition plan governance ecosystem fit together, summarises their common elements, and explains the role that prudential supervision should play within this ecosystem. It develops a framework for identifying how specific elements of transition plans can be integrated into existing supervisory assessment procedures, with a primary focus on climate transition plans. |
| JEL: | F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2025–05–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129327 |
| By: | Minh Phuong Nguyen ("Research Group Innovation for Sustainable and Responsible Mining (ISRM), Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam" Author-2-Name: Nga Nguyen Author-2-Workplace-Name: Research Group Innovation for Sustainable and Responsible Mining (ISRM), Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - This study analyzes the development of renewable energy in ASEAN and delves into specific promotion instruments for solar energy in Vietnam. Method Cost-benefit analysis was conducted to compare economic benefits with investment and operating costs. Methodology - Vietnam was entering a period of transformation in the field of renewable energy, especially solar energy (installed solar power capacity was 16, 000 MW in 2023, intending to increase to 25, 320 MW in 2030). Compared to ASEAN countries with many similarities in developing this industry, such as Indonesia (solar power capacity was 2, 100 MW in 2023), Vietnam faced an excellent opportunity to surpass. Findings - The results of the study show that government instruments had different levels of influence on various aspects, and the most influential were the FIT tariff (243.75 points) and tax exemption (49.71 points). Novelty - Although solar energy in Vietnam is developing rapidly, it is still necessary to improve and develop reasonable allocation strategies for supporting policies and incentive mechanisms to optimize economic benefits. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Policy Instruments, Solar Energy, Renewable Energy, Energy Transition, Sustainable Development, Sustainability Goals, FIT. |
| JEL: | E16 E27 O11 O13 O32 |
| Date: | 2025–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber257 |
| By: | Fulvia Marotta; Maria Sole Pagliari; Jasper de Winter |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces a novel media-based index of climate policy uncertainty – the CPU-Concern index – that captures both the prevalence of climate policy uncertainty and the intensity of public concern. Using data from the Netherlands, a setting charac- terized by ambitious climate targets and persistent credibility challenges, we document how policy announcements shape perceived uncertainty through signaling effects. The CPU-Concern index rises during contested policy debates and declines following for- mal ratification, with heterogeneous responses depending on the policy’s ambition and credibility. We show that climate policy uncertainty primarily transmits through shifts in business and consumer sentiment, affecting stock market prices, investments and real activity. Furthermore, negative CPU shocks generate more persistent economic drag than positive ones, while the opposite holds true for nominal variables, thus highlighting asymmetries in how uncertainty shapes behavior and potential policy reactions. Our findings underscore the importance of credible and transparent policy communication in reducing uncertainty and supporting the low-carbon transition. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy uncertainty; text-based measures; policy signaling; media- based indicators; expectation formation; macroeconomic effects |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 E66 D84 E32 C43 |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dnb:dnbwpp:840 |
| By: | Batabyal, Amitrajeet; Beladi, Hamid |
| Abstract: | We study water pollution in the Ganges River caused by tanneries in Kanpur, India. We analyze the merits of a recent claim that unitizing or merging the polluting tanneries can improve water quality in the Ganges. We first describe the n≥2 polluting tanneries in Kanpur as a Cournot oligopoly and derive the equilibrium output of leather and profits. Second, we permit m |
| Keywords: | Ganges River, Merger, Tannery, Unitization, Water Pollution |
| JEL: | G34 Q25 Q28 |
| Date: | 2025–01–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125817 |
| By: | Dietz, Simon; Bodirsky, Benjamin; Crawford, Michael; Kanbur, Ravi; Leip, Debbora; Lord, Steven; Lotze-Campen, Hermann; Popp, Alexander |
| Abstract: | The global food system provides nourishment to most of the world’s eight billion people, generates trillions of dollars of goods and services, and employs more than one billion people. On the other hand, it generates substantial dietary health costs and environmental harms. Policymakers are asking about the overall contribution of the global food system to social welfare and how much larger it might be on a sustainable path. This paper describes our efforts to answer these questions. We couple multiple domain-specific models into a large-scale integrated assessment modelling framework capable of quantifying the outcomes of different food-system scenarios for incomes, health and the environment up to 2050, at a highly disaggregated level. We take these multi-dimensional outcomes and value them using a system of nested utility functions, building on recent work in environmental economics. We find that, relative to current trends, the bundle of measures in a Food System Transformation scenario would provide a large boost to global social welfare equivalent to increasing global GDP by about 7%. Changes in income, environment and health all contribute positively. Measures to change diets are particularly beneficial, although a caveat is that our welfare estimates exclude possible consumer disutility from dietary changes. The results are robust to changes in key utility/damage parameters. |
| Keywords: | global food system; sustainable development; social welfare; integrated assessment modelling; food policy |
| JEL: | Q01 Q18 Q24 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2026–01–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129161 |
| By: | Lei Zhu; Zhihao Yan; Hongbo Duan; Yongyang Cai; Xiaobing Zhang |
| Abstract: | Global cooperation is posited as a pivotal solution to address climate change, yet significant barriers, like free-riding, hinder its realization. This paper develops a dynamic game-theoretic model to analyze the stability of coalitions under multiple stochastic climate tippings, and a technology-sharing mechanism is designed in the model to combat free-ridings. Our results reveal that coalitions tend to shrink over time as temperatures rise, owing to potential free-ridings, despite a large size of initial coalition. The threat of climate tipping reduces the size of stable coalitions compared to the case where tipping is ignored. However, at post-tipping period, coalitions temporarily expand as regions respond to the shock, though this cooperation is short-lived and followed by further shrink. Notably, technology-sharing generates greater collective benefits than sanctions, suggesting that the proposed dynamic technology-sharing pathway bolsters coalition resilience against free-riding while limiting the global warming. This framework highlights the critical role of technology-sharing in fostering long-term climate cooperation under climate tipping uncertainties. |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2506.16162 |
| By: | Agata Galkiewicz |
| Abstract: | Random disturbances such as air pollution may affect cognitive performance, which, particularly in high-stakes settings, may have severe consequences for an individual's productivity and well-being. This paper examines the short-term effects of air pollution on school leaving exam results in Poland. I exploit random variation in air pollution between the days on which exams are held across three consecutive school years. I aim to capture this random variation by including school and time fixed effects. The school-level panel data is drawn from a governmental program where air pollution is continuously measured in the schoolyard. This localized hourly air pollution measure is a unique feature of my study, which increases the precision of the estimated effects. In addition, using distant and aggregated air pollution measures allows me for the comparison of the estimates in space and time. The findings suggest that a one standard deviation increase in the concentration of particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10 decreases students' exam scores by around 0.07-0.08 standard deviations. The magnitude and significance of these results depend on the location and timing of the air pollution readings, indicating the importance of the localized air pollution measure and the distinction between contemporaneous and lingering effects. Further, air pollution effects gradually increase in line with the quantiles of the exam score distribution, suggesting that high-ability students are more affected by the random disturbances caused by air pollution. |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2506.19801 |
| By: | Reitmeier, Lea; Smolenska, Agnieszka; Dikau, Simon |
| Abstract: | Jurisdictions around the world have already developed and implemented policies to transition to a net zero economy. To maximise the impact and effectiveness of such policies a coordinated policy approach is necessary. To guide policymakers as they face the challenge of taking financial and economic policy decisions for the transition, this report develops a design approach based on ‘building blocks’. The approach can be adjusted in the context of the specific needs of the financial sector in the transition. It incorporates building blocks to better enable the design, implementation and evaluation of financial and economic public policy that supports the integration of climate change and environmental factors, with a particular emphasis on the intricate interrelationship between economic and financial systems, the roles of key economic and financial stakeholders and enabling improved coordination. The authors define three main building blocks, described in Figure 1: 1) foundations; 2) adjusting policies; and 3) evaluation and anticipation. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 F3 G3 |
| Date: | 2025–02–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129328 |
| By: | Hitchcock, Ian; Raimi, Daniel (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Wyoming is heavily dependent on the extraction of fossil fuels, particularly coal, to support its economy. As the United States seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the federal government has begun to implement policies designed to support fossil fuel–dependent “energy communities.” This report, based on interviews with experts and policymakers at the local, state, and federal levels, examines whether—and to what extent—current federal policies are supporting Wyoming’s goals of an energy transformation to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions.Our interviews and analysis suggest that current federal efforts, while helpful, could do more to boost Wyoming’s communities during the energy transition. A leading cause is the lack of capacity among local and state officials to access the considerable array of federal resources made available through recent legislation. This lack of access has hindered Wyoming’s strategy of developing new technologies that take advantage of the state’s coal resources but avoid the associated emissions. However, some federal efforts, particularly the federal Interagency Working Group on Coal and Power Plant Communities and Economic Revitalization (the “Energy Communities IWG”) and its Wyoming Rapid Response Team (RRT) appear promising and can offer lessons for policymakers seeking to support fossil fuel–dependent communities across the country. In particular, the community-focused approach of the RRT, which emphasizes relationship building, strengthening local governance capacity, and flexibility in program design, can create the conditions that lead to progress in the energy transformation. This progress is particularly notable in Wyoming, where fossil fuels have dominated state economics, culture, and politics for decades.Our main findings are as follows:Wyoming is pursuing a strategy of energy transformation that seeks to continue coal use while developing new technologies that avoid greenhouse gas emissions.The federal IWG, and particularly the Wyoming RRT, has provided useful resources and offers a model for success in place-based policymaking and implementation.Despite the support of the IWG, many local stakeholders still lack the capacity to access complex federal funding opportunities. |
| Date: | 2024–12–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-24-25 |
| By: | Pauline Bucciarelli; Vincent d'Herbemont |
| Abstract: | The transition towards low-carbon and digital technologies is set to profoundly reshape metals markets, particularly those required for battery manufacturing. Amid growing geoeconomic fragmentation, this shift is accelerating the implementation of public policies aimed at securing supply and strengthening the resilience of strategic technology value chains. In this context, we explore the design of the recently adopted Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) in the European Union, focusing on the feasibility of its reshoring targets for battery-grade lithium.By integrating the entire lithium value chain into an Integrated Assessment Model, we analyse the interplay between lithium supply, demand, and recycling within decarbonisation scenarios. Our findings suggest significant challenges in meeting the CRMA targets without reducing industrial demand. We show that sufficiency strategies could help achieve these benchmarks, while cutting European lithium imports by at least 44% between 2030 and 2050 and reducing cumulative final demand by 1.2 Mt, a 46% decrease relative to current policy trajectories.More broadly, our analysis highlights sufficiency as a lever to reconcile ecological ambition with supply security, notably by enhancing the robustness of the lithium value chain. Finally, we recommend shifting the CRMA’s recycling benchmark towards an end-of-life recycling rate, as it is better suited to the dynamics of the lithium market. |
| Keywords: | Critical raw materials; Lithium; Integrated assessment model (IAM); Low-carbon scenarios; Sufficiency |
| JEL: | Q32 Q38 C61 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2025-36 |
| By: | Zhu, Yuqi (Resources for the Future); Raimi, Daniel (Resources for the Future); Joiner, Emily (Resources for the Future); Holmes, Brandon (Resources for the Future); Prest, Brian C. (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | As 2025 unfolds, the global economy, international alliances, and the rules-based international order face new questions and challenges. Energy markets and international climate negotiations are not immune to this turmoil and may undergo profound change as global markets and geopolitical dynamics adapt to new realities. Amid deep uncertainty on these and many other fronts, the world continues to face the enormous and pressing challenge of transforming its energy system to address global climate change.To understand how our energy system is evolving and how it needs to change to reach net-zero emissions, each year, a variety of organizations produce projections that imagine a wide range of futures based on divergent visions about policies, technologies, prices, and geopolitics. Because these vary widely and depend heavily on varied assumptions and methodologies, they are difficult to compare on an apples-to-apples basis. In this report, we apply a detailed harmonization process to compare 13 scenarios across seven energy outlooks published in 2024 (and two historical data sources). Taken together, these scenarios offer a broad scope of potential changes to the energy system as envisioned by some of its most knowledgeable organizations. Table 1 shows the historical datasets, outlooks, and scenarios, with additional detail provided in Section 4. |
| Date: | 2025–04–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-25-07 |
| By: | Merlinda Andoni; Benoit Couraud; Valentin Robu; Jamie Blanche; Sonam Norbu; Si Chen; Satria Putra Kanugrahan; David Flynn |
| Abstract: | Amid global interest in resilient energy systems, green hydrogen is considered vital to the net-zero transition, yet its deployment remains limited by high production cost. The cost is determined by the its production pathway, system configuration, asset location, and interplay with electricity markets and regulatory frameworks. To compare different deployment strategies in the UK, we develop a comprehensive techno-economic framework based on the Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) assessment. We apply this framework to 5 configurations of wind-electrolyser systems, identify the most cost-effective business cases, and conduct a sensitivity analysis of key economic parameters. Our results reveal that electricity cost is the dominant contributor to LCOH, followed by the electrolyser cost. Our work highlights the crucial role that location, market arrangements and control strategies among RES and hydrogen investors play in the economic feasibility of deploying green hydrogen systems. Policies that subsidise low-cost electricity access and optimise deployment can lower LCOH, enhancing the economic competitiveness of green hydrogen. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2509.00136 |
| By: | Zhi Chen; Zachary Feinstein; Ionut Florescu |
| Abstract: | Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors aim to provide non-financial insights into corporations. In this study, we investigate whether we can extract relevant ESG variables to assess corporate risk, as measured by logarithmic volatility. We propose a novel Hierarchical Variable Selection (HVS) algorithm to identify a parsimonious set of variables from raw data that are most relevant to risk. HVS is specifically designed for ESG datasets characterized by a tree structure with significantly more variables than observations. Our findings demonstrate that HVS achieves significantly higher performance than models using pre-aggregated ESG scores. Furthermore, when compared with traditional variable selection methods, HVS achieves superior explanatory power using a more parsimonious set of ESG variables. We illustrate the methodology using company data from various sectors of the US economy. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2508.18679 |
| By: | Ezzedine Ghlamallah (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon); Laurence Gialdini (CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon); Sami Ben Larbi (CERGAM de Toulon - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille/Equipe de recherche de Toulon - CERGAM - Centre d'Études et de Recherche en Gestion d'Aix-Marseille - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - UTLN - Université de Toulon - IAE Toulon - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Toulon - UTLN - Université de Toulon, UTLN - Université de Toulon) |
| Abstract: | Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how ethical investment funds, particularly socially responsible investment funds (SRI) and sharī'ah-compliant investment funds (SCI), integrate societal issues into their asset allocation and selection strategies. Design/methodology/approach: This study is based on a multiple-theoretical framework and uses a qualitative methodology. Thirty semi-structured interviews were conducted with SRI, SCI and conventional asset management professionals to understand the asset allocation and selection processes. Findings: The results show convergences in the integration of societal issues between SRI and SCI funds but also significant divergences linked to the underlying principles. Three manager profiles are identified: committed, chameleon and cosmetic. The seven stages in the process of integrating the issues of the Anthropocene Era into the management practices of SCI and SRI are highlighted, as is the process of SCI–SRI hybridization currently at work in the industry. Research limitations/implications: The research was limited by sample size, and regulatory variations were not considered. Future studies should explore the impact of emerging technologies on ethical investing. Practical implications: Ethical funds need to align their strategies with societal issues to maintain their legitimacy and differentiate themselves in the market while avoiding "greenwashing" and "islamicwashing" practices. Social implications: This study highlights the importance of strengthening the integration of environmental, social and corporate governance criteria for SRI funds and sharī'ah compliance for SCI funds to meet stakeholder expectations and promote overall sustainable development. Originality/value: This study proposes a new theoretical approach that integrates financial, institutional and strategic concepts to analyze the integration of societal issues into ethical fund practices. |
| Keywords: | Greenwashing, Islamicwashing, Responsible investment, Islamic finance, Ethical finance, ESG, Sustainable develoment, Asset selection, Asset allocation, Shariah compliant investment, SRI socially responsible investment |
| Date: | 2025–07–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05232196 |
| By: | Almeida, Elena; Lagoa, David; Vasudhevan, Thessa |
| Abstract: | Deforestation and land-use change driven by environmentally-damaging extractive activities have far-reaching implications for economies and financial systems. This report furthers exploration of the role of deforestation as a driver of nature loss and source of potential economic and financial destabilisation, building on the work of the Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) and the International Network for Sustainable Financial Policy Insights, Research, and Exchange (INSPIRE) Study Group on Biodiversity Loss and Financial Stability. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2024–10–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129333 |
| By: | Tankwa, Brendon; Barbrook-Johnson, Pete (The Institute for New Economic Thinking at the Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford) |
| Abstract: | How fast can every country benefit from renewable cost declines? Using the largest cross-country panel dataset assembled to date, this paper analyzes 34 years of cost observations for 72 countries to ask whether all nations benefit equally from the global renewable learning curve. After adjusting for purchasing power parity, we document two findings: (i) country price dispersion is widening, roughly twice as fast for wind as for solar; (ii) country cost rankings are highly persistent (Spearman year-to-year ρ > 0.75). Decomposing total CAPEX and assessing experience curves indicates that global learning accounts for 60–75% of country solar cost declines but virtually none of wind's, with local price pressures negating most wind power learning. multivariable regressions reveal contrasting drivers: solar costs are most sensitive to sovereign bond yields and exchange-rate pass-through, whereas wind costs decrease with GDP per capita and foreign direct investment. These findings carry just-transition implications. They suggest that without targeted finance and procurement support, lower-income countries may pay a lasting premium for clean energy, deepening global inequality. An analysis of climate policy shows that market-trading instruments (auctions, renewable certificates) correlate with 7–12% lower solar costs, while overall policy intensity has no significant effect on either technology. We conclude by outlining four policy levers—regional procurement consortia, FDI facilitation, finance de-risking, and market-based support schemes—that could narrow cross-country cost gaps. |
| Keywords: | Solar PV, Onshore Wind, Price Dispersion, Wright's Law, Policy Impact |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:amz:wpaper:2025-17 |
| By: | Wolfgang Maennig (Chair for Economic Policy, University of Hamburg); Niklas Rohde (Chair for Economic Policy, University of Hamburg) |
| Abstract: | Effects of climate emergency declarations (CEDs) have been reported in multiple cases; this is the first paper to test their potential economic impacts on the market share of electric vehicles (EVs). We use panel data on German CEDs at the district level from 2015 to 2023, employ a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach, and find that compared with districts lacking CEDs, districts with CEDs do not demonstrate significant disparities in EV registrations. We do not find evidence that climate emergencies motivate more environmentally friendly consumption. |
| Keywords: | Climate Emergency, Electric Vehicles, Transport, Local Climate Plans |
| JEL: | Q58 R5 C33 |
| Date: | 2025–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hce:wpaper:082 |
| By: | Fan Feifei (Faculty of Economics and Business, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia Author-2-Name: Asri Marsidi Author-2-Workplace-Name: Faculty of Economics and Business, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - This study aims to systematically investigate the evolutionary trajectory of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) information disclosure research in China from 2004 to 2024, mapping the intellectual structures, collaboration networks, and research dynamics to identify developmental patterns and research gaps in this rapidly evolving domain. Methodology/Technique – A comprehensive bibliometric analysis was conducted using CiteSpace visualization software to analyze 1, 039 academic publications sourced from the Web of Science database. The methodology employed temporal distribution analysis, author and institutional collaboration network visualization, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and burst detection to map knowledge structures and research trends. Findings – The analysis revealed three distinct developmental phases in China's ESG disclosure research: an emergence phase (2004-2014), a steady growth phase (2015-2019), and an acceleration phase (2020-2024) following China's ""dual carbon"" goals announcement. Critical gaps were identified in interdisciplinary collaboration and industry-academia partnerships. Research focus has shifted from conceptual frameworks toward technology-enhanced disclosure mechanisms, with emerging clusters on digital transformation, climate risk disclosures, and greenwashing detection. Novelty – This research produces the first comprehensive knowledge map of China's ESG disclosure research ecosystem using visualization techniques, providing quantitative evidence of the policy-driven nature of sustainability reporting development in emerging economies. The work uniquely bridges international ESG disclosure theories with China's distinctive institutional context while offering a methodological innovation that demonstrates how visualization techniques overcome traditional literature review limitations in complex research domains. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | ESG, Information Disclosure, CiteSpace, Knowledge Map, Bibliometric Analysis. |
| JEL: | G34 M14 Q56 O16 |
| Date: | 2025–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jfbr228 |
| By: | Forest Service |
| Abstract: | The following pages give, in chronological order, positive actions as well as reverses which significantly influenced the movement of forest conservation and wise management for the general public welfare in the United States of America. Particular emphasis is given to the major role of the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, which, together with its predecessor agencies, the Bureau of Forestry and the Division of Forestry, has led this movement for the past century. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersab:369105 |
| By: | Birhanu, Birhanu Zemadim; Haileslassie, Amare; Dirwai, Tinashe; Gebrezgabher, Solomie; Akpoti, Komlavi; Osei-Amponsah, Charity; Cofie, Olufunke; Hafeez, Mohsin; Smith, Mark |
| Abstract: | Water management presents significant challenges in Africa due to problems that link food security, poverty, ecosystem degradation, population growth, urbanization, and climate change, each influencing the other. Central to this is the challenge of irrigation development, including inadequate infrastructure, poor operational and maintenance practices, and limited access to innovative solutions in public sector-led schemes. The need for large-scale irrigation infrastructure in Africa persists and is likely to increase in the coming decades. In most cases, the actual size of state-led irrigable land realized has been significantly smaller than planned, resulting in smaller plot allocations than theoretically thought possible. This has negatively impacted poverty alleviation and food security efforts, where farmer-led irrigation development (FLID) is only beginning to emerge. Significant areas with irrigation infrastructure are only discontinuously cultivated in most places, while others are permanently abandoned. Many irrigation schemes continue to operate below capacity due to inadequate operation and maintenance frameworks, misaligned institutional mandates, and limited farmer engagement. In transboundary cases, documented evidence suggests investing in a win-win regional policy approach to foster cooperation and integration at the national scale across economic communities. If implemented successfully, this effort will increase and enhance opportunities for developing cascaded irrigation systems and realizing irrigation potential at multiple scales—across formal and informal irrigation subsectors. Addressing Africa’s irrigation development and water management crises requires an integrated approach that combines technological innovation, robust policy reforms, and farmer-led or community-driven water stewardship, with a focus on inclusion to build resilience against the impacts of climate variability. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Climate Change |
| Date: | 2025–08–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:369083 |
| By: | Magwape, Mbakiso |
| Abstract: | This Perspective juxtaposes Pillar 2 minimum-tax rules and outcomes with the urgent need for increased climate investment in developing states. It rationalizes the role of incentives in climate-aligned investment, international-law principles such as the common-but-differentiated-responsibilities, and proposes modifications to Pillar 2 to facilitate investment and development objectives. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:colfdi:324902 |
| By: | FITSILIS, Panos; Damasiotis, Vyron; Kyriatzis, Vasileios; Tsoutsa, Paraskevi |
| Abstract: | The transformation of urban living, driven by the advent of smart cities, extends beyond changes in the physical landscape and the introduction of smart systems. It necessitates a profound reconfiguration of employment dynamics within urban ecosystems. This study addresses the critical challenge of aligning job roles and competencies with the demands of smart city development, focusing on the need for a transformative realignment of urban employment to meet these new requirements. The research identifies emerging job roles and competencies essential for smart city development, focusing on professions such as data analysts, urban planners, sustainability managers, and cybersecurity specialists. Methodologically, the study employs a comprehensive analysis of secondary data to explore these roles, and the skills required. The findings highlight the urgent need for educational curricula and training programs tailored to the specialized demands of smart cities, emphasizing technological and environmental expertise to manage urban complexity, resilience, and the green transition. This research offers valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and smart city managers, influencing and guiding urban development towards a future characterized by technological innovation and environmental sustainability. The role of city staff is underscored as crucial in achieving these objectives. |
| Date: | 2025–09–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:us7p4_v1 |
| By: | Pablo de la Vega |
| Abstract: | We analyze the potential economic impacts in Argentina of the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which as of January 2026 will prohibit the export to the European Union of certain raw materials and related products if they involve the use of deforested land. We estimate that the EUDR would cover around 6 billion US dollars in exported value, but only 2.84% is not compliant with the EUDR, with soy and cattle being the most affected production chains. We use a dynamic computable general equilibrium model to simulate the impact of the EUDR on the Argentine economy. If the non-compliant production cannot enter the EU market because of the EUDR, the results of the simulations suggest that the potential macroeconomic impacts are limited: GDP would be reduced by an average of 0.14% with respect to the baseline scenario. However, the potential environmental impact is greater. Deforested hectares would be reduced by 2.45% and GHG emissions by 0.19%. Notwithstanding, EUDR due diligence costs may still prevent compliant production from entering the EU market, so the total impacts could be higher. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2508.11796 |
| By: | Maihold, Günther |
| Abstract: | As the search for reliable sources of critical raw materials turns to the ocean floor, international conflicts could result. Although very little is known about the possible impacts of deep-sea mining, Washington has launched an initiative that undermines the existing international regime for seabed minerals. Currently, they are considered a global common good under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). If the United States unilaterally launches commercial deep-sea mining, it would undermine a touchstone of international law and shake the foundations of ocean diplomacy and international maritime affairs. Germany, together with 36 other countries, spoke out against this at the United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC-3) in June 2025, reaffirming its support for a "precautionary pause" on the introduction of this high-risk technology. In view of current global political turbulence, that line should be maintained. |
| Keywords: | Deep sea mining, Seabed mining, Marine mining, minerals, mineral resources, energy transition, critical minerals, rare earths, nickel, copper, cobalt, manganese, manganese nodules, Clarion-Clipperton Zone, CCZ, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, UNCLOS, International Seabed Authority, ISA, environmental protection, ocean governance, ocean diplomacy, Mininig Code, Unleashing America's Offshore Critical Minerals and Resources |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:swpcom:324887 |
| By: | Seyoum, A.; Adamseged, M. E.; Haileslassie, A.; Ires, I.; Jacobs-Mata, I. |
| Abstract: | Ethiopia has significant untapped irrigation potential, but progress in the sector remains constrained by sole reliance on public investment, governance challenges, and limited private sector participation. Recognizing these issues, the Government of Ethiopia has prioritized Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) as a strategy to accelerate irrigation development, enhance agricultural productivity, and improve rural livelihoods. In collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Irrigation and Lowlands, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) conducted a comprehensive needs assessment to identify stakeholder priorities and guide the development of viable PPP business models for smallholder irrigation. This study, part of the CGIAR Diversification in East and Southern Africa (UU) initiative and Scaling for Impact Science Program, is designed to inform the national guidelines for PPP implementation in Ethiopia’s smallholder irrigation sector. The report presents insights from extensive stakeholder mapping, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions across multiple regions in Ethiopia. Findings reveal strong interest among farmers and private sector actors to engage in irrigation PPPs, provided clear policies, incentives, and institutional support systems are in place. However, challenges remain, including fragmented governance, inadequate infrastructure, limited access to credit, weak market integration, and capacity gaps among farmers and Irrigation Water User Associations (IWUAs). Key recommendations emphasize the need for clear legal frameworks, strengthened institutional capacity, incentives to attract private investment, value chain integration, and targeted capacity building for farmers and IWUAs. The study also highlights the importance of inclusive approaches that engage women and youth, and the need for effective monitoring and regulation to ensure PPPs contribute to social equity and environmental sustainability. By addressing these systemic challenges, PPPs can become a transformative tool for Ethiopia’s smallholder irrigation development, supporting food security, climate resilience, and economic growth. This report serves as a critical reference for policymakers, practitioners, and development partners working to foster sustainable and inclusive irrigation systems in Ethiopia and beyond. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Farm Management, International Relations/Trade |
| Date: | 2025–07–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:iwmirp:369094 |
| By: | Angstmann, Marius; Meyer, Kerstin; Gärtner, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Urban manufacturing is increasingly discussed as a contributor to sustainable urban development, particularly through its potential to supply industrial waste heat for district heating networks (DHN). This paper examines whether urban manufacturing in Germany can provide a meaningful source of waste heat for residential heating. Drawing on novel data from the Plattform für Abwärme (PfA), which reports over 19, 000 industrial processes across 2, 668 sites, we analyse the spatial distribution, sectoral composition, and residential proximity of waste heat sources. After filtering for relevant sites (Ï50 êC, Ï12 h daily availability), we assess their distribution across urban, suburban, and rural contexts and conduct a spatial analysis for four federal states-Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Lower Saxony, and North Rhine-Westphalia. Our results show that manufacturing accounts for 62% of all reported waste heat sources, with 51% located in towns and suburbs and only 22% in densely populated cities. Notably, 82% of identified sites in the four states lie within 500 metres of residential areas, indicating substantial potential for DHN integration. However, marked regional differences in sectoral composition demonstrate that opportunities are uneven and strongly context dependent. We conclude that industrial waste heat offers a significant but supplementary contribution to Germany's heating transition. Realising this potential will require overcoming technical, governance, and socio-economic barriers, while recognising that defossilisation and sectoral transformation may alter future availability. |
| Keywords: | district heating networks, urban manufacturing, urban production, waste heat, residential heating, urban industrial waste heat |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iatdps:324869 |
| By: | Amélie Bourceret (CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sophie Drogué (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Guzel Kadriye Kardelen (CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Les systèmes agricoles étant de plus en plus complexes, les approches de modélisation avancées sont cruciales pour comprendre la dynamique et combler les lacunes. Cette étude systématique examine l'intégration de la modélisation basée sur les agents (ABM) et de la programmation mathématique (MP) dans les contextes agricoles. Nous avons analysé les études sélectionnées répondant aux critères d'inclusion, en caractérisant les structures des modèles, les processus de décision, les interactions entre les agents et les forces/limites comparatives. Les résultats révèlent diverses applications couvrant la gestion des ressources, l |
| Keywords: | Systèmes agricoles, Programmation mathématique, Modélisation basée sur des agents, Décision des agriculteurs |
| Date: | 2024–12–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05216767 |
| By: | C. Nondo (Jackson State University); T. Saungweme (University of South Africa); N.M. Odhiambo (University of South Africa) |
| Abstract: | The objective of this study is to empirically examine the short and long-run relationship between natural resource rent, economic growth, governance mechanisms based on the Polity IV, gross capital formation, inflation, and population in Zambia over the period 1986-2018. This study employs the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) to estimate the underlying long-run and short-run relationships between the variables. The study uses three proxies of governance quality, namely autocracy, executive recruitment, and democracy, and estimates three regression models. Furthermore, interaction terms are included to explore how different forms of governance quality influence the economic impact of natural resources. The results confirmed a long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables included in the estimated models. The results further show that the impact of natural resource rents on economic growth depends on the model specification. It is also time-variant, depending on whether the model is estimated in the short run or the long run. Overall, our results do not support the existence of the resource-curse phenomenon in Zambia, regardless of the time frame considered. Instead, the results indicate that natural resources have the potential to spur economic growth in the short run when both executive recruitment and democracy are used as governance proxies, and in the long run when democracy is used. The results also show that governance modulates the impact of natural resource rents on economic growth, but only when proxied by democracy. However, the findings vary depending on the timeframe. While democracy positively influences growth through natural resources in the long run, it has adverse effects in the short run. The results of the study suggest that policymakers in Zambia should enact cautious measures that encourage responsible approaches to utilizing natural resource rents to foster sustainable economic growth. This involves using natural resource rents to boost human and physical capital, as well as diversify the economy. |
| Date: | 2025–02–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afa:wpaper:wp022025 |
| By: | Rüsenberg, Fabian; Fleischhut, Nadine (Max Planck Institute for Human Development) |
| Abstract: | Climate services and co-production efforts aim to support adaptation by making climate information useful and usable. Yet many services and research projects prioritize improving data quality over understanding decision-making needs. This limits insights into what we define as true demand: the actionable need for information that would improve decisions, if conditions allowed. Here, we present a systematic sectoral analysis grounded in behavioral theory exploring whether, where, and how better climate predictions could improve decisions. We apply this approach to two climate-sensitive sectors in Germany: agriculture and forestry. Using expert focus groups (N = 24), we identify key adaptation decisions and analyze current decision strategies. Drawing on the COM-B model for behavior (B) change, we examine the capabilities (C), opportunities (O), and motivation (M) necessary to use climate predictions in practice. Our findings reveal that foresighted adaptation is often constrained by gaps in knowledge, lack of opportunity, or limited motivation. These constraints diminish the perceived importance of climate predictions on the subseasonal to decadal timescale or prevent their use, with decision-makers instead relying on past experience and heuristics such as worst-case planning. Nevertheless, experts expressed interest in improved predictions---particularly for variability and extremes across intra-annual to multi-year timescales---that could inform decisions. True demand may remain masked, blocked, or unexpressed if decision-makers lack the capabilities, opportunities, or motivation to recognize, act on, or articulate it. Our approach provides a systematic way to assess where and how predictions could improve decisions, shifting the focus from better data to better decisions. |
| Date: | 2025–09–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:fynq6_v2 |
| By: | RANDRIAMANANTENA, Rija R.; RAVELOSON, Armel R. |
| Abstract: | The analysis of the malagasy “land rebound effect, ” conducted using an ordinary least squares (OLS) linear regression model and panel data of 27 countries on World Bank time series data from 1990 to 2022, quantitatively demonstrates the relationship between agricultural value added and the expansion of cultivated land areas. The findings suggest three priority interventions: contextual adaptation of technologies through participatory approaches, strengthening land tenure security via formal certification tools, and building the capacities of local producers including training, financing, and economic diversification. However, there are methodological limitations due to the lack of detailed data on land dynamics and institutional constraints within rural communities, calling for complementary field studies to ground the econometric analysis in territorial realities. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, land sparing, land use, deforestation, OLS regression, panel data, Madagascar, sustainable intensification |
| JEL: | C33 O13 Q1 Q15 Q18 Q24 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125884 |
| By: | Kira Lancker (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen); Christopher B. Barrett (Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University; Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University); Kathryn J. Fiorella (Department of Public & Ecosystem Health, Cornell University); Christopher M. Aura (Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kisumu); Hezron Awandu (Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kisumu); Fonda J. Awuor (Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kisumu); Patrick Otuo (Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kisumu) |
| Abstract: | Fish consumers are often challenged by tradeoffs between nutritional benefits and contaminant risks, which increase due to environmental pollution. Health campaigns and labeling initiatives can guide decision-making by providing information both on contaminant risk and nutritional value of a product, but it is not well understood how consumers react to such complex dual labels. We use data from a stated choice experiment in Kenya’s Lake Victoria region to study how consumers respond to dual labels on fish products, and how their responses to each label interact. We focus on the tradeoff between polyunsaturated fatty acids and contamination with microcystin, a toxin that accumulates in fish during harmful algae blooms. Our findings suggest that, faced with a dual information policy, consumers react rationally to dual health attribute labeling, and that nutrient labels and contaminant warnings can function concurrently, indeed even be mutually reinforcing, but pose a risk of inadvertently concentrating unhealthful consumption in less responsive subpopulations. |
| Keywords: | food labels, fish consumer behavior, interdependent preferences, choice experiment, polyunsaturated fatty acids, algal blooms, Lake Victoria |
| JEL: | D12 I18 Q22 Q18 Q51 O13 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:foi:wpaper:2025_01 |
| By: | Léa Tardieu (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Antoine Leblois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Nicolas Mondolfo (Université Paris-Saclay); Philippe Delacote (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CEC - Chaire Economie du Climat - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres) |
| Abstract: | Une étude inédite démontre l'injustice environnementale dont sont victimes les communautés des gens du voyage. Les aires d'accueil où elles peuvent séjourner sont de fait très souvent placées dans des zones polluées ou présentant des nuisances environnementales. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05242529 |
| By: | L. Serafini; R. Paci; E. Marrocu |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of green, digital, and twin transition investments on firm performance in Italy during the 2014-2020 programming period. Drawing on detailed project-level data from the OpenCoesione platform on ERDF-funded initiatives, we classify investments according to their thematic focus and apply a staggered Difference-in-Differences approach to estimate their effects on value added, employment, and labour productivity. Our results show that firms supported through twin transition projects, those combining green and digital components, achieve the most substantial and sustained gains in value added and productivity. These integrated interventions appear particularly effective in enhancing firm performance and capacity utilisation, with employment effects emerging more gradually. Purely green and digital projects also yield positive outcomes, though with more moderate and variable effects. We further document significant heterogeneity across regions and sectors, with stronger impacts observed among firms located in Northern and Southern Italy and in knowledge-intensive sectors. Our findings highlight the importance of strategic investment design - transition-oriented and multi-dimensional projects consistently outperform single-focus initiatives. These results suggest that EU cohesion policy plays a pivotal role in supporting structural transformation, particularly when funding is targeted to integrated projects that align with broader environmental and digital policy goals. |
| Keywords: | Twin Transition;Green policies;Digital policies;Innovation and firm Performance;Cohesion Policy;Counterfactual Impact Analysis |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cns:cnscwp:202511 |
| By: | Tubagus Aryandi Gunawan; Hongxi Luo; Chris Greig; Eric D. Larson |
| Abstract: | The chemicals industry accounts for about 5% of global greenhouse gas emissions today and is among the most difficult industries to abate. We model decarbonization pathways for the most energy-intensive segment of the industry, the production of basic chemicals: olefins, aromatics, methanol, ammonia, and chlor-alkali. Unlike most prior pathways studies, we apply a scenario-analysis approach that recognizes the central role of corporate investment decision making for capital-intensive industries, under highly uncertain long-term future investment environments. We vary the average pace of decarbonization capital allocation allowed under plausible alternative future world contexts and construct least-cost decarbonization timelines by modeling abatement projects individually across more than 2, 600 production facilities located in four major producing regions. The timeline for deeply decarbonizing production varies by chemical and region but depends importantly on the investment environment context. In the best-of-all environments, to deeply decarbonize production, annual average capital spending for abatement for the next two to three decades will need to be greater than (and in addition to) historical "business-as-usual" investments, and cumulative investment in abatement projects would exceed $1 trillion. In futures where key drivers constrain investment appetites, timelines for decarbonizing the industry extend well into the second half of the century. |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2509.08279 |
| By: | Gaffney, John; Singson, Janice |
| Abstract: | This Perspective argues that international arbitration can and should play a primary role in the resolution of climate-change disputes, rather than playing a secondary role in the shadow of climate litigation, considering both its comparative advantages over litigation and the evolving requirements of EU corporate sustainability due-diligence rules. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:colfdi:324901 |
| By: | Evaluator 1 |
| Abstract: | Evaluation of "Global potential for natural regeneration in deforested tropical regions" for The Unjournal. |
| Date: | 2025–04–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:e1naturalregeneration |
| By: | Cannon Cloud |
| Abstract: | Evaluation of "Global potential for natural regeneration in deforested tropical regions" for The Unjournal. |
| Date: | 2025–04–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:e2naturalregeneration |
| By: | E. Marrocu; R. Paci; L. Serafini |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of digital and green programmes within Smart Specialisation Strategies on regional productivity growth across European regions. It examines the combined influence of digital and green priorities (Twin Transition) and how their effects vary according to regions' initial economic conditions. The analysis reveals a U-shaped relationship - the Twin Transition is positively and significantly associated with productivity growth in low-productivity regions, whereas regions with intermediate productivity levels exhibit weaker or even negative associations. Conversely, high-productivity regions experience modest yet stabilising effects. These findings highlight the significance of the middle-income trap and the need for context-sensitive policy design. |
| Keywords: | Green policies;Digital policies;Twin Transition;Smart Specialisation Strategy;regional economic growth;european regions |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cns:cnscwp:202510 |
| By: | Evaluator 1; David Reinstein; Lorenzo Pacchiardi; Cannon Cloud |
| Abstract: | Evaluation Summary and Metrics of "Global potential for natural regeneration in deforested tropical regions" for The Unjournal. |
| Date: | 2025–04–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:evalsumnaturalregeneration |
| By: | Semieniuk, Gregor; Weber, Isabella M.; Weaver, Iain S.; Wasner, Evan; Braun, Benjamin; Holden, Philip B.; Salas, Pablo; Mercure, Jean-Francois; Edwards, Neil R. |
| Abstract: | The 2022 oil and gas crisis resulted in record fossil-fuel profits globally that rehabilitated the oil and gas industry, obstructed the energy transition and contributed to inflation, but their magnitude and beneficiaries have been insufficiently understood. Here we show the size of profits across countries and their distribution across socio-economic groups within the United States, using company income statements, comprehensive ownership data and a network model for propagating profits via shareholdings. We estimate that globally, net income in publicly listed oil and gas companies alone reached US$916 billion in 2022, with the United States the biggest beneficiary with claims on US$301 billion, more than U.S. investments of US$267 billion in the low carbon economy that year. In a network of U.S. shareholdings with 252, 433 nodes including privately held U.S. companies, 50 % of profits went to the wealthiest 1 % of individuals, predominantly through direct shareholdings and private company ownership. In contrast the bottom 50 % only received 1 %. The incremental U.S. fossil-fuel profits in 2022 relative to 2021 were enough to increase the disposable income of the wealthiest Americans by several percent and compensate a substantial part of their purchasing power loss from inflation that year, thereby exacerbating inflation inequality. These profits also reinforced existing racial and ethnic inequalities and inequalities between groups with different educational attainments. We discuss how an excess profit tax could be used to both lower inequality and accelerate the energy transition as increasing geopolitical tensions and climate impacts threaten continued volatility in oil and gas markets. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 N0 |
| Date: | 2025–09–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129170 |
| By: | Nida Çakır Melek; Elior Cohen |
| Abstract: | Understanding how occupations differ in their exposure to emissions-intensive activities is fundamental for analyzing labor market risks amid changes in the energy mix. We develop new, data-driven measures of occupational emissions intensity that capture heterogeneity across and within industries. Our baseline Occupational Emissions Score (OES), along with wage- and concentration-adjusted variations (WOES and COES), highlights substantial differences in emissions exposure across the U.S. workforce. Applying these measures, we document several new facts: emissions are highly concentrated in a small set of occupations; emissions intensity has declined over time; and even within industries, workers' exposure varies significantly by occupation. Higher-emission occupations are disproportionately held by older, male, native-born, and less-educated workers, and are concentrated in particular regions. While higher-emission occupations tend to experience lower employment growth, they show higher hourly wages and vacancy growth. An event study of coal mine closures further shows that high-emission occupations are more exposed to structural shocks. Together, our measures provide a comprehensive, granular framework for understanding occupational risk and adjustment during major economic shifts. |
| Keywords: | occupations; Emissions; labor market dynamics; Coal; energy |
| JEL: | J23 J24 J62 Q52 Q54 R11 |
| Date: | 2025–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedkrw:101703 |
| By: | Datta-Roy, Anirban |
| Abstract: | Mountain communities in the eastern Himalayas are being subjected to rapid developmental pressures that threaten to disrupt their traditional livelihoods and culture. Ecotourism is seen as a solution towards balancing development and environmental conservation. I investigate the potential for effective ecotourism initiatives and alternative livelihood options that cause minimum damage to the local environment and promote greater understanding of indigenous cultures among tourists from across the world. I identify four major activities that include nature based tourism, homestays, trekking and sale of handicrafts and other locally made items. To understand the challenges involved in implementing some of these initiatives, I also visited successful sites in Sikkim and West Bengal to study their best practices. The complexities of each activity and the potential challenges uncovered through this study demonstrate the need for detailed field research on ecotourism potential before their actual implementation. |
| Date: | 2025–09–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:e9kz7_v1 |
| By: | Reitmeier, Lea; Dookie, Denyse; Rozer, Viktor |
| Abstract: | This report aims to enhance understanding of sovereign catastrophe bonds, a type of insurance-linked security, as a tool in comprehensive disaster risk reduction. Traditional disaster risk finance tools, such as insurance and reserve funds, remain important, but catastrophe bonds are gaining attention as a specialised option. Interest in their use is particularly strong in developing countries, where multilateral development banks are expanding support for catastrophe bonds. |
| JEL: | E6 R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2025–02–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129330 |
| By: | Wibbenmeyer, Matthew (Resources for the Future); Wear, David N. (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | On March 1, 2025, President Trump issued an executive order (EO 14225) directing the Secretaries of Agriculture and the Interior to develop plans to increase timber production on federal lands. The order was motivated by two stated priorities: expanding the timber supply and addressing rising wildfire risks. The US Forest Service has responded with a goal of increasing timber offered for sale by 25 percent over the next four to five years. This report puts the Trump administration’s actions into context by reviewing the history of harvest from federal lands and evaluating current forest inventories and treatment needs. It asks: What would be the effect on wildfire risk if federal land management agencies increased harvests by 25 percent? Opportunities for harvests that successfully mitigate risk may be limited by the absence of active timber markets, the availability of a qualified workforce, and the economics of fuel removals. While selective harvesting can play a role in hazard reduction, effects on risk depend on how and where harvests are implemented. Market realities and declining federal capacity to implement nuanced, site-specific forest treatments present real constraints. Moreover, the national significance of expanded federal harvests is limited; federal lands have long accounted for a small share of total US timber production, and most timber now comes from private lands, particularly in the South. Whether agencies can achieve both increased timber supply and meaningful reductions in wildfire risk will depend on how strongly the latter goal is prioritized in the design of timber sales. |
| Date: | 2025–07–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-25-13 |
| By: | Gorjian, Mahshid |
| Abstract: | Urban inequality, as reflected by uneven spatial allocations of resources, services, and opportunities, has arisen as a major topic for quantitative research and policy intervention. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide a solid framework for quantifying, analyzing, and visualizing these disparities; nevertheless, the many statistical approaches used in different studies have not been completely pooled. This analysis looks at 201 peer-reviewed articles published between 1996 and 2024, obtained from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, that use GIS-based approaches to investigate intra-urban differences. Eligibility was limited to English-language, peer-reviewed research that focused on urban settings, with the screening technique following the PRISMA methodology. The review identifies five key theme domains: accessibility, green space, health-related disparity, socioeconomic status, and open space provision. In the literature, statistical and network-based approaches, such as spatial clustering, regression analysis, and bibliometric mapping, are critical for identifying patterns and driving thematic synthesis. Although accessibility remains the core focus, the subject has expanded to include a variety of indicators such as environmental justice and health vulnerability, aided by advances in data sources and spatial analytics. Ongoing methodological issues include spatial concentration in industrialized countries and the limited use of longitudinal or composite measurements. The report concludes by outlining research priorities and practical recommendations for improving statistical rigor, encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration, and assuring policy relevance in GIS-based urban inequality studies. |
| Keywords: | urban inequality, spatial statistics, geographic information systems, accessibility, health disparity, green infrastructure, statistical methods, bibliometric analysis, econometrics |
| JEL: | C02 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125637 |
| By: | Julia M. Puaschunder (International University of Monaco, Economics, Finance Department, Monaco) |
| Abstract: | Is sustainability valuable? With increasing legal, regulatory, governance, corporate, and social attention to sustainability, the question arises if sustainability has economic value. This article covers the rising attention for sustainability and highlights economic potentials of long-term care. Recommendations on how to benefit from sustainability and future directions of sustainability economics are given. |
| Keywords: | Diversity, Economic Growth, Market Transformation, Market Transition, Sustainability, Public Policy, Teaching |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0502 |
| By: | Sébastien Desbureaux (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Le 21 avril 2025 marquait le centenaire du premier parc national africain : le parc national des Virunga en République Démocratique du Congo. Depuis sa création, des milliers d'aires protégées ont vu le jour sur le continent mais beaucoup peinent à protéger efficacement la biodiversité. Dans cette étude nous examinons comment de nouveaux partenariats entre États et organisations privées améliorent la gestion de ces parcs. Nous en illustrons les principaux résultats avec le cas d'étude du parc national des Virunga. |
| Keywords: | Afrique, République démocratique du Congo, Aire protegée, Parc naturel |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05242319 |
| By: | Bergman, Aaron (Resources for the Future); Zhu, Yuqi (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Decarbonizing the global economy will require substantial investment in new industrial-scale climate technologies. A key step in this process is moving from prototype to full-scale demonstration and deployment. Through both government and private-sector investment, these technologies attempt to cross this “valley of death, ” often involving considerable expense and risk associated with building at much larger scale. A particular challenge for first-of-a-kind (FOAK) to nth-of-a-kind (NOAK) projects is technological performance risk, where a lack of existing history leads to uncertainty about whether the finished facility will operate as intended. Without a way to guarantee performance, these projects can struggle to find adequate contracted offtake and financing.One compelling solution lies with insurance, which can shift technological risk from companies or project owners to an insurer at a cost to the insured. Often, the perceived risk of an emerging technology is much higher than the actual risk, leading to a high cost of capital. By accurately assessing and then assuming this risk, insurers can play a key role in helping project developers obtain lower-cost financing. While private insurance providers have historically offered this type of technology performance insurance (TPI), it is often only sparsely available and at a significant premium. At the same time, existing government solutions, primarily in the form of loan guarantees, may be inadequate due to challenges with the application process and less willingness to take on technology risk for projects earlier in the commercialization process. These loan guarantees also do not address issues with securing offtake contracts.Historically, markets for commercial-scale clean technologies took decades to coalesce, but achieving 2050 climate goals necessitates a much faster pace of deployment. With time of the essence, governments may need to step in to help build the performance insurance market. There are several ways that the government might play a role in increasing the availability of technology performance insurance. First is through an insurance backstop, which incentivizes private insurers to provide insurance up to a certain level of losses, at which point the government steps in. The second is through a federally operated insurance program, similar to the one offered through the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Loan Guarantee Programs Office (LPO), which would draw on the full technical expertise of the government and offer an insurance policy to project developers. Finally, we also consider opportunities for DOE to facilitate greater collaboration between project developers, insurers, and policymakers.In this report, we provide background on technology performance risk, explore the pros and cons of each of these policy options, and discuss potential design and implementation questions. |
| Date: | 2025–02–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-25-03 |
| By: | Jameson, Daisy |
| Abstract: | This short report recommends adjusting the treatment of guarantees as a fiscally efficient way of supporting the UK to expand its deployment of development guarantee instruments, with the aim of better managing potential exposure in the event of a default. This will help to both improve management of the in-year official development assistance (ODA) budget and encourage the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) to expand its use of guarantees for climate investment. |
| JEL: | E6 |
| Date: | 2025–06–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:129326 |
| By: | R J Shellock (ANU - Australian National University); C Cvitanovic (ANU - Australian National University); M C Mckinnon (ANU - Australian National University, UTAS - University of Tasmania [Hobart]); M Mackay (UTAS - University of Tasmania [Hobart]); I E van Putten (UTAS - University of Tasmania [Hobart]); J Blythe (Brock University [Canada]); R Kelly (UTAS - University of Tasmania [Hobart]); P Tuohy; K M Maltby; S Mynott; N Simmonds; M Bailey (OSU - The Ohio State University [Columbus], Nationwide Children's Hospital); A Begossi; B Crona; K A Fakoya; B P Ferreira; A J G Ferrer (UPV - Universitat Politècnica de València = Universitad Politecnica de Valencia = Polytechnic University of Valencia); K Frangoudes (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); J Gobin; H C Goh; P Haapasaari; B D Hardesty; V Häussermann; K Hoareau; A-K Hornidge; M Isaacs; M Kraan; Y Li; M Liu; P F M Lopes; M Mlakar; T H Morrison; H A Oxenford; G Pecl; J Penca; C Robinson; S A Selim; M Skern-Mauritzen; K Soejima; D Soto; A K Spalding; A Vadrot; N Vaidianu; M Webber; M S Wisz |
| Abstract: | Diverse and inclusive marine research is paramount to addressing ocean sustainability challenges in the 21st century, as envisioned by the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. Despite increasing efforts to diversify ocean science, women continue to face barriers at various stages of their career, which inhibits their progression to leadership within academic institutions. In this perspective, we draw on the collective experiences of thirty-four global women leaders, bolstered by a narrative review, to identify practical strategies and actions that will help empower early career women researchers to become the leaders of tomorrow. We propose five strategies: (i) create a more inclusive culture, (ii) ensure early and equitable career development opportunities for women ECRs, (iii) ensure equitable access to funding for women ECRs, (iv) offer mentoring opportunities and, (v) create flexible, family-friendly environments. Transformational, meaningful, and lasting change will only be achieved through commitment and collaborative action across various scales and by multiple stakeholders. |
| Keywords: | diversity, gender, ECR, academia, equality, equity, early career researcher, inclusion, STEM, perspectives, marine science |
| Date: | 2025–09–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05242435 |
| By: | Piseddu, Tommaso (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology); Stenvall, David (Linköping University) |
| Abstract: | The literature on wildfires and residential property prices is limited and primarily focuses on wildfires in North America. There is a lack of studies examining this relationship in Europe. With the largest forest area in the entire EU, this relationship is particularly relevant to explore in a Swedish context. In this paper, we investigate how the largest wildfire in Sweden's recent history, the 2014 wildfire in Västmanland County, affected nearby housing prices. Using a difference-in-differences method, we find a significant negative effect. Our most conservative estimate indicates an approximate 2.7% reduction in final selling prices for post-fire sales located within 20 km of the wildfire area. However, the negative effect is larger when defining the treated area as a 5 km (-10.1%) or 10 km (-8.9%) distance to the fire, or when using a repeated sales sample that includes only single-family houses. In a heterogeneity assessment with respect to housing types, we find that our effects are driven by the impact on single-family houses rather than apartments. For the former group, we find large negative and significant effects, but we do not detect any impact on apartment prices. The largest impact on prices occurs in the first months after the wildfire and are identified along the trajectory of the fire’s smoke. |
| Keywords: | Wildfires; Housing prices; Natural disasters; Repeated sales |
| JEL: | C21 Q54 R31 |
| Date: | 2025–09–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:kthrec:2025_009 |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | En este documento se proponen soluciones integrales para mejorar la gestión del suelo urbano mediante la creación de una estrategia de banco de suelo urbano en Costa Rica. Esta iniciativa busca apoyar políticas de vivienda accesibles y sostenibles, así como proyectos de renovación urbana, cruciales para lograr ciudades más inclusivas, productivas y resilientes. Además de responder a necesidades habitacionales, la estrategia apunta a optimizar el uso de los recursos urbanos existentes que podría aproximarse con un enfoque de economía circular, particularmente en contextos de alta presión sobre el suelo como el costarricense. La estrategia reconoce que es esencial dotar a los territorios de infraestructura y servicios urbanos adecuados, lo que requiere que los gobiernos nacionales y locales cuenten con herramientas para generar una oferta suficiente de suelo urbano bien localizado y asequible. La experiencia en América Latina en las últimas cuatro décadas muestra que los programas de vivienda social han privilegiado el financiamiento de la compra de vivienda mediante subsidios a la demanda. Sin embargo, estas políticas no han incorporado estrategias para la producción de suelo urbano, lo que deriva en procesos de expansión dispersa, ineficiente y con alto impacto ambiental. En este marco, el banco de suelo se concibe como una herramienta para gestionar el uso del suelo, reduciendo la necesidad de expansión urbana y el consumo lineal de recursos, regenerando áreas degradadas y prolongando la vida útil del entorno construido. En el documento se incluyen varios estudios que conforman la estrategia propuesta que aborda: i) una metodología para la clasificación de suelo con potencial para vivienda y un plan piloto desarrollado en los cuatro distritos centrales de San José, ii) una revisión internacional sobre la implementación de bancos de suelo y iii) un análisis del marco jurídico e institucional en Costa Rica para la gestión de suelo público. |
| Date: | 2025–08–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:82391 |
| By: | Solano Coto, Erick |
| Date: | 2025–08–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col039:82421 |
| By: | Joiner, Emily (Resources for the Future); Walls, Margaret A. (Resources for the Future); Wibbenmeyer, Matthew (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Increasing development in high wildfire hazard areas contributes to rising damage costs from fires. While researchers have documented expansion of residential development in high wildfire hazard areas, they have paid less attention to businesses and jobs. Yet growth in residential development and in local economic activity can often reinforce one another, and direct and indirect impacts to businesses can be an important component of overall wildfire damages. We use comprehensive data from the National Establishment Time Series Database from 1990-2020 to examine employment growth across wildfire hazard categories within 11 western US states. Our analysis finds that employment grew 0.5 percentage points faster annually, on average, in the highest wildfire hazard areas than in the region as a whole. Many of the jobs—and much of the job growth—is located within six regional “hotspots.” California has the most jobs in high and very high wildfire hazard areas, comprising 60 percent of the total jobs in these areas in 2020. Additionally, we find that jobs in the highest wildfire hazard areas are slightly lower-paying than jobs in lower wildfire hazard areas on average. We identify millions of jobs within high and very high wildfire hazard areas, motivating additional research on job disruption and workplace and employee impacts from wildfires. |
| Date: | 2025–04–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-25-08 |
| By: | Walls, Margaret A. (Resources for the Future); Wibbenmeyer, Matthew (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Development in the wildland-urban interface is increasing exposure to wildfire risks in the western United States. Yet, among the components of risk—hazard, vulnerability, and exposure—mitigating exposure has arguably been most difficult. In this report, we describe the set of interconnected state and local policies that affect development and risk exposure, including local land use planning and zoning, state policies governing insurance, building codes, and infrastructure spending, as well as the role of states as intermediaries between the federal government and localities. We discuss various plans that local governments develop, including Comprehensive Plans, Hazard Mitigation and Community Wildfire Protection Plans, and Comprehensive Economic Development Strategies, and we argue that in most communities, these plans do not adequately address the exposure component of the wildfire risk problem or provide potential resilience solutions that address exposure. We suggest a number of policy directions, including changes to planning requirements, creative zoning options like wildfire resilience overlays, and incentives that states and the federal government may be able to use to direct growth toward lower risk areas. |
| Date: | 2025–05–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-25-11 |
| By: | Grashuis, Jasper; Parcell, Joe; Gao, Lijing |
| Abstract: | Consumers of products from food animals in general have a positive attitude toward the animal welfare attribute. However, animal welfare has various dimensions (e.g. cage-free, grass-fed, pain management), and there is little research to inform if the animal welfare attribute and its dimensions are complements or substitutes. We address the gap in the literature with a choice experiment to elicit preferences for the animal welfare attribute and the pain management attribute from 704 beef steak and 1, 261 milk consumers in the United States. Using WTP-space mixed logit models, we find that (1) in isolation animal welfare and pain management each capture a positive and significant WTP, and (2) in combination animal welfare and pain management are complementary and raise total WTP. Additionally, we find certification of the pain management attribute by private or public institutions is of importance to the magnitude of the WTP. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2025–09–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umcowp:369046 |